BIOSTATISTICS

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS AND THEIR ANALYSIS

WEEK-12
COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN (CRD)

The CRD is the simplest design. Suppose there are v treatments to be compared.

• All experimental units are considered the same and no division or grouping among
them exist.

• In CRD, the v treatments are allocated randomly to the whole set of experimental
units, without making any effort to group the experimental units in any way for more
homogeneity.

• Design is entirely flexible in the sense that any number of treatments or replications
may be used.

• The number of replications for different treatments need not be equal and may vary
from treatment to treatment depending on the knowledge (if any) on the variability of
the observations on individual treatments as well as on the accuracy required for the
estimate of individual treatment effect.
COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN (CRD)

Example: Suppose there are 4 treatments and 20 experimental units, then

- the treatment 1 is replicated, say 3 times and is given to 3 experimental

units,

- the treatment 2 is replicated, say 5 times and is given to 5 experimental

units,

- the treatment 3 is replicated, say 6 times and is given to 6 experimental

units

and

- finally, the treatment 4 is replicated [20-(6+5+3)=]6 times and is given to the

remaining 6 experimental units.
COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN (CRD)

• All the variability among the experimental units goes into experimented
error.

• CRD is used when the experimental material is homogeneous.

• CRD is often inefficient.

• CRD is more useful when the experiments are conducted inside the lab.

• CRD is well suited for the small number of treatments and for the
homogeneous experimental material.
COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN (CRD)

Layout of CRD

Following steps are needed to design a CRD:

 Divide the entire experimental material or area into a number of

experimental units, say n.

 Fix the number of replications for different treatments in advance (for

given total number of available experimental units).

 No local control measure is provided as such except that the error

variance can be reduced by choosing a homogeneous set of
experimental units.
COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN (CRD)

Example: Root yields (tons/acre) of plots fertilized with six levels of nitrogen.
COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN (CRD)
Analysis of Variance

The null hypothesis to be tested is:

H0: μ1 = μ2 = ... = μk for k treatments

The procedure for testing this hypothesis results in the construction and
completion of an AOV table (Table 7-2). Note that there are only two sources of
variation in the CRD, between and within treatments and that the total df in the
experiment are partitioned into these two sources.

Table 7-2. Analysis of variance (AOV) of a CRD.

where r is the replication number per treatment.

COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN (CRD)
Table 7-3. Analysis of variance for the experiment of Figure 7-1.

Since the observed F is greater than the 5% tabular F value with 5 and 24
degrees of freedom (2.60), the null hypothesis is rejected.
COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN (CRD)
The procedure involved in constructing such an AOV table is illustrated by the
following steps.

Step 1: Outline the AOV table and list the sources of variation and degrees of
freedom. There are two sources of variation, between and within treatments.
Degrees of freedom are one less than the number of observations in each
source of variation. There are 6 treatments, therefore there are
5 degrees of freedom for the between treatment sum of squares (SST). There
are 5 replications per treatment, therefore there are 4 degrees of freedom for
each treatment times 6 treatments, which gives 24 degrees of freedom for the
within treatment sum of squares (SSE). The degrees of freedom associated
with the total variation in the experiment is one less than the
total number of experimental units: 30 - 1 = 29. Note that the degrees of
freedom associated with the sources of variation are additive, 5 + 25 = 29.
COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN (CRD)
Step 2: Calculate the correction term (C).

C = Y2../kr = (1152.1)2/6(5) = 44244.48

This is actually the sum of squares due to the mean.

Step 3: Calculate the total sum of squares (TSS).

= 311.13

The correction term is used so that the sum of squares is calculated about the
general mean Y.. not about 0.
COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN (CRD)
Step 4: Calculate the sum of squares and mean square for treatments.

A mean square is calculated by dividing the sum of squares by its degrees of

freedom.

MST = SST/ (k-1)

= 277.69/(6-1) = 55.54
COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN (CRD)
Step 5: Calculate the sum of squares and mean square for error.

SSE = TSS – SST

= 311.13 - 277.69 = 33.44

MSE = SSE/k(r-1)

= (33.44)/24 = 1.39

The calculation of the sum of squares for error is based on the fact that the total
degrees of freedom and total sum of squares can be partitioned into
components, treatment and error. Thus the simples method of obtaining the
degrees of freedom for error and SSE is by subtraction.
COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN (CRD)
The error sum of squares is actually the pooled within treatment sum of
squares and can be directly calculated by:

The mean square for error results from the pooling of within treatment
variances.
COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN (CRD)
The pooled mean square for error, MSE, is an estimate of the variability among
experimental units not due to treatment effects, i.e., the mean square error estimates σ2,
the variance common to each of the populations from which the treatment samples were
drawn. Thus pooling is only justified when each within treatment estimated variance,

S2i, is a valid estimate of σ2. This explains the requirement of the assumption that within
treatment variances must be homogeneous in an AOV.

Step 6. Compute F.

F = MST/MSE

= 55.54/1.39 = 39.95

In Appendix Table A-7, we see that for 5 and 24 degrees of freedom, an F value, 3.90, is
the critical value at the 1% level. Since the observed F (39.95) greatly exceeds the 1%
critical value, we have high confidence in rejecting the null hypothesis and conclude that
there are significant differences among treatment means.
THANK YOU