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Practical Report Submission Group 4 - 217241026 - Attempt - 2021-07!01!10!56!08 - 217421026 MP Simango

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10 views13 pages

Practical Report Submission Group 4 - 217241026 - Attempt - 2021-07!01!10!56!08 - 217421026 MP Simango

Uploaded by

Tshepo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SURNAME AND INITIALS : SIMANGO MP.

STUDENT NO. : 217241026


DEPARTMENT : CIVIL ENGINEERING
MODULE :
MODULE CODE :
TECHNICIAN :
PRACTICAL REPORT NO. :1
SUBMISSION DATE : 27-06-2021
TABLE OF CINTENTS
Experiment 1

Aim

Apparatus

Method

Raw Data/Calculations

Conclusion

Experiment 2

Aim

Apparatus

Method

Raw Data/Calculations

Conclusion

Experiment 3

Aim

Apparatus

Method

Raw Data/Calculations

Conclusion

Experiment 4

Aim

Apparatus

Method

Raw Data/Calculations

Conclusion

Experiment 5

Aim

Apparatus

Method

Raw Data\Calculations

Conclusion
Experiment 1
Aim: to prove Pascal’s law.it sates the “the pressure applied to an enclosed fluid will be
transmitted without change in magnitude every point of the fluid to the walls of the container’
Apparatus
Methods

 Check the zeroing of the balance.


 Fit one of the glass vessels into the glass socket.
 Hook the mass hanger over the slot in the end of the lever arm and add various
masses.
 Measure and record the temperature of the water to be used for this experiment.
 Slowly pour water into the glass vessel until bubbles of water appear around the
pressure plate.
 Slide the marker along the stand rod until it is level with the water surface in the glass
vessel.
 Leave the marker in position and drain the water and measure its volume, noting the
mass used.
 Measure and record the distance from the pressure disc to the marker (h).
 Dry the pressure plate.
 Remove the masses and re-zero the balance.
 Fit a new glass vessel into the glass socket.
 Pour the water into the vessel as before.
 Using the same mass as before repeat the experiment for all the glass vessels

Raw data/Calculation
𝑃 = 𝑤ℎ
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑤 = 𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔
𝜌 𝑎𝑡 17°∁ = 998.650 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚3
Vessel 1
𝜌𝑔 = 998.650 × 9.81 = 9796.756
∴ 𝑃 = 9796.756 × 78 = 76417.007
Vessel 1
𝜌𝑔 = 998.650 × 9.81 = 9796.756
∴ 𝑃 = 9796.756 × 78 = 76417.007
Vessel 1
𝜌𝑔 = 998.650 × 9.81 = 9796.756
∴ 𝑃 = 9796.756 × 78 = 76417.007
Conclusion
The experiment has been proven the Pascal’s theory to be true. The pressure of the water is
the same for all 3 differently shaped vessels filled at the same height, and regardless the
volume of the water the pressure remained the same.

Experiment 2
Aim
To determine the relationship between the weight on the balance on the pan and the height
of the water exerting pressure on a partially submerged vertical planner surface.
The force that the fluid be constant on a straight horizontal line and it will vary vertically.
Apparatus

 Quadrant
 Weight hanger
 Scale
 Level indicator
 Clamping screw
 Counter balance
 Knife-edge
Method

 Level the tank using the adjustable feet and spirit level, Move the counter balance
weight until the balance arm is horizontal with the balance pan in place.
 Close the drain cock and admit water until the level reaches the bottom edge of the
quadrant
 Place a weight on the balance pan, slowly adding water into the tank until the
balance arm is horizontal, Record the water level on the quadrant and the mass on
the balance arm.
 Fine adjustment of the water level can be achieved by overfilling and slowly draining,
using the stopcock.
 Repeat the above for each increment of mass until the water level reaches the top of
the quadrant face. Then remove each increment of weight, noting weights and water
levels until all the weights have been removed.

Observations
Raw dada
measurements Measurement
variable units
in mm in m
a= 100 0,1 meter
b= 75 0,075 meter
d= 100 0,1 meter
L= 280 0,28 meter
Temp= 16 16 °C
density (p)= 998 kg/m³
g 9,80665 m/s²

Force on end
Force on end surface
FILLING TANK DRAINING TANK MEAN Moment Left Quadrant Position Distance Area (A) depth of center (H) surface Moment Right
(experimental) F
(theoretical) F

Trial No Partial submerged Partial=mgL/(a+d-


a+d-y/3 by y/2 Partal=(1/2)*pgby²
y<100mm y/3)
Height of water
Mass m(kg) Mass m(kg) Height of y (m) m y y² mgL Distance x Force
y(m)
Fully submerged
(a+d/2+d²/12H) bd y-d/2 Fully=mgL/(a+d/2+d²/12H) Fully=pg(y-d/2)bd
y>100mm
1 0,05 0,049 0,05 0,049 0,05 0,049 0,002401 0,1372931 partial 0,183666667 0,003675 0,0245 0,747512341 0,881200317 0,1372931
2 0,1 0,069 0,1 0,068 0,1 0,0685 0,004692 0,2745862 partial 0,177166667 0,0051375 0,03425 1,549875071 1,722120861 0,2745862
3 0,15 0,083 0,15 0,084 0,15 0,0835 0,006972 0,4118793 partial 0,172166667 0,0062625 0,04175 2,392328945 2,558912499 0,4118793
4 0,2 0,097 0,2 0,096 0,2 0,0965 0,009312 0,5491724 partial 0,167833333 0,0072375 0,04825 3,272129494 3,417724969 0,5491724
5 0,25 0,107 0,25 0,106 0,25 0,1065 0,011342 0,6864655 fully 0,164749263 0,0075 0,0565 4,166728818 4,162763138 0,6864655
6 0,3 0,12 0,3 0,121 0,3 0,1205 0,01452 0,8237586 fully 0,161820331 0,0075 0,0705 5,090575424 5,329133237 0,8237586
7 0,35 0,134 0,35 0,134 0,35 0,134 0,017956 0,9610517 fully 0,159920635 0,0075 0,084 6,009554055 6,590101162 0,9610517
8 0,4 0,146 0,4 0,145 0,4 0,1455 0,02117 1,0983448 fully 0,158726003 0,0075 0,0955 6,919753385 7,769775514 1,0983448
9 0,45 0,156 0,45 0,156 0,45 0,156 0,024336 1,2356379 fully 0,157861635 0,0075 0,106 7,827347653 8,931649692 1,2356379
10 0,5 0,171 0,5 0,171 0,5 0,171 0,029241 1,372931 fully 0,156887052 0,0075 0,121 8,751079069 10,73185276 1,372931
Plot M against y
m y
0,05 0,049
0,1 0,0685
0,15 0,0835
0,2 0,0965
0,25 0,1065
0,3 0,1205
0,35 0,134
0,4 0,1455
0,45 0,156
0,5 0,171

m v.s y
0,18
0,16
0,14
0,12
0,1
y

0,08
0,06
0,04
0,02
0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6
m

Plot m against y²
m y²
0,025 0,002401
0,05 0,004692
0,075 0,006972
0,1 0,009312
0,125 0,011342
0,15 0,01452
0,175 0,017956
0,2 0,02117
0,225 0,024336
0,25 0,029241
m VS y²
0,035

0,03

0,025

0,02
m

0,015

0,01

0,005

0
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3
y2

Conclution
Experiment 3

Aim To investigate the varied flow of water and discharge through a rectangular open channel.

Aparetus

1. Flow channel.

2. The Sump tank

3. The weighing mechanism

4. The inclinable channel and inlet tan

Method

Raw data / calculations

width of Channel B= 0,0762


Mass of water M 10
Density of water Fuuny p 998
temperature 16

VALUES OBTAINED DERIVED QUANTITIES


d (m) M(k t i Mea Q (m³/s) A(m²) P (m) V (m/s) m (m) C
g) (s) n m/pt dxB
d(m)

0,01 10 12 0,00 0,01 8,14637E- 0,00096 0,10 0,08417 0,00952 17,2505


27 3 25 27 05 77 16 937 5 584
0,02 10 43 0,00 0,02 0,000233 0,00172 0,12 0,13471 0,01422 22,5905
27 25 27 024 97 16 631 48 364
0,03 10 25 0,00 0,03 0,000400 0,00249 0,14 0,16085 0,01759 24,2514
27 25 27 802 17 16 21 7 096
0,04 10 20 0,00 0,04 0,000501 0,00325 0,16 0,15397 0,02013 21,7028
27 25 27 002 37 16 727 45 05
0,05 10 13 0,00 0,05 0,000770 0,00401 0,18 0,19193 0,02211 25,8146
27 25 27 772 57 16 78 31 145

FROM EXPERIMENT CALCULATED C using:


m Chezy C n = 0.010 n = 0.009 n = 0.008 n = 0.0075
0,01 0,009 0,008 0,0075
0,009525 17,250558 0,9525 1,05833333 1,190625 1,27
0,0142248 22,590536 1,4224836 1,58053728 1,7781044 1,896644737
0,017597 24,25141 1,7597034 1,95522599 2,1996292 2,346271186
0,0201345 21,702805 2,013453 2,23716997 2,5168162 2,68460396
0,0221131 25,814615 2,2113106 2,45701175 2,7641382 0,008237009

Experiment 4

Aim NON – UNIFORM FLOW IN AN OPEN CHANNEL

(The change in depth at a Hydraulic Jump)

In this experiment both the sluice gate and the flow rate as adjusted so as to give a variety of the of
flow depths both upstream and downstream of the hydraulic jump. The water weigh tank and beam
are operated and measured as was explained in the first experiment.

Apparatus

1. Pump/sump tank.
2. Weighing Mechanism.

3. Inclined channel and inlet tank.

4. Stop watch.

5. Depth gauge.

In this experiment the relationship between the flow rate in the channel and the depths of flow on
either side of the hydraulic jump were determined

Raw data / calculation

time to equation 1
Upstream Downstream quantity
collect RHS = LHS = 2q2/g
depth d1 depth d2 M( kg 0
water (d1d2(d1+d2)
55 15 5 9
68 25 5 5
78 4 5 5

Conclusion and Problems


As can be seen from the graph above there is a direct relationship between 2q2/g and d1d2(d1+d2)
but the two variables are not equal to each other as can be noted by the equation of the linear trend
line y = 1.1801x the showing that d1d2(d1+d2) is approximately larger the 2q2/g by a factor of
approximately 1.2 which should be within the experimental error of the experiment

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