RATIONAL FRACTION

x 3 dx
1. I 
x 2  7 x  12

x( x 2  7 x  12)  7( x 2  7 x  12)  37 x  84
 dx
x 2  7 x  12

37 x  84
 [x  7  ] dx
x  7 x  12
2

37 x  84
  x dx   7 dx   dx  (1)
x  7 x  12
2

37 x  84 37 x  84 A B
let,   
x  7 x  12 ( x  3)( x  4) x  3 x  4
2

 37 x  84  A( x  4)  B( x  3)

putting x  -3 on both sides, we get A  27

putting x  -4 on both sides, we get A  64

37 x  84  27 64
  
x  7 x  12 x  3 x  4
2

From (1),

 27 64
 I   x dx   7 dx   [  ] dx
x3 x4

x2
  7 x  27 log( x  3)  64 log( x  4)  C
2

dx
2. I 
x  x2  x 1
3

dx

( x  1) 2 ( x  1)

1 A B C
let us assume,     (1)
( x  1) ( x  1)
2
x  1 ( x  1) 2
( x  1)
Now,

1  A( x 2  1)  B( x  1)  C ( x  1) 2
 A( x 2  1)  B( x  1)  C ( x 2  2 x  1)

1
putting x  1 we get B 
2

1
putting x  1 we get C 
4

Equating constant terms, we get , - A  B  C  1

1 1 2 1 4 1
 A  B  C 1   1  
2 4 4 4

 From (1)

1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
1 A B C
    4  2  4
( x  1) ( x  1) x  1 ( x  1)
2 2
( x  1) x  1 ( x  1) 2 ( x  1)

1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
 I   [ 4  2 2  4 ] dx   [   ] dx
x  1 ( x  1) ( x  1) 4( x  1) 2( x  1) 4( x  1)
2

1 1 1
  log( x  1)   log( x  1)  C
4 2( x  1) 4

1 x 1 1
 log  C
4 x  1 2( x  1)

dx dx
3. I  
1 x 3
(1  x)(1  x  x 2 )

1 A Bx  C
Now,  
(1  x)(1  x  x ) 1  x 1  x  x 2
2

 1  A(1  x  x 2 )  ( Bx  C )(1  x)

 1  A(1  x  x 2 )  Bx (1  x)  C (1  x)

1
putting x  1 we get, 1  A(3)  0  0  A 
3
 2
putting x  0, we get 1  A  0  C  C 
3

1
Equating the coefficien t of x 2 we get 0  A  B  B 
3

1 A Bx  C 1 1 3x  2 3
Now,    
(1  x)(1  x  x ) 1  x 1  x  x
2 2
3(1  x) (1  x  x 2 )

1 1 3x  2 3
 I  [  ]dx
3(1  x) (1  x  x 2 )

1 1 x2
  log( 1  x)   dx
3 3 (1  x  x 2 )

1 3
(2 x  1) 
1 x2 1 2
3  (1  x  x 2 )
Now, dx   2 dx
3 (1  x  x 2 )

1 2x 1 1 dx
 
6 (1  x  x )
2
dx  
1
2 (x  )2  3
2 4

1 1 1 2x 1
 log( 1  x  x 2 )  . tan 1 ( )C
6 2 3 3
2

[ say 1  x  x 2  z  (2 x  1)dx  dz ]

1 1 1 2x  1
 I   log( 1  x)  log (1  x  x 2 )  tan 1 c
3 6 3 3

x xdx xdx
4. I  dx   2 2  2
x 1
4
(x ) 1 ( x  1)( x 2  1)

xdx

( x  1)( x  1)( x 2  1)

x A B Cx  D
let,    2
( x  1)( x  1)( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  1)
2

 x  A( x  1)( x 2  1)  B( x  1)( x 2  1)  (Cx  D)( x 2  1)

 1
putting x  1 , we get 1  B(2)( 2)  0  B 
4

1
putting x  1, we get - 1  A(2)( 2)  0  A  
4

1 1
Taking coefficient of x 3 , 0  A  B  C  C  A B   0
4 4

1 1 1
Again taki ng constant from both sides, we get 0   A  B  D  0   D D
4 4 2

x 1 1 1
Now,   
( x  1)( x  1)( x  1)
2
4( x  1) 4( x  1) 2( x  1)
2

1 1 1
 I   [   ]dx
4( x  1) 4( x  1) 2( x  1)
2

1 1 1
  log( x  1)  log( x  1)  tan 1 x  C .
4 4 2

x 3dx
5. I 
( x 2  a 2 )( x 2  b 2 )

x3 Ax  B Cx  D
Now  2 
( x  a )( x  b ) x  a 2 x 2  b 2
2 2 2 2

 x 3  ( Ax  B)( x 2  b 2 )  (Cx  D)( x 2  a 2 )

Taking coefficient of x 3 , 1  A  C  C  1  A (1)

Taking coefficient of x 2 , 0  B  D  B   D (2)

Taking coefficient of x , 0  Ab 2  Ca 2  Ab2  Ca 2  (1  A)a 2  a 2  Aa 2 [ from (1)]

 a2 a2
 A(b  a )  a
2 2 2
 A 2 
b  a2 a2  b2

a2 a 2  b2  a 2  b2
 From (1), C  1  A  1   
a2  b2 a2  b2 a2  b2
 Taking constant , 0  Bb 2  Da 2   Db 2  Da 2  0 [from(2) ]
D( a 2  b 2 )  0  D  0
 B  0 [from(2)]

x 3 dx
Again,  ( x 2  a 2 )( x 2  b 2 )
a2  b2
x x
(a 2  b 2 ) (a 2  b 2 )
 dx   dx
x2  a2 x2  b2
a2 x dx b2 x dx
2  2 2  2
 2 
(a  b ) x  a 2
(a  b ) x  b 2
2

a2 dz b2 dp
2  2 
 
2(a  b ) z 2(a  b ) p
2 2

1 1
[say x 2  a 2  z  xdx  dz and x 2  b 2  p  xdx  dp ]
2 2
2 2
a b
 log z  log p  C
2(a  b )
2 2
2(a  b 2 )
2

a2 b2
 log( x 2
 a 2
)  log( x 2  b 2 )  C
2(a  b )
2 2
2(a  b )
2 2

xdx
6. I   (1  x)(1  x 2
)

x A Bx  C
Now,  
(1  x)(1  x ) (1  x) (1  x 2 )
2

 x  A(1  x 2 )  ( Bx  C )(1  x)

1
putting x  1 we get,  1  A.2  A  
2

Equating the coefficien t of x 2 and the constant t erm we get ,

1
A B  0  B 
2

1
and A  C  0  C 
2
 1 ( x  1)
 I   [  ] dx
2(1  x) 2(1  x 2 )

1 1 2x 1 dx
  log( 1  x) 
2 
2.2 1  x 2
dx  
2 1 x2

1 1 1
  log( 1  x)  log( 1  x 2 )  tan 1 x  C
2 4 2

x 2 dx x 2 dx
7. I   4
( x  x 2  12)  ( x 2  4)( x 2  3)


x2 A B Cx  D
Now    2
( x  4)( x  3) x  2 x  2 x  3
2 2

x 2  A( x  2)( x 2  3)  B( x  2)( x 2  3)  (Cx  D)( x 2  4)

1
Putting x  2, 4  A(4)(7)  A 
7
1
Putting x  2, 4  B(4)(7)  B  
7
Equating the coefficien t of x from both sides, 0  A  B  C
3

-1 1
 C  -A - B    0
7 7
Taking constant from both sides, 0  6A - 6B - 4D  4 D  6 A  6 B
6 6 12 3
 4D    D 
7 7 7 7
1 1 1 1 3 1
I   dx   dx   2 dx
7 x2 7 x2 7 x 3
1 1 3 1 x
 log( x  2)  log( x  2)  . tan 1 C
7 7 7 3 3
1 x2 3 x
 log  . tan 1 C
7 x2 7 3