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video representation

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Akilan Ramasamy
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33 views16 pages

video representation

Uploaded by

Akilan Ramasamy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MMC ASSIGNMENT PRESENTATION

VIDEO SIGNAL REPRESENTATION

PRESENTED BY
ABISHEK M (21L101)
BHARATH K (21L106)
BIBIYA X (21L107)
INTRODUCTION:

What is a video signal?


● A video signal is an electrical signal representing a sequence of still images that create the illusion of motion.
● Used in broadcasting, video recording, and display systems.

Components of a Video Signal:

● Luminance (Y): Represents brightness (grayscale information).


● Chrominance (C): Represents color information (hue and saturation).
TYPES OF VIDEO SIGNAL:

● Analog Video
● Digital Video

Analog Video:
These are continuous signals that vary over time and are typically used in older television systems like NTSC, PAL,
and SECAM.

Example: Composite video, S-Video, VGA(Video Graphics Array).

Digital Video Signals:


These signals are discrete (binary) and are used in modern broadcasting and digital formats.

Example: HDMI, DisplayPort, SDI.


Black-and-white television (monochrome TV):
● It is developed in the early 20th century, was the first type of broadcast television. In this system, images were
transmitted using shades of gray, ranging from black to white, without any color information.
● It works by capturing and displaying the luminance or brightness information of the image, as opposed to color
information.
Luminance (Y Signal): This is the most critical part of the signal, representing the brightness or intensity of the image.
The luminance signal carries the information for the grayscale levels (black to white).

● Black Level: The minimum luminance signal represents black.


● White Level: The maximum luminance signal represents white.
● Intermediate Levels: Various shades of gray are encoded between these two extremes.
COLOR TV SIGNAL REPRESENTATION:

Color TV systems expand on black-and-white TV by adding color information, while still transmitting the brightness
(luminance) signal.
Luminance (Y): Represents brightness, shared with black-and-white systems.
Chrominance (C): Represents color information, split into two components:

● Hue: The color type (e.g., red, green, blue).


● Saturation: The intensity of the color.

Analog television broadcasting standards:

● NTSC (National Television System Committee)


● PAL (Phase Alternating Line)
● SECAM (Séquentiel couleur à mémoire)
COMPARISON BETWEEN NTSC,PAL AND SECAM:
Digital Video Signal Sampling (CCIR 601 Standard)

● CCIR 601 - Developed by the International


Consultative Committee on Radio (now ITU-R).
● Defines standards for digital video sampling.
● Sampling Frequency - 3.725 MHz (3.725
million samples per second).
● Sampling Rates Representation:
○ Represented as a triple of integers:
■ First integer: Luminance (Y)
component.
■ Remaining two: Chrominance (Cb,
Cr) components.
Luminance and Chrominance Components (Y, Cb, Cr)

● Luminance Component (Y):


○ Indicates brightness and intensity in video signals.
○ Calculated using: Y=0.299R+0.587G+0.114BY
● Chrominance Components:
○ Cb (Blue-difference): Cb=B−Y
○ Cr (Red-difference): Cr=R−Y
● Usage:
○ Y can be used directly by black-and-white televisions.
○ Cb and Cr are used by color televisions to generate RGB signals.
Example of the Y component of a CCIR 601 frame
Sampling Rates (4:4:4, 4:2:2, etc.)

● Sampling:
○ Luminance sampled at 13.5 MHz.
○ Chrominance signals sampled at 6.75 MHz.
○ Results in 720 samples per line for luminance, 360 for chrominance.

● MPEG-SIF Format:
○ Derived from 4:2:2 CCIR 601 format.
○ Reduces vertical and horizontal resolution for efficient encoding.
MPEG-1 Video Compression

What is MPEG-1?
○ Developed by ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG)
○ First major video and audio compression standard
Key Features
○ Compressed video at 1.5 Mbps
○ Supports resolutions of 352x240 (NTSC), 352x288 (PAL)
Compression Techniques
○ Intra-frame (within a single frame)
○ Inter-frame (between frames)
○ Uses Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Quantization
● Chroma Subsampling:
○ Reduces the amount of color information (chroma) while preserving brightness (luma)
○ Common format: 4:2:0
● Why Subsampling?
○ Human eyes are more sensitive to brightness than color, allowing color data to be compressed
with minimal loss in quality.
● Impact on Compression:
○ Reduces the data rate significantly without a noticeable loss in image quality.
H.261 Compression Standard

What is H.261?

○ Developed by the ITU-T for video conferencing


○ First real-time video coding standard

Key Features

○ Designed for ISDN lines at p x 64 kbps (p = 1 to 30)


○ Resolution: CIF (352x288) and QCIF (176x144)

Compression Techniques

○ Block-based motion compensation


○ Transform coding using DCT
○ Quantization and Entropy Coding
MPEG-SIF Format

What is SIF (Source Input Format)?

○ A resolution standard used in MPEG-1 for video


○ SIF resolution: 352x240 (NTSC), 352x288 (PAL)

Comparison to Other Formats

○ Lower than SD but allows acceptable video quality for certain applications

Applications of MPEG-SIF

○ VCD (Video CD)


○ Video Streaming
○ Multimedia Applications
○ Archiving of videos for small screens or low bandwidth
Applications of MPEG-1 and H.261

MPEG-1 Applications

○ Video CDs: Popular for movie distribution


○ Digital Video Broadcast: Early streaming and broadcasting

H.261 Applications

○ Video Conferencing: For low-latency communication


○ Telemedicine: Remote diagnosis and consultation
THANK YOU

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