VELAMMAL VIDHYASHRAM & VNGS

PREPVEL ACADEMY

GRADE – 9
BASIC MATHEMATICS FORMULAS
Chapter 1: Number Systems
The numeral or number system is the combination of natural, integers, rational, irrational,
and real numbers. This lesson covers the entire concepts of the numeral system and its
types, representation on the number line, laws of rational exponents, and integral powers.
Any number that can be expressed as p ⁄ q, with p and q being integers and q ≠
0 being rational numbers. The p ⁄ q form cannot be used to write irrational numbers.
• Any unique real number can be represented on a number line.
• If r is one such rational number and s is an irrational number, then (r + s), (r – s), (r × s)
and (r ⁄ s) are irrational.
𝑎+𝑏
• Rational number between any two numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏 is given by .
2
• For finding 𝑛 rational numbers between any two number 𝑎 and 𝑏, where 𝑎 < 𝑏 is given by the
𝑏−𝑎
general formula 𝑛+1.

1. For positive rational numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏:

(i) √𝑎𝑏 = √𝑎√𝑏
𝑎 √𝑎
(ii) √𝑏 = (𝑏 ≠ 0)
√𝑏

(iii) (√𝑎 + √𝑏)(√𝑎 − √𝑏) = (𝑎 − 𝑏)

(iv) (𝑎 + √𝑏)(𝑎 − √𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏
2
(v) (𝑎 + √𝑏) = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎√𝑏 + 𝑏
1 √𝑎−𝑏
2. To rationalize the denominator of , we must multiply this by , where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are
√𝑎+𝑏 √𝑎−𝑏
integers.
1
(i) Rationalizing factor of 𝑎√𝑥+𝑏 is (𝑎√𝑥 − 𝑏√𝑦).
√𝑦
1
(ii) Rationalizing factor of 𝑎√𝑥−𝑏 is (𝑎√𝑥 + 𝑏√𝑦).
√𝑦
3. Let 𝑎 > 0 be a real number and 𝑝 and 𝑞 be rational numbers. Then
(i) 𝑎𝑚 ⋅ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
(ii) (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛
𝑎𝑚
(iii) = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
𝑎𝑛
(iv) 𝑎 𝑏 = (𝑎𝑏)𝑚
𝑚 𝑚

𝑎𝑚 𝑎 𝑚
(v)
𝑏𝑚
= (𝑏 ) ; 𝑏 ≠ 0
−𝑚 1
(vi) 𝑎 =
𝑎𝑚
(vii) 𝑎0 = 1
1
𝑛
(viii) √𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑛
𝑛
(ix) 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏×𝑏×𝑏×𝑏….𝑛 times
(x) If am = an then m= n.
Chapter 2: Polynomials
Polynomial is an expression that comprises variables and coefficients which involves the
operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and non-negative integer
exponentiation of variables. A polynomial p(x) denoted for one variable ‘x’ comprises an
algebraic expression in the form:

p(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + ….. + a2x2 + a1x + a0

where a0, a1, a2, …. an are constants where an ≠ 0

1. Any real number; let’s say ‘a’ is considered to be the zero of a polynomial ‘p(x)’ if p(a) = 0.
In this case, a is said to be solution of the equation p(x) = 0.
2. Every one variable linear polynomial will contain a unique zero, a real number which is a
zero of the zero polynomial, and a non-zero constant polynomial that does not have any
zeros.
Factor theorem:
Let 𝑎 be any real number and 𝑝(𝑥) be a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1.
• If 𝑝(𝑎) = 0, then (𝑥 − 𝑎) is a factor of 𝑝(𝑥).
• If (𝑥 − 𝑎) is a factor of 𝑝(𝑥), then 𝑝(𝑎) = 0
Remainder Theorem:
Let 𝑎 be any real number and 𝑝(𝑥) be a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1.
• If 𝑝(𝑥) is divided by the factor (𝑥 − 𝑎), then the remainder is equal to 𝑝(𝑎).

Algebraic identities:

1. (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
2. (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
2 2
3. 𝑎 − 𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
4. (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑐𝑎
5. (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏
6. (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 𝑏3 + 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎3 + 𝑏3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏2
7. (𝑎 − 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 − 𝑏3 − 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎3 − 𝑏3 − 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏2
8. 𝑎3 + 𝑏3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 )
9. 𝑎3 − 𝑏3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 )
10. 𝑎3 + 𝑏3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎)
11. If 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0, the 𝑎3 + 𝑏3 + 𝑐 3 = 3𝑎𝑏𝑐.
Chapter 3: Coordinate Geometry
The coordinate geometry is a part of geometry where the position of the points on the
plane is described with the help of an ordered pair of numbers called coordinates.

1. The plane is called Cartesian plane and axis are called the coordinates axis.

2. The horizontal axis is called x-axis and Vertical axis is called Y-axis.

3. The point of intersection of axis is called origin.

4. The distance of a point from y axis is called x –coordinate or abscissa and the distance of
the point from x –axis is called y – coordinate or Ordinate
5. The distance of a point from y axis is |x| and the distance of the point from x –axis is |y|.
6. The Origin has zero distance from both x-axis and y-axis so that its abscissa and
ordinate both are zero. So the coordinate of the origin is (0,0)
7. A point on the x –axis has zero distance from x-axis so coordinate of any point on the x-
axis will be (x, 0)
8. A point on the y –axis has zero distance from y-axis so coordinate of any point on the y-
axis will be (0, y)
9. The axes divide the Cartesian plane in to four parts. These Four parts are called the
quadrants
Chapter 4 - Linear Equations In Two Variables

An equation of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is called linear equation in two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦.

• Solution of linear equation: The value of (𝑥, 𝑦) for which L.H.S. =R.H.S.
• Solution of 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 in terms of 𝑥 is given by:
−𝑎𝑥 − 𝑐
𝑦=
𝑏
• Solution of 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 in terms of 𝑦 is given by:
−𝑏𝑦 − 𝑐
𝑥=
𝑎

Important points to Note

1. A linear equation in two variable has infinite solutions
2 .The graph of every linear equation in two variable is a straight line

3. x = 0 is the equation of the y-axis and y = 0 is the equation of the x-axis.

4. The graph x=a is a line parallel to y -axis.

5. The graph y=b is a line parallel to x –axis.

6. The equation 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥, is an equation of straight line passing through origin.
where 𝑚 is the slope of line, i.e., angle made by the line with x-axis.
7.The equation 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, is the general equation of a straight line where 𝑚 is the slope of line, i.e.,
angle made by the line with x-axis and 𝑐 is the intercept on the y-axis.

8. Every point on the graph of a linear equation in two variables is a solution of the linear
equation. Moreover, every solution of the linear equation is a point on the graph.

Chapter 5: Introduction to Euclid’s Geometry

Euclidean geometry is the branch of geometry that deals with the study of geometrical
shapes and figures based on different axioms and theorems. This study basically provides
a brief explanation for flat surfaces.
Axioms: The basic facts which are taken for granted without proof are called axioms.
Some of Euclid’s axioms are:

1. Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.
2. If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal.
3. If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal.
4. Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another.
 5. The whole is greater than the part.

• Postulates: Axioms are the general statements, postulates are the axioms relating to a
particular field. Euclid’s five postulates are.

1. A straight line may be drawn from anyone point to any other point.
2. A terminated line can be produced indefinitely.
3. A circle can be drawn with any center and any radius.
4. All right angles are equal to one another.
5. If a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior angles on the same
side of it taken together less than two right angles, then the two straight lines, if
produced indefinitely meet on that side on which the angles are less than two right
angles.

Chapter 6: Lines and Angles

The important formulas and some note points of Lines and Angles for class 9 notes are
provided here. Here the various concepts such as parallel lines, transversal, angles,
intersecting lines, interior angles are explained in brief.

• Angle: The union of two non-collinear rays with a shared beginning point is called an
angle.

• Types of Angles: Following are the major types of angles-

• Acute angle: An acute angle measure between 0° and 90°.
• Right angle: A right angle is exactly equal to 90°.
• Obtuse angle: An angle greater than 90° but less than 180°.
• Straight angle: A straight angle is equal to 180°.
• Reflex angle: An angle that is greater than 180° but less than 360° is called a
reflex angle.
• Complementary angles: Two angles whose sum is 90° are called
complementary angles. Let one angle be x, then its complementary angle is
(90°−x).
• Supplementary angles: Two angles whose sum is 180° are called
supplementary angles. Let one angle be x, then its supplementary angle is
(180°−x).
• Adjacent angles: Two angles are Adjacent when they have a common side
and a common vertex (corner point) and don’t overlap.
• Linear pair: A linear pair of angles is formed when two lines intersect. Two
angles are said to be linear if they are adjacent angles formed by two
intersecting lines. The measure of a straight angle is 180°, so a linear pair of
angles must add up to 180°.
• Vertically opposite angles: Vertically opposite angles are formed when two
lines intersect each other at a point. Vertically opposite angles are always
equal.

• Transversal: A line that intersects two or more given lines at distinct points,
is called a transversal of the given line. Following are the angles that are
made on a traversal as,
1. Corresponding angles
2. Alternate interior angles
3. Alternate exterior angles
4. Interior angles on the same side of the transversal.
Chapter 7: Triangles
A triangle is a three-sided polygon with three edges and three vertices, as described by
geometry. The Angle sum property of a triangle is the most significant and widely used
characteristic, which states that the sum of a triangle’s interior angles is only 180 degrees.
Three sides and three angles make up a triangle, which is a closed geometrical object.

• Congruence: Congruent refers to figures that are identical in all aspects, such as their
forms and sizes. Two circles with the same radii, for example, are congruent. Also
congruent are two squares with the same sides.
• Congruent Triangles: Two triangles are congruent if and only if one of them can be
superimposed over the other to entirely cover it.
• Congruence Rules: Following are the list of some important congruence rules of
triangles,

• Side angle side (SAS) Congruence :

• Angle Side Angle (ASA) Congruence :

• Angle angle side (AAS) Congruence :

• Side side side (SSS) Congruence :

• Right-angle Hypotenuse Side (RHS) Congruence :

Chapter 8: Quadrilateral
A quadrilateral is a plane geometrical figure which has four sides and has four corners or
vertices. Typically, quadrilaterals are rectangle, square, trapezoid, and kite or irregular
and uncharacterized figures with four sides. Here are some important properties and short
notes about the chapter Quadrilateral:

• The Sum of all angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.

• A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two congruent triangles.
• In a parallelogram,
• diagonals bisect each other.
• opposite angles are equal.
• opposite sides are equal
• Diagonals of a square bisect each other at right angles and are equal, and vice-versa.
• A line through the mid-point of a side of a triangle parallel to another side bisects the
third side. (Midpoint theorem)
• The line segment joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the
third side and equal to half the third side.
• In a parallelogram, the bisectors of any two consecutive angles intersect at a right
angle.
• If a diagonal of a parallelogram bisect one of the angles of a parallelogram it also
bisects the second angle.
• The angle bisectors of a parallelogram form a rectangle.
• Each of the four angles of a rectangle is the right angle.
• The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to each other.
 1 1
1. Area of trapezium/trapezoid = 2 × (sum of parallel sides) × height = 2 × (𝑎 + 𝑏) × ℎ
2. Area of parallelogram = Base × height
3. Rectangle:
Area of rectangle = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝑙 × 𝑏
Perimeter of rectangle = 2 × (𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ + 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ) = 2 × (𝑙 + 𝑏)
Diagonal of rectangle = √(𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)2 + (𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ)2 = √𝑙 2 + 𝑏2
4. Square:
Area of square = (𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒)2 = 𝑎2
Perimeter of square = 4 × 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 4𝑎
Diagonal of square = √𝑎2 + 𝑎2 = √2 × 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = √2𝑎.

1
5. Area of rhombus = 2 × 𝑑1 × 𝑑2, where 𝑑1 and 𝑑2 are diagonals of the rhombus.
1 1
6. Area of triangle = 2 × 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 2 × 𝑏 × ℎ.

Chapter 9: Circles
The locus of the points drawn at an equidistant distance from the center is known as
a circle. The radius of a circle is the distance between its center and the outside line. The
diameter of a circle is the line that divides it into two equal sections and is equal to twice
the radius. Therefore in the Class 9 syllabus following important properties and formulas
related to circles are discussed:
• Concentric circles are circles with the same center but different radii.
• Arc: An arc of the circle is a continuous portion of a circle.
• Chord: The chord of the circle is a line segment that connects any two locations on a
circle. Some important properties of Chords of a circle are:
• The diameter of a circle is defined as a chord that passes across its center.
• A circle’s diameter divides it into two equal sections, which are called arcs. A
semi-circle is made up of these two arcs.
• If two arcs of a circle have the same degree of measure, they are said to be
congruent.
• When two arcs have the same length, their associated chords are likewise the
same length.
• The chord is bisected by a perpendicular drawn from the center to the chord
of the circle, and vice versa.
• Three non-collinear points are intersected by one and only one circle.
• Equal circle chords are equidistant from the center.
• The line across the centers of two circles intersecting in two points is
perpendicular to the common chord.
• An arc’s angle at the center of the circle is double the angle it has throughout
the rest of the circumference.
• Any two angles in the same circle segment are equal.
• A circle’s equal chords form an equal angle at the center.
• The greater chord of a circle is closer to the center than the smaller chord.
• The semicircle has a right angle. At the circle’s center, equal chords subtend
an equal angle.
• Cyclic Quadrilateral: A quadrilateral is said to be cyclic if all of its vertices are on
the perimeter of a circle.
• The sum of opposing angles in a cyclic quadrilateral is 180°, and vice versa.
• A cyclic quadrilateral’s exterior angle is equal to its inner opposite angle.
• The tangent and radius of the circle intersect perpendicular to each other.

For any circle however big or small:

𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∝ 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
⇒ 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝜋 × 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
• Circumference of circle = 2𝜋𝑟, where 𝑟 is radius of circle.
• Diameter= 2 × 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
• Area of circle = 𝜋𝑟 2 , where 𝑟 is radius of circle.

Chapter 10: Heron’s Formula

A triangle is a closed three-dimensional shape in geometry. Here a student may find
the Heron’s formula and its important applications that are studied in Class 9 syllabus.
Heron’s formula is used to calculate the area of triangles.
1
1. Area of triangle = × 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
2
√3 √3
2. Area of equilateral triangle = × (𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒)2 = × 𝑎2
4 4
3. Perimeter of triangle having side length 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 is (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
4. Semi-perimeter of triangle having side length 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 is denoted by 𝑠.
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
𝑠=
2
5. Area of triangle having side length 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 is given by:
𝐴 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐), where 𝑠 is semi-perimeter of triangle.
𝑎2
6. Area of Isosceles right-angled triangle whose each equal side is 𝑎 is .
2
1 𝑏2
7. Area of isosceles triangle with base 𝑏 and measure of equal sides 𝑎 is × √𝑎2 − × 𝑏.
2 4

Chapter 11 : Surface Areas And Volumes

Cuboid:

Let Length = 𝑙, Breadth = 𝑏, Height = ℎ

1. Curved Surface Area = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 2(𝑙 + 𝑏) × ℎ
Curved Surface Area is also known as Lateral Surface Area.
2. Total Surface Area = 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + ℎ𝑙)
3. Volume = 𝑙 × 𝑏 × ℎ
 4. Diagonal = √𝑙 2 + 𝑏2 + ℎ2

Cube:

Let side length = 𝑎

1. Curved Surface Area = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 4 × 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 4𝑎
Curved Surface Area is also known as Lateral Surface Area.
2. Total Surface Area = 6𝑎2
3. Volume = (𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒)3 = 𝑎3
4. Diagonal = √3 × 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = √3 𝑎.

Cylinder:
Height = ℎ and radius of base = 𝑟
• Curved Surface Area = Circumference of base × height = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
• Total Surface Area = Curved Surface Area + Flat Surface Area
= 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝑟 2
= 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 2𝑟 2
= 2𝜋𝑟(ℎ + 𝑟)
• Volume = Base Area × height
= 𝜋𝑟 2 × ℎ
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

Cone:
Height = ℎ, Slant height = 𝑙 and radius of base = 𝑟
• 𝑙 = √ℎ2 + 𝑟 2
• Curved Surface Area = 𝜋𝑟𝑙
• Total Surface Area = Curved Surface Area + Base Area
= 𝜋𝑟𝑙 + 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋𝑟(𝑙 + 𝑟)
1 1
• Volume = 3 × volume of cylinder = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
Sphere:
It has only one surface which is only curved, so curved surface area
is also the total surface area.
Radius = 𝑟
• Diameter = 2 × radius = 2r
• Surface Area = 4 × Area of circle
= 4 × 𝜋𝑟 2
= 4𝜋𝑟 2
4
• Volume = 3 𝜋𝑟 3

Hemisphere:
Radius = 𝑟
• Diameter = 2 × radius = 2r
1
• Curved Surface Area = 2 × Surface Area of Sphere
1
= 2 × 4𝜋𝑟 2
= 2𝜋𝑟 2
• Total Surface Area = Curved Surface Area + Flat
Surface Area
= 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝑟 2
= 3𝜋𝑟 2
1
• Volume = 2 × Volume of Sphere
1 4
= 2 × 3 𝜋𝑟 3
2
= 3 𝜋𝑟 3
Ring:
Outer Radius of Ring is R. Inner Radius of Ring is r.
Area of Ring = 𝜋𝑅2 − 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋(𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 ) = 𝜋(𝑅 + 𝑟)(𝑅 − 𝑟)

Chapter -12 : Probability.

• Probability of event in an experiment is given by:
Number of favourable outcome
P(Getting an event) =
Total no of outcomes
• Probability of an event always lies between 0 and 1.
i.e, 0 ≤ 𝑃 ≤ 1.

• Complementary Events:
Complementary events are two outcomes of an event that are the only two possible outcomes. This is
like flipping a coin and getting heads or tails.
𝑃(𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐸¯) = 1
 • The number of outcomes when tossing a pair of coin is 4.
Outcomes are: HH, HT, TH, TT
• Number of outcomes when tossing three coins simultaneously is 8.
Outcomes are: HHH, HTT, HHT, HTH, THH, THT, TTH, TTT
• Number of outcomes when tossing n-coins simultaneously is given by general formula 2𝑛
• Number of outcomes when tossing 2-dices simultaneously is 36.
The outcomes are:
(1,1), (1, 2), (1,3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1,6)
(2,1), (2, 2), (2,3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2,6)
(3,1), (3, 2), (3,3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3,6)
(4,1), (4, 2), (4,3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4,6)
(5,1), (5, 2), (5,3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5,6)
(6,1), (6, 2), (6,3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6,6)

Chapter -13: Statistics.

Class Interval:
• For the class interval 𝑎 − 𝑏, 𝑎 is lower limit and 𝑏 is upper limit.

• Class size = Upper limit – lower limit = 𝑏 − 𝑎

Upper limit+ lower limit 𝑎+𝑏

• Class Marks = =
2 2

Histogram:
• Height of the rectangle is proportional to the frequency.
• The length of rectangle obtained after modification is known as adjusted frequencies.
Frequency of class
Length of rectangle = × Minimum width
Width of class

Measure of Central Tendency:

Average:
• Average = (Sum of values) / (Number of values)
Mean or Arithmetic mean:
• Mean = (Sum of data values) / (Number of data values)
If 𝑥1, 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , . . . . . 𝑥𝑛 are 𝑛 values of a variable 𝑋, then the mean is denoted by 𝑋̅ and defined as
𝑥 +𝑥 +𝑥 +⋯+𝑥𝑛 1
𝑋̅ = 1 2 3 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖
𝑛 𝑛
Where ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 denotes the sum 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 .
• Arithmetic Mean of Discrete frequency distribution:
If 𝑥1, 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , . . . . . 𝑥𝑛 are 𝑛 values of a variable 𝑋 with frequency 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 , . . . . . 𝑓𝑛 respectively,
then arithmetic mean of these values is:
𝑛 𝑛
𝑥 𝑓 +𝑥2 𝑓2 +𝑥3 𝑓3 +⋯+𝑥𝑛 𝑓𝑛 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 ∑𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖
𝑋̅ = 1 1 𝑓 +𝑓 = ∑𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑓 = ,
1 +𝑓 +⋯+𝑓
2 3 𝑛 𝑖=1 𝑖 𝑁
where 𝑁 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 = 𝑓1 + 𝑓2 + 𝑓3 + ⋯ + 𝑓𝑛
• If each observation is increased or decreased by same number, then the mean for new
observation will also be increased or decreased by same number.
𝑥1 ± 𝑐, 𝑥2 ± 𝑐, 𝑥3 ± 𝑐, . . . . . 𝑥𝑛 ± 𝑐 then its mean is 𝑋̅ ± 𝑐.

Median:
• In an ordered set of data, the median is the middle value. If there is an even number of
data points, the median is the average of the two middle values.
Median for ungrouped data points:
• If number of data points is odd:
Suppose number of data points 𝑁 is odd then:
𝑁+1 𝑡ℎ
Median = ( ) term.
2

• If number of data points is even:

Suppose number of data points 𝑁 is even then:
th
1 N th N
Median = 2 [( 2 ) term + (( 2 ) + 1) term]

Mode:
• The mode is the value that occurs most frequently in a data set.
Range:
• Range = (Maximum Value) - (Minimum Value)