TECH NOTE CONCRETE MASONRY &

HARDSCAPES ASSOCIATION
CMU-TEC-001-23

Provided By:

CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT SHAPES, SIZES,

PROPERTIES, AND SPECIFICATIONS
INTRODUCTION fixed designation for loadbearing concrete masonry units. The
The most widely used standards for specifying concrete number immediately following indicates the year of last revision
masonry units in the United States are published by ASTM (i.e., ASTM C90-16 would be the version of C90 published in
International. These ASTM standards contain minimum material 2016). Because significant changes can be introduced into
and property requirements that assure quality performance. subsequent editions of standards, the edition referenced by
These requirements include items such permitted constituent the building code or by a project specification is an important
materials, minimum compressive strength, maximum linear consideration when determining specific product requirements.
drying shrinkage, maximum absorption, permissible variations For the discussion presented here, the ASTM requirements
in dimensions, and finish and appearance criteria.The letter and reviewed have remained relatively static unless otherwise
first number of an ASTM designation is the fixed designation noted.
for that standard. For example, ASTM C90 (REF. 1) is the

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SOLUTIONS SUMMARY

Units can be manufactured to capture a wide array of • ASTM C90, Standard Specification for Loadbearing
architectural features depending on project and aesthetic Concrete Masonry Units (REF. 1)
needs, examples of which are illustrated in TABLE 1. A single • ASTM C55, Standard Specification for Concrete Building
architectural feature can be combined with others to provide Brick (REF. 2)
even greater visual appeal.
• ASTM C1634, Standard Specfiication for Concrete Masonry
Properties for quality performance of concrete masonry units Facing Brick and Other Concrete Masonry Facing Units
are established by ASTM specifications as summarized in (REF. 3)
TABLE 2. While there are a wide array of concrete masonry
units manufactured for varying applications, the most frequently • ASTM C744, Standard Specification for Prefaced Concrete
encountered specifications for dry-cast concrete masonry units and Calcium Silicate Masonry Units (REF. 4)
include: • ASTM C1877, Standard Specification for Adhered Concrete
Masonry Units (REF. 5)

TABLE 1 Architectural Features for Concrete Masonry Units

b) Scored: Scored units

a) Split: Units having a natural include a faux mortar joint
stone-like texture produced by to simulate the architectural
splitting units. relief provided by different size
units.

d) Ground (also called

c) Ribbed (also call Fluted):
Burnished or Honed): Units
Units having columns molded
having a smooth finish
into their surface, which align
produced by grinding the
to form continuous vertical
units after manufacturing to
elements in the finished wall.
reveal aggregate and color
Unit may be molded with a
variegation. May also be
varying number of ribs. Ribs
polished to bring out the depth
may be rectangular, split, or
and color of the
rounded.
aggregate.

e) Sandblasted (also called

Weathered): Units having a
f) Striated: Units produced
weathered look produced by
with small vertical grooves
sandblasting the units that
molded into the unit face.
expose the aggregate in a
unit.

g) Glazed (also called

Prefaced): Units having a h) Slump: Units having a
smooth impervious surface by rounded face that resembles
bonding a permanent facing to handmade adobe.
a concrete masonry unit.

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TABLE 2 Properties of Concrete Masonry Units

Attribute ASTM C90A ASTM C55 ASTM C1634 ASTM C1877

Minimum Net Area
Compressive Strength, psi 2,000 (13.8) 2,500 (17.2) 3,500 (24.1) 2,000 (13.8)
(MPa)F
Dimensional Tolerance, plus or minus 1/8 (3.2) from overall specified dimensions
in. (mm)
Minimum Thickness
greater than or equal to
Nominal Width greater Maximum Width less than Maximum Width less than
Unit Width Limits, in. 0.75 (19)
than or equal to or equal to or equal to
(mm) Maximum Thickness less
3 (76) 4 (102) 4 (102) than or equal to
2.625 (66.7)B
less than or equal to 4in.
Nominal Width Units: 0.75
(19)
Minimum Face Shell 6 in. Nominal Width Units: 0.75 (19)C 0.75 (19)C Not Applicable
Thickness, in. (mm) 1 (25)
greater than or equal to
8 in. Nominal Width Units:
1.25 (32)
Minimum Web 0.75 (19) Not Applicable E
Thickness, in. (mm)
Weight Limits, None 15 (73)
lb/ft2 (kg/m2)
Maximum Water Lightweight: 18 (288) Lightweight: 15 (240)
Absorption, Medium Weight: 15 (240) Medium Weight: 13 (208)
lb/ft3 (kg/m3)D Normal Weight: 13 (208) Normal Weight: 10 (160)
Maximum Drying 0.065%
Shrinkage
Utilitarian/
Non-exposed Utilitarian/ Architectural/ Architectural/
Intended Use Architectural/ Non-exposed Exposed Exposed
Exposed
Anchored Veneer, Anchored Veneer,
Loadbearing and Non- Adhered Veneer,
Loadbearing and Non- Loadbearing and Non-
Design Application loadbearing Non-loadbearing
loadbearing loadbearing
Assemblies Assemblies
Assemblies Assemblies

Configuration Limits Solid E or Hollow SolidE Solid E Solid

Example

A
Prefaced concrete masonry units complying with ASTM C744 are most commonly ASTM C90 compliant units with additional requirements for the resin/
glaze applied to the exposed surface(s).
B
ASTM C1877 also limits the face area of each unit to 5 ft2 (0.46 m2) with no face dimension permitted to be greater than 36 in. (915 mm).
C
For units manufactured with cores.
D
Density classifications include: 1) Lightweight: less than 105 lb/ft3 (1,680 kg/m3); 2) Medium Weight: greater than or equal to 105 lb/ft3 (1,680 kg/m3) and
less than 125 lb/ft3 (2,000 kg/m3); and 3) Normal Weight: greater than or equal to 125 lb/ft3 (2,000 kg/m3).
E
Units complying with ASTM C55, C1634 and C1877 are required to have a solid cross-section, which is defined as having at least a net area equal to
75% of the gross area in all planes parallel to the bearing surface..
F
Due to differences in the required testing procedures for ASTM C90 and C1877 units versus those of ASTM C55 and C1634 units, directly
comparing the minimum compressive strength requirements is not possible.

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1.0 ASTM STANDARDS Gross Area*

1.1 Concrete Masonry Units – ASTM C90
ASTM C90, Standard Specification for Loadbearing Concrete
Masonry Units (REF. 1), is the most commonly encountered
specfication for dry-cast units. ASTM C90 units can be used
in loadbearing and nonloadbearing applications, may be
manufactured to be hollow or solid in cross-section, and may
be reinforced as necessary to resist anticipated design loads.
Physical requirements prescribed by ASTM C90 include
dimensional tolerances, minimum face shell and web
thicknesses for hollow units, minimum strength and maximum
absorption requirements, and maximum linear drying shrinkage
(SEE TABLE 2).
Overall unit dimensions (width, height and length) can vary by Net Area*
no more than ± 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) from the standard specified
*For design calculations, a masonry element's section properties are based
dimensions. Exceptions include architectural features such as
upon minimum specified dimensions instead of actual dimensions.
split-face units and faces of slump units, which are intended to
Figure 1
provide a random surface texture. In these cases, consult local
suppliers to determine achievable tolerances. Molded features
FIGURE 1—Gross and Net Cross-Sectional Area
such as ribs and scores must be within ± 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) of
the specified dimension and within ± 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) of the
specified placement on the mold. the potential for cracking when combined with the crack
Minimum face shell and web thicknesses are those deemed control recommendations of CMU-TEC-009-23, Crack Control
necessary to achieve satisfactory structural and nonstructural Strategies for Concrete Masonry Construction (REF. 10E), are
performance. In addition to minimum permissible web followed.
thicknesses for individual webs, ASTM C90 also requires a 1.2 Concrete Facing Brick and Other Concrete
minimum normalized web contact area. When evaluating this
Masonry Facing Units – ASTM C1634
normalized web area, the portion of a unit to be filled with grout
is exempted. This provision avoids excluding units intentionally ASTM C1634, Standard Specification for Concrete Facing Brick
manufactured with reduced webs, including bond beam units and Other Concrete Masonry Facing Units (REF. 3) applies to
and open-end block, where grout fulfills the structural role of concrete masonry units with the following characteristics: a
the web. maximum width of 4 in. (102 mm); a weight that will typically
permit the unit to be lifted and placed using one hand; and
The minimum net area compressive strength of concrete an intended to be used where one or more unit faces will be
masonry units complying with ASTM C90 is 2,000 psi (13.8 exposed in service.
MPa). The area used to determine the net area compressive
strength is calculated from the unit net volume based on tests TABLE 2 includes the requirements for ASTM C1634 units
described in ASTM C140/C140M, Standard Test Methods for for minimum compressive strength, maximum linear drying
Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and Related shrinkage, and maximum absorption requirements. Unless
Units (REF. 6). Gross and net areas of a concrete masonry unit otherwise specified, concrete brick are either 100% solid or
are shown in FIGURE 1. cored at the option of the manufacturer. For cored concrete
building brick, the net cross-sectional area in any plane parallel
Absorption is a measure of the total water required to fill all to the surface containing the cores shall be at least 75% of the
voids within the net volume of concrete in a unit. It is determined gross cross-sectional area measure in the same plane. No part
from the weight-per-unit-volume difference between saturated of any core hole shall be less than 3⁄4 in. (19.1 mm) from any
and oven-dry units. Aggregates with relatively large pores, edge of the unit. ASTM C1634 refers to ASTM C140/C140M
such as some lightweight aggregate, have a greater absorption (REF. 6) for compression testing, which requires compression
than dense, nonporous aggregates. As a result, lightweight test specimens for concrete brick to have a height that is 60%
units are permitted higher absorption values than medium or +/- 10% of its least lateral dimension to minimize the impact of
normal weight units. Maximum permissible water absorption specimen aspect ratio on tested compressive strengths.
requirements are shown in TABLE 2.
1.3 Concrete Building Brick – ASTM C55
Because concrete masonry units tend to contract as they dry,
A concrete building brick covered by ASTM C55 (REF. 2) is
ASTM C90 limits their potential drying shrinkage to 0.065%,
distinguished from a concrete facing brick covered by ASTM
measured using ASTM C426, Standard Test Method for
C1634 (REF. 3) primarily by its intended use; whereby a facing
Linear Drying Shrinkage of Concrete Masonry Units, (REF.
brick is used in exposed applications and a building brick is
7). Limiting the maximum potential drying shrinkage mitigates
used in non-exposed or utilitarian applications. There are also

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differences in the required minimum compressive strength 'finished face' as any surface(s) of a manufactured masonry
and maximum permitted absorption between facing brick and unit intended by the manufacturer to be exposed to view.)
building brick as summarized in TABLE 2. As concrete masonry units are manufactured from natural
1.4 Prefaced Concrete Masonry Units – ASTM C744 materials, no two units have the exact same appearance.
ASTM C744, Standard Specification for Prefaced Concrete For units intended to be exposed in service, inclusive of units
and Calcium Silicate Masonry Units (REF. 4) establishes complying with ASTM C90, ASTM C1634, and ASTM C1877,
requirements for the facing materials applied to masonry unit these specifications require that the color and texture of the
surfaces. For the units onto which the surface is molded, ASTM units be approved based on a sample consisting of not less than
C744 requires compliance with the requirements contained in four units representing the range of texture and color permitted.
ASTM C55, ASTM C90 or ASTM C129, with units complying As units may become soiled or damaged during or immediately
with ASTM C90 being the most frequently used. Facing following installation, the use of a sample panel in accordance
requirements in ASTM C744 include resistance to crazing, with TMS 602, Specification for Masonry Structures (REF. 8), and
surface burning characteristics, adhesion, color permanence, as summarized in TEK 03-08A, Concrete Masonry Construction
chemical resistance, cleansability, abrasion, and dimensional (REF. 10D), is critical for establishing a baseline for comparing
tolerances. Because of these surface characteristics, prefaced the finished work. Sample panels capture the range of unit
concrete masonry units make an ideal choice for use in kitchens, and mortar properties, installation of accessory materials such
bathrooms, and similar locations where frequent cleaning is as flashing and caulking, workmanship, cleaning procedures,
necessary. and the application of any post-applied coatings or sealants.
When assessing the acceptable level of the finished work,
1.5 Adhered Concrete Masonry Units – ASTM C1877
visual assessment of the sample panel or finished construction
ASTM C1877, Standard Specification for adhered Concrete should follow the same baseline as established by ASTM for
Masonry Units, (REF. 5) provides minimum requirements individual units by viewing the construction from a distance of
for dry-cast concrete masonry units used in adhered veneer at least 20 ft. (6.1 m) under diffused lighting for the presence of
applications. Physical requirements for these units are listed objectionable imperfections.
in TABLE 2.
3.0 SIZES AND SHAPES OF CONCRETE
2.0 FINISH AND APPEARANCE
MASONRY UNITS
Because concrete masonry often provides the final exposed
Concrete masonry units are manufactured in different sizes,
surface of the finished construction, the resulting appearance
shapes, colors, and textures to achieve a number of finishes
and aesthetics are influenced by:
and functions. Certain concrete masonry sizes and shapes are
• The design and detailing, specifically the attention to considered standard, while others are popular only in certain
modular coordination and layout; regions. Local manufacturers can provide detailed information
• The quality of the units and mortar; and on specific products and the feasibility of producing custom
units.
• The quality of workmanship during installation.
Each ASTM standard for concrete masonry units addresses
3.1 Unit Sizes
unit aesthetics, although these requirements vary depending 3.1.1 ASTM C90 Unit Sizes
upon the intended application of the unit. At a minimum, all Typically, concrete masonry units have nominal face dimensions
concrete masonry units are required to be sound and free of of 8 in. (203 mm) high by 16 in. (406 mm) long, although other
cracks or other defects that interfere with the proper placement nominal face dimensions are available that accommodate
of the unit or significantly impairs the strength or permanence an 8 in. (203 mm) module. These include units with nominal
of the construction. Given the practical logistics of producing, heights of 4 in. (102 mm) and nominal lengths of 24 in. (610
handling, and transporting units to a jobsite, ASTM does permit mm) to 32 in. (813 mm) to provide varying architectural relief or
up to 5% of a shipment of units to exhibit the following: construction productivity. Nominal thicknesses include 4, 6, 8,
10, 12, 14, and 16 in. (102, 152, 203, 254, 305, 356, and 406
• Units that do not meet the overall dimensional tolerances for
mm).
width, height, and length;
• Units with finished face(s) containing chips larger than 1 in. Nominal dimensions refer to the module size for planning bond
(25.4 mm) in any direction; patterns and modular layout with respect to door and window
openings. Specified dimensions of concrete masonry units are
• Units with finished face(s) containing cracks wider than 0.02 typically 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) less than nominal dimensions, so that
in. (0.5 mm) and longer than 25% of the nominal height of a 4 or 8 in. (102 or 203 mm) module is maintained with 3/8
the unit; in. (9.5 mm) mortar joints. FIGURE 2 illustrates nominal and
• Units that are broken; and specified dimensions for a nominal 8 x 8 x 16 in. (203 x 203 x
406 mm) concrete masonry unit.
• Units that show objectionable imperfections. This is based
on viewing the unit face(s) from a distance of at least 20 3.1.2 ASTM C55 and ASTM C1634 Unit Sizes
ft. (6.1 m) under diffused lighting. (Note that ASTM defines Concrete brick complying with ASTM C55 (REF. 2), or ASTM

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3.2 Unit Configuration Options

The shape of concrete masonry units has changed considerably
8 in. (203 mm)
since the early days of production late in the 19th century
(FIGURE 3). This evolution in configuration continues today for
aesthetic, production, functional, or performance reasons with
more contemporary unit configurations illustrated in FIGURE
4. Given the long history of concrete masonry and masonry
m
) construction in general, regional differences in unit terminology
8 m
in 06 have developed whereby a unit may be referred to by one name
.( (4
20 . in one region and by another elsewhere. These differences in
3 in
m 16 semantics have no impact on the properties or performance of
m
)
the units.
Nominal Unit Dimensions
One feature common to all hollow concrete masonry units
manufactured today is the presence of tapered face shells
and webs. This taper, or draft, in the unit facilitates stripping
of the units from their mold during production. Units may be
7 5/8 in. (194 mm) produced with a straight taper from the top to the bottom of the
unit, tapered with a flare, or some combination of these two
configuration options as shown in FIGURE 5. This small change
in a unit’s configuration does not impact the structural properties
of the unit as design is required to be based on the minimum
m
) specified unit dimensions, but does create a slightly larger
75
97m surface area on the top of the unit when installed to facilitate
/8 (3
in .
.( 8 in handling and spreading mortar on the units.
19
4 5/
m 15 Although there are regional variations and countless unique,
m
) specialized, and proprietary unit configurations in use today,
Specified Unit Dimensions the most commonly produced configuration for hollow,
loadbearing concrete masonry units is a two-cell, three-web
FIGURE 2—Nominal and Specified Unit Dimensions unit similar to that shown in FIGURE 5. Local market conditions
and preferences will continue to drive specific nuances of unit
configuration options illustrated in FIGURE 4. Prior to specifying
a specific unit configuration, local manufacturers should be
C1634 (REF. 3), are available in a wide array of nominal lengths consulted for unit availability.
and heights; typically with a nominal 4 in. (102 mm) width.
Examples of regionally available unit configurations include
Standard dimensions of concrete brick are the manufacturer’s
open-end units whereby units are produced without one or both
designated dimensions. Nominal dimensions of modular size
end webs as shown in FIGURE 4. Open-end units allow the units
concrete building brick are equal to the standard dimensions
plus the thickness of one mortar joint. Nominal dimensions of
non-modular size concrete building brick usually exceed the
standard dimensions by 1⁄8 to 1⁄4 in. (3.2 to 6.4 mm). Concrete
brick may be 100% solid or cored. For cored concrete building
brick, the net cross-sectional area in any plane parallel to the
surface containing the cores is not permitted to exceed 25% of
the gross cross-sectional area measured in the same plane.
3.1.3 ASTM C1877 Unit Sizes
Adhered concrete masonry units complying with ASTM C1877
(REF. 5) are used solely in nonstructural applications where the
units are adhered to their structural backing. These units are
manufactured to simulate conventional CMU, clay masonry,
concrete brick, and stone and as such exhibit a wide and
sometime random array of shapes and sizes. As such, specified
dimensions of concrete building brick are the manufacturer’s
designated dimensions. ASTM does, however, place limits on
the minimum and maximum thickness of adhered concrete
masonry units as well as dimensional limits on the surface as FIGURE 3—Historical CMU Showing a Molded Rock-Face
summarized in TABLE 2. Surface Texture

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Stretcher unit Single corner unit Sash unit All-purpose or kerf unit

Open-ended or “A” unit Double open-ended unit Double open-ended unit Double corner unit
with reduced height web or plain end unit

Knock-out bond beam unit Bond beam unit Lintel unit

FIGURE 4—Examples of Contemporary Concrete Masonry Unit Configurations

to be threaded around reinforcing bars as shown in FIGURE 6, be easily split on the jobsite, producing two half-length units for
thus eliminating the need to lift units over the top of previously use at openings or at the ends or corners of a wall.
installed reinforcing bars during construction. In addition to Some units are produced to varying nominal heights (FIGURE
being lighter, open-end units provide for a larger cell, which
8) and nominal lengths (FIGURE 9) to provide a different
reduces congestion in highly reinforced assemblies. Note that
double open-end units effectively require the assembly to be
solid grouted as there is no means of confining grout to isolated
2 in.
vertical cells. 75
/8
in
.
Horizontally reinforced bond beams in concrete masonry 1 3/4
in.

assemblies can be constructed either by saw cutting a portion

of the webs out of a standard unit or by using bond beam
units. Bond beam units are manufactured either with reduced
webs or with “knock-out” webs, which are removed prior to unit
13
/4
in

placement in the wall. Lintel units are similar to bond beam units
.

except the bottom of the unit is solid to confine grout to the

in.
3/4
11

lintel.
/4
i
n.

Sash block have a vertical groove molded into one end to 1 1/4
in.

accommodate a window or door sash. Two sash block can also /8 in

.
15 5
be laid with the grooves adjacent to one another to accommodate
a preformed control joint gasket as shown in FIGURE 7. An all-
purpose or kerf unit contains two closely spaced webs in the FIGURE 5—Web and Face Shell Taper (Dimensions Shown
center, rather than the typical single web. This allows the unit to are for Illustrative Purposes and May Vary)

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R-value. Because the webs provide a direct heat transfer path

through a masonry unit, changing the size of the webs can have
a significant impact on the resulting thermal properties of an
unfinished single wythe assembly. Unless the resulting assembly
is to be solid grouted, in which case the web configuration is
irrelevant to the thermal efficiency, the effect is simple: smaller

FIGURE 6—Installation of Open-End Units

architectural relief to the finished assembly or to increase

construction productivity. These units can also be produced
with scores or dummy joints as shown in FIGURE 9 to alter the
perceived scale of the units. With large format units, however,
mechanical or other assisted lifting devices may be necessary.
3.3 Screen Block
Not all concrete masonry units are used as part of a building
enclosure. Screen walls are used in both interior and exterior
applications to divide space, provide privacy, buffer wind, Horizontal joint Vertical
reinforcement, Reinforcement,
and provide diffused shade. Because screen walls are used as required as required
predominately in nonloadbearing applications, the variety of unit
shapes and sides is nearly limitless as illustrated in FIGURE 10. Stop joint
reinforcement
For more information on screen block design and construction, at control joint
refer to TEK 03-16A, Concrete Masonry Screen Walls (REF. 10F). Pre-formed gasket

4.0 UNIT CONFIGURATION DESIGN Sealant Concrete masonry

sash unit
IMPLICATIONS Backer rod
In some cases, a unit’s configuration is driven by the need to
facilitate or increase production, transportation, or construction
efficiency. In others, there are specific design related objectives Figure 7
to a unit’s configuration. The configuration of such units provides
designers and contractors with the flexibility to meet more FIGURE 7—Sash Block with Pre-Formed Gasket
demanding requirements and performance expectations in
contemporary construction.
75
/8
4.1 Energy Efficiency
in.

Some unit configurations are specifically designed to increase

the energy efficiency of the finished assembly. These units, 3 5/8 in.
FIGURE 11, typically have reduced web areas to reduce heat flow
through the webs or to accommodate integral insulation. Web
areas can be reduced by reducing the web height or thickness,
reducing the number of webs, or both. In addition, the interior .
in
face shell of the unit can be made thicker than a typical face 5/8
15
shell for increased thermal storage, and hence further increase
energy efficiency.
For masonry units with alternate web configurations, the most Figure 8
significant impact on thermal performance is on the wall's FIGURE 8—Half-High Concrete Masonry Unit

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the same as a unit with a nominal height of 4 in. (102 mm).

There may however, be some detailing and layout issues to
consider, such as vertical coursing to maintain modularity with
units of different nominal heights. Designers should understand
the assumptions and conditions that may need to be considered
when specifying a unit of a given configuration.
Structural design of concrete masonry assemblies is governed
by the TMS 402, Building Code Requirements for Masonry
Structures (REF. 8). This standard requires that an assembly’s
section properties be calculated based on the minimum net
cross-sectional area of an assemblage, which typically precludes
the web area. Hence, net section properties are not affected by
differences in web configuration. Conversely, average section
properties correspond to an average cross-sectional area of
an assemblage, so these values may change with differences
in web configuration. Average section properties are used to
determine stiffness or deflection due to an applied load. See
FIGURE 9—Concrete Masonry Unit with 32 in. TEK 100-02, Weights and Section Properties of Concrete
(813 mm) Nominal Length Masonry Assemblies, (REF. 10H) for further information.
4.4 Fire Resistance
In practice, the fire resistance of concrete masonry assemblies
webs result in higher R-values. This effect is most prominent with is most commonly determined using the equivalent thickness
integrally insulated single wythe walls. In wall assemblies with method detailed in ACI/TMS 216.1-14 (19), Code Requirements
continuous insulation (such as cavity walls), web configuration for Determining Fire Resistance of Concrete and Masonry
has little impact on the overall assembly R-value. Construction Assemblies (REF. 9), the requirements of which
As part of a building's exterior envelope, single-wythe concrete are summarized in TEK 07-01D, Fire Resistance Ratings of
masonry construction serves the dual role of providing both Concrete Masonry Assemblies (REF. 10A). As the equivalent
enclosure and structural strength. As such, these assemblies
usually contain reinforcement and grout. While the reinforced
cells of an assembly increase the strength of the system, the
grout provides a larger area for heat flow, creating a larger
‘thermal short’ within the assembly. The net result is a decrease
in the steady state R-values of an assembly as the percentage
of grout increases. The numerical impact of grouting on R-value
varies directly with the amount of grout in the wall. For more
information on concrete masonry assembly R-values and
U-factors, see TEK 06-01C, R-Values of Multi-Wythe Concrete
Masonry Walls and TEK 06-02C, R-Values and U-Values for
Single Wythe Concrete Masonry Walls, (REF. 10C AND 10I).
4.2 Sustainability
ASTM C90 (REF. 1) was revised in 2011 to accommodate unit
configurations other than the conventional two cell, three web
concrete masonry unit. This allows producers to optimize unit
configurations not just for energy efficiency, but also for material
use. Using less material in production reduces: the demand on
resources; the energy necessary to manufacture products;
and the fuel required to transport units to job sites—while
maintaining the high durability, low impact solution inherent in
concrete masonry.
4.3 Structural Design
All concrete masonry units meeting the requirements of ASTM
C90 (REF. 1) are structurally designed in the same manner,
even when their configuration varies. For example, a concrete
masonry unit with a nominal height of 8 in. (203 mm) is analyzed FIGURE 10—Various Screen Block Configurations

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or blends of lightweight and normal weight aggregates, the

resulting density of concrete masonry units can be varied to
achieve one or more desired physical properties.
ASTM standards for manufactured concrete masonry units
define three density classes for concrete masonry units:
1) Lightweight: less than 105 lb/ft3 (1,680 kg/m3);
2) Medium Weight: greater than or equal to 105 lb/ft3
(1,680 kg/m3) and less than 125 lb/ft3 (2,000 kg/m3); and
3) Normal Weight: greater than or equal to 125 lb/ft3 (2,000
kg/m3).
FIGURE 11—Examples of Units Configured for Energy
Efficiency When a specific density classification or density range is desired
for a project, it should be specified in the project documents
thickness of a concrete masonry unit is directly related to along with the other physical properties of the concrete
the volume of material used in its production, some unit masonry units such as size, strength, color, and architectural
configurations exhibit higher fire resistance ratings than finish. Before specifying a specific density range, designers
others, even when the overall nominal dimensions are the are encouraged to first consult with manufacturers local to the
same. Note that the results of concrete masonry assemblies project for product availability. As with all physical properties of
evaluated under a listing service (such as UL or FM Global) concrete masonry, minor variation in density from unit to unit
are only applicable to the configuration of the unit tested and and from batch to batch should be expected.
cannot be extrapolated to alternative unit configurations. As This section reviews the various physical and design properties
with specifying any fire resistance rating for a concrete masonry influenced by the density of concrete masonry units and
assembly, these variables need to be taken into consideration provides references to guide the user towards a fuller discussion
during design and procurement. and more detailed information. Although most of the following
4.5 Sound Abatement discussion use lightweight and normal weight concrete masonry
as examples, the properties of medium weight masonry can
TMS 302-18, Standard Method for Determining the Sound
typically be expected to fall between the two.
Transmission Ratings for Masonry Assemblies (REF.11), as
summarized in TEK 13-01D, Sound Transmission Class Ratings 5.1 Fire Resistance
for CM Walls (REF. 11B), outlines procedures for determining the Fire resistance ratings of one to four hours can be achieved
Sound Transmission Class (STC) rating of concrete masonry with concrete masonry of various widths (thicknesses),
assemblies as a function of the installed weight of the wall. For configurations, and densities. As outlined in TEK 07-01D, Fire
assemblies where the cells are left unfilled or partially filled Resistance Ratings of Concrete Masonry Assemblies (REF.
with an approved material (grout or aggregate), a reduction 10A), the fire resistance rating of a concrete masonry assembly
in the equivalent thickness would reduce the installed weight can be determined by physical testing, through a listing service,
of the assembly. As with fire resistance ratings, this should be or by a standardized calculation procedure. Whether through
accounted for when sound transmission is a consideration. direct measurement or by calculation, the fire resistance rating
While one of the inherent physical properties of concrete of a given concrete masonry assembly varies directly with the
masonry is its ability to decrease sound levels from one side aggregate type and with the volume of concrete in the unit,
of the assembly to the other, using units with acoustical slots expressed as the equivalent thickness. Generally, as the density
such as those shown in FIGURE 12, the noise levels within an of a concrete masonry unit decreases, the fire resistance rating
interior space can be reduced even further. Acoustical units increases.
are often used in schools, manufacturing facilities, and similar 5.2 Sound Control
applications where improved internal acoustics are desired. A
All other design variables being equal, the Sound Transmission
fibrous media is often placed within the cells of these units to
Class (STC) value of masonry construction increases with
further reduce airborne sound.
increasing unit density. In addition to the STC rating, the value of
5.0 DENSITY-RELATED PROPERTIES OF the Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) can also be influenced to
CONCRETE MASONRY ASSEMBLIES some extent by concrete unit density. NRC values for concrete
masonry walls are tabulated according to the application of any
The density of a concrete masonry unit is expressed as the
coatings to the wall, the surface texture (coarse, medium or fine)
oven-dry density of concrete in pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3 [kg/
and the density classification (lightweight or normal weight).
m3]) as determined in accordance with ASTM C140/C140M
(REF. 6). In production, the density of a given concrete masonry Assuming a similar surface texture and coating, a concrete
unit is controlled in part by the methods used to manufacture masonry wall constructed with lightweight units will have a
the unit, but largely by the type of aggregate used in production. higher NRC than a companion wall constructed with normal
By using lightweight aggregates, normal weight aggregates, weight units, due to the larger pore structure often associated

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with lower density units. Painting or coating the surface of change in aggregate type) used to manufacture a concrete
the concrete masonry assembly reduces the NRC for both masonry unit may change its color or texture, particularly for
lightweight and normal weight concrete masonry. See TEK 13- units with mechanically altered features such as split or ground-
02A, Noise Control with Concrete Masonry (REF. 10G) for a full face surfaces. As a result, when aesthetics are an important
discussion. consideration, sample units submitted for conceptual design
should incorporate the specific aggregate intended to be used
5.3 Water Penetration and Absorption
in the actual production of the units.
Concrete masonry unit specifications establish upper limits
on the amount of water permitted to be absorbed (TABLE 2). 5.5 Energy Efficiency
Absorption is expressed in pounds of water per cubic foot of Increasing the unit density, unit thickness, unit solid content,
concrete, lb/ft3 (kilograms of water per cubic meter of concrete, and amount/extent of grout, increases the installed weight of the
kg/m3). These limits vary with the density classification of the masonry assembly, which is directly related to its heat capacity
unit as shown in TABLE 2. (REF. 10C). Conversely, increasing the density or amount of grout
used in a concrete masonry assembly decreases its R-value.
While the absorption values are not directly related to unit
Because of the multitude of variables that determine the overall
physical properties such as compressive strength and
energy efficiency of a structure, some projects benefit more
resistance to mechanisms of deterioration such as freeze-thaw,
by increasing the thermal mass of an assembly while others
they do provide a measurement of the void structure within the
see more energy efficiency by increasing the R-value. As such,
concrete matrix of the unit. Several production variables can
the unique requirements of each project should be considered
affect the void structure, including degree of compaction, water
individually for maximum benefit when selecting a unit density.
content of the plastic mix, and aggregate gradation. Due to the
vesicular structure of lower density units, there is a potential for 5.6 Structural Design Influences
higher measured absorption than is typical for higher density Regardless of unit density, all concrete masonry units must
units. Consequently, ASTM permits lower density units to have meet the minimum compressive strength requirements
a higher maximum absorption value. stipulated by their respective ASTM specification. It is possible
The higher absorption limits permitted by ASTM for lower to produce concrete masonry units that meet or exceed the
density units do not necessarily correlate to changes in water minimum ASTM strength in any density classification, although
penetration resistance. One reason is that water penetration not all combinations of physical properties may be commonly
resistance is highly affected by workmanship and dependent available in all regions. Therefore, local producers should
on detailing for water management. It is generally recognized always be consulted for product availability before specifying.
that these two factors more heavily influence an assembly’s In general, for a given concrete masonry unit mix design, higher
water penetration resistance than do other factors, such as unit compressive strengths can be achieved by increasing the unit
density. density through adjustments to the manufacturing methods.
5.4 Aesthetic Considerations The structural design of masonry is based on the specified
compressive strength of masonry, f'm, which is a function of
In general, the many options available for architectural concrete
the compressive strength of the unit and the type of mortar
masonry units can be offered in any of the three unit density
used in the construction, not the unit density. As such, the
classifications. However, with respect to unit appearance,
design flexural, shear, and bearing strengths of masonry,
any change in aggregates (whether a change in source or a
some deformational properties such as elastic modulus, and
the structural behavior of the masonry assembly determined
by codes and standards are independent of the density of the
concrete masonry unit.
Unit density, however, can influence other structural design
considerations, aside from compressive strength. Reducing
the density of a concrete masonry unit can reduce the overall
weight of a structure, and potentially reduce the required size
of the supporting foundation or other structural elements.
Reducing the weight of a structure or element also reduces the
seismic load a structure or element must be designed to resist,
because the magnitude of seismic loading is a direct function of
construction material weight.
As with thermal mass and sound control, there may be
circumstances where increasing the unit density is structurally
Figure 12 beneficial. For example, the structural stability against
overturning and uplift due to wind loads is increased with
FIGURE 12—Acoustical Concrete Masonry Units increasing structural weight. Hence, while increased structural

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weight increases seismic design forces, it also concurrently both faces, to serve as both exterior and interior finish, thereby
helps to resist wind loads. Therefore, there may be some increasing both the economic and aesthetic advantages.
structural advantage to using lightweight units in areas of Architectural units comply with the same quality standards as
high seismic risk; and normal weight units in areas prone to non-architectural concrete masonry units as summarized in
high winds, hurricanes and/or tornadoes. Structural design TABLE 2.
considerations, however, are often relatively minor compared
Architectural concrete masonry units are often integrally colored
to other factors that may influence the choice of unit density.
to enhance the appearance or achieve a particular effect.
5.7 Productivity Concrete masonry units are colored by adding mineral oxide
For a given unit configuration, and with all other factors affecting pigments to the concrete mix. Mortars can also be integrally
production being equal, lower unit weights typically enable a colored to blend or contrast with the masonry units.
mason to lay more units within a given timeframe as discussed The final unit color varies with the amount of water used in the
in TEK 03-08A, Concrete Masonry Construction (REF. 10D). The mix (a wetter mix will generally produce lighter and brighter
resulting weight of a given unit, however, is influenced by both colors) as well as the color of the constituent materials, most
the unit density as well as the overall volume of material used notably the cement and aggregate. Both white and gray
in the production of the unit. Hence, it is possible to have a cements are available, where the use of white cement results
lightweight 12 in. (305 mm) unit that weighs less than a normal in more vibrant colors, but also increases cost. Because of
weight 8 in. (203 mm) unit. these varying factors, there are typically some subtle variations
5.8 Movement Control in color among units. When units must be exactly the same
color to achieve a particular architectural effect, uncolored units
Industry guidelines (REF. 10E) for crack control and should be used, then painted or stained the desired color.
accommodating movement within a concrete masonry structure
were developed to be equally applicable to both lightweight and Variegated units provide color variations within each unit,
normal weight concrete masonry units. producing a marbled effect. These units are manufactured by
mixing two or more different concrete colors into the same unit
6.0 ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE mold.
MASONRY UNITS The units described herein and summarized in
One of the most significant architectural benefits of designing TABLE 1 are some of the more common architectural concrete
with concrete masonry is its versatility – the finished appearance masonry units. However, manufacturers may carry additional
of a concrete masonry wall can be varied with the unit size and products not listed, and conversely, not all products listed will
shape, color of units and mortar, bond pattern, and surface be available in all locations. Consult a local manufacturer for
finish of the units. Some of the surfaces are molded into the final unit selection.
units during the manufacturing process, while others are applied
separately. The term “architectural concrete masonry units”
typically is used to describe units displaying any one of several
surface finishes that affects the texture or appearance of the
unit whether used in a loadbearing assembly or as a veneer.
Architectural concrete masonry units are used for interior and
exterior walls, partitions, terrace walls, and other enclosures.
Some units are available with the same treatment or pattern on

6.1 Split-Face Units

Split-face units have a natural stone-like texture produced
by molding two units face-to-face, then mechanically splitting
them apart after curing, creating a fractured surface as shown
in FIGURE 13. Because coarse aggregate may be fractured and
exposed in this process, aggregate selection can alter the final
appearance. Split-faced units can also be manufactured with
ribs or scores to provide strong vertical lines in the finished
wall.

FIGURE 13—Split-Face Units

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6.2 Scored Units

Scored concrete masonry units are manufactured with one or
more vertical scores on the face to simulate additional mortar
joints in the wall (FIGURE 14). Scored units reduce the perceived
scale of the masonry while still allowing construction using full
sized units. Units with one vertical score are most common,
and give the appearance of 8 in. x 8 in. (203 x 203 mm) units
laid in stack bond. Units may also be available with 2, 3, 5, or
7 vertical scores.
It is usually desirable to lay units so that scores align vertically.
This may require different bond patterns, depending on the
configuration of the scores. For example, units with two and
five scores can be placed in either stack bond or in a one-third
running bond to align scores in adjacent courses.

FIGURE 14—Scored Units

6.3 Ribbed Units

Ribbed concrete masonry units (also called fluted units)
typically have 4, 6, or 8 vertical ribs molded into the units
during manufacturing, which align to form continuous vertical
elements in the finished wall (SEE FIGURE 15). The ribs may
have either a rectangular or a circular profile, and may be either
smooth or split for added texture.
The ribs can be manufactured to project beyond the overall
unit thickness (i.e., the unit thickness including ribs is thicker
than a typical CMU), or with the rib projection included in
the overall unit thickness. In the first case, the net area, and
corresponding section properties, will be larger than those
published for non-ribbed units, although the effect of this
increase is typically neglected in structural calculations. In the
second case, where the rib projection is included in the overall
unit thickness, the designer should be aware that the actual
bearing area, section modulus, and moment of inertia may be
less than those published for non-ribbed units. As with scored
units, the configuration of the ribs may influence the choice of
bond pattern.
FIGURE 15—Ribbed (Fluted) Units

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6.4 Ground Face Units

(Burnished, Honed)
Ground face concrete masonry units are polished after
manufacture to achieve a smooth finish, which reveals the
natural aggregate colors (FIGURE 16) simulating natural
stone. The finished look of the ground surface can be altered
by changing aggregate type and proportions. Often, specific
aggregates will be used to enhance the appearance of the
polished surface, while coatings are sometimes used to deepen
the color.

FIGURE 16—Ground Faced Units

6.5 Sandblasted Units

Sand (or abrasive) blasting is used to expose the aggregate
in a concrete masonry unit and results in a “weathered” look
(FIGURE 17).

FIGURE 17—Sandblasted Units

6.6 Striated (Raked) Units

Striated units achieve an overall texture by means of small
vertical grooves molded into the unit face (SEE FIGURE 18). The
striations are most often random, to achieve a naturally rough
look, but are sometimes available in uniform striation patterns.

FIGURE 18—Striated Units

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6.7 Glazed (Prefaced) Units

Glazed concrete masonry units are manufactured by bonding
a permanent colored facing (typically composed of polyester
resins, silica sand and various other chemicals) to a concrete
masonry unit, providing a smooth impervious surface (FIGURE
19). Glazed units are available in a variety of vibrant colors,
pastels, earth tones, and even faux granite and marble patterns.
The glazed facings must comply with ASTM C744 (REF. 4),
Standard Specification for Prefaced Concrete and Calcium
Silicate Masonry Units, which contains minimum requirements
for facing quality and dimensional tolerances. In addition, the
unit to which the facing is applied must comply with ASTM C90
(REF. 1). The glazed surface is waterproof, resistant to staining
and graffiti, highly impact resistant, as well as being resistant to
many chemicals and bacteria.

FIGURE 19—Glazed Units

6.8 Slump Block Units

Slump block concrete masonry units have a rounded face that
resembles handmade adobe (SEE FIGURE 20). They are more
commonly available in the Southwest United States where
adobe is part of the architectural heritage. Slump unit widths
may vary as much as 1 in. (25 mm). While this variation adds
to the aesthetic appeal of slump block, it may require special
consideration during design, detailing, and construction.

FIGURE 20—Slump Block Units

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6.9 Screen Block

Created originally as a functional building element, the screen
wall (FIGURE 21) combines privacy with observation, interior
light with shade and solar heat reduction, and airy comfort with
wind control for both interior and exterior applications. Curtain
walls, fences, sun screens, and room dividers are just a few of
the limitless applications for a concrete masonry screen wall.
Due to the virtually limitless number of shapes and sizes for
concrete masonry screen wall units, designers are encouraged
to check on the availability of any specific shape during the
early planning stages of a project.

FIGURE 21—Concrete Masonry Screen Walls

REFERENCES 8. Building Code Requirements and Specification

1. Standard Specification for Loadbearing Concrete Masonry for Masonry Structures, TMS 402/602-16, www.
Units, ASTM C90 (all recent editions), www.astm.org. masonrysociety.org

2. Standard Specification for Concrete Building Brick and 9. Code Requirements for Determining Fire Resistance of
Other Concrete Masonry Facing Units, ASTM C55 (all Concrete and Masonry Construction Assemblies, ACI/TMS
recent editions), www.astm.org. 216.1-14 (19), American Concrete Institute, 2019, www.
concrete.org.
3. Standard Specification for Concrete Facing Brick, ASTM
C1634 (all recent editions), www.astm.org. 10 TEK, Concrete Masonry and Hardscapes Association,
www.masonryandhardscapes.org
4. Standard Specification for Prefaced Concrete and Calcium
Silicate Masonry Units, ASTM C744 (all recent editions), a. TEK 07-01D, Fire Resistance Ratings of Concrete
www.astm.org. Masonry Assemblies.

5. Standard Specification for Adhered Concrete Masonry b. TEK 13-01D, Sound Transmission Class Ratings for CM
Units, ASTM C1877 (all recent editions), www.astm.org. Walls.

6. Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete c. TEK 06-01C, R-Values of Multi-Wythe Concrete Masonry
Masonry Units and Related Units, ASTM C140/C140M (all Walls.
recent editions), www.astm.org. d. TEK 03-08A, Concrete Masonry Construction.
7. Standard Test Method for Linear Drying Shrinkage of e. CMU-TEC-009-23, Crack Control Strategies for Concrete
Concrete Masonry Units, ASTM C426 (all recent editions), Masonry Construction.
www.astm.org.

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f. TEK 03-16A, Concrete Masonry Screen Walls. 11. Standard Method for Determining Sound Transmission
Ratings for Masonry Assemblies, TMS 302-18, The
g. TEK 13-01D, Noise Control with Concrete Masonry. Masonry Society, 2018, www.masonrysociety.org.
h. TEK 100-02, Weights and Section Properties of Concrete 12. FAQ, Concrete Masonry and Hardscapes Association,
Masonry Assemblies. www.masonryandhardscapes.org.
i. TEK 06-02C, R-Values and U-Values for Single Wythe a. CMU-FAQ-014-14, What is the Difference Between a
Concrete Masonry Walls. “Cinder Block” and a “Concrete Block”?

PHOTO CREDITS FIGURE 3 – SEME Resources

TABLE 1 FIGURE 6 – Masonry Institute of America

ASTM C90 unit – RCP Block and Brick FIGURE 9 — County Materials Corporation

ASTM C1634 unit – Taylor Concrete Products FIGURE 13 – Block-Lite

ASTM C1877 units – Oldcastle Architectural FIGURE 14 – RCP Block and Brick

TABLE 2 FIGURE 15 – RCP Block and Brick

Split unit – RCP Block and Brick FIGURE 16 – Jandris Block

Scored Unit – Block-Lite FIGURE 17 – RCP Block and Brick

Ribbed Unit – Block-Lite FIGURE 18 – Block-lite

Ground unit – RCP Block and Brick FIGURE 19 – Oldcastle Architectural

Sandblast unit – RCP Block and Brick FIGURE 20 – Orco Block and Hardscape

Striated unit – RCP Block and Brick

Glazed units – Oldcastle Architectural

Slump unit – RCP Block and Brick

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COMMONLY ASKED QUESTIONS tend to be specified under ASTM C1634 whereas ‘CMU size’
units are specified under ASTM C90, there are no building
1) Are concrete facing brick and concrete building
code limitations on using one unit versus the other in anchored
brick interchangeable?
veneer applications. That said, ASTM C1634 stipulates a
Despite having similar configurations, concrete building brick is higher compressive strength and lower water absorptions
used for non-facing, utilitarian applications whereas facing brick requirements compared to ASTM C90. Therefore, while
are used in applications where one or more faces of the units is ASTM C1634 brick can be used in applications where ASTM
intended to exposed. In addition to having more stringent finish C90 units are specified, due to the differences in minimum
and appearance requirements, facing brick must also comply properties, ASTM C90 units should not be substituted for ASTM
with higher compressive strength requirements and lower C1634 facing brick without prior approval from the architect or
absorption limits compared to building brick. Therefore, while engineering on a project.
facing brick can be used in applications where building brick are
specified, building brick cannot be substituted for facing brick 4) Is there any difference in the structural analysis
without prior approval from the architect or engineering on a when designing half-high concrete masonry units
project. versus and full-height concrete masonry units?
2) What is the difference between a concrete block No. Structurally, both half-high and full-height unit configurations
are designed exactly the same way using the same provisions
and a cinder block?
contained in TMS 402 (REF. 8).
Both concrete block and a cinder block are concrete masonry
units produced with the same three basic constituent materials: 5) Are there limits on the constituent materials
water, cement, and aggregate. Functionally there is no difference permitted to be used in the production of concrete
between concrete block and cinder block in modern U.S. codes masonry units?
and standards. Instead, these are terms that have evolved Yes. Each ASTM standard that covers the minimum
through the decades, most notably when natural or manmade requirements for concrete masonry units includes criteria
cinders were first introduced into the manufacturing of concrete for the cement, aggregate, and other constituents such as
masonry units. Additional information on the differences admixtures and pigments. Many performance attributes
between cinder block and concrete block is available in CMU- of concrete masonry units are indirectly accounted for,
FAQ-014-14, What is the Difference Between a “Cinder Block” or inherently reflected within, the requirements of these
and a “Concrete Block”?, (REF. 12B). specifications without direct measurement, assessment, or
3) Can a unit complying with ASTM C90 also comply evaluation. Products manufactured using alternative materials,
with ASTM C1634? manufacturing methods, or curing processes not covered by
these specifications should consider additional assessment
Concrete masonry veneers have become a popular cladding
criteria to ensure successful performance of the unit for the
solution using units complying with ASTM C90 (loadbearing
intended application. Additional information on this topic is
concrete masonry) and ASTM C1634 (concrete facing brick).
available in FAQ 19-14, Performance Guidelines for Concrete
While there is a general trend that ‘brick size’ unit configurations
Masonry Units, (REF. 12C).

ABOUT CMHA

The Concrete Masonry & Hardscapes Association (CMHA) represents a unification of the Interlocking Concrete Pavement
Institute (ICPI) and National Concrete Masonry Association (NCMA). CMHA is a trade association representing US
and Canadian producers and suppliers in the concrete masonry and hardscape industry, as well as contractors of
interlocking concrete pavement and segmental retaining walls. CMHA is the authority for segmental concrete products
and systems, which are the best value and preferred choice for resilient pavement, structures, and living spaces.
CMHA is dedicated to the advancement of these building systems through research, promotion, education, and the
development of manufacturing guides, design codes and resources, testing standards, and construction practices.

Disclaimer:
The content of this CMHA Tech Note is intended for use only as a guideline and is made available “as is.” It is not intended for use or reliance upon
as an industry standard, certification or as a specification. CMHA and those companies disseminating the technical information contained in the Tech
Note make no promises, representations or warranties of any kind, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of content contained
in the Tech Note and disclaim any liability for damages or injuries resulting from the use or reliance upon the content of Tech Note. Professional
assistance should be sought with respect to the design, specifications, and construction of each project.