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Matrices part-1u

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Matrices part-1u

Hhu

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MATRICES hh RT TT ‘Matrices as a rectangular array of real numbers, equality of matrices, classification of matrices, addition, scalar multiplication and product of matrices, transpose of a matrix, determinant of a square matrix of order upto three, inverse of a square matrix of order upto three, properties of these matrix operations, diagonal, symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices and their properties, solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables. A rectangular array of symbols (which could be real or complex numbers) along rows and columns enclosed by square brackets [.] or round brackets (.) is called a matrix, Thus a system of m x n symbols arranged in a rectangular formation along m rows and n columns and bounded by the brackets [|] or round brackets (.) is called an m by n matrix (which is written as mx n matrix) ay is a matrix of order mxn. Order m x n should not be read as order mn. Ina compact form the above matrix is represented by A = [ai], 1 si sm, 1 j and for lower triangular matrix, a= 0, "| ange =|2 1), show that AB + BA 132 13 234 pale f2+e+14 3 + 3]_[9 10 conten seca (eI ees eee 3+ 6 |9 11 12) ogy (24 23+614+4) [4 9 5 andB. A =|2 4 [is al-|e+te 32+ 2|-|5 9 4]. aa} Ht 2+33+91+6| [5 127 ThusA.B * B.A. Alternate Solution: Order of AB (2 x 2) + order of BA (3 x 3). Hence, AB + BA. Kats Sarat Sarcopriga Via, New Debu-1100 tuebait: wan fj com. "46106000, 26SSP30, Fax 205132 Mustration 2: Solution: cosa sina WA= [: ane Salt then find A.Ap. We have wn (= sn [oot a ‘a *|—sina cosa||-sinB cosp. _f cosacosf-sinasinp pacer coast a [bereseee eee -sinasinB + cosa.cosp. cos(a+f) sina +p) a Eee aay mass SOLVED PROBLEMS Problem 1: Solution: Problem 2: Solution: FUME Lid, FUTIER Howse, 28, Kae BJECTIVE Ifa, b, cand d are real numbers and a prove that A?—(a + d)A + (ab — be) =O. Given, A= E ql cd =Rran[? af )-(f2% ca e djle d] lacsed be+d? | Hence, A? (a +d)A +(ad —be) 0% ab +bd ab 10 acted are aval’ ‘I Hed-te[) ‘| ~[e@?+be ab+bd) [lardja (a+dp 10 ae ae (sees (ard + ed-te(p i Saas ab +bd—ab ~bd+0 |-8 5 ac+ed-ac-cd+0 be +d*~ad-d? +ad-be| [0 0 ie ‘Show that the product of two upper or two lower triangular matrices is itself triangular. Let A = [aiJnen and B = [bxJn»n be two triangular matrices, then aj = 0, when i>j- Also bx = O when j>k. Let AB = [caljun. Then cx =) ajby, « in Suppose that i> k . If] k because i > k. In this case by = 0 and therefore cx = 0. Thus cx = 0 whenever i> k. Hence the matrix AB Is also a triangular matrix. TOOT, PRaAsTOnOOD TesesAT Fat eS Solution: IT Aand B are any two square matrices of the same order, then (A) (AB) (C) (ABy = 8 (B) adj(AB) = adj(A) adj(8) BA (0) AB=O>A=O0rB=0 Multiplication of square matrices is a square matrix of the same order and by property of ‘transpose (C) is the correct answer, -23 +4 13 -1] Problem 2: IA = |-1 2 1] andB = |2 2 -1|, then 69 4 30 -4 23 -1]) (1 3 1 Solution: = AB=/-1 2 -1| |2 2-1 (A)AB =BA (B) ABs BA (C)AB= ; BA (D) none of these 6 9 4] [3 0 -1 ~2+6-3 -144-3 6418-12] [1 =|-6+6+0 -34+4+0 -18+18+0|=|0 2-341 1-241 6-944 0 Hence (A) is the correct answer. os0 0 0| >B=A", 1 Explain why in general (1-3): 1. 2. a A2— BP # (A+B) (A—B). (ALB) +A? + B? + 2B, AS +B? + (A2B) (A? = AB + B2), Let f : S + S be a function over the set S, where S is a set of all square matrices and 2 2 id 2 8 Prove thatthe product of he two matrices | °° © c9s0sin cosdsing sin? s, 0 1 Os f(x) = x?-8x + 6, Vx € S. Find f(A) if \ ° oa) eS ena 4s a null matrix when @ and « differ by an odd multiple of w/2. cosasina sinta (UE Lid, FLTIEE House, 2-4, Kah Sarat, Sarvapriva Vihar, New Deli 1 10016, Ph ¥eloGoe0, rescore Pee nee Ie website: we fie com. 2 ft o cos -sin 6. IfA= ano snow mana =(1-A)] |: ene) ° o1 sind cose 7. Evaluate the following: 10 31/4 1 3],[3 -2)y1 3 5 @) ( “HE Me i el () [1.3 siz 0 alfal. 0 1 alle 8. Find x’ if[x ih SE l-»- 132 9. Findxsuch that [1 x 1] ]o 5 1) |1)<0. 0 3 2] |x 1-24 0-14 10. MH A=|2 3 2] andB=|1 3 2|,thenA+Bis 315 146 1-24 128 @)|3 3 2 (B|3 3 4 eee 2 1 10 1-48 ()|3 6 4 (0) none of these 22 10 1. Wats aa wneraas( 7 ten ne vat oF kis (A)7 (8)-7 (c)1 (D)-1 Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices A square matrix A = [ai] is said to be Symmetric when ay = ay for all i and j. If ay = -ay for alli andj, then the matrix is called a Skew Symmetric matrix. ahg oh -g Forexample: |h b f|isasymmetricmatrix and|-h 0 f | isa skew-symmetric matrix gfc 9 -f 0 Note: Q If Ais a skew-symmetric matrix, then ai = ~ a: => ai = 0 Le, all the elements in the leading diagonal of a skew-symmetric matrix are zero. THEE Lid, FLIJEE House, 29-4, Kala Sarat Sarvapriya Var, New Delt-1 1001, Ph 40106000, 26509490, Fax 26519942 twcbae: wu fie com. Classroam Study Package 1718 Hermitian and Skew— Hermitian Matrices ‘A square matrix A = [ai] is said to be Hermitian matrix if a, = 2 Wij ie. A= A°. Bee 3 3-4) -2+i es | 3441 0 5 | are Hermitian matrices. For example: [ -2-i 5 2 b-ic d Note: Q If Ais a Hermitian matrix then ai = @, => ai is real W i. Thus every diagonal element of a Hermitian Matrix must be real. Q AHermitian Matrix over the set of real numbers is actually a real symmetric matrix. Q Every Hermitian matrix is of the form S + iW, where S and W are real symmetric and skew- symmetric matrices respectively. A square matrix, A = [ai] is said to be a Skew Hermitian if a, = -2,, Vi,j i.e. A= 3-342 1-7 3-2 2-2 i 20 OO are Skew Hermitian matrices. Note: Q If Ais a skew-Hermitian matrix then ai = —2, => ai + 3, = 0 i.e. ai must be purely imaginary or zero. Q A skew-Hermitian Matrix over the set of real numbers is actually a real skew-symmetric matrix. Q. Every Skew Hermitian matrix is of the form W +iS, where S and W are real symmetric and skew- symmetric matrices respectively. Singular and Non-singular Matrices Any square matrix A is said to be singular if |A| = 0, otherwise it is said to be non-singular. Here |A| (or det(A) or simply det A) means corresponding determinant of square matrix A e.g. if A = iF 3 then 45 2 3 . A= |, | = 10-12=-2= Aisa non-singular matrix Unitary Matrix A square matrix is said to be unitary if A°A = |. Since | A’|=|A| and | A’ Al=|A"| Al, we have 1A’ | |A|= 1. Thus the magnitude of the determinant of a unitary matrix is one. For a matrix to be unitary it must be non-singular. Hence A’ A= => AA’ =|. Orthogonal Matrix Any square matrix A of order n is said to be orthogonal if AA’ = A’ A= |, Idempotent Matrix A square matrix A is called idempotent provided it satisfies the relation A? = A. SP in 2-2-4 For example: ThematrixA=|-1 3 4 | is idempotent as 4 2-3 2-2 4/2 2 4 24-4 M=AA=|-1 3 4/)-1 3 4/= 1 2 -3\(1 -2 -3] [1 2 3 Involuntary Matrix A matrix such that A?= | is called an involutary matrix. Nilpotent Matrix A square matrix A is called a nilpotent matrix if there exists a posilive integer m such that A" = O. If m is the least positive integer such that A" = , then mis called the index of the nilpotent matrix A abc Mlustration 1: Suppose a, b, ¢ are real numbers such that abc = 1. f A= |b c al is such that cab AXA= |, then find the value of a + b? + 3. Solution: = a? +b? +03 Sabo. Thus, a? + b? +03 —Sabo=+1 = a+b? +0= 4,2, Mlustration 2: f @ #1 is a cube root of unity, then show that 14201 4 0 é Az 4 1+ co! 4 245200 © is singular matrix. o o 2401 + 2700 1 Solution: © o ow 2+ 0+ 20? oo 4 low 4 =]1 © @/>1Al=0|1 1 ol=0 oo -o ees Hence A is singular matrix. 113 Mlustration 3: Show that the matrix| 5 2 6 is nilpotent matrix of index 3. -2 +1 -3 Solution: Problem 1: Solution: Problem 2: Solution: 1°61 3 000 LetA=|5 2 6|>A*=|3 3 9 2-1 3 1-1 -3 000 1°91 3 000 =SA=MA=|3 3 9|x|5 2 6)=|0 00 -1 -1 -3 000 => AX= i, «= 0. Here k = 3. Hence A is nilpotent matrix of index 3. SO! PROBLEMS 0B 4 Determine the values of a, B, ywhen|a 8 -y| is orthogonal. a -B 0 2B y Oada LetA=|a B -y|>A’'=|28 B -Bl. a -B y 1 But A is orthogonal => AA’ =| 0 2 y|[O0 a a 100 =|a B -y|/28 B -B)=|0 1 0 a -B yjly -y yj [0 0 1 aps? apr-y -2p +¥7 1 | ay oF apt+y? a®-p?-?| =]0 may? a-p-y? ot +pt+r?| Lo Equating the corresponding elements, we have Ape+ p= ne 2pP f= a? + p+ ee =1. From (1) and (2), 88?= 1 => a =116 eid Po13. papas prat= : ‘ 4 Hence, a = ri tt andy= + =. “*5 8 ‘Show that every square matrix A can be uniquely expressed as P + iQ where P and Q are Hermitian Matrices. Let P Atay) and Q= —(A-A®) sothat A=P+iQ. A) Now P®= {Sasa = +a) = Frreanys (+A) LAS AN =P CNM => Pisa Hermitian Matrix. a Also Q? = {3(4-*")} (Bla-ay 1 = 20 ~ (AN) = -5 (AP A)= : (A-A®) = Q = Qis also Hermitian Matrix. Thus A can be a expressed in the form (1), For A to be unique, let A= R + iS where R and S are both Hermitian matrices. We have A= (R+iS)=R' + (iS)"=R’+ TS°=R?—is' =R-iS (since R and S are both Hermitian) SA+A’=(R+iS)+(R-i8)=2R SR FAAP. Also A- A? = (R+iS) - (R-iS)= 21S = S= Za-a)=0, Hence expression (1) for A unique. Problem 3: if Ais Hermitian such that A? = O, show that A = O, where O is the zero matrix. Solution: Let A = [ajjan be a Hermitian matrix of order n, so that A° = A, a ae By Bey Bt saz |* 2 By Bq om Bye oa By Bq Bp, Since A? = 0, AA® = O = each element of AA? is zero = an 8, + avaig +.. a, lanl? + jazi? + = lanl = lael =... = Hence A= 0. eH Problem 1: For what value of x, the matrix =u 2) 2 4-x 1 |issingular. 2 4 --x (A) (c) Solution: Since, the given matrixis singular B-x 2 2 =|2 4-x 1 |=0 2 -4 -t-y B-x 2 2 B-x 2 2 Re+R, >| 0 -x -x|-0>x]o0 1 14 |=0 2 -4 -1-x] 2 414+5 = x{(8-x) (1+x-4)-0+2(2-2)) =0 = x(B-x)(X-3)=0 > x=0,3 Hence (D) is the correct answer. Je Led, PUTUEE House, 29%, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriga Var, Hew Dedi-110016, Ph 46106000, 26569003, Fax 26S130¥2 webste: wie fee com. ON] Ree eae eal J% Show that every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as sum of a symmetric and skow symmetric matrix. a eZ 1 Bis a real m x n matrix, show that B'B as well as BB’ is a symmetric matrix. 4 al. 7. wen 1 Oy _ Find the symmetric and skew-symmetric parts of the matrix A = i 3 4. IfA, B, A+! and A + B are idempotent matrices show that AB = BA. 5/ If And B are two given square matrices then show that v (a) BAB Is symmetric if Ais symmetric, (b) BYAB is skew-symmetric if A is skew symmetric. cos sind 6. Show that the matri . ma «|e | is orthogonal. A 7 2 7. The matrix f 13 is a singular matrix if A is 2-12 (A) 25 (8) 5/2 (c)- (0) none of these ffosx -sinx of MH f(x)=|sinx cosx 0), then f (x+ y)is equal to ORC (A) 1) #1 (y) (B) f (&)-f(y) (C)£%) FH) (D) none of these of Was (t | and e-[5 ‘| such that A? = B, then a is (Ay (B)-1 (4 (0) none of these CX tena Webs Let A = {a,] be a square matrix of order n and let Cy be cofactor of ay in A. Then the transpose of the matrix of cofactors of elements of A is called the adjoint of A and is denoted by adj A. ‘Thus, adjA = [CiJ" = (adj A) = Cy. rte By By BI Cy Cy Cy] [Cr Cor Coy WA=|az) 8g) pq |, then, adjA=|Coy Cz Cas| =|Ci2 Crp Crp |i Ay By B59, Cy Cap Cys} [Cis Crs Crs where Cy denotes the cofactor of ay in A. Yatee Led PITIEE House, 94, Kot. Sarl Sars Var, New Dei 110016, ww ftje com, "16105000, 26569409, Fax 26519042 MAMA‘ For example: A= [ He adj A= = ee (s | Theorem: Let A be a square matrix of order n. Then A(adj A) = [A] In = (adj A)A. Proof: Let A = fail, and let C; be cofactor of aj in A. Then (adj A)i= Cy ¥ 1 si, jsn. < © IAL. if is Now, (A(adjA)= 91(A), (2d) A), = Ler cy, ft St isi ra r \ 0 |Aj oO = AladjA)=|0 0 Al 0 0 0 0 [Al & Al, if Simiarly ad} AYA = 5°(a0h A), (A), = S°Crey ‘a ah 4 e : Hence, A(adjA) = [Al | (adjA)A. Note: Q The adjoint of a square matrix of order 2 can be easily obtained by interchanging the diagonal ‘elements and changing the signs of off-diagonal (left hand side lower comer to right hand side upper corner) elements. Inverse of a Matrix ‘A non-singular square matrix of order n is invertible if there exists a square matrix B of the same order such that Al BA. In such a case, we say that the inverse of Ais B and we write, A“ = B. If Ais invertible, then the inverse of Ais civen by A= adj. ‘Al Properties of Inverse of a Matrix wd) Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse, (i) (Reversal Law) If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then AB is invertible and (AB) = BA In general, if A, B, C, .... are invertible matrices then (ABC. (ii) tf Ais an invertible square matrix, then ATs also invertible and (\")- (iv) If Ais a non-singular square matrix of order n, then jadja| = [Alr-, (v) If Aand B are non-singular square matrices of the same order, then ‘adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A). (vl) If Ais an invertible square matrix, then adj(A") = (adj A) . (vi) If Ais anon-singular square matrix, then adj(adjA) = |Al"-? A, Seen Ld, FITIEE louse, 297 Naki Sarai Surveprya Viner News Delt Toe te Ra Sark Saropriya Vr, ew Dadi 1016, Ph 16106000, 26560000, POTTER IO : SS ERnMen meee ineiCnees Eien The following three operations applied on the rows (columns) of a matrix are called elementary row (column) transformations. (Interchange of any two rows (columns) If ith row (column) of a matrix is interchanged with the jth row (column), it will be denoted by Rt © Ri(Ci oC). 216 ania For example: A=|-1 2 1], then by applying Re>Rs we get 3 2 4). 324 424 (i) Multiplying all elements of a row (column) of a matrix by a non-zero scalar If the elements of ith row (column) are multiplied by non-zero scalar k, it will be denoted by Ri > Ri (k) [Ci Ci (k)] or i> KR: [Ci > KC]. 3.2 -1 32-4 WA=/0 1 2 |, then by applying Re +3Re, we obtainB=/0 3 6 |. 123 12-3 ‘Adding to the elements of a row (column), the corresponding elements of any other row (column) multiplied by any scalar k. If k times the elements of j® row (column) are added to the corresponding elements of | the i®* row (column), it will be denoted by Ri —> Ri +k Rj (Ci-> Ci + KC), ee 1 A {i 10 2], then the application of elementary operation Rs —> Rs + 2R: lead to o13 1 Zenon 1-10 2|. 439 3 Note: O In an equation A = BC, row operation should only be performed on both A and B but not on C. Column operation should only be performed on A and C but not on B. Mustration 1: Using elementary row transformations and find the inverse of the matrix 3-1 -2 A=|2 0 +1 3-5 0 Solution: Wewrite A=IA or 1 O} A (Ri — Ri - Re) 5 0 1 a -1 10 slo 2 1{=|-2 3 0] A — (ReoRe-2R:and Ro Ro-3R1) 2 3 1 =/2 0 3 1 0 0 u sl =i 1 -1 0 Fi 1 42) =|-1 3/2 0) A (Re 5 Re) 36361 cos Gos 5 6 1 o 172 0 A 1 3/2 0/ A (o> ZR) 5/4 3/2 114 [sr 5/4 1/8 u -1/2] fo 12 0 2 |=|-4 3/2 0! A (Ri Ri+Rzand Rs» Ro + 2Re) eo u ‘| | © ercosc one S cos -3/8 3/4 -118] A (ReReZ Ro and Re-oRe - Ry “5/4 3/2 114 -5/8 5/4 118 Hence At =|-3/8 3/4 1/8 5/4 3/2 1/4 eee te Caen Consider the following system of n linear equations in n unknowns: aun X1 + are xe+ * Bin Xn= dy 82 K+ B22 X2 + oesecseett Ban Xn = nt KI + Bre X2 + eesesseeet Bon Xa = da This system of equation can be ‘written in the matrix form as BI, Akg ranendy m] [dy Aa App. 0 1 Baa. or AX =D. The n x n matrix Ais called the coefficient matrix ofthe system of linear equations. Homogeneous and Non-Homogencous System of Linear Equations A system of equations AX = D is called a homogeneous system if D = 0. Otherwise, it is called a non- homogeneous system of equations. rn Inn Xn dt LS a Solution of a System of Equations Consider the system of equation AX = D. A set of values of the variables xr, x2, x» which simultaneously satisfy all the equations is called a solution of the system of equations. Consistent System Ir the system of equations has one or more solutions, then it is said to be a consistent system of ‘equations, otherwise it is an inconsistent system of equations. pee Lt Fi House 20 Rats Sat Sapa Var new eon TOOTS ae SS twebae ee faegcom, c y) AT Solution of a Non-Homogencous System of Linear Equations ‘There are two methods of solving a non-homogeneous system of simultaneous linear equations. @ Cramer's Rule (i) Matrix Method () Cramer's Rule: is discussed in the Chapter Determinants. (ii) | Matrix Method: Consider the equations ax + by + Gz ax + by + Coz (i) asx + byy + gz a by x d, WA-=la by c|, X=|y| and D=|d ay by ¢3 z dy then the equation (i) is equivalent to the matrix equation AX=D. i) Multiplying both sides of (ji) by the inverse matrixA~', we get A‘(AX)= A“D = IX= A‘D [v ATA=I] x Ay Ap Ay 4, =x=atd= ly|-1 |B, 8, 8] x |o, oil) z CCA dy where As, By etc. are the cofactors of a:, b: etc. in the determinant jay By cy 4 = la bc (a #0). las by Cy () If Aisa non-singular matrix, then the system of equations given by AX = D has a unique solution given by X= A" D. (i) If Ais a singular matrix, and (adjA)D = ©, then the system of equations given by AX = D is consistent, with infinitely many solutions. (ii) IF A is a singular matrix, and (adjA)D + ©, then the system of equation given by AX = D is inconsistent. Solution of Homogeneous System of Linear Equations: Let AX= © be a homogeneous system of n linear equation with n unknowns. Now if A is non-singular then the system of equations will have a unique solution i.e. trivial solution and if A is singular then the system of equations will have infinitely many solutions. Mlustration 2: If the system of equations x + ay ~z = 0, 2x—y + az =0 and ax +y +22 = 0 has anon- trivial solution, then find the value of ‘a. Solution: Using Ca > Cz — aC, Ca > Ca + Cs, we get Hh o o A=[2 ~(1+2a) 2+a\=0 la 1-2? 2+al "Kats Sarat Sarvopriga Var, New DePu 110076, tecbate: wun fee com. "46105000, 26560405, Fax 26519942 = (2+a)(-1-2a-1+2%)=0 = (a+ 2) (a?-2a-2)=0>a=-2,a=11 V3. Iustration 3: Find the values of 'k’ for which the system of equations (k + 1) x + 8y = 4k, kx + (k + 3)y = 3k ~ 1 has no solution. Solution: For the system of equations to have no solution, we must have etal ek eee a ee {= Pend es A000} kok+ jk and 8 (3k ~ 1) # 4k (k +3) >k=1,3, , 8 (3k — 1) = 16 and 4k (k + 3) , 8 (3k — 1) = 64 and 4k (k + 3) , 8 (3k - 1) # 4k (k + 3). sfork= . k= 3s the required value of ’k’ for no solution. SOLVED PROBLEMS SUM eae Se ll 22 1 ‘| show that A? 4A -51 = 0 where | and 0 are the unit matrix and the null 221 2 2 fl Problem 1: matrix of order 3 respectively. Use this result to find A’. 122 zee Solution: GivenA=|2 1 2|=>A*=A.A=|2 1 2|x 1 221 1444 24244 24442 =[2+2+4 44144 44242] = 24442 44242 44444 988) (1 = sfa 9 “}+(: 2 889 12 21 22 Dee Ld, FUTUEE House, 29°, Rats Sarl Savapriga Wr New DEIN 110016, Ph 46106000, 26500053, Pax 2091572 liable: UN ftom. Problem 2: Solution: Problem 3: Solution: 4 (3 2 2) (315 2/5 215 SATs 12 -3 2) =| 2/5 -3/5 2/5 2-2) 3 2/5 215 -3/5 Solve the system of equations x + 3y -2: 0, 2x-y + 4z=0, x—11y + 142=0. We have x + 3y -2z = 0, 2x-y + 4z=0, x—tty + 14z=0. The given system of equations, in the matrix form is written as: 1 3 -2) [x] fo 2-1 4] ly| =lo 1-11 14 [2] |o. ie AX=0 walt) 13 2 x 0 whereA=|2 -1 4 y| and O=|0 1-11 14 z 0 and |A|= 1 (- 14+ 44)-3 (28-4) (-2(-22+1 and therefore the system has a non-trivial solution. Now, we may write first two of the given equations x + 3y— 22 =O and 2x -y + 42=0. Solving these equations in terms of z, we get XYZ 10 -8 i‘ Hence, x = -10k, y = 8k, and z = 7k, where k is an arbitrary parameter. Discuss for all values of A, the system of equations x + y + 4z = 6, x + 2y - 22 = 6, dx +y+Z= 6 as regards existence and nature of solutions. The matrix form of the given system is 11 4] [x] fe 12 -2| ly) =l6]. a1] |z} |e The given system of equations will have a unique solution iff the coefficient matrix is non- singular. Operating Re > Ro— Ri, Ro—> Ra— ARs , we get at 4 x 6 o 1 6 | lyl-| o |. sen) 0 1-% 1-44 z 6-62. Therefore the coefficient matrix will be non-singular iff 7 1-446-Gre0=de 7, Thus the given system will have a unique solution ita. 10 Incase A =. the equation (1) becomes aad 4 x 6 o 1 -6 y|=-| 0 0 3/10 -18/10} |z} |18/10 Operating Ro -> Ro~ Re, we get 114 x 6 01-6 y|=| © |, showing that the equations are not consistent in this case. ooo a 18/10 5. Solution: a-[; al 3 5. ‘Ay Aw]_[-5 -3 “5 -2 let,B =|)" a= dj.(A) = BI = 5 las Ay |7{-2 1] = HA) 31 253 Problem 2: !fA=|3 1 2|, then Ais equal to... 124 Solution: Since, |A| = = 2(1-4)-5 (3-2) + 3(6 —1)=-6-5+ 15=15-11=4 7 0 = Ais a non —singular matrix. Ay =-3 Aw = Wt Ass = 5 1 Ag =-l An =1 As = 7 Ag = 5, Ang = -13, 3-1 5 341 7 Let,B=|1 -1 1 |=ad(A)=B'=|-1 -1 5 |. 7 5 -13 5 1-13 34 ¢7 44 4 4 15 Hence, A a la a 4 5 1-13 444) Problem 3: With the help of matrices, the solution of the equations 3x4+y42z=3, 2x-3y-z=-3, x+2y+z=4is given by (A)x=1, y=2, (B)x=-1, y (C)x=1, y=-2, (D)x=-1, y=-2, Solution: We can write the given equations as AX=B (1)

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