JSPM’s

Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.

(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
website: www.jspmicoer.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

RMT End Sem. Exam Solved Questions. (Unit 3)

Q. 1) Explain E plane Tee and Magic Tee with the help of construction diagram. (6 Marks)
Answer:
E Plane Tee:
An E-Plane Tee is formed by attaching a simple waveguide to the broader dimension of a rectangular
waveguide, which already has two ports. The arms of rectangular waveguides make two ports called
collinear ports i.e., Port1 and Port2, while the new one, Port3 is called as Side arm or E-arm as shown in
Fig. 1.

Fig.1. E plane Tee

As the axis of the side arm is parallel to the electric field, this junction is called E-Plane Tee junction. This is
also called as Voltage or Series junction. The ports 1 and 2 are 180° out of phase with each other. In case of
E plane tee;
 If power is applied to Port 3; then output available at Port 1 and Port 2 will be equal in magnitude and
180 degree phase shifted. Thus E-Plane Tee is used as 3dB power splitter i.e. 3dB power is available
at Port 1 and Port 2 w.r.to Port 3.
 If same amount of input is given at port 1 & port 2 then no output is obtained from port 3.

Magic Tee:
An E-H Plane Tee (Magic Tee) junction is formed by attaching two simple waveguides one parallel and the
other series, to a rectangular waveguide which already has two ports. This is also called as Magic Tee, or
 JSPM’s
Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.
(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
website: www.jspmicoer.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Hybrid or 3dB coupler. The arms of rectangular waveguides make two ports called collinear ports i.e., Port
1 and Port 2, while the Port 3 is called as H-Arm or Sum port or Parallel port. Port 4 is called as E-Arm or
Difference port or Series port. The cross-sectional detail of Magic Tee is as shown in Fig.2.

Fig.2. Magic Tee

In a Magic Tee,
 If a signal of equal phase and magnitude is sent to port 1 and port 2, then the output at port 4 is zero
and the output at port 3 will be the additive of both the ports 1 and 2.
 If a signal is sent to port 4, E−arm then the power is divided between port 1 and 2 equally but in
opposite phase, while there would be no output at port 3. Hence, S34 = 0.
 If a signal is fed at port 3, then the power is divided between port 1 and 2 equally, while there would
be no output at port 4. Hence, S43 = 0.
 If a signal is fed at one of the collinear ports, then there appears no output at the other collinear port,
as the E-arm produces a phase delay and the H-arm produces a phase advance. So, S12= S21 = 0.

Q. 2) What is Faraday’s rotation principal? With neat schematic diagram explain the operation of
Isolator. Also State S matrix for it. (6 Marks)
Answer:
When a plane linearly polarized wave made propagate through ferrite then a plane of polarization of this
wave will rotate with distance, this phenomenon known as Faraday’s Rotation.
 JSPM’s
Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.
(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
website: www.jspmicoer.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

An isolator is a two port device which provides small amount of attenuation for transmission from port 1 to
port 2; but provides maximum attenuation for transmission from port 2 to port 1. The schematic diagram for
isolator is as shown in Fig. 3.

Fig.3. Schematic Diagram of an Isolator

Operation of Isolator:
When wave is moving from port 1 to port 2;
– A TE10 wave passing from the port 1 through the resistive card will not be attenuated.
– After coming out of the card the wave is rotated by 45o due to the twist in anticlockwise direction.
– It again undergoes the Faraday’s rotation of 45o due to the ferrite rod in clockwise direction.
– Thus the wave coming out of port 2 will have the same polarization w.r.to the wave entering into port
1 without any attenuation.
When wave is moving from port 2 to port 1;
- A TE10 wave passing from the port 2 through the resistive card will not be attenuated.
– After coming out of the card the wave is rotated by 45o due to the Faraday’s rotation in clockwise
direction.
– It again undergoes another rotation of 45o in clockwise direction due to the twist in the W/G.
– Now the plane of polarization becomes parallel to the resistive card and it thus absorbs the complete
wave and o/p at port 1 will be 0.
 JSPM’s
Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.
(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
website: www.jspmicoer.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

S parameter matrix of Isolator:

The isolator has 2 ports hence S parameter matrix for isolator is 2*2 as follows,
 S11 S12
[S ]   
S 21 S 22
For isolator all ports are perfectly matched so, S11 = S22 =0 and from property of isolator S12 =0 & S21 = 1,
after putting all conditions in above matrix we get as;
0 0
[S ]   
1 0

Q. 3) Draw and explain two-hole directional coupler with neat diagram. Also state S matrix for it.
(6 Marks)
Answer:

Fig.4. Two hole directional coupler.

Directional Coupler is a 4-port waveguide junction consisting of a primary main waveguide and a secondary
auxiliary waveguide & used to samples a small amount of Microwave power for measurement purposes. A
two-hole directional coupler is a type of passive microwave device used to couple a portion of the power
traveling in one transmission line to another line, while ideally maintaining the rest of the power in the
original line. These devices are often employed in RF and microwave applications for signal monitoring,
measurement, and distribution. In 2 hole directional coupler two small holes that are used and separated by
 JSPM’s
Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.
(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
website: www.jspmicoer.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

λg/4 distance apart where λg is the guide wavelength. The figure 4 shows the image of a two-hole directional
coupler.
Working Principle
1. Input Signal: An input signal is fed into one of the transmission lines (let's call it Line 1).
2. Field Coupling: As the signal propagates through Line 1, some of its electromagnetic field couples
through the two holes into the second line (Line 2). The amount of power that couples over is
determined by the coupler's design (coupling ratio).
3. Directional Behavior: The design ensures that the coupling is primarily unidirectional:
o Forward Coupling: When the signal is traveling from Line 1 to Line 2, a portion of the
power is transferred to Line 2.
o Reverse Isolation: When a signal is sent from Line 2 back into Line 1, the design minimizes
the amount of power that can re-enter Line 1, maintaining isolation.
4. Output Signal: The coupled signal can be taken from Line 2, where it can be used for measurement,
processing, or monitoring without significantly affecting the main signal in Line 1.
5. Port Configuration: In a typical configuration:
o Port 1: Input port (Line 1)
o Port 2: Coupled output (Line 2)
o Port 3: Isolated port (for minimal leakage)
o Port 4: Reflected input (to measure reflected power if needed)
A two-hole directional coupler is designed to meet the ideal requirement of directional coupler, which is to
avoid back power. Some of the power while travelling between Port 1 and Port 2 escapes through the holes 1
and 2. The magnitude of the power depends upon the dimensions of the holes. This leakage power at both the
holes are in phase at hole 2, adding up the power contributing to the forward power Pf. However, it is out of
phase at hole 1, cancelling each other and preventing the back power to occur. Hence, the directivity of a
directional coupler improves.
S matrix for Directional Coupler:
As directional coupler has 4 ports, hence its S matrix is 4*4;

 S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 
 S 21 S 22 S 23 S 24
[S ]    ( Eq.1)
 S 31 S 32 S 33 S 34 
 
 S 41 S 42 S 43 S 44
 JSPM’s
Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.
(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
website: www.jspmicoer.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

As all ports of directional coupler all ports are perfectly matched to junction, hence diagonal elements are
zero i.e. S11=S22=S33=S44=0
From symmetry property of S matrix we can write as; S31=S13, S41=S14, S23=S32, S34=S43, S42=S24
& ideally back power P3 is zero so S13=S31=0 with S24=S42=0, after substituting all above values in
equation 1 we get;
 0 S 12 S 13 0 
 S12 0 0 S 24
[S ]  
 S 13 0 0 S 34 
 
 0 S 24 S 34 0 

Q. 4) State and explain properties of S matrix. (6 Marks)

Answer:
The S-matrix, or scattering matrix, is a crucial concept in the analysis of linear electrical networks and
microwave components. It relates the incident and scattered (or outgoing) waves in multi-port systems. Here
are its key properties and explanations:
Properties of the S-Matrix
1. Square Matrix:
o The S-matrix for an n-port network is an n×n matrix. Each element Sij represents the
scattering parameter between port j (incident) and port i (scattered).
2. Reciprocity:
o For reciprocal networks (like most passive components), the S-matrix exhibits the property
Sij=Sji. This means the response at port i when a wave is incident at port j is the same as the
response at port j when a wave is incident at port i.
3. Energy Conservation:
o The sum of the powers of the reflected and transmitted waves must equal the incident power.
For a two-port network: ∣S11∣2+∣S21∣2=1
o This implies that the input power is conserved.
4. Diagonal Elements:
o The diagonal elements Sii represent reflection coefficients at each port. They indicate how
much of the incoming signal at port i is reflected back into the same port.
5. Off-Diagonal Elements:
o The off-diagonal elements Sij (where i≠j ) represent the transmission coefficients, indicating
how much of the signal entering port j exits at port i.
 JSPM’s
Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.
(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
website: www.jspmicoer.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
6. Magnitude and Phase:
o Each element Sij can be expressed in terms of its magnitude and phase:
Sij=∣Sij∣*ejϕij
o The magnitude indicates the power transfer, while the phase is critical for understanding
interference effects in wave propagation.
7. Normalization:
o The S-parameters are often normalized to specific impedance (usually 50 or 75 ohms in RF
applications). This normalization is essential for consistent measurements and analysis.
8. Symmetry in Non-Reciprocal Networks:
o For non-reciprocal devices (like isolators or circulators), the S-matrix does not exhibit
symmetry. In such cases, Sij may not equal Sji.
9. Network Representation:
o The S-matrix can represent complex multi-port networks, allowing for the analysis of systems
with multiple inputs and outputs, such as amplifiers, filters, and antennas.
10. Complex Conjugate:
o For a passive network, the S-matrix satisfies the condition:
Sij∗=Sji
o This reflects the relationship between incident and scattered waves in a linear, time-invariant
system.

Q. 5) Explain the working principle of Gyrator. (6 Marks)

Answer:
It is a two port microwave device which has relative phase difference of 180 degrees for transmission from
port-1 to port-2 and no phase shift for transmission from port-2 to port-1. As shown in the figure-5 below, it
houses thin circular ferrite rod tapered at both ends. This ferrite rod is located inside circular waveguide
supported by polyfoam. The waveguide is surrounded by permanent magnet which generates DC magnetic
field for proper operation of the ferrite. At the input end, a 90 degree twisted rectangular waveguide is
installed. The ferrite rod is tapered at both the ends which reduce the attenuation. Moreover these tapered
ends offer smooth rotation of the polarized wave.
Working:
Case-1:
When a wave enters through port-1, its plane of polarization gets rotated by 90 degrees because of twist in
 JSPM’s
Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.
(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
website: www.jspmicoer.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

the waveguide. It again undergoes Faraday rotation of 90 degrees due of ferrite rod. Due to above two phase
shifts, the total phase shift of 180 degrees have been applied to the wave when it comes out of the port-2.
Case-2:
When wave enters through port-2, it undergoes Faraday rotation of phase shift equals 90 degrees in the anti-
clockwise direction. Again, this 90 degree shifted wave passes through the twist, and it gets rotated back by
90 degree in the opposite direction and cancels out previous phase shift. As a result, the wave arrives at port-
1 with 0 degree phase shift. Hence an EM wave which is fed at port-2 does not have any phase change when
it passes through the gyrator.

Fig.5. Construction & working of Gyrator

 JSPM’s
Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.
(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
website: www.jspmicoer.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Q. 6) An Isolator has an insertion loss of 0.5 dB and an isolation of 30 dB. Determine the scatting
matrix of the isolator if the isolated ports are perfectly matched to the junction. (6 Marks)
Answer:
The isolator has 2 ports hence S parameter matrix for isolator is 2*2 as follows,
 S11 S12
[S ]   
S 21 S 22
For an isolator;
Insertion loss = -20log10|S21|
0.5 = -20log10|S21|
S21 = Antilog [-0.5/20] = 0.944
& Isolation = -20log10|S12|
30 = -20log10|S12|
S12 = Antilog [-30/20] = 0.032
For isolator all ports are perfectly matched so, S11 = S22 =0 and from property of isolator S12 =0.032 & S21
= 0.944, after putting all conditions in above matrix we get as;
 0 0.032
[S ]  
0.944 0 

Q. 7) With the help of suitable diagram explain the how Magic Tee is used for measurement of
unknown impedance. (6 Marks)
Answer:
Magic Tee has been used in the form of bridge, as shown in figure 6 for measurement of impedance;
 JSPM’s
Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.
(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
website: www.jspmicoer.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Fig.6. Setup for measurement of impedance using magic tee.

As shown in above diagram following things are connected to the ports of magic tee;
■ Microwave source: Port 3
■ Null Detector: Port 4
■ Unknown Impedance: Port 2
■ Known Variable Imp.: Port 1
Using the properties of magic tee, power from port 3 is equally divided in to port 1 & port 2, as the
impedance at port 1 & 2 is not equal with characteristics impedance Z0, there will be reflections towards the
junction. If ρ1 and ρ2 are the reflection coefficients then,
 1a 3
 The reflection from port 1 is:
2
 2a 3
 The reflection from port 2 is:
2

The resultant wave reaching at null port i.e. at port 4 is;

 JSPM’s
Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.
(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
website: www.jspmicoer.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Thus the unknown impedance is measured by varying Z1 till the bridge is balanced & null detector shows
zero reading.

Q. 7) Explain the roll of Microwave Attenuator. Explain the Card/Fixed type of attenuator. (5 Marks)
Answer:
The passive elements used to control the amount of microwave power transferred from one point to another
on a microwave transmission line are called microwave attenuators. Generally, these elements control the
flow of microwave power either by reflecting and/or absorbing it in some dissipative elements, attenuators
may be fixed or variable depending on the requirements. An ideal attenuator when placed in a transmission
line, must present a good impedance match at both the terminals, i.e. it should be a well-matched reciprocal
device. As attenuation is a function of frequency, therefore, care should be taken if standard attenuator is
desired.
Resistive card is basically a glass coated with carbon or Aquadag. Resistive card attenuator type has two
versions, one can provide fixed amount of attenuation and the second provides variable amount of
attenuation. In the fixed version as shown in Figure 7(a), the resistance card tapered at both ends is bonded in
place. The tapering of the card helps in maintaining low SWR at the input as well as at the output ports over
the useful waveguide band. To achieve maximum attenuation per unit guide length, the card is placed parallel
to the electric field and at the center of the waveguide, where the field is maximum for the dominant mode.
 JSPM’s
Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.
(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
website: www.jspmicoer.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

In this type of attenuators the amount of attenuation provided is a function of frequency, a disadvantage. It, in
general, increases with frequency.

Fig.7 Resistive card attenuators

In the variable version as shown in Figure 7(b) called Flap Attenuator, the resistance card enters into the
waveguide through the slot provided in the broader wall thereby intercepting and absorbing a portion of the
wave. A hinge arrangement is used to change the depth of penetration of the resistance card, there by
changing the amount of attenuation from 0 dB to typically 30 dB. The biggest disadvantage with Flap
Attenuators is their attenuation is frequency sensitive and also the phase of the output signal is the function
of attenuation.

Q. 8) Enlist the characteristics of Scattering Matrix. Derive the scattering matrix for H-Plane Tee.
(6 Marks)
Answer:
Characteristics of Scattering Matrix:
1) [S] is always a square matrix of order n*n.
2) [S] is a unitary matrix, i.e. [S][S]* = [I]
 Here, [S]* is complex conjugate of [S]
[I] is unit or Identity matrix of same order of [S]
3) [S] is a symmetric matrix. i.e. Sij = Sji.
4) The sum of products of each term of any row or column multiplied by complex conjugate of
corresponding term of any other row or column is zero.
n

S S
i 1
ik ij
*
 0 fork  j
 JSPM’s
Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.
(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
website: www.jspmicoer.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Scattering Matrix for H plane Tee:

 Properties of H plane Tee can be expressed by S parameter matrix of order 3*3.
 S 11 S 12 S 13  
 
[ S ]   S 21 S 22 S 23   ( Eq.1)
 S 31 S 32 S 33 

 Because of plane of symmetry of junction scattering coefficients S13 & S23 are equal.
S13 = S23
 According to symmetric property of S parameter matrix,
S12 = S21; S23 = S32 & S13=S31.
 Since port 3 is perfectly matched;
S33 = 0. then Eq. 1 become;

 S 11 S 12 S 13 
 
[ S ]   S 12 S 22 S 13   ( Eq.2)
 S 13 S 13 0  
From unitary property of S matrix;
 S 11 S 12 S 13  S 11 * S 12 * S 13 * 1 0 0
S 12 S 22 S 13 S 12 * S 22 * S 13 *  0 1 0
    
 S 13 S 13 0   S 13 * S 13 * 0  0 0 1
 By matrix multiplication we get;
 S11 S11* + S12 S12* + S13 S13* = 1 (R1*C1) or

S 11  S 12  S 13  1  ( Eq.3)
2 2 2

and
S 12  S 22  S 13  1  ( Eq.4)(R2 * C 2)
2 2 2

S 13  S 13  1( R3 * C 3)
2 2

2 S 13  1
2

1
S 13   ( Eq.5)
By comparing Eq. 3 & 4 we2can write;
S 11  S 22
2 2

i.e.S 11  S 22  ( Eq.6)
 S13 S11* + S13 S12* = 0 (R3*C1) -(Eq.7)
 S13(S11*+S12*)=0 -(Eq.8)

but, S 13  0, so
S 11 *  S 12*  0
i.e.S 11*   S 12 *
 JSPM’s
Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.
(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
website: www.jspmicoer.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

After putting value of S12 & S13 in Eq. 3, we get,

1
S 11  S 11  1
2 2

2
1
2 S 11  1
2

2
1
S 11   ( Eq.10)
2
1 1 1
When, S 11  , then S 12   & S 22 
2 2 2

Put all above values in equation 2 we get S matrix for H plane tee;

 1 1 1 
 2  
2 2

1 1 1 
[S ]  
 2 2 2
 1 1 
 0 
 2 2 

Q. 9) Explain in brief the working principle of a circulator. (6 Marks)

Answer:
A Circulator is defined as a non-reciprocal, passive three ports, ferromagnetic device in which power is
transferred from one port to the next adjacent port in a prescribed order. Circulators are non-reciprocal
devices, meaning their behavior in one direction is very different from that in the other direction.

Working Principle:
A Circulator utilizes a transversely magnetized ferrite junction to circulate incoming microwave energy from
port 1 to port 2, port 2 to port 3, and port 3 to port 1. The arrows represent the direction of the magnetic fields
and the signal when applied to any port of these devices. An RF signal experiences a low loss in the direction
of arrow and high loss in reverse direction while propagating through the Circulator as shown in Figure 8.
 JSPM’s
Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.
(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
website: www.jspmicoer.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Fig.8. Circulator Working Principle

For example, a signal is placed at port 1 and port 2 is well matched, the signal will exit at port 2 with very
little loss (typically 0.4 dB). If there is a mismatch at port 2, then some signal power will be reflected towards
port 3. To have a better idea how the applied magnetic field controls the RF signal flow in Circulator,
consider a glass filled with water. Now, stir water in a clockwise direction using a spoon. If we put small
thermacol balls in water and continue to stir, it is observed that thermacol balls easily follow the circular
motion of the water. Also it would be impossible for the thermacol balls to move in a counterclockwise
(opposite) direction because the water motion is too strong.
The ferrite discs and permanent magnets inside the Circulator create very strong rotary magnetic fields
similar to the water motion in glass. This leads to follow the magnetic flow by any RF/microwave signals in
the desired frequency band from one port towards the next adjacent port and not in the opposite direction.

Q. 10) In an H plane Tee junction 30 mW power is applied to port 3 that is perfectly matched to the
junction. Calculate the power delivered to the load 75 Ω and 60 Ω connected to port 1 & port 2?
(6 Marks)
Answer:
The S parameter matrix for H plane tee is given as;

 1 1 1 
 2  
2 2

1 1 1 
[S ]  
 2 2 2
 1 1 
 0 
 2 2 
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Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.
(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
website: www.jspmicoer.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

According to property of H plane tee the power from port 3 (30 mW) is divided equally (15 mW) and can be
obtained from port 1 & port.
As the ports are not terminated with the characteristic impedance (Zo) there will be reflections at the ports, so
the output power at the port will be given as;
PO1 = P1-Pr1 & PO2 = P2-Pr2
Here, Pr1 and Pr2 are the reflected power at port 1 & port 2 and can be calculated as;
Pr 1  1 2 *P1 &
Pr 2   2 2 *P 2 Also
Z 1  Z 0 75  50 25
1     0.2
Z 1  Z 0 75  50 125
Z 2  Z 0 60  50 10
2     0.091
Z 2  Z 0 60  50 110
Pr 1  1 2 *P1  (0.2) 2 *15mW  0.6mW
Pr 2   2 2 *P 2  (0.091) 2 *15mW  0.124mW

Finally output at port 1 & port 2 can be calculated as;

PO1 = P1-Pr1 = 15mW-0.6 mW =14.4 mW
PO2 = P2-Pr2 = 15mW-0.124 mW =14.876 mW

Q. 11) A symmetric directional coupler with infinite directivity and a forward attenuation of 20 dB is
used to monitor the power delivered to a load ZL in Fig. 9. Bolometer 1 introduces a VSWR of 2.0 on
arm 4; bolometer 2 is matched to arm 3. If bolometer 1 reads 8 mW and bolometer 2 reads 2 mW,
find:
(a) The amount of power dissipated in the load ZL;
(b) The VSWR on arm 2. (6 Marks)

Fig. 9. Bolometer setup

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Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
website: www.jspmicoer.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Answer:

The reflection coefficient at port 4 is given as;

VSWR  1 2  1 1
  
VSWR  1 2  1 3
The incident power (Pi) and reflected power (Pr) is related as;

1 Pr Pr
  
3 Pi 8  Pr
The incident power at port 4 is (Pi4) is 9 mW & reflected power at port 4 (Pr4) is 1 mW
As port 3 is matched & bolometer at port 3 reading 2 mW of power so it shows that 1 mW of power is
reflected.
The 20 dB attenuation is equivalent to the power ratio of 100 : 1 so, Pi1 = 100*Pi4 = 100*9 = 900 mW
and Pr2 = 100*1 = 100 mW.
The power dissipated is given as;
PL = Pi2 – Pr2
PL = 900-100
PL = 800 mW
Later we have to find VSWR at arm 2, & reflection coefficient is given as;

Pr 100 1
  
Pi 900 3
Using value of reflection coefficient the VSWR can be calculated as;
1  1  (1 / 3) 1  0.33
VSWR     1.98
1  1  (1 / 3) 1  0.33
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website: www.jspmicoer.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Q. 12) Prove that it is impossible to construct a perfectly matched, lossless, reciprocal three port
junction. (6 Marks)
Answer:
A [S] matrix for a three port junction is given as;
 S 11 S 12 S 13  
 
[ S ]   S 21 S 22 S 23   ( Eq.1)
 S 31 S 32 S 33 

For a perfectly matched junction S11 = S22 = S33 = 0, so equation 1 become;

 0 S 12 S 13 
[ S ]   S 21 0 S 23
 S 31 S 32 0 
Using Symmetry property of S matrix we can write, S21=S12, S31=S13 & S32=S23, after putting these
values in above matrix we get;
 0 S 12 S 13
[ S ]  S 12 0 S 23
 S 13 S 23 0 
For a lossless junction [S] is having unitary property, hence,
S12 Χ S12* + S13 Χ S13* = 1
S12 Χ S12* + S23 Χ S23* = 1
S13 Χ S13* + S23 Χ S23* = 1
& S13 Χ S23* = S12 Χ S23* = S12 Χ S13* = 0
If S12 is not equal to zero then S13 and S23 are zero, but this does not satisfy above equations, therefore a
reciprocal, lossless three port junction cannot be perfectly matched.

Q. 13) A three-port circulator has an insertion loss of 1 dB, isolation 30 dB and VSWR = 1.5. Find the
S-matrix for the circulator. (6 Marks)
Answer:
The [S] parameter matrix for a 3 port circulator is given as;
 S 11 S 12 S 13 
[ S ]  S 21 S 22 S 23
 S 31 S 32 S 33
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website: www.jspmicoer.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

The Insertion loss is given as;

Insertion Loss = -20 log [S21]
Hence, S21 = 10 – (1/20) = 0.89
For a circulator the insertion loss between port 1 & port 2, 2 & 3, 3 & 1 is same, so we can write;
S21 = S32 = S13 = 0.89
The isolation between ports is given as;
Isolation = -20 log [S31]
Hence, S31 = 10-(30/20) = 0.032
Also, S31 = S12 = S23 = 0.032
The value of reflection coefficient is given as
[S11] = Γ = (VSWR-1) / (VSWR+1) = (1.5-1) / (1.5+1) = 0.2
Also, S11 = S22 = S33 = 0.2
After putting all above values in above matrix we get;
 0.2 0.032 0.890
[S ]  0.890 0.2 0.032
0.032 0.890 0.2 

Q. 14) If the incident power of 10 dB directional coupler is 250 mW. Calculate

1) The output power in main arm.
2) The output power in auxiliary arm. (6 Marks)
Answer:
The coupling factor of a directional coupler is given as;
C = 10 log (Pi / Pf)
Here, Pi = Incident power
Pf = Forwarded power
10 = 10 log (250*10^-3) / Pf
10 = (250*10^-3) / Pf
Pf = 2.5 mW
This shows the power in auxiliary arm.
For finding power in main arm we have;
Input power = output power + auxiliary power
Output power = Input power - auxiliary power
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Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Output power = (250*10^-3) – (2.5*10^-3)
Output power = 247.5 mW

Q. 15) Two identical 30 dB directional couplers are used to sample incident & reflected power in
waveguide having VSWR of 2 & incident power of 4.5 mW. Calculate the forwarded & reflected
power? (6 Marks)
Answer:
1 
VSWR 
1 
1 
2
1 
2(1  )  1  
2  2  1  
3  1
  0.33
The coupling factor of a directional coupler is given as;
C = 10 log (Pi / Pf)
30 = 10 log (Pi / Pf)
3 = log (4.5 mW / Pf)
Pf = 4.5 W
The reflection coefficient is also given as;

Pi

Pr
Pi
2 
Pr
Pr   2 * Pi
Pr  (0.33) 2 * 4.5mW
Pr  0.49mW
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(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
website: www.jspmicoer.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Q.16)

Answer:
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(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
website: www.jspmicoer.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Q. 17) Compare circulator & isolator in detail. (6 Marks)

Answer:
Sr. No. Circulator Isolator
1 It is a ferrite device which sends microwave It is a ferrite device which transmits
frequencies between ports. microwave frequencies in only one direction.
2 As circulator has three or four ports, the power is For isolator ideally power is extracted from
taken away from any port and it is transmitted to forward port only.
the next port in clockwise direction.
3 A circulator according to situation terminates No termination of port is present in isolator. It
one of its three or four ports with a power load. will absorb the power reaching in backward
This terminated port will absorb power when direction.
power enters in it.
4 The S parameter matrix is 3*3 or 4.*4 The S parameter matrix is 2.*2
5 Used in applications like, parametric amplifiers, Used to protect RF Mixers, Oscillators & other
duplexers in RADAR, in tunnel diode. sensitive components from reflected signals.
6
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Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Q. 18) Explain the construction of circulator using Magic Tee & Gyrator. (6 Marks)
Answer:

Fig. 10 Design of circulator using magic tee & gyrator

Figure 10 shows a four port circulator constructed of two magic tees and a phase shifter. The phase shifter
produces a phase shift of 180 degree.
Input from port 1: Gets splitted in two H-arms and enters the second magic Tee from right side path and
left side path in phase, both gets cancelled in port 4 and gets added in port 2. Therefore output is available
only from port 2.
Input from port 2: Gets splitted in two H-arms and enters the second magic Tee from right side path with
180 degree phase shift and left side path with zero phase shift. Both the signals get cancelled in port 2 and
get added in port 4. Therefore output is available only from port 4.
Input from port 3: Get splitted with two signals having equal amplitude & opposite phase at second magic
tee. One signal is passing through gyrator in opposite direction thus appears as it is at first magic tee &
another signal also appear at first magic tee. As both signals are out of phase at first magic tee maximum
output is extracted from port 4.
Input from port 4: Gets splitted in two E-arms and enters the second magic Tee from both the sides with in
phase due to the gyrator, the signals gets cancelled in port 3 and gets added in port 1. Therefore output is
available only from port 1.

Q. 19) Explain various applications of circulators. (6 Marks)

Answer:
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Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
1. Telecommunications
Base Stations: Circulators help route signals between the transmitter, receiver, and antenna. This setup
prevents reflections from affecting the performance of the system, improving overall signal quality.
Satellite Communication: In satellite systems, circulators manage uplink and downlink signals, ensuring that
signals from the satellite are effectively routed to the receiver while maintaining isolation from the
transmitting signals.
2. Radar Systems
Pulse Radar: Circulators are used to direct pulses from the transmitter to the antenna and return received
signals to the receiver. This minimizes interference and ensures that the radar can accurately distinguish
between the transmitted and received signals.
Doppler radar: They help maintain the integrity of the signals by isolating the receiver from the transmitter,
which is crucial for accurate speed and direction measurements.
3. Test Equipment
Vector Network Analyzers (VNAs): Circulators allow for precise signal routing in testing environments.
They can separate the incident and reflected signals, enabling detailed measurements of component
performance.
Signal Generators: Used in conjunction with other test equipment to manage signal paths, ensuring that only
the intended signals reach the test equipment.
4. Medical Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Circulators are utilized to route RF signals between the MRI scanner
and the detection system, helping to minimize interference and enhance image quality. They ensure that the
transmitted and received signals do not affect each other, leading to clearer imaging.
5. Antenna Systems
Diversity Reception: Circulators can be used to switch between multiple antennas, ensuring that the system
can select the best signal path. This is particularly important in environments with multipath propagation.
Beamforming Networks: In advanced antenna systems, circulators help manage the signal flow between
different elements, improving the system’s ability to focus signals in specific directions.
6. Industrial Heating
Microwave Drying and Curing: Circulators are used to manage the microwave energy in industrial processes
like drying textiles or curing materials, ensuring uniform energy distribution and minimizing energy loss.
7. Broadcasting
FM and TV Transmitters: Circulators isolate the transmitter from the receiver, allowing for efficient signal
processing and preventing feedback that could distort the transmitted signal.
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website: www.jspmicoer.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Signal Distribution: In broadcasting networks, circulators help route signals through different paths, ensuring
that various transmitters can operate without interference.
8. Research and Development
Experimental Setups: In laboratories working with microwave technology, circulators are critical for routing
signals through various components without introducing noise or reflections. They are essential for accurate
experiments and prototype development.
Material Characterization: Circulators enable precise measurements of the electrical properties of materials
by controlling the direction of microwave signals during testing.
9. Military Applications
Electronic Warfare: Circulators are used in systems designed for jamming or intercepting signals, allowing
for selective signal routing and isolation to maintain operational integrity.
Communication Systems: In military communications, circulators help manage complex signal routing to
ensure reliable communication under various conditions.
Microwave circulators play a crucial role in enhancing the performance, reliability, and efficiency of a wide
range of systems. Their ability to control signal flow and provide isolation makes them indispensable in
modern microwave applications.

Q. 20) Define following terms with expression for a directional coupler;

1) Coupling Factor.
2) Directivity.
3) Insertion Loss.
4) Isolation. (6 Marks)
Answer:
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website: www.jspmicoer.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Coupling Factor (C)

The Coupling factor of a directional coupler is the ratio of incident power at port 1 to the coupled power,
measured in dB.

C=10log10 (P1 / P3) dB

Directivity (D)

The Directivity of a directional coupler is the ratio of coupled power to the back power, measured in dB.

D=10log10 (P3 / P4) dB

Isolation

It defines the directive properties of a directional coupler. It is the ratio of incident power to the back power,
measured in dB.

I=10log10 (P1 / P4) dB

Isolation in dB = Coupling factor + Directivity

Insertion Loss

This accounts for the input power (P1) delivered to the transmitted (P2) port, which is reduced by power
delivered to the coupled and isolated ports.

Insertion Loss =10log10 (P1 / P2) dB