Transportation in Animals and Plants

• What is transportation and why is it necessary?

• Transportation refers to the movement of substances such as nutrients, gases, and waste
products within an organism. It is necessary to maintain homeostasis, provide nutrients to
cells, remove waste products, and enable physiological functions.

• What are the components of blood?

• Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and
platelets.

• Differentiate RBC, WBC, and platelets.

• RBCs (Red Blood Cells): Carry oxygen from the lungs to the body and carbon dioxide
from the body back to the lungs.
• WBCs (White Blood Cells): Part of the immune system; help protect the body against
infections.
• Platelets: Help in blood clotting to prevent bleeding.

• What is plasma and its function?

• Plasma is the liquid component of blood, making up about 55% of its volume. It
transports nutrients, hormones, proteins, and waste products.

• What are the functions of the following?

• Red blood cells: Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

• Hemoglobin: A protein in RBCs that binds oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• Blood: Transports nutrients, gases, and waste products; regulates body temperature;
defends against pathogens.
• Valves: Prevent the backflow of blood within the heart.
• Septum: Divides the heart into left and right halves, preventing the mixing of oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood.
• Pericardial fluid: Lubricates the heart, reducing friction as it beats.

• Name the pumping organ of the human body.

• The heart.

• Name the protein pigment of blood.

• Hemoglobin.
• Name the cardiac valves and their functions.

• Atrioventricular Valves (Tricuspid and Mitral Valves): Prevent backflow from

ventricles to atria.
• Semilunar Valves (Pulmonary and Aortic Valves): Prevent backflow from arteries to
ventricles.

• Why do mammals have a four-chambered heart while amphibians have a three-

chambered heart?

• Mammals have a four-chambered heart to completely separate oxygenated and

deoxygenated blood, which supports a high metabolic rate. Amphibians have a three-
chambered heart because their mixed circulatory system meets their lower metabolic
needs.

• Why do ventricles have thicker walls than auricles?

• Ventricles have thicker walls to pump blood throughout the body (left ventricle) or to the
lungs (right ventricle), requiring more force than the auricles, which only pump blood
into the ventricles.

• What prevents the backward flow of blood in the heart?

• Valves in the heart prevent the backward flow of blood.

• What is the significance of the left and right side of the heart?

• The left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body, while the right side pumps
deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

• Name the following:

• Largest artery: Aorta.

• Artery carrying deoxygenated blood: Pulmonary artery.
• Vein carrying oxygenated blood: Pulmonary vein.
• Where purification of blood takes place: Kidneys.

• Differentiate arteries and veins.

• Arteries carry blood away from the heart, usually oxygenated except for the pulmonary
artery. Veins carry blood towards the heart, usually deoxygenated except for the
pulmonary vein.

• What are capillaries and their functions?

 • Capillaries are tiny blood vessels where the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste
occurs between blood and tissues.

• Why do we need the clotting of blood?

• Blood clotting prevents excessive bleeding and helps in wound healing.

• Differentiate pulmonary and systemic circulation.

• Pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and back.
Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body and
back.

• Define blood pressure, heartbeat, and pulse rate.

• Blood pressure: The force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.
• Heartbeat: The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart muscles.
• Pulse rate: The number of heartbeats per minute.

• Differentiate blood and lymph.

• Blood: A fluid connective tissue that circulates through the heart and blood vessels.
• Lymph: A clear fluid that travels through the lymphatic system, carrying immune cells
and waste products.

• What is lymph and how is it formed?

• Lymph is a fluid containing white blood cells, formed from interstitial fluid collected
through lymph capillaries and filtered through lymph nodes.

• Explain the mechanism of circulation.

• Circulation involves the heart pumping blood through arteries, capillaries, and veins,
facilitating the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between blood and
tissues.

• What is double circulation and explain it?

• Double circulation refers to the separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood into
two circuits: the pulmonary circuit (heart to lungs and back) and the systemic circuit
(heart to body and back).

• How does transportation take place in plants?

• In plants, transportation involves the movement of water, minerals, and nutrients through
the xylem and phloem.
• What is transpiration and its functions?

• Transpiration is the loss of water vapor from plant leaves through stomata. It helps in
cooling, water uptake, and nutrient transport.

• What is translocation and how does it occur?

• Translocation is the movement of food substances (sugars) from leaves to other parts of
the plant through the phloem, driven by osmotic pressure differences.

• What is the ascent of sap and its cause?

• Ascent of sap refers to the upward movement of water and minerals from roots to leaves
through the xylem, caused by capillary action, root pressure, and transpiration pull.

• How does the ascent of sap take place?

• The ascent of sap takes place due to transpiration pull, cohesion and adhesion of water
molecules, and root pressure.

• Name the vein which carries deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body to the
heart.

• Vena cava.

• Name the artery which carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

• Pulmonary artery.

• What are the functions of lymph?

• Lymph returns excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream, absorbs fats from the digestive
system, and helps in immune defense.

• Differentiate: Systole & Diastole, Lub sound & Dub sound

• Systole: Contraction phase of the heart where blood is pumped out.

• Diastole: Relaxation phase of the heart where chambers fill with blood.
• Lub sound: Closing of atrioventricular valves.
• Dub sound: Closing of semilunar valves.

• Explain the cardiac cycle.

• The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events in a heartbeat, including atrial and ventricular
systole and diastole, ensuring the continuous flow of blood.
• What is a pacemaker and how does it work?

• The pacemaker (sinoatrial node) is a group of cells in the right atrium that generates
electrical impulses, causing the heart to contract rhythmically.

• What are antibodies and antigens & who discovered blood groups and name them?

• Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to neutralize or destroy foreign
substances (antigens).
• Antigens are substances that can induce an immune response.
• Karl Landsteiner discovered blood groups, namely A, B, AB, and O.

• What is the ABO system of blood groups?

• The ABO system classifies blood into four groups based on the presence or absence of
antigens (A and B) on the surface of red blood cells.

• Explain antibodies and antigen interaction with the help of a table.

• Antibodies bind to specific antigens to neutralize or mark them for destruction by

immune cells. This interaction is specific; for example, anti-A antibodies will bind to A
antigens.

• What is a clumping reaction?

• Clumping reaction (agglutination) occurs when antibodies in the plasma bind to antigens
on the surface of red blood cells, causing them to stick together.

• What is blood transfusion and which is a universal donor & recipient?

• Blood transfusion is the transfer of blood or its components from one person to another.
The universal donor is O negative, and the universal recipient is AB positive.

• Name the test which is to be done for the following disease:

• Diabetes: Blood glucose test.

• Anemia: Complete blood count (CBC).
• Infection: White blood cell count, blood culture.
• ESR increase: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test.
• Yellow fever/HIV: Yellow fever test, HIV test.

• Define cardiac arrest and its causes.

• Cardiac arrest is the sudden cessation of heart function, often caused by heart attack,
arrhythmia, or electrical disturbances in the heart.
• What is palpitation, hypertension & their cause?

• Palpitation: Sensation of a rapid or irregular heartbeat, often caused by stress, anxiety, or

arrhythmias.
• Hypertension: High blood pressure, caused by genetic factors, lifestyle, stress, or
underlying health conditions.

Excretion in Plants and Animals

• What is excretion and name various excretory organs?

• Excretion is the process of removing metabolic waste from the body. In humans,
excretory organs include the kidneys, lungs, skin, and liver.

• What are nitrogenous wastes and how are they removed?

• Nitrogenous wastes (urea, uric acid, ammonia) are byproducts of protein metabolism,
removed by kidneys, liver, and skin.

• What are the functions of the kidney?

• The kidneys filter blood, remove waste, balance electrolytes, and regulate blood pressure
and volume.

• Define the following:

• Osmoregulation: Regulation of water and salt balance in the body.

• Ultrafiltration: Filtration of blood in the kidneys at the glomerulus.
• Urethra: Tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body.
• Urinary bladder: A sac-like organ that stores urine until it is excreted from the body.

• Differentiate the following:

• Afferent and efferent arterioles: Afferent arterioles carry blood to the glomerulus,
while efferent arterioles carry blood away from the glomerulus.
• Renal artery and renal vein: Renal artery brings oxygenated blood to the kidneys, and
renal vein carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys.

• What is glomerulus and its function?

• The glomerulus is a network of capillaries in the kidney where blood is filtered to form
urine.

• Name the following:

 • Functional unit of kidney: Nephron.
• Filtration unit of kidney: Glomerulus.
• Components of nephron: Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal
tubule, and collecting duct.
• Pigment present in urine: Urobilin.
• Hormone regulate osmoregulation: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

• Explain the structure of nephron and its function.

• The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus for filtration
and a series of tubules (proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct)
for reabsorption and secretion, ultimately forming urine.

• Name the substances that are absorbed from glomerulus filtrate.

• Substances such as water, glucose, amino acids, and ions (sodium, potassium) are
reabsorbed from the glomerulus filtrate back into the blood.

• What is urine and how is it formed?

• Urine is a liquid waste product formed by the kidneys through the filtration of blood,
reabsorption of necessary substances, and secretion of waste products into the tubular
fluid.

• What is dialysis and how does it take place?

• Dialysis is a medical procedure to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood
when the kidneys are not functioning properly. It involves using a machine to filter the
blood (hemodialysis) or using the lining of the abdomen to filter blood inside the body
(peritoneal dialysis).

• Name various excretory products of plants.

• Excretory products of plants include oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, tannins, resins,
and latex.

• What happens to waste in the renal tubule?

• Waste products in the renal tubule are excreted as urine after the reabsorption of useful
substances back into the bloodstream.

• Difference between dialysis and kidney.

• Dialysis is an artificial process to remove waste from the blood, while the kidney is a
natural organ that performs the function of waste removal and regulation of various body
functions.
• What is the pace maker and explain how it works?

• The pacemaker (sinoatrial node) is a group of specialized cells in the heart that generates
electrical impulses, causing the heart to beat. It regulates the rhythm of the heart's
contractions.

• What are antibodies and antigens?

• Antibodies: Proteins produced by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign
objects like bacteria and viruses.
• Antigens: Substances that trigger the production of antibodies because they are
recognized as threats by the immune system.

• Who discovered blood groups and name them?

• Karl Landsteiner discovered blood groups in 1901. The main blood groups are A, B, AB,
and O.

• What is the ABO system of blood group?

• The ABO system classifies blood into four types based on the presence or absence of
antigens A and B on the surface of red blood cells: A, B, AB, and O.

• Explain antibodies and antigen interaction with the help of a table.

• Antibodies bind to specific antigens to neutralize or mark them for destruction by

immune cells. This interaction is highly specific; for example, anti-A antibodies will bind
to A antigens.

• What is clumping reaction?

• Clumping reaction (agglutination) occurs when antibodies in the blood plasma bind to
antigens on the surface of red blood cells, causing the cells to clump together. This can
occur during incompatible blood transfusions.

• What is blood transfusion and which is a universal donor & recipient?

• Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood components from one
person (donor) to another (recipient). The universal donor blood type is O negative, and
the universal recipient blood type is AB positive.

• Name the test which is to be done for the following disease:

• Diabetes: Blood glucose test.

• Anemia: Complete blood count (CBC).
• Infection: White blood cell count, blood culture.
 • ESR increase: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test.
• Yellow fever/HIV: Yellow fever test, HIV test.

• Define cardiac arrest and its causes.

• Cardiac arrest is the sudden cessation of heart function, often caused by a heart attack,
arrhythmia, or electrical disturbances in the heart.

• What is palpitation, hypertension & their cause?

• Palpitation: Sensation of a rapid or irregular heartbeat, often caused by stress, anxiety, or

arrhythmias.
• Hypertension: High blood pressure, caused by genetic factors, lifestyle, stress, or
underlying health conditions.

• What is lymph, how is it formed, and its function?

• Lymph is a clear fluid containing white blood cells, formed from interstitial fluid
collected through lymph capillaries. It functions to return excess interstitial fluid to the
bloodstream, absorb fats from the digestive system, and aid in immune defense.