Republic of the Philippines

Department of Transportation and Communication

Republic of the Philippines

Preparatory Survey
for
New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environment Protection Project

Final Report
Volume 2: Tourism,
Water Supply,
Sewerage and
Individual Sewage
Treatment

August 2012

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

Japan Airport Consultants, Inc. (JAC)

Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. (NK)
NJS Consultants Co., Ltd. (NJS)
PricewaterhouseCoopers Co., Ltd. (PwC)
Joint Venture
 Preparatory Survey for New Boh
ohol Airport Consstruction and
Sustainable
S Envir
ironmental Proteection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism
m, Water Supply
y, Sewerage and IIndividual Sewagge Treatment
Map
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment

Table of Contents
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Table of Contents

Table of Contents
Chapter1. Current Status and Development Plan

1.1. Location ···························································································· 1-1

1.2. Natural Conditions ·············································································· 1-2

1.2.1. Climate and Rainfall ···································································· 1-2
1.2.2. Geography ················································································ 1-2
1.2.3. Water Resource ········································································· 1-3

1.3. Socio-Economic Conditions ·································································· 1-5

1.3.1. Population ················································································ 1-5
1.3.2. Economy and Industry ································································· 1-7
1.3.3. Health Status ············································································· 1-8

1.4. Infrastructure ····················································································· 1-9

1.4.1. Land Use ·················································································· 1-9
1.4.2. Solid Waste ············································································· 1-14
1.4.3. Road and others ······································································ 1-16

1.5. Provincial Development Physical Framework Plan ··································· 1-16

1.5.1. Review of Provincial Development Physical Framework Plan ············ 1-16
1.5.2. Issues to be Addressed ····························································· 1-19

1.6. Strategic Concept for Future Development of Bohol ································· 1-19

1.6.1. Sustainable Regional Development (High-Quality Eco-tourism) ·········· 1-19
1.6.2. Decentralized Regional Development ··········································· 1-20

Chapter2. Tourism Development

2.1. Current Situation of Tourism Sector in Bohol ············································ 2-1

2.1.1. Bohol Tourism Overview ······························································ 2-1
2.1.2. Current Tourism Situations ··························································· 2-1
2.1.3. Tourism Industry ········································································· 2-9
2.1.4. Organizations and Regulations ···················································· 2-14
2.1.5. Over-Use Problems of Balicasag Island and Alona Beach ················· 2-17
2.1.6. Trials for Community-Based Tourism Development ·························· 2-21

2.2. Suggested Direction toward Sustainable Tourism Development in Bohol ······ 2-25
2.2.1. Planning Issues ······································································· 2-25
2.2.2. Proposal of Tourism Development Visions and Directions ················· 2-26

2.3. Proposal of Tourism Development Programs ·········································· 2-30

2.3.1. Conservation and Appropriate Usage of Tourism Resources with
Sustainability ·········································································· 2-30

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2.3.2. Appeal of High-Quality Tourism with Carefully Attention to Nature and

Landscape ············································································· 2-37
2.3.3. Establishment of New Tourism Base-areas and Axes in Bohol ··········· 2-40
2.3.4. Capacity Development ······························································ 2-42

2.4. Proposal of a Priority Package Program ················································ 2-43

Chapter3. Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

3.1. Existing Water Supply System ······························································· 3-1

3.1.1. Population in Survey Area ···························································· 3-1
3.1.2. Water Supply Situation in the Target Areas ······································ 3-1
3.1.3. Condition of Water Supply Facilities for New Airport ························ 3-12

3.2. Facility Plan ····················································································· 3-21

3.2.1. Water Demand Plan for New Airport ············································· 3-21
3.2.2. Basic Facility Design ································································· 3-21
3.2.3. Conformation of water hammer of the pump ·································· 3-26
3.2.4. Basic Design and Standard ························································ 3-28

3.3. Construction Cost ············································································· 3-31

3.3.1. Estimation of Construction Cost ·················································· 3-31
3.3.2. Tentative implementation Schedule for Construction of Water Supply ·· 3-32

3.4. Maintenance Plan ············································································· 3-33

3.4.1. Maintenance System ································································ 3-33
3.4.2. Receiving Water Fees ······························································· 3-33
3.4.3. Points to Keep in Mind for the Installation of a Dedicated New Airport
Water Supply Facilities ······························································ 3-36

Chapter4. Sewerage Development

4.1. Sewerage Sector in the Philippines ························································ 4-1

4.1.1. Jurisdiction Agency for Water Sector ·············································· 4-1
4.1.2. Relevant Policy and Laws ···························································· 4-1
4.1.3. Existing Sewerage System in Philippines ········································ 4-5

4.2. Planning Environment on Water and Sanitation Development ······················ 4-6

4.2.1. Conditions for Plans for the Water Sector ········································ 4-6
4.2.2. Relevant Plan on Water Use and Water Resource ···························· 4-6
4.2.3. Plan on Water Environment Conservation ······································· 4-7
4.2.4. Priority of Sewerage Development in Nation and Bohol Province ········· 4-7
4.2.5. Current ODA Project and Private Sector Participation related to Water
Sector Project in Bohol ································································ 4-7

4.3. Wastewater Environment and Sanitation ················································· 4-8

4.3.1. Existing Wastewater Disposal ······················································· 4-8

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4.3.2. Water Quality of Public Water Body ·············································· 4-10

4.3.3. Existing Sanitation Facility ·························································· 4-16

4.4. Preliminary Wastewater Disposal Plan ·················································· 4-18

4.4.1. Planning Policy and Planning Fundamentals for Wastewater Disposal
Plan ······················································································ 4-18
4.4.2. Conceptual Design of Sewerage System ······································· 4-22
4.4.3. Implementation Program ···························································· 4-58
4.4.4. Financial Analysis ····································································· 4-59
4.4.5. Preliminary Sanitation Development Plan ······································ 4-71

4.5. Project evaluation ············································································· 4-75

4.5.1. Technical Evaluation ································································· 4-75
4.5.2. Financial Evaluation ·································································· 4-76
4.5.3. Environmental Evaluation ·························································· 4-76
4.5.4. Social Concerns ······································································· 4-76

Chapter5. Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

5.1. Background and Object of the Study ······················································· 5-1

5.1.1. Background ··············································································· 5-1
5.1.2. Aim of the Study ········································································· 5-1

5.2. Related Laws and Guidelines ································································ 5-2

5.3. Existing Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities Survey at Major Beaches ······ 5-3
5.3.1. Target Facilities and Areas ··························································· 5-3
5.3.2. Investigation Items and Method ····················································· 5-4
5.3.3. Study Results ············································································ 5-6
5.3.4. Evaluation for Existing Individual Treatment Facilities ······················· 5-16

5.4. Consideration of Maintenance and Management Methods of Individual

Wastewater Treatment Facilities ·························································· 5-17
5.4.1. Present Circumstances ······························································ 5-17
5.4.2. Septage Management Manual of Philippines ·································· 5-20
5.4.3. Proposed Operation and Maintenance Methods for Individual Treatment
Facilities ····················································································· 5-21

5.5. Standards Drawing of Individual Treatment Facilities for Households ··········· 5-24
5.5.1. Standard of Existing ST Structures ··············································· 5-24
5.5.2. Present Issue in Standard Drawings of ST ····································· 5-27
5.5.3. Proposed Standard Drawing ······················································· 5-28

5.6. Consideration of Public Septage Treatment Facilities and its Construction

Funding Sources ·············································································· 5-30
5.6.1. Consideration of Septage Treatment Facility ·································· 5-30
5.6.2. Finance Survey for Facility Construction Fees ································ 5-36

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5.7. Regulation Studies for Securing Individual Treatments ····························· 5-37

5.8. Proposals of Technical Assistance Program by JICA ································ 5-39

5.8.1. Content of Proposed Technical Support ········································ 5-39
5.8.2. Proposed Schedule of Technical Assistance Program ······················ 5-40

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List of Illustrations

Chapter1. Current Status and Development Plan

Figure 1.1-1 Location of Bohol ··································································· 1-1
Figure 1.1-2 Location of Sewerage Survey Area ············································· 1-1
Figure 1.2-1 Geologic Map ······································································· 1-3
Figure 1.2-2 Watershed Location map in Bohol ··············································· 1-4
Figure 1.2-3 Status of Groundwater in Panglao Island ······································ 1-4
Figure 1.4-1 Land Use Map of Tagbilaran City ············································ 1-10
Figure 1.4-2 Location of Bohol Business Park ············································· 1-11
Figure 1.4-3 Land Use Map of Dauis Municipality ········································ 1-13
Figure 1.4-4 Protected Area Map ····························································· 1-14
Figure 1.4-5 Location of Sanitary Landfill Site ············································· 1-15
Figure 1.5-1 Concept of Development Framework Plan ·································· 1-18

Chapter2. Tourism Development

Figure 2.1-1 Outstanding Tourism Resources of Bohol ··································· 2-1
Figure 2.1-2 Tourist Arrivals by County in 2010 ············································· 2-1
Figure 2.1-3 Tourist Arrivals Transition 2001-2010 ········································· 2-2
Figure 2.1-4 Tourist Arrivals Share among Main Foreign Countries 2001-2010 ···· 2-2
Figure 2.1-5 Tourist Arrivals by Months in 2010 ············································· 2-2
Figure 2.1-6 Purpose of Tourist Arrivals ······················································· 2-3
Figure 2.1-7 Protected Areas Map ······························································ 2-4
Figure 2.1-8 Tourists’ Visit Places in Bohol ··················································· 2-4
Figure 2.1-9 Visited Diving Spots and Coral Reef Conditions ··························· 2-6
Figure 2.1-10 Tourism Resources Map ························································ 2-7
Figure 2.1-11 Tourism Resources and Activities in Bohol ································ 2-8
Figure 2.1-12 Location of an Airport and main Seaports ·································· 2-9
Figure 2.1-13 Usage Share of Seaports ······················································ 2-9
Figure 2.1-14 Destination Map ································································ 2-10
Figure 2.1-15 Time versus Distance Map ···················································· 2-11
Figure 2.1-16 Other Visiting Places in Philippines ········································· 2-11
Figure 2.1-17 Number of Accommodation Facilities and Rooms ··················· 2-12
Figure 2.1-18 Spend Money in Bohol ························································ 2-12
Figure 2.1-19 Tourists’ Satisfaction of Current Infrastructure Conditions ··········· 2-13

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Figure 2.1-20 Industrial Structure ····························································· 2-13

Figure 2.1-21 Bohol Government Institutional Arrangements for Tourism ·········· 2-14
Figure 2.1-22 Location of Balicasag Island Alona Beech ······························· 2-18
Figure 2.1-23 Views and Problems of Balicasag Island and Alona Beach ········· 2-20
Figure 2.1-24 Locations of Four Examples Municipalities ······························ 2-21
Figure 2.1-25 Example of “Danao Adventure Park ······································· 2-22
Figure 2.1-26 Example of “Cambuhat Village Eco-Tour ································· 2-23
Figure 2.1-27 Example of “Lamanok Island Tour ········································· 2-24
Figure 2.1-28 Example of “Loboc River Cruise ············································ 2-24
Figure 2.2-1 Relationship Diagram of Planning Issue, Vision, and Direction ······ 2-27
Figure 2.2-2 Proposed Bohol Tourism Development Direction Image ··············· 2-28
Figure 2.2-3 Proposed New Tourism Base-areas ········································ 2-28
Figure 2.2-4 Tree Diagram of Tourism Development Programs ······················ 2-29
Figure 2.3-1 ECAN Zoning Map in Northern Palawan (Example) ···················· 2-32
Figure 2.3-2 Concept of Spatial Management based on Carrying Capacity
(Image) ············································································· 2-33
Figure 2.3-3 Guidelines for Dolphin Watching (Example) ······························ 2-33
Figure 2.3-4 Average Percent of Coral Colonies damaged by Diversin
in Balicasag Island (Example) ·············································· 2-34
Figure 2.3-5 Tour Guides System and Structural Method (Example) ················ 2-36
Figure 2.3-6 Site Selection of Resort Zone Delineation (Image) ····················· 2-37
Figure 2.3-7 Monitoring Database System on Website (Example) ················· 2-39
Figure 2.3-8 Visitor Centers in Japan (Example) ········································· 2-40

Chapter3. Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

Figure 3.1-1 Existing Facilities and Pipeline of BWUI in TAGBILARAN CITY ······· 3-3
Figure 3.1-2 Existing Pipeline of TCWS ······················································· 3-4
Figure 3.1-3 Existing Water Pipeline in Dauis ··············································· 3-6
Figure 3.1-4 Existing Water Pipeline in Panglao ············································ 3-7
Figure 3.1-5 Estimation of Total Water Source ············································ 3-10
Figure 3.1-6 Existing Facilities in Bohol-Panglao ········································· 3-15
Figure 3.1-7 Existing Facilities in Dauis ····················································· 3-18
Figure 3.2-1 New Panglao Airport Water Supply Facilities ····························· 3-23
Figure 3.2-2 Facility Layout of Receiving Tank in BWUI Site ·························· 3-24
Figure 3.2-3 Hydraulic Chart ··································································· 3-26
Figure 3.2-4 Pipeline Route Longitudinal Section ········································ 3-27

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Figure 3.2-5 Calculation of Pump Impact ··················································· 3-27

Figure 3.2-6 Location of Pipe Installation ··················································· 3-30

Chapter4. Sewerage Development

Figure 4.1-1 Summary Flowchart of the EIA Process ····································· 4-3
Figure 4.3-1 Location of Squatter Area and Existing Outfall in Tagbilaran-Panglao
Island Channel ····································································· 4-9
Figure 4.3-2 Water Quality of Drinking Water Wells ····································· 4-14
Figure 4.3-3 Water Quality of Washing Wells ·············································· 4-14
Figure 4.3-4 Sea Water Quality around Panglao Island ································ 4-15
Figure 4.4-1 Location of Sewerage Service Area ········································· 4-25
Figure 4.4-2 Proposed Sewerage Service Area by Phase ····························· 4-27
Figure 4.4-3 Location of Sewerage Service Area in Dauis ····························· 4-30
Figure 4.4-4 Catchment Area ·································································· 4-34
Figure 4.4-5 General Layout Plan of Tagbilaran Sewerage System ················· 4-38
Figure 4.4-6 General Layout Plan of Dauis Sewerage System ······················· 4-39
Figure 4.4-7 General Layout Plan of Poblacion Sewerage System ·················· 4-40
Figure 4.4-8 General Layout Plan of Alona Beach Sewerage System ·············· 4-41
Figure 4.4-9 Layout of Tagbilaran WWTP (Reference) ·································· 4-47
Figure 4.4-10 Layout of Dauis WWTP(Reference) ······································· 4-48
Figure 4.4-11 Layout of Panglao WWTP (Reference) ··································· 4-49
Figure 4.4-12 Layout of Alona Beach WWTP (Reference) ····························· 4-50
Figure 4.4-13 Implementation schedule for Sewerage Development Project ····· 4-59
Figure 4.4-14 Septic Tank ······································································ 4-72
Figure 4.4-15 Soakage Pit ······································································ 4-72
Figure 4.4-16 Typical Sludge Drying Bed ··················································· 4-75

Chapter5. Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

Figure 5.1-1 Panglao Island ······································································ 5-1
Figure 5.3-1 Present Situation of Target ······················································ 5-3
Figure 5.3-2 Location of Surveyed Hotels and Households in Dauis Municipality · 5-5
Figure 5.3-3 Location of Surveyed Hotels and Households in Panglao Municipality 5-5
Figure 5.3-4 Typical Drawing of Existing ST ················································· 5-6
Figure 5.3-5 Images of Lined Pit and Unlined Pit ··········································· 5-7
Figure 5.3-6 Desludging Frequency of Tourist Accommodation Facilities ·········· 5-15
Figure 5.4-1 Organization of Rural Health Officers in Dauis (As of April, 2012) ·· 5-18

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Figure 5.4-2 Organization of Rural Health Officers in Panglao (As of April, 2012) 5-18
Figure 5.5-1 Typical Drawing of 3 chamber ST ··········································· 5-27
Figure 5.5-2 Image of Conventional Individual Sewage Treatment System ······· 5-28
Figure 5.5-3 Standard Drawing of Two chamber ST for Domestic Households ·· 5-29
Figure 5.5-4 Cross Section of conventional ST and Up-flow filter ST ··············· 5-30
Figure 5.6-1 Image of Sludge Drying Beds Facility ······································ 5-31
Figure 5.6-2 Consideration of Project Scheme of Septage Treatment Facility ···· 5-34
Figure 5.6-3 Location of Proposed Septage Treatment Facility Site ················· 5-35
Figure 5.6-4 Proposed Implementation Schedule for Septage Treatment Facility
Construction ······································································ 5-36
Figure 5.8-1 Proposed Schedule of JICA Technical Assistance Program ·········· 5-40

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List of Tabulations
Chapter1. Current Status and Development Plan
Table 1.2-1 Monthly Rainfall 2001-2010 ························································ 1-2
Table 1.3-1 Population and Household by LGUs ············································· 1-5
Table 1.3-2 Population of Tagbilaran City in 2000 and 2007 ······························· 1-6
Table 1.3-3 Population of Dauis Municipality in 2000 and 2007 ··························· 1-7
Table 1.3-4 Population of Panglao Municipality in 2000 and 2007 ························ 1-7
Table 1.3-5 GRDP of Bohol, 2004-2009 ························································ 1-7
Table 1.3-6 Employed Persons by Type of Industry from Primary Occupation,
April 2003 ·············································································· 1-8
Table 1.3-7 Key Health Indicators in Bohol ···················································· 1-9
Table 1.3-8 No. of Suspect Case by LGU in 2010 ············································ 1-9

Chapter2. Tourism Development

Table 2.1-1 List of NIPAS ········································································· 2-3
Table 2.1-2 Outline of the Survey ······························································· 2-5
Table 2.1-3 Shipping Destinations from Bohol Seaports ································ 2-10
Table 2.1-4 Stay Nights and Spend Money in Bohol ····································· 2-12
Table 2.1-5 Required Steps to be a Tour Guide ··········································· 2-14
Table 2.1-6 List of NGO’s ······································································· 2-15
Table 2.1-7 List of Relevant Policies and Plans ··········································· 2-16
Table 2.1-8 Priority Development Projects of 2011 ······································· 2-17
Table 2.1-9 Table of Contents of Panglao Island Tourism Development
Guidelines ··········································································· 2-17
Table 2.1-10 Four Examples of Community-Based Tourism ··························· 2-21
Table 2.3-1 Program Scheduling (1) ························································· 2-31
Table 2.3-2 Concept of Spatial Management Zoning and Regulation (Image) ···· 2-31
Table 2.3-3 Program Scheduling (2) ························································· 2-33
Table 2.3-4 Program Scheduling (3) ························································· 2-35
Table 2.3-5 Program Scheduling (4) ························································· 2-35
Table 2.3-6 Regulation for Proper Using in Ogasawara Islands (Example) ········ 2-36
Table 2.3-7 Program Scheduling (5) ························································· 2-37
Table 2.3-8 Program Scheduling (6) ························································· 2-38
Table 2.3-9 Program Scheduling (7) ························································· 2-39
Table 2.3-10 Program Scheduling (8) ······················································· 2-39

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Table 2.3-11 Program Scheduling (9) ························································ 2-40

Table 2.3-12 Program Scheduling (10) ······················································ 2-41
Table 2.3-13 Program Scheduling (11) ······················································ 2-42
Table 2.3-14 Program Scheduling (12) ······················································ 2-42
Table 2.3-15 Program Scheduling (13) ······················································ 2-42

Chapter3. Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

Table 3.1-1 Population in the Survey Area ··················································· 3-1
Table 3.1-2 The Situation and Estimation of Water Supply in Each City/Municipality
(1/2 & 2/2) ············································································· 3-8
Table 3.1-3 Total Water Source ··································································· 3-9
Table 3.1-4 Water Tariff in Each Municipality ··············································· 3-11
Table 3.1-5 Supply of Drinking Water (Interview at Waterworks Agency) ·········· 3-12
Table 3.1-6 R6 Water Pump Actual Use ······················································ 3-14
Table 3.1-7 Human Resources at BWUI ···················································· 3-14
Table 3.1-8 Tank Capacity and Retention Time ··········································· 3-17
Table 3.1-9 Water Testing Results ···························································· 3-19
Table 3.2-1 Receiving Water Quantity ························································ 3-21
Table 3.2-2 Specifications and Dimensions of New Facilities ························· 3-25
Table 3.2-3 Rough Specification, Standard of Facilities ································· 3-28
Table 3.2-4 Results of Soil Survey (in the site of receiving tank) ······················· 3-29
Table 3.2-5 Results of Soil Survey (in the site of pipe installation) ··················· 3-29
Table 3.3-1 Estimation of Construction Cost based on Basic Design ··············· 3-31
Table 3.3-2 Tentative implementation Schedule for Construction of Water Supply 3-32
Table 3.4-1 Maintenance Cost after the Airport Water Supply System is in Service 3-35

Chapter4. Sewerage Development

Table 4.3-1 Water Quality Criteria (General Items) ······································· 4-10
Table 4.3-2 Water Quality Criteria (Toxic Substances) ··································· 4-11
Table 4.3-3 Effluent Standard: Conventional and Other Pollutants ··················· 4-12
Table 4.3-4 Summary of Drinking Water Wells in Tagbilaran, Dauis and Panglao 4-13
Table 4.3-5 Summary of Washing Wells in Tagbilaran, Dauis and Panglao ······· 4-14
Table 4.3-6 Household by Toilet Type in Panglao Island(2000) ······················· 4-16
Table 4.3-7 Households by Toilet Type in Dauis (2008) ································· 4-16
Table 4.3-8 Households by Toilet Type in Panglao (2004) ····························· 4-16
Table 4.4-1 Existing Population (NSO) and Projected Population from PDPFP ··· 4-20

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Table 4.4-2 Projected Population by Water Supply System Master Plan (BHL-01) 4-20
Table 4.4-3 Average Annual Growth Rate by Water Supply System Master Plan 4-20
Table 4.4-4 Assumption of Annual Growth Rate (%) ····································· 4-21
Table 4.4-5 Present and Projected Population in Study Area ·························· 4-21
Table 4.4-6 Projected Population by Brgy in Tagbilaran City ·························· 4-21
Table 4.4-7 Projected Population by Brgy in Dauis Municipality ······················ 4-22
Table 4.4-8 Projected Population by Brgy in Panglao Municipality ··················· 4-22
Table 4.4-9 Population Density by Brgy in Tagbilaran City in 2035 ···················· 4-23
Table 4.4-10 Population Density by Brgy in Dauis municipality in 2035 ············ 4-24
Table 4.4-11 Population Density by Brgy in Panglao municipality in 2035 ········· 4-25
Table 4.4-12 Served Population of Level 3 in 2020 and 2035 ························· 4-26
Table 4.4-13 Sewered Population in Tagbilaran City in 2020 ·························· 4-28
Table 4.4-14 Sewered Population in Tagbilaran City in 2035 ·························· 4-28
Table 4.4-15 Sewered Population in the Municipality of Panglao in 2035 ·········· 4-29
Table 4.4-16 Service Coverage in 2035 ····················································· 4-30
Table 4.4-17 Per Capita Domestic Sewage Volume (Daily Average) ················ 4-31
Table 4.4-18 Ratio of Non-domestic to Domestic Water Demand in 2035 ········· 4-31
Table 4.4-19 Design Wastewater Flow in Tagbilaran Service Area in 2020 ········ 4-32
Table 4.4-20 Design Wastewater Flow in Tagbilaran Service Area in 2035 ········ 4-33
Table 4.4-21 Design Wastewater Flow in Dauis Service Area in 2035 ·············· 4-33
Table 4.4-22 Design Wastewater Flow in Panglao Service Area in 2035 ·········· 4-33
Table 4.4-23 Design Sewerage flow in Alona Service Area in 2035 ················· 4-33
Table 4.4-24 Unit Wastewater Design Flow Per Area by Area ························ 4-34
Table 4.4-25 Proposed Sewer Length in Tagbilaran System ·························· 4-36
Table 4.4-26 Outline of Proposed Pumping Station ······································ 4-37
Table 4.4-27 Proposed Sewers in Panglao Sewerage System ······················· 4-39
Table 4.4-28 Proposed Sewers in Alona Sewerage System ··························· 4-40
Table 4.4-29 General Features by Treatment Method ··································· 4-42
Table 4.4-30 Major Scope of Work by Sewerage Area ·································· 4-51
Table 4.4-31 Unit Cost of Sewer Installation ··············································· 4-52
Table 4.4-32 Construction Cost of Sewer Installation (Tagbilaran Phase 1) ······· 4-53
Table 4.4-33 Construction Cost of Sewer Installation (Tagbilaran Phase 2) ······· 4-54
Table 4.4-34 Construction Cost of Pipe Installation (Dauis & Panglao) ············· 4-55
Table 4.4-35 Construction Cost of Pumping Station ····································· 4-56
Table 4.4-36 WWTP Construction Cost ····················································· 4-57

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Table 4.4-37 House Connection Cost ······················································· 4-57

Table 4.4-38 Possible Project Implementation Structure for Tagbilaran ············ 4-58
Table 4.4-39 Possible Project Implementation Structure for Dauis & Panglao ···· 4-58
Table 4.4-40 Project Cost for Tagbilaran Sewerage System ··························· 4-60
Table 4.4-41 Project Cost for Dauis and Panglao ········································ 4-61
Table 4.4-42 Annual Debt Service Projection (Tagbilaran Sewerage Project) ···· 4-62
Table 4.4-43 Annual Debt Service Projection (Dauis Sewerage Project) ··········· 4-62
Table 4.4-44 Annual Debt Service Projection (Panglao Sewerage Project) ······· 4-63
Table 4.4-45 Daily Potential Revenue Water in 2010 (Tagbilaran City) ············· 4-65
Table 4.4-46 Expected Revenue Water in 2020 (Tagbilaran City) ····················· 4-65
Table 4.4-47 Expected Revenue Water in 2035 (Tagbilaran City) ···················· 4-66
Table 4.4-48 Summary of Revenue Water (Tagbilaran) ································· 4-66
Table 4.4-49 Amount of Water to be charged (Dauis) ··································· 4-66
Table 4.4-50 Assumed Water Consumption by Connection Type in 2010 ········· 4-67
Table 4.4-51 Revenue Water (Panglao Poblacion in 2020) ···························· 4-68
Table 4.4-52 Revenue Water (Panglao Poblacion in 2035) ······························ 4-68
Table 4.4-53 Potential Revenue Water (Panglao Poblacion in 2010) ··············· 4-68
Table 4.4-54 Revenue Water (Panglao Alona in 2020) ·································· 4-68
Table 4.4-55 Revenue Water (Panglao Alona in 2035) ·································· 4-69
Table 4.4-56 Potential Revenue Water (Panglao Alona in 2010) ······················ 4-69
Table 4.4-57 Summary of Revenue Water (Panglao) ···································· 4-69
Table 4.4-58 Conditions of FIRR Calculation by Scenario and Project ··············· 4-70
Table 4.4-59 FIRR and Net Present Value by Scenario ································· 4-70
Table 4.4-60 Required Number of ST in 2035 ············································· 4-72
Table 4.4-61 Summary of Functional Design on Drying Bed for Tagbilaran City · 4-73
Table 4.4-62 Functional Design on Drying Bed for Dauis Municipality ················ 4-74
Table 4.4-63 Functional Design on Drying Bed for Panglao Municipality ··········· 4-74

Chapter5. Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

Table 5.3-1 Total and Sampling Number of Existing Households and
Accommodation Facilities in Panglao Island ································· 5-4
Table 5.3-2 Results of Questionnaire Survey of Individual Treatment Facilities
in Dauis (Households) ····························································· 5-8
Table 5.3-3 Results of Questionnaire Survey of Individual Treatment Facilities
in Dauis (Tourist Accommodations Facilities) ······························· 5-10
Table 5.3-4 Results of Questionnaire Survey of Individual Treatment Facilities
in Dauis (Households) ···························································· 5-11

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Table 5.3-5 Individual Treatment Facilities in Panglao (Tourist Accommodations) 5-13

Table 5.3-6 Building Permission Records of Households and Commercial
Facilities in Panglao Island ····················································· 5-17
Table 5.4-1 Summary of Septage Treatment Companies ······························ 5-19
Table 5.4-2 Price List for Water Quality Analysis ··········································· 5-20
Table 5.4-3 Proposal of ST Inspection Items ·············································· 5-23
Table 5.4-4 Wastewater Regulations of DNR ·············································· 5-24
Table 5.5-1 Absorption area of leaching field required for residences ················ 5-25
Table 5.5-2 Location of Sewage Disposal System ······································· 5-25
Table 5.5-3 Required Capacity of ST ························································ 5-25
Table 5.5-4 ST Structure Guideline ··························································· 5-26
Table 5.5-5 Suggested Size of Septic Tank (Unit:cm) ··································· 5-26
Table 5.6-1 Estimation of Future ST Septage Volume (Tagbilaran city) ············ 5-32
Table 5.6-2 Estimation of Future ST Septage Volume (Dauis) ························ 5-32
Table 5.6-3 Estimation of Future ST Septage Volume (Panglao) ····················· 5-33
Table 5.6-4 Septage Removal Amount and Required Drying Bed Estimation ····· 5-34
Table 5.6-5 Comparison of Actual Deseptaged Septage Volume with Calculation
Results in 2011 ···································································· 5-34

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List of Abbreviations
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Abbreviation

List of Abbreviations

A
AAZ Aerodrome Advisory Zones

AAGR Average Annual Growth Rate

ABC A: Common Combustibles, B: Flammable Liquids & Gas, C: Live

Electrical Equipment

ACC Area Control Center

ACB Ancillary Building

ADB Asian Development Bank

ADRM Airport Development Reference Manual

AFP Armed Force of the Philippines

AFTN Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network

A/G Air to Ground

AGL Aeronautical Ground Light

AHU Air-Handling Units

AIS Aeronautical Information Service

AIP Aeronautical Information Publication

AMDS Airport Development Reference Manual

AMHS ATS Message Handling System

ANS Air Navigation Service

APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

ATC Air Traffic Control

ATZs Aerodrome Traffic Zones

ATM Air Traffic Management

ATS Air Traffic Service

AUSAID Australian Agency for International Development

AWOS Automated Weather Observing System

I
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Abbreviation

B
BANGON Bohol Alliance of NGOs

BBP Bohol Business Park

BH Borehole

BHS Baggage Handling System

BIMP-EAGA Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines – East ASEAN Growth
Area

BIR Bureau of Internal Revenue

BMS Building Management System

BMT BOHOL Marine Triangle

BOHECO BOHOL Electric Cooperative Inc.

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand

BOI Board of Investment

BOO Built – Own – and – Operate

BOT Built – Operate – and – Transfer

BSP Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas

BTO Built – Transfer – and – Operate

BTO Bohol Tourism Office

BWUI Bohol Water Utilities, Inc

C
CAAP Civil Aviation Authority of Philippines

CAO Contract- Add-and- Operate

CAT Category

CBR California Bearing Ratio

CCO Command and Control Office

CCPAP Coordinating Council of the Philippine Assistance Program

CCR Constant Current Regulator

CCTV Closed Circuit Television

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Abbreviation

CFF Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security

CHB Concrete Hollow Block

CI Conservation International

CID Citizens Intelligence Division

CIP Commercial Important Person

CIQ Custom, Immigration, Quarantine

CLUP Comprehensive land use plan

CNC Certificate of Non-Coverage

CNS Communication, Navigation, Surveillance

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

CT Coral Triangle

CTB Cargo Terminal Building

CTI Coral Triangle Initiative

CTRs Control Zones

CWA Clean Water Act

D
DAO DENR Administrative Order

DBP Development Bank of the Philippines

D/E Debt/Equity

DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources

DFA Department of Foreign Affaires

DGS Direct Government Subsidy

DH Decision Height

DME Distance Measuring Equipment

DOF Department of Finance

DOT Department of Tourism

DOLE Department of Labor and Employment

DOTC Department of Transportation and Communication

III
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Abbreviation

DPWH Department of Public Works and Highways

DSCR Debt Service Coverage Ratio

DSRA Debt Service Reserve Account

DTI Department of Trade and Industry

DVOR Doppler Type VHF Omni-directional Radio Range

E
ECC Environmental Clearance Certification

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EIAMD Environmental Impact Assessment Management Division

EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return

EIS Environmental Impact Statement

EMB Environmental Management Bureau

EPS Electrical Pipe Shaft

ESWM Ecological Solid Waste Management

F
FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FAARFIELD FAA Rigid and Flexible Iterative Elastic Layered Design

FADS Fire Alarm Detection System

FARMCs Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Councils

FCU Fan Coil Unit

F/D Flight Data

FIC Facility In Charge

FIDS Flight Information Display System

FIR Flight Information Region

FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return

FOBS Flight Observation

FPE Foundation for Philippine Environment

FS Feasibility Study

IV
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Abbreviation

FSS Flight Service Station

G
GCR Greater Capital Region

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GFS Government Financial Statistics

GIS Geographic Information System

GOCC Government-Owned and Controlled Corporations

GOJ Government of Japan

GOP Government of the Philippines

GS Glide Slope

GPR Ground Penetrating Radar

GRDP Gross Regional Domestic Product

GRP Government of the Republic of the Philippines

GTZ German Agency for Technical Cooperation

GWL Ground Water Level

H
HF High Frequency

I
IAS Indicated Air Speed

IATA International Air Transportation Association

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

ICB International Competitive Bidding

ICC Investment Coordination Committee

IEEC Initial Environmental Examination Checklist

IEER Initial Environmental Examination Report

IFR Instrument Flight Rule

ILS Instrument Landing System

IRR Implementing Rules and Regulations

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Abbreviation

ITB Invitation to Bid

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

J
JCAB Japan Civil Aviation Bureau

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

L
LAN Local Area Network

LCC Low Cost Carriers

LED Light Emitting Diode

LGUs Local Government Units

LLCR Loan Life Coverage Ratio

LLZ Localizer

LPDA Log Periodic Dipole Array

LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas

LV Low Voltage

LWUA Local Water Utilities Administration

M
MC Management Contract

MCIAA MACTAN-CEBU International Airport Authority

MDA Minimum Descent Altitude

MET Meteorological Equipment

METAR Regular airport Weather Report

MIAA Manila International Airport Authority

MPDO Municipal Planning and Development Office

MSL Mean Sea Level

MWS Municipal Waterworks System

MWSI Maynilad Water Service Inc.

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Abbreviation

N
NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAIA Ninoy Aquino International Airport

NAPOCOR National Power Corporation

NAVAID(s) Navigation Aid (s)

NAWASA National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority

NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

NCCC National CTI Coordination Committee

NCR National Capital Region

NDB Non-Directional Beacon

NEDA National Economic Development Authority

NFPA National Fire Protection Association

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NIPAS National Integrated Protected Area System

NOTAM Notice to Airmen

NPV Net Present Value

NSCB National Statistical Coordination Board

NSO National Statistics Office

NSWMC National Solid Waste Management Commission

NWRB National Water Resources Board

O
ODA Official Development Assistance

OJT On-the-job training

OLS Obstacle Limitation Surface

O/M Operation and Maintenance

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Abbreviation

P
PAL Philippine Airlines

PABX Private Automatic Branch Exchange

PACAP Philippines Australia Community Assistance Program

PALS Precision Approach Lighting System

PANS Procedures for Air Navigation Services

PANS/OPS PANS-Aircraft Operations

PAPI Precision Approach Path Indicator

PAU Primary Air-Handling Units

PAWB Protected Area and Wildlife Bureau

PBB Passenger Boarding Bridge

PBN Performance Based Navigation

PC Personnel Computer

PCCP Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

PCGRDP GRDP Per Capita

PD Presidential Decree

PDPFP Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan

PEIS Programmatic EIS

PHILVOLCS Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology

PHO Provincial Health Office

PIRR Project Internal Rate of Return

PLC Programming Logic Controller

PMO Project Management Office

PNP Philippine National Police

PNSDW Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

PPA Philippine Port Authority

PPDO Provincial Planning and Development Office

PPP Public Private Partnership

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Abbreviation

PSC Public Sector Comparator

PSFC Passenger Service Facility Charge

PTA Philippines Tourism Authority

PTB Passenger Terminal Building

PTWG Provincial Technical Working Group

PWS Provincial Waterworks System

Q
QNH Altimeter sub-scale setting to obtain elevation when on the ground

QFE Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation

R
RAP Resettlement Action Plan

REDCOM Review and Development Committee

REDL Runway Edge Light

RENL Runway End Light

RESA Runway End Safety Area

RNAV Area Navigation

ROO Rehabilitate – Own – and – Operate

ROT Rehabilitate – Operate – and – Transfer

ROW Right Of Way

RPOA Regional Plan Of Action

RTHL Runway Threshold Light

RVR Runway Visual Range

R/W Runway

RWDC Rural Waterworks Development Corporation

RX Receiver

S
SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

SALS Simplified Approach Lighting System

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Abbreviation

SEC Securities & Exchange Commission

SPC Special Purpose Company

SPECI Special Weather Report

SPV Special Purpose Vehicle

SSB Single Sideband

SSS Social Security Service

STAR Standard Terminal Approach Route

STEP Special Terms for Economic Partnership

STP Sewage Treatment Plant

T
TB Treasury Bond

T-DME Terminal DME

TEDL Taxiway Edge Light

TIEZA Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority

TMA Terminal Control Area

TNC The Nature Conservancy

TOC Toll Operation Certificate

TRB Toll Regulatory Board

TRCV Transceiver

T/W Taxiway

TWS Tagbilaran Waterworks System

TX Transmitter

TXGL Taxiway Guidance Sign

U
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply

USAID U.S. Agency for International Development

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

UTC Universal Time Coordinated

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Abbreviation

V
VAT Value Added Tax

VCCS Voice Communication Control System

VFM Value For Money

VFR Visual Flight Rules

VHF Very High Frequency Range

VIP Very Important Person

VOR VHF Omni-directional Radio Range

VRS Voice Recording System

VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal

W
WB World Bank

WBRL Wing Bar Light

WC Working Capital

WD Wind Direction

WDPS Weather Data Processing System

WDIL Wing Direction Indicator Light

WECPNL Weighted Equivalent Continuous Perceived Noise Level

WGS84 World Geodetic System-84

WHO World Health Organization

WMO World Meteorological Organization

WS Wind Speed

WQMA Water Quality Management Areas

WQMS Water Quality Management Section

WRS Water Refill Station

WWF World Wild Fund

WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant

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Chapter 1

Current Status and Development

Plan

Table of Contents

1.1. Location ·························································································· 1-1

1.2. Natural Conditions ············································································ 1-2

1.2.1. Climate and Rainfall ···································································· 1-2
1.2.2. Geography ················································································ 1-2
1.2.3. Water Resource ········································································· 1-3

1.3. Socio-Economic Conditions ······························································· 1-5

1.3.1. Population ················································································ 1-5
1.3.2. Economy and Industry ································································· 1-7
1.3.3. Health Status ············································································· 1-8

1.4. Infrastructure ··················································································· 1-9

1.4.1. Land Use ·················································································· 1-9
1.4.2. Solid Waste ············································································· 1-14
1.4.3. Road and others ······································································ 1-16

1.5. Provincial Development Physical Framework Plan ······························ 1-16

1.5.1. Review of Provincial Development Physical Framework Plan ············ 1-16
1.5.2. Issues to be Addressed ····························································· 1-19

1.6. Strategic Concept for Future Development of Bohol ··························· 1-19

1.6.1. Sustainable Regional Development (High-Quality Eco-tourism) ·········· 1-19
1.6.2. Decentralized Regional Development ··········································· 1-20
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 1: Current Status and Development Plan

Chapter 1. Current Status and Development Plan

1.1. Location
Bohol is one of the island provinces of the Philippines and is the 10th largest island of the
archipelago. Bohol province forms part of Region IV of the Central Visayas Region, which
consists of four (4) provinces. The area of Bohol province is 4,117sqkm.
There are 47 municipalities in Bohol. Tagbilaran City is the provincial capital and a primary
gateway to Bohol. Tagbilaran City is 630 km away from Manila and 72 km away from Cebu.
There is a small island, named Panglao, on the opposite shore of Tagbilaran City. Panglao
island is the major tourist destination of Bohol and consists of two (2) municipalities, namely
Dauis and Panglao.
The following figures show the location of Bohol.

Source: Wikipedia

Figure 1.1-1 Location of Bohol

Figure 1.1-2 shows the location of Tagbilaran City, Dauis and Panglao Municipalities, which
are the target areas of the sewerage sector.
Administration areas of these local governments
are as follows:
Tagbilaran City 32.70 km2
Tagbilaran City
Dauis Municipality 44.57 km2
Panglao Municipality 50.49 km2 Dauis
Panglao

Source: Wikipedia

Figure 1.1-2 Location of Sewerage Survey Area

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Chapter 1: Current Status and Development Plan

1.2. Natural Conditions

1.2.1. Climate and Rainfall
1) Climate
The climate type of the Bohol Province is classified as Type IV, characterized by rainfall more
or less evenly distributed throughout the year. Intensification of the southeastern monsoon
usually occurs from July to October. The 1971-2000 climatological records show a mean
temperature of 27.7 degrees centigrade and a prevailing wind direction towards the northeast
with an average speed of 2 miles per hour.
2) Rainfall
Based on 1971-2000 climatological records of the Tagbilaran weather station, the province has
an average annual rainfall of 1,360.2 mm. Table 1.2-1 shows monthly rainfall during the last
10 years at the Tagbilaran weather station. The table shows that the rainfall amount for three
months from February to April is relatively small and the average annual rainfall amount is
1,550.5 mm.
Table 1.2-1 Monthly Rainfall 2001-2010
Monthly Ave
Mon 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
2001-2010
Jan 85.3 52.4 78.5 64.4 26.2 95.7 185.5 264.7 67.1 100.4 102.0
Feb 63.3 85.5 64.6 97.7 1.3 130.7 25.1 202.8 190.1 20.9 88.2
Mar 83.9 79.0 18.0 79.3 78.8 183.6 31.8 236.5 160.8 31.2 98.3
Apr 82.7 95.5 24.9 12.4 60.1 41.5 26.2 107.1 174.6 89.5 71.5
May 77.9 47.3 207.2 185.5 42.9 66.8 124.1 179.2 113.0 47.3 109.1
Jun 193.6 49.0 196.0 148.0 137.5 125.0 244.1 294.0 162.6 148.8 169.9
Jul 152.7 131.7 230.9 116.6 133.1 103.6 141.3 155.3 116.5 164.3 144.6
Aug 117.9 130.9 179.0 109.4 129.5 111.5 50.5 241.0 30.6 137.8 123.8
Sep 62.1 57.6 122.1 109.4 81.3 72.6 154.2 131.1 74.2 206.5 107.1
Oct 187.4 156.5 266.2 102.1 92.5 140.5 214.6 176.2 22.7 305.1 166.4
Nov 447.5 148.4 107.2 111.5 204.7 170.0 161.3 120.9 273.6 140.6 188.6
Dec 182.9 82.3 372.1 72.3 269.6 157.9 170.4 164.3 56.6 282.6 181.1
Total 1,737.2 1,116.1 1,866.7 1,208.6 1,257.5 1,399.4 1,529.1 2,273.1 1,442.4 1,675.0 1,550.5
Source: Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical Astronomical Administration (PAGASA Tagbilaran)

1.2.2. Geography
The island of Bohol is a predominantly sedimentary island developed from the magmatic
mechanism of the southwest Philippine Plate. The soil depth is relatively thin ranging from a
minimum of 24 cm to maximum of 30 cm. and most of the hills and ridges have meager to no
soil cover. Therefore, most of the province’s land has a rapid drainage surface. The seven
different geomorphologic land forms of the island province of Bohol are shown in Figure
1.2-1 .
The major part of Tagbilaran City consists of Maribojoc Limestone (98.4% of the city area).
Limestone’s permeability is very high and exhibits numerous sinkholes, caves and caverns.
The elevation of Tagbilaran City is mostly ranging from 10 to 50 meters above mean sea level.
Pangalo island comprises of flat coastal plains, limestone hills, limestone terraces, and
sinkholes. A slightly rolling terrain could also be observed at various locations of the island.
Its elevation gradually rises from 5 meters to about 30 meters above mean sea level, except a
hilly terrain culminating to about 190 meters that exists in Dauis.
The coastal plains are vegetated with mangroves, coconuts and other natural vegetation. The
limestone areas are covered with shrubs and grasses, whilst limestone terraces are generally
vegetated with corn and legumes.

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Source: PDPFP 2010-2015

Figure 1.2-1 Geologic Map

1.2.3. Water Resource

1) River
Bohol’s water supply system for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses is mainly based on
2,224 springs, 59 rivers and 200 creeks. There are 22 rivers basins/watersheds that are
valuable sources of water for drinking and irrigation1. However, there are no major rivers in
Tagbilaran City nor on Panglao Island (Figure 1.2-2).
2) Groundwater
Groundwater resources are the major source of drinking water in Bohol. The survey of wells
conducted by SWECO in 1999 revealed that the water for drinking does not satisfy the water
quality standards for potability. Water quality problems are due to higher salinity content,
excessive amounts of iron and manganese and bacteriological pollution. Water for home
consumption is often prone to contamination due to inadequate sanitation practices and
characteristics in limestone inherent substrate (karst).
In Panglao Island, the groundwater system is inherently vulnerable to contamination due to the
permeable nature of the limestone formation. The most vulnerable sections cover 39% of the
island’s land area. The built-up areas and the tourist establishments are located in these sections.
(refer to Figure 1.2-3)

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Source: PDPFP 2010-2015

Figure 1.2-2 Watershed Location map in Bohol

Source: Panglao Island Assessment Report, June 2006

Figure 1.2-3 Status of Groundwater in Panglao Island

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Chapter 1: Current Status and Development Plan

1.3. Socio-Economic Conditions

1.3.1. Population
The following table shows population and household by LGUs in Bohol province. Population
of Tagbilaran City is dominant at 7.5% of the total population of the province. However, the
population share of Dauis and Panglao Municipalities, where are the major tourism destination,
are only 3.0% and 2.1%, respectively.
Table 1.3-1 Population and Household by LGUs
Number
% of Average
Province/City/ Total of
Population House-
Municipality Population House-
Share hold Size
holds
Bohol 1,230,110 100.0 242,307 5.1
Tagbilaran City 92,297 7.5 18,045 5.1
Ubay 65,900 5.4 13,544 4.9
Talibon 59,274 4.8 11,481 5.1
Tubigon 44,434 3.6 8,965 5.0
Inabanga 43,331 3.5 8,755 4.9
Carmen 43,153 3.5 8,562 5.0
Loon 42,441 3.5 8,682 4.9
Dauis 36,525 3.0 6,982 5.2
Guindulman 32,355 2.6 6,598 4.9
Jagna 32,034 2.6 6,637 4.8
Candijay 31,183 2.5 5,951 5.2
Calape 29,786 2.4 6,236 4.8
Mabini 28,788 2.3 5,561 5.2
Valencia 28,043 2.3 5,020 5.6
Jetafe 27,852 2.3 5,230 5.3
Trinidad 27,580 2.2 5,544 5.0
Pilar 27,276 2.2 5,045 5.4
Buenavista 26,443 2.1 4,917 5.4
Sierra Bullones 26,398 2.1 4,874 5.4
Panglao 25,558 2.1 4,734 5.4
Pres. Carlos P. Garcia 25,118 2.0 4,654 5.4
Alicia 23,422 1.9 4,564 5.1
Bien Unido 23,412 1.9 4,454 5.3
Catigbian 23,333 1.9 4,429 5.3
San Miguel 22,199 1.8 4,387 5.1
Garcia Hernandez 21,308 1.7 4,330 4.9
Sagbayan 19,399 1.6 4,232 4.6
Clarin 18,871 1.5 4,004 4.7
Dagohoy 18,311 1.5 3,528 5.2
Maribojoc 18,113 1.5 3,904 4.6
Baclayon 18,015 1.5 3,546 5.1
Danao 17,716 1.4 3,174 5.6

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Duero 17,254 1.4 3,502 4.9

Balilihan 17,131 1.4 3,381 5.1
Bilar 17,078 1.4 3,322 5.1
Anda 16,616 1.4 3,286 5.1
Loboc 16,299 1.3 3,031 5.4
Loay 15,881 1.3 3,150 5.0
Cortes 14,586 1.2 2,928 5.0
Antequera 14,357 1.2 3,098 4.6
Dimiao 14,187 1.2 2,894 4.9
Batuan 12,137 1.0 2,494 4.9
Sevilla 11,289 0.9 2,000 5.6
Lila 10,801 0.9 1,934 5.6
Alburquerque 9,644 0.8 1,964 4.9
San Isidro 9,176 0.7 1,954 4.7
Corella 7,471 0.6 1,534 4.9
Sikatuna 6,335 0.5 1,266 5.0
Source: 2007 Census, National Statistics Office

Population, land area and population density of Tabilaran City, Dauis and Panglao
Municipalities are shown in Table1.3-2~ Table1.3-4.
Table 1.3-2 Population of Tagbilaran City in 2000 and 2007
Population in Population
Population in 2007
Name of Brgy 2000 (NSO) Area (ha) Density
(NSO)
In 2007
1. Bool 3,361 4,929 348.8 14.1
2. Booy 6,736 7,896 146.4 53.9
3. Cabawan 798 1,550 267.3 5.8
4. Cogon 16228 17,266 204.4 84.5
5. Dao 5,808 6,772 443.7 15.3
6. Dampas 4,674 7,210 390.0 18.5
7. Manga 4,594 6,081 117.3 51.8
8. Mansasa 4,673 5,396 82.9 65.1
9. Poblacion I 3,203 3,323 25.9 128.3
10. Poblacion II 5,828 5,856 70.2 83.4
11. Poblacion III 6,234 6,511 70.7 92.1
12. San Isidro 3,776 4,500 429.4 10.5
13. Taloto 5,095 6,176 244.5 25.3
14. Tiptip 3,068 3,956 282.1 14.0
15. Ubujan 3,624 4,875 145.6 33.5
Total 77,700 92,297 3.270.2 28.2

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Table 1.3-3 Population of Dauis Municipality in 2000 and 2007

Population in Population in Population
Name of Brgy Area (ha)
2000 (NSO) 2007 (NSO) Density
1. Biking 2,615 2,631 544.89 4.8
2. Bingag 1,460 4,294 610.20 7.0
3. Catarman 3,318 4,152 369.00 11.3
4. Dao 891 923 564.25 1.6
5. Mayacabac 2,535 3,236 275.49 11.7
6. San Isidro 956 1,129 390.57 2.9
7. Songculan 3,000 3,422 394.60 8.7
8. Tabalong 2,664 4,027 350.22 11.5
9. Tinago 1,625 2,202 320.30 6.9
10. Totolan 3,626 4,834 238.10 20.3
11. Marivedes 2,033 2,818 304.40 9.3
12. Poblacion 2,297 2,857 95.50 29.9
Total 27,015 36,525 4,457.52 8.2
Table 1.3-4 Population of Panglao Municipality in 2000 and 2007
Population in Population in Population
Name of Brgy Area (ha)
2000 (NSO) 2007 (NSO) Density
1. Bilisan 2,296 2,800 364.37 7.7
2. Danao 2,635 3,296 789.65 4.2
3. Doljo 2,483 2,984 109.88 27.2
4. Looc 1,765 2,135 254.11 8.4
5. Poblacion 3,870 4,608 287.15 16.0
6. Bolod 1,304 1,349 597.99 2.3
7. Libaong 1,161 1,558 423.37 3.7
8. Lourdes 816 1,053 377.39 2.8
9. Tangnan 2,582 3,046 682.87 4.5
10. Tawala 2,425 2,729 891.80 3.1
Protected Area
271.87
(NIPAS)*
Total 21,337 25,558 5,050
*Mangroves area within the coastline of Barangay Danao, Poblacion and Doljo.

1.3.2. Economy and Industry

1) GRDP
The following shows GRDP growth rate and per capita GRDP of Bohol. The services sector
including the tourism sector marks a higher figure than other sectors.
Table 1.3-5 GRDP of Bohol, 2004-2009
Indicator 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Average
GRDP Growth 7.2 6.0 4.8 8.6 3.3 0.8 5.1
Rates (%)
Agriculture 3.5 1.7 (5.3) 4.5 1.7 1.4 1.2
Industry 5.8 5.4 5.4 6.8 4.5 (2.2) 1.2
Services 8.8 7.2 6.5 10.2 2.9 2.1 6.3
Per Capita GRDP 13,046 13,544 13,918 14,816 14,997 14,810 14,188
(in Pesos)
Employment 2,225 2,423 2,464 2,588 2,697 2,714 495
Levels (in ‘000)
Agriculture 704 817 833 872 882 835 98
Industry 462 487 472 515 521 451 13
Services 1,059 1,119 1,159 1,201 1,295 1,428 384
Source: Central Visayas Regional Development Plan for 2011-2016

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2) Industry
The economy of Bohol predominantly relies on agriculture, service sector (especially tourism)
and home-based industries. The following figure shows the number of employed persons. In
terms of the number of employed persons, employment in agriculture sector is dominant
compared to service sectors in the whole of Bohol, though the employment in the service sector
in urban areas is higher than the one in rural areas. This means almost half of the total
employment in urban areas are engaged in the service sector.
Table 1.3-6 Employed Persons by Type of Industry from Primary Occupation,
April 2003 (‘000)
Province/City/Area Agriculture Industry Service Total
Philippines 11,155 4,859 14,404 30,418
Central Visayas 675 449 916 2,041
(Region VII)
Urban 117 232 560 909
Rural 558 218 356 1,132
Bohol 165 89 141 395
(%) 41.8 22.5 35.7 100.0
Urban 30 16 46 91
(%) 33.0 17.6 50.5 100.0
Rural 135 73 96 304
(%) 44.4 24.0 31.6 100.0
Cebu 288 322 601 1,211
Urban 59 203 432 695
Rural 229 118 169 517
Negros Oriental 206 35 163 403
Siquijor 16 3 11 31
Source: NSO

The agriculture sector remains to be a major source of employment and livelihood in the
province. The total land devoted for agricultural use is 273,950 hectares, approximately 66% of
the total land area of the province. Meanwhile, the tourism industry is growing rapidly
especially on Panglao Island.
3) Family income
The average income of a Boholano family is P77,291 (per capita income of P16,478) in the year
2000, based on the latest available provincial disaggregation of the Family Income and
Expenditure Survey. This is an increase of 36% from the 1997 level of P56,940.
The average expenditure in 2000 for each Boholano family amounts to P66,907 (per capita
expenditure of P14,364), denoting a 32% increase over the 1997 level of P50,754. Which shows
that the average income of a Boholano family compared to the average annual expenditures in
that same year is almost equal.

1.3.3. Health Status

1) Health Indicator
The health of Boholanos is generally improving along the years as shown by key health
indicators.

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Chapter 1: Current Status and Development Plan

Table 1.3-7 Key Health Indicators in Bohol

Key Health Indicators 2000 2006 2007 2008
Crude Birth Rate （per 1,000 population） 20.73 18.45 18.17 18.3
Percent Male 52％ 52% 53%
Crude Death Rate （per 1,000 population） 4.04 4.34 4.94 4.79
Percent Male 56% 55% 58% 55%
Percent of Newborn with Low Birth Weight(<2500g) 15% 3% 5% 4%
Infant Mortality Rate（per 1,000 live birth） 11.14 9.3 14.15 8.98
Maternal Mortality Rate（per 100,000 live birth） 0.55 0.51 0.51 0.29
Proportion of Children 0~5years who died 5% 4% 10% 7%
Prevalence of underweight Children - 17% 14% 13%
Pre-school Children 6% 10% 11% 9%
Percent Male 50.2% 49.7%
School Children（6～10years old） 14% 24% 16% 17%
Elementary/Pre-school - - 17.43% 17.87%
High School Students - - 12.57% 12.63%
Percent of Immunized Children 81% 72% 69% 69%
Percent of Households with Access to Safe Water Supply 43% 83% 77% 75%
Percent of Households with Access to Sanitary Toilet Facility 70% 88% 89% 85%
Health Insurance Coverage (PhilHealth) 35% 38%
Source: Provincial Health Office (PHO) Bohol

2) Water-borne diseases
Following Table shows the number of suspected cases of water-borne diseases reported from
the hospital to the Provincial Health Office (PHO). The numbers of the cases are not
confirmed by laboratory but are listed as suspicious cases.
Table 1.3-8 No. of Suspect Case by LGU in 2010
Name of Disease Tagbilaran Panglao Dauis Remarks
Cholera 0 0 0
Typhoid 6 3 6
Hepatitis A 0 0 0
Diarrhea - - - No data
Dysentry - - - No data
Source: PHO of Bohol Province

1.4. Infrastructure
1.4.1. Land Use
1) Tagbilaran City
The comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) 2003-2013 has been already authorized as the
zoning ordinance of Tagbilaran City. This ten-year plan has been revised in 2008, however,
the revision is still in progress and is expected to be completed in 2012. So far there is no
significant change from the original plan, one of the minor changes is the expansion of the
commercial zoning. The map of land use is shown in the following figure.
Most of the area is designated as residential area (yellow). Commercial area (red) is mainly
divided into two (2) areas, which are the Provincial Government Hall (Capital) area and the
Tagbilaran City Hall area. The industrial area (purple) is located adjacent to Tagbilaran airport.
There is a proposal for a plan of a Bohol Business Park in this industrial area.

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Source: City of Tagbilaran

Figure 1.4-1 Land Use Map of Tagbilaran City

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Bohol Business Park

The Bohol Business Park (BBP) is proposed for the development of high quality business areas
and environmentally-friendly light industrial complex in the province. The BBP will be a site
for mixed use, a complementary prime area for commercial, business office spaces, tourism and
high-technology is provided to stimulate economic growth.
The BBP will be located in the current Tagbilaran airport area once its operations will be
transferred to the New Bohol Airport on Panglao Island.
The site comprises of approximately 8.7 hectares of land located adjacent to lots classified as
Light Industrial Area in the existing Land Use Plan of the City of Tagbilaran

Bohol Business Park

Source: Provincial Government of Bohol

Figure 1.4-2 Location of Bohol Business Park

About 75% of the 8.7-hectare lot is owned by the Provincial Government of Bohol and the
remaining area is owned by the Tagbilaran City Government and the Civil Aviation Authority of
the Philippines (formerly the Air Transportation Office).
The BBP Development seeks to achieve the following:
z Development of a high quality and environmentally-sustaining business zone of local and
regional significance that will enhance Bohol’s economic competitiveness and business
environment;
z Stimulate economic growth through investment placement, business development, job
generation and employment;
z Increase Government income from taxes and related revenues thereby reducing
IRA-dependency.
Regarding the project modes of implementation, the BBP can be developed through:
z Local Government undertaking and supported by the National Government, ODA facilities
and Financial Institutions;
z Public-Private Partnerships such as Joint Ventures, Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) and its

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variants, Lease Arrangements and other applicable modes of counter-parting.

2) Dauis Municipality
There is a Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) 2000-2010 for Dauis Municipality, which
already expired. Now Dauis Municipality is preparing a revised CLUP for the next decade.
As of August 2011, the status of the progress is almost finalized. The following map shows a
draft land use plan as of August 2011. The major changes from the previous one are i) A
Tourism estate expansion area (orange shade) in the north, ii) An Eco-forest tourism area, which
is to be reforested, and iii) Two (2) light intensity industries.
There is no sewerage system in the Municipality. Basically there are septic tanks; with a
private company desludging septic tanks at hotels and others places. There is a hotel at Bolod
beach named Flushing Meadow Resort & Playground, which has its own wastewater treatment
plant.
Dauis Municipal Waterworks is supplying water to individual properties, including hotels.
The Waterworks is supplying water from the Bohol Water Utilities, Inc. (BWUI.), however,
insufficient water is a critical issue. Eight (8) Barangays out of 12 in the Municipality are
served by the Waterworks.
In addition, the Municipal Government is preparing an environmental code because one of
issues is that divers are damaging the coral reefs. Therefore the Government needs
environmental management though increasing number of tourist is highly appreciated.

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Sustainable Enviironmental Prottection Project
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Chaptter 1: Current S
Status and Deveelopment Plan

Source: M
Municipality of Daauis

Figure 1.4-3 Land Use

U Map off Dauis Municipality

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3) Panglao Municipality
There is no official CLUP for the Panglao Municipality. In 2003, a CLUP was prepared and
almost approved, however the former Municipal Mayor at that time did not approve it because
he opposed the new airport construction project in Panglao. Currently the Municipal
Government is preparing a new CLUP with support from the Provincial Government.
4) Protected Area
The following figure shows the protected areas of Bohol. Bohol has a total of 75,766 hectares
under protection as an initial component of the National Integrated Protected Area System
(NIPAS Act or RA7586). All development within these areas shall follow the provisions
embodied in the NIPAS Law.

Source: PDPFP 2010-2015

Figure 1.4-4 Protected Area Map

1.4.2. Solid Waste

1) Tagbilaran City
There is an open dump site in Barangay Dampas in Tagbilaran City. The City Government is
operating a solid waste collection. Residents have to bring their waste to a collecting truck at
a designated time, and on a specific location. Generated solid waste as well as desludge from
the City and Dauis Municipality are dumped on the dumping site.
2) Dauis
There is no solid waste disposal site in the Dauis Municipality. The Municipal Government is
operating solid waste collection. The Government allows only residual waste collected from
material recovery facilities (MRF) in the Barangays, where residents bring their waste. The
collection fee is free of charge. Generated residual waste is disposed to the open dumping site
in Tagbilaran City.

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3) Panglao
There is an open dumping site at Barangay Lourdes in the Panglao Municipality. However the
site is expected to be used for another 2 to 3 years due to its limited capacity. The service area
of this open dumping site covers Poblacion and the hotel accommodation areas, solid waste of
the other area is treated individually.
4) New Solid Waste Disposal Site
There is a sanitary landfill site in Alburquerque, however the site is still under construction.
After the completion of phase 1 of the construction, in 2008, the construction worke were
stopped due to no allocation of budget.
The Municipality of Alburquerque is located about 7 km east form Tagbilaran City. The site is
located at 2 km north from the national highway, the area of the site is 7ha. The location of
the site is shown in the following figure.

Source: Municipality of Alburquerque

Figure 1.4-5 Location of Sanitary Landfill Site

The site is designed to be used by the Metro Bohol Cluster, which consists of the following 11
local governments out of the 48 LGUs in the province; Albur, Baclayon, Balilihan, Corella,
Cortes, Dauis, Lila, Loboc, Maribojoc, Panglao and Sikatuna.
The site allows only residual waste. This means a proper separation system, recycling system
and collection system, including transferring stations, must be set up. After the completion of
the entire construction, if at that time not yet established the set up of these systems will
become an issue.

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The historical background of this sanitary landfill site project is as follows. In 2002, the
DENR-Environmental Management Board (EMB) together with the ESWM (Ecological Solid
Waste Management)-PTWG (Provincial Technical Working Group) recommended dividing the
province into 8 clusters. Each cluster was to search for 2 to 3 suitable sites for Sanitary
Landfill. The Bohol Provincial Government entered into a Memorandum of Agreement
(MOA) with the DENR and USAIDs for the Philippine Environmental Governance Project 1
with the overriding objective, namely for the improvement of environmental governance in the
Province of Bohol in forestry, coastal resources and delivery of solid waste management
services. The project owner is the former Philippine Tourism Authority (PTA), which is now
named Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA)
1.4.3. Road and others
The road network itself in Bohol is not a problem, however, the roads are basically very old.
Therefore the road width is narrow and thickness of the pavement is thin. As a result, road
improvement in terms of road width and pavement are issues for the future.
Electricity is supplied by undersea cable from Layte. Therefore, so far, power supply is not a
problem. Urban drainage system is a problem especially in Tagbilaran City. Floods happen
sometimes after and/or during heavy rain.

1.5. Provincial Development Physical Framework Plan

1.5.1. Review of Provincial Development Physical Framework Plan
1) Outline of PDPFP
The Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan (PDPFP) is a proactive planning
tool and a primary technical guide for the development of the province over five (5) years from
2010 to 2015. The specific objectives of the plan are to:
z Define the overall development framework for the province, as enshrined in its Vision,
Mission, Goals and Strategies (VMGS);
z Provide the analytical basis for understanding existing conditions and identifying key
development issues, goals, objectives and targets of the province;
z Translate the vision into strategies that can be implemented to attain the goals, objectives
and targets;
z Identify programs and projects consistent with the strategies and which serve as inputs to
the Provincial Development Investment Program (PDIP); and
z Provide a spatial/physical representation of the aforementioned plan components, where
possible.
2) Issues and Challenges
The PDPFP clarifies major development issues and challenges of Bohol. Multi-sectoral
development issues and challenges consists of six (6) elements as follows;
1. high poverty incidence,
2. population,
3. environmental,
4. transport and other infrastructure,
5. economic development, and
6. other major development.
The above issues are inter-related, since population growth and economic activities have

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created pressures on Bohol’s environment and natural resources. On the other hand, tourism is
considered as an economic development drive for the province. The following needs are to be
addressed for the tourism sector:
z To upgrade and develop new tourism attractions and their corresponding support
infrastructures,
z To integrate tourism packages towards the development of viable tourism circuits,
z To enhance tourism services, promote Bohol’s new attractions and strengthen institutional
linkages,
z To upgrade tourism data to assist planning and monitoring to include the review of the
extent to which visitor arrivals are documented in both accredited and non-accredited
tourism establishments as well as the magnitude of excursionists (visitors within the
day) which could have a significant but unknown impact to the province’s tourism
industry.
In addition, sector-specific issues and challenges are indicated as follows;
1. environmental and natural resources management,
2. economic development,
3. social development,
4. development administration, and
5. infrastructure development.
3) Development Framework of Bohol
In the PDPFP, the Provincial Government commits to the following goals as enumerated under
the main headings of:
1. Environmental Protection and Management,
2. Social Equity and Inclusion,
3. Local/Regional Economic Development and Strategic Wealth Creation,
4. Upholding Cultural Heritage and Boholano Values, and
5. Responsive, Transparent and Accountable Governance.
The following figure shows the concept of the development framework plan.

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Source: PDPFP

Figure 1.5-1 Concept of Development Framework Plan

The Provincial Government sustains the following comprehensive strategies:
z Green Agri-based Economic Development
z Eco-cultural Tourism
z Public-Private Partnership
Green agri-based economic development and eco-cultural tourism are considered as the same
strategy. It means that economic development is mainly achieved by eco-cultural tourism.
At the same time, these strategies contribute to environmental protection.
4) New Airport in Panglao
A new airport construction project in Panglao is stated as a major provincial project in the
PDPFP. It is expected that more tourists will come to Bohol when the new airport is constructed
as well as the New Bohol Airport will have a positive economic impact. However the
environmental impact caused by a growing number of tourists will have to be properly
addressed. If more tourists will arrive at specific areas in Bohol, over-carrying capacity,
insufficient water supply, increased environmental load and so on are of a concern. In addition,
when the new airport is constructed, it will also have an impact on its environment, which will
have to be properly addressed during the initial planning and construction period, of which
examples are given throughout this report.

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1.5.2. Issues to be Addressed

1) Environmental Conservation
One of the most critical issues is environmental conservation. There are numerous natural
resources, such as beautiful ocean, coral reefs, the chocolate hills, tarsiers, Loboc River, other
rivers and their riparian and mangrove forests. Apart from natural resources, there are historical
and cultural heritages as tourism resources, therefore, for the purpose of sustainable regional
development, these tourism resources must be conserved in the future.
2) Economic Development
Economic development is one of the most important issues as well. For the purpose of
achieving economic development in Bohol Province, tourism development is one of the most
effective drivers. Poverty alleviation is one of the critical issues in the province, especially in
the rural areas. So far the benefit from the tourism sector is reaching only limited areas, where
tourists visit, such as Panglao and Dauis Municipalities and Tagbilaran City.
3) Compatibility between Economic Development and Environmental Conservation
In general, above two (2) issues, namely environmental conservation and economic
development, seem to be in conflict with each other. Through the promotion of tourism
development, economic development can be achieved, however risks would be caused by
negative environmental impact if appropriate measures are not taken.
Though the PDPFP indicates a necessity of eco tourism and agro tourism, it does not indicate
the balance between economic development and environmental conservation. For the purpose
of sustainable regional development, conservation and maintenance of tourism resources
including natural environment of Bohol are indispensable. The economic development and
environmental conservation must be kept in balance.

1.6. Strategic Concept for Future Development of Bohol

For the purpose of solving the above issues, two (2) strategic concepts for future development
of Bohol are proposed. These strategic concepts can overcome the compatibility between two
(2) contradicted issues.
1.6.1. Sustainable Regional Development (High-Quality Eco-tourism)
As described above, tourism sector is one of the most important industries for the future
regional development and economic development of Bohol. The tourism resources of Bohol
attracting tourists are beautiful and rich natural environment and abundance in leisure time and
its feeling produced by the resources. Therefore quality eco-tourism concept, which achieves
both tourism development and environmental conservation, can be an important strategic
concept, which attracts tourists in Bohol in the future.
In general, mass tourism intends to receive many tourists, while it causes deterioration of
tourism resources (especially natural environment), satisfaction level of tourists and expense in
Bohol, and shortening of stay. In contrast, Cebu Island is characterized as mass tourism mainly
for international tourism destination, the merit of Bohol tourism is beautiful and rich natural
environment, which attracts tourists. For the differentiation from and synergy with Cebu Island,
it is necessary to promote carrying capacity concept for the sustainable regional development.
Even if limited number of tourists visit, and they stay longer with enjoying eco-tourism instead
of short stay and sport tourism, it results in much revenue in Bohol.
It is necessary for longer stay, enjoying tranquil time in natural environment, and enjoying
personal contact with local people and life, to improve the value added quality of
accommodation, service level, food, and goods.

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Tourism development by quality eco-tourism concept will contribute to sustainable

environmental conservation. Because natural environment is the most important tourism
resources in Bohol, beautiful and rich natural environment must be conserved and maintained
as well as beautiful and sanitary townscape.
1.6.2. Decentralized Regional Development
“Decentralized regional development” means to develop tourist spots and attractions in all over
Bohol while utilizing existing tourism and industrial resources and not concentrating urban and
tourism functions in certain areas. Currently urban and tourism functions are limited in and
concentrated use in Tagbiralan City, where the most urbanized area in Bohol, and Panglao
Island, where attractive beach resorts are conveniently located.
Over viewing the whole of Bohol, there are many alternatives for tourism development. There
have been already some trials of community-based tourism developments in Danao, Buenavista,
Anda and Loboc Municipalities (for details refer to Chapter 2).
Different from the centralized tourism, decentralized regional development will contribute to a
reduction and avoidance from the exceeding environmental load in partially concentrated areas.
In addition, decentralized development will contribute to poverty alleviation in rural areas.

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Chapter 2

Tourism Development

Table of Contents

2.1. Current Situation of Tourism Sector in Bohol ······································· 2-1

2.1.1. Bohol Tourism Overview ······························································ 2-1
2.1.2. Current Tourism Situations ··························································· 2-1
2.1.3. Tourism Industry ········································································· 2-9
2.1.4. Organizations and Regulations ···················································· 2-14
2.1.5. Over-Use Problems of Balicasag Island and Alona Beach ················· 2-17
2.1.6. Trials for Community-Based Tourism Development ·························· 2-21

2.2. Suggested Direction toward Sustainable Tourism Development in Bohol 2-25

2.2.1. Planning Issues ······································································· 2-25
2.2.2. Proposal of Tourism Development Visions and Directions ················· 2-26

2.3. Proposal of Tourism Development Programs ····································· 2-30

2.3.1. Conservation and Appropriate Usage of Tourism Resources with
Sustainability ·········································································· 2-30
2.3.2. Appeal of High-Quality Tourism with Carefully Attention to Nature and
Landscape ············································································· 2-37
2.3.3. Establishment of New Tourism Base-areas and Axes in Bohol ··········· 2-40
2.3.4. Capacity Development ······························································ 2-42

2.4. Proposal of a Priority Package Program ············································ 2-43

 Prep
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Finall Report Volumee 2: Tourism, Water
W Supply, Se
ewerage and Inndividual Sewagee Treatment
Chapteer 2: Tourism Development
D

Chaptter 2. T
Tourism Developm
D ment
2.1. Current Situation of Tourism S
Sector in Bohol
B

2.1.1. Bohol Tourrism Overv

view

Bohol provvince is located, about 6226km south of Manila, att the heart off the Centrall Visayas.
It is compoosed of one laarge island, nnamely “Bohhol Island”, an
nd numerouss small islandds such as
“Panglao Island”
I and “Lapinig Issland”. Som me noteworth hy exampless of Bohol’ss tourism
would be its most uniq que and best kknown feature “Chocolatte Hills” andd “Tarsier”, which
w can
attract manny domestic and foreign tourists. It is noted thaat other excelllent examplles are its
beautiful and
a comfortaable places, P Panglao beacch resorts and
d historical SSpanish herittage sites
consisting of archeolog gical and relligious monu uments such as the Baclaayon Church h. Bohol
has experieenced a boom m in tourismm and tourist arrivals havee been increaasing rapidly
y and it is
surely expeected that thiis trend will continue.

Chocollate Hills Tarrsier Panglao Beach Baclayon Church

Source: JICA Study
S Team

Figure 2.1-1
2 Outsttanding To
ourism Resources of B
Bohol

2.1.2. C
Current To
ourism Situ
uations

1) Tourist Arrrivals

The annuaal volume off tourist arrivvals in 2010 was approx ximately 3300,000, 69 % of which
were domeestic tourists and 31 % weere foreign toourists. Reggarding the fo
foreign tourisst volume
by countryy, the largest one is Chinaa with a 20%
% share of thee total amouunt of foreign
n tourists,
followed by
b Taiwan (13 3%), USA (112%), South Korea (9%) and Japan (66%).

Tourists for Bohol in 2010 Foreign Tourists forr Bohol in 2010

Foreign Others China
C
31% 15% 20%
Oceania
3%
Europe
14% Taiwan
13%

North America Korea

K
Domestic Other Asia
12% Japan 9%
69% 8% 6%

Source: JICA
A Study Team (Daata source from D
DOT)

Figure 2.1-2 To
Tourist Arriv
vals by County in 20110

The annuaal tourist arriv

val growth rrate in the laast decade is approximateely 15% baseed on the
80,000 arriivals in 2001
1. It should be noted thaat the annual growth ratee of foreign arrivals
a in

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the same period is 22% which is a larger growth than the domestic tourist arrivals.

Tourist Arrivals 2001-2010

334,212
350,000 China Taiwan USA Korea Japan Others Foreign Domestic 315,242

282,498
300,000
244,718
250,000 219,311

187,991
200,000 161,661

128,899
150,000
92,752
81,040
100,000

50,000

0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Source: JICA Study Team (Data source from DOT)

Figure 2.1-3 Tourist Arrivals Transition 2001-2010

Share Transition among Main Foreign Counties 2001-2010

100%
Other Foreign

75%

Japan
50% Korea
USA
Taiwan
25%
China

0%
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Source: JICA Study Team (Data source from DOT)

Figure 2.1-4 Tourist Arrivals Share among Main Foreign Countries 2001-2010

The arrival transition by month in 2010 shows that there were three peaks of arrival volumes
throughout a year, as an illustration; April was the highest peak and September was the lowest.

Tourist Arrivals by Month in 2010

40,000
Foreign Domestic
35,000

30,000

25,000
26,854 19,348
19,378
20,000 23,466 21,052
17,290 18,041
14,883 17,854 18,667 18,464
15,000 15,985

10,000
11,076 12,339
5,000 9,486 8,733 8,465 8,529 9,273
7,529 7,150 6,402 6,790 7,158

0 January February March April May June July August September October November December

Source: JICA Study Team (Data source from DOT)

Figure 2.1-5 Tourist Arrivals by Months in 2010

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Regarding the purpose of the arrivals, Purpose of the Arrivals

“Leisure” is the main purpose which Others
Business
VFR 4%
dominates more than 50% share, followed 17%
22%
by “VFR (Visiting friends and relatives)”
(22%), “Business” (17%) and “MICE
MICE Leisure
(Meeting, Incentive, Convention and 6% 51%
Exhibition)” (6%).
Source: BTO and JICA Study Team Survey
Figure 2.1-6 Purpose of Tourist
Arrivals

2) Tourism Resources

Natural Resources

In Bohol, there are five NIPAS (National Integrated Protected Area System) designated by
DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources) to protect the natural resources,
namely Rajah Sikatuna (10,451ha), Chocolate Hills (19,410 ha), Loboc (10,387ha),
Alejawan-Cansuhay-Anibongan River (3,620ha) and a total 10 of Wilderness Areas and
Mangrove Swamp Forest Reserves (8,772ha). It shows a characteristic that all types of natural
resources, meaning terrestrial, terrestrial water and ocean water, are designated and protected
as NIPAS’s in the provincial area.

Table 2.1-1 List of NIPAS

Name Area
Rajah Sikatuna Protected Landscape (National Park) 10,451 ha
Chocolate Hills Natural Monument 19,410 ha
Loboc Watershed Forest Reserve 10,387 ha
Alejawan-Cansuhay-Anibongan River Watershed Forest Reserve 3,620 ha
Wilderness Areas (a total of 10 components) 2,092 ha
Mangrove Swamp Forest Reserve 8,772 ha
Source: PPDO

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Chapteer 2: Tourism Development
D

Source: PDPFP: Provin

ncial Developmennt & Physical Fraamework Plan (20
010: Bohol Proviince)

Figurre 2.1-7 Pro

otected Are
eas Map

According to the result of the “Tourrists Question nnaire Survey”, some of tthe most majjor places
tourists vissited are thee Chocolate Hills, Panglao Beach, Man Made Forest, Lob boc River
Cruises annd Baclayon Church, whiich are almo d along the aaxis running from the
ost all located
center of city
c of Tagbilaran to the C Chocolate Hills.
H As a result,
r it is cllear that currrently the
tourism baase-area tend ds to concenntrate only on o Panglao Island and T Tagbilaran Ciity. The
“Tourists Questionnair
Q re Survey” wwas conducteed by JICA Study Team m in this stud dy as the
outline shoowed the nex xt page and thhe result attaached the apppendix.

Visit Placess in Bohol

300
250
113
3 Forreigner
200
96 91 Dommestic
88 65
150 60
71
62
100 165
5
40
22 31
122 126 113 118 116 20
50 96 79 77 64
31 19 17
34
51 39 38 16 3 51
34 16 18 15 19 1
11 5
4 7 6
2 1
6
0
s
r
oc)

h
a ch

ct

ar m

ach
ry)

ar k
ch

ing
t

and

na
ls

ark
ave

ge
dge
nte

nd

her
c R Fores

ur c
ruis

hi n
a
Hil

atu
ill a
tua

Div
mp

rsi e r (L ob

Isla

vP
u

ri P
Be

Be
Ce

Ot
eF

Bri
nC

k Is
atc
Ch

Ch
rC

tV
te

Si k
anc
Co

Ad
da

Ag
ao

Be

s ag
ol a

a de

a na

rfly

ng
in W

a no
ao
ive

yon

uha
e

An
ng l

j ah
r (S
od

ng i

vao
oc

ng l

ay
rsi

hol

l ica
tte
nM

agd

Lam
cl a

lph

mb
Blo
Pa

Ra
Ch

Ub
Ha
Ta

Pa
Bo

Bu

Da
Ba
Ba
bo

Hin

Do
Ma

Ca
Lo

Ta

Source: JICA
A Study Team (To
ourists Questionnnaire Survey)

Figure 2.1-8
8 Tourists’ Visit
V Places in Bohol

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Table 2.1-2 Outline of the Survey

Survey Name Tourist Questionnaire Survey

Date of the Survey Peak Season One day in weekday
(May) - 13th May 2011 (Friday) 8:00 – 17:00 (9 hour inc. lunch)
Ordinary Season One day in weekend
(July) - 9th July 2011 (Saturday) 8:00 – 17:00 (9 hour inc. lunch)
One day in weekday
- 14th July 2011 (Thursday) 8:00 – 17:00 (9 hour inc. lunch)
Purpose of the Survey To grasp information date of tourism sector
Target Place Tagbilaran Airport
Tagbilaran Seaport
Tubigon Seaport (only July)
Ubay Seaport (only July)
Jagna Seaport (only July)
Method Face to face individually
Total Sample 390 Samples
- 121 in May
- 269 in July
Questionnaires - General Information (Nationality, Purpose, Accompanies, etc.)
- Tourism Information (Staying Days, Place, Spending Money, etc.)
- Trip Course (Itinerary, Hometown, etc.)
- Visit Place, Activity in Bohol
- About Eco-tourism
- Opinion
Source: JICA Study Team

Tarsier

The Tarsier, which is one of the most attractive tourism resources of Bohol, lives mainly in the
Southeast-Asia region. The “Philippines Tarsier” (Scientific name: Tarsius syrichta), a species
in the Tarsier family, lives not only in Bohol but also in Samar, Lyte and Mindanao and are
now endangered, consequently, registered “NT (Near Threatened)” species in the Red List of
IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). The primary consideration should
be that Bohol is the largest habitat for Philippines Tarsier to secure their sustainable existence
for the future. According to the Tarsier sanctuary staff, the estimation of current population
size is between 500 to 1,000 animals and, at the moment, they are only living in the south-west
area of the Bohol Island. They are nocturnal creatures feeding on live insects etc. It is
estimated that one animal needs one hectare habitat or more because they are basically solitary
animals acting in isolation not in groups. For tourists, there are 6 or 7 souvenir shops,
where one can watch and take pictures of Tarsiers along the road to Chocolate Hills, it is,
however, illegal to keep Tarsiers in the such shops and cages. Now Local Government
Units (LGU) are trying to eliminate this kind of business.

Coral Reefs

In Bohol, four coral reefs are still in good condition with large-scale spreads, namely the
Bohol marine triangle (Alona-Balicasag-Pamilacan) area, the Cabilao reef area, the Danajon
double barrier reef area, and the Anda reef area; these are obviously popular spots for diving.
Although damages of coral reefs by diving activities are not so serious until now, but it could
become a serious problem due to rapidly increasing diving tourism.

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According to the result of the Tourists Questionnaire Survey, the most major diving spots are
Panglao Island, followed by Balicasag Island. All tourists who enjoyed diving in Bohol
answered that current coral conditions were excellent, good or normal.

Diving Spots
Foreigner
30
Domestic
25
20
20
15
13
10
5 8 7 4 3
0 1 1
Panglao Island Balicasag Island Pamilacan Island Anda Peninsula

Coral Reef Conditions

25
20 Foreigner
Domestic
15 16
10 11
5 7
4 3 1
2
0 1
Excellent Good Normal Partly Much
Damaged Damaged
Source: JICA Study Team (Tourists Questionnaire Survey)

Figure 2.1-9 Visited Diving Spots and Coral Reef Conditions

Regarding Bohol’s coral reefs, Siliman University in Negros Island carried out a survey for
grasping the current conditions and to propose a sustainable capacity of Balicasag coral reef, a
few years ago. In this proposal, the maximum user volume (diving and snorkeling) should be
less than 5,000 – 6,000 persons per one site per year, it is, however, estimated that more than
21,000 persons, meaning three times more than the maximum volume, are currently using one
site in Balicasag in one year.

In some famous spots for coral reefs such as Apo Island, south of Negros, a system of a
“Sanctuary Fee” has been introduced and now operates with in the Philippines. In fact, a
similar system was introduced in Panglao Island several years ago, however it has been
canceled after a three weeks trial period because of strong oppositions by diving shops due to
a dispute on how to use this fee.

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Source: JICA
A Study Team

Figure 2.1--10 Tourism

m Resources Map

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3) Tourism Characteristics

It can be said that Cebu’s tourism is a kind of “Mass Tourism” which can accept a very large
volume of tourists through its international airport. In contrast, Bohol appeals to “Eco Tourism”
for its appeal for typical and attractive natural resources, such as the Chocolate Hills and
Tarsiers. However, at the moment, Bohol’s tourism seems not to be real “Eco Tourism.”
Eco tourism should be based on the principles of “Sustainability,” “Biodiversity
Conservation,” “Community and Stakeholder Participation,” “Local Economic Benefits”
and “Quality of Visitor Experience” according to "Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism
Framework Plan of Bohol." Current tourism style of Bohol as mentioned below would not
contribute such principles of eco tourism.

All existing tourism resources can easily become short-time tourism resources which are not
able to keep tourists to stay in Bohol for a long time. However, it would be more difficult if
these tourism resources make long-time resources without any plans, efforts, or creative ideas
by all people and organizations concerned. It is very important that all existing tourism
resources connect to long-time resources to keep tourists staying in Bohol a longer time.

Tourism Resources Tourism Activities

Beach/Island (ex: Panglao Island) Swimming/Snorkeling

Reef/Marine (ex: Balicasag Island) Diving

Hill/Peak (ex: Chocolate Hills) Dolphin Watching

Forest Hiking/Trekking

Long-time Tourism
Waterfall Camping

River/Mangrove Kayaking

Cave River Cruising

Wildlife (ex: Tarsier) Caving

Spring/Autumn Wildlife Watching

Handicraft/Local Living Craft Making/Watching

Choir Farming/Farm Watching

Historical/Cultural Site Concert Listening

Park/Garden/Museum Sight Seeing Short-time Tourism

Source: JICA Study Team

Figure 2.1-11 Tourism Resources and Activities in Bohol

In addition, the accessibility of information related to tourism is currently insufficient; hence

ordinary tourists are not able to easily access the full amount of tourist information other than
via an aggressive method by drivers at the airport or seaports. It is likely that such kind of
tours are “Mass Tourism”, just going through the main tourist spots within a short time,
respectively in half a day or at maximum one day, even though “one day” tourists to Bohol are
few, most tourists do stay in Bohol at least one night.

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2.1.3. T
Tourism In
ndustry

1) Gateways (Airport and

a Seapo
orts)

The main gateways

g of Bohol are cconsists of on
ne airport and five seapoorts, namely Tagilaran
T
Airport, Tagbiralan
T Seeaport, Tubiggon Seaportt, Talibon Seaport, Ubayy Seaport an nd Jagna
Seaport.

The annual throughput of tourists thhrough thesee gateways iss approximattely 280,000 tourist at
the airport (2009) and 1,960,000 toourists at the combined seeaports (20100).

Tubig
gon Seaport Talibon Seap
port

Tagbila
aran Airport Ubay Seaport

Source: JJICA Study Team

m

Tagbilarran Seaport Jagna Seapo

ort
Figure 2.1-12 Loc
cation of an
n Airport an
nd main Seeaports

Disembarkedd Passenger Numbeer by Seaports in 2010

2
Looking ata the share among the m main Jetafe
Other
Catagbacan Government
4%
seaports Taagbilaran (43
3%) and Tubbigon 2% Ports
Tagbilaran
Ubaay 0%
7%% 43%
(33%) dom minate with a combined sshare
of about 80%, follow wed by sm maller
shares of Jagna
J (8%) and Ubay ((7%).
Many forreign tourists tend to use
Tagbilarann Seaport and Tubbigon Tuubigon
3
33% Talibon Jagna
Seaport., not
n other seap ports. 3% 8%

Sourcee: JICA Study Team

T

Figure
F 2.1-1
13 Usage S
Share of Se
eaports

Trip routess from main seaports are as below. Only

O Cebu, Dumaguete
D ((Negros) and
d Siquijor
are within two hours reeach from Taablilaran Seap
port.

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able 2.1-3 Shipping

Ta S DDestinationns from Boh
hol Seaporrts
Bohol Destinaations Frrequency Travel Ave.Fee
A TTotal Daily Capacity
C
Seaport (daily) Time (peso) (O
One way) (Rough Estimation)
Tagbilarann Ceb bu 115 ships 2 hours 460 4,000 person ns/ day
Negross (Du) 2 2 hours 680 600 persons/ day
Mindanaao (Da) 1+ 4 hours 950 300 persons/ day
+
Siquuijor 1 2 hours 520 700 persons/ day
Mannila ( 1/week) 27
2 hours 1,320 ((200 persons// week)
Tubigon Ceb bu 16-19 1.5
1 hours 200 2,000 person ns/ day
Talibon Ceb bu 2 2 hours 300 200 personss/ week
Ubay Leyte (M
Ma etc.) 3 3 hours 220 700 persons/ day
Ceb bu 1 5 hours 250 300 persons/ day
Jagna Camiguin 1 2 hours 550 300 personss/ day
Mindanaao (Ca) 1+ 4 hours 900 300 personss/ day
Source: JICA Study
S Team

CA Study Team
Source: JIC

Figu
ure 2.1-14 Destination Map

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Source: JIC
CA Study Team

Figure 2.1
1-15 Time versus
v Distance Map
p

According to the resultt of the Touriists Question nnaire Survey y, many touriists visit as well
w other
islands andd cities such
h as Cebu, M Manila, Boraacay and Palawan in adddition to Boh hol. It is
noted that more than on ne third of alll tourists vissiting Bohol also visit Ceebu.

Other Visiting Places

P in Phil
0 5
50 100 150

Cebu 110
Manila 84
Boracay 54
wan
Palaw 32
Mindanao 23
Luzon (Centtral) 13
Neggros 12
Luzon (North) 11
Leeyte 7
Minddoro 5
Siquuijor 4
Luzon (Biccol) 3
Panay 2
mar
Sam 1

Soource: JICA Stud

dy Team (Touristss Questionnaire Survey)

Figure 2.1-16 Otherr Visiting Places

P in Ph
hilippines

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2) Tourism Facility

In Bohol, the total number of accommodation facilities is 202 with a combined total of 3,107
rooms; occupation rates are estimated to be approximately 70%. The accommodation
facilities are mainly located on Panglao Island and in Tagbilaran City.

Number of Accommodation Facilities and Rooms

60 1,200

50 No. of Facilities 1,000

No. of Rooms
No. of Facilities

40 800

No. of Rooms
30 600

20 400

10 200

0 0
s

n
Ta lao

on

rs
da

ay

on
n

a
e
go
wi

gn
ra

lap
yo

he
An

Ub
lib

Lo
ng

Da

bi
ila

Ja
cla

Ca

Ot
Ta
Tu
Pa

gb

Ba

Source: JICA Study Team (PPDO data)

Figure 2.1-17 Number of Accommodation Facilities and Rooms

According to the result of the Tourists Questionnaire Survey, on average, tourists stayed for
3.78 nights and spent a total cost of 19,219 peso during their stay in Bohol.

Table 2.1-4 Stay Nights and Spend Money in Bohol

Stay Nights in Average Spend Money in Average

3.78 nights 19,219 peso
Source: JICA Study Team (Tourists Questionnaire Survey)

Spend Money in Bohol

200
Foreigner
150 33
Domestic
100
140
50 27 24
39 14 10 6 20
29 11 12
0
-9999peso 10,000- 20,000- 30,000- 40,000- 50,000p-
19,999p 29,999p 39,999p 49,999p

Source: JICA Study Team (Tourists Questionnaire Survey)

Figure 2.1-18 Spend Money in Bohol

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The result of the Tourists Questionnaire Survey also shows that tourists’ satisfaction regarding
the current airport in comparison with other infrastructure conditions, such as the seaports, is
very low.

Current Conditions of Bohol

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Information for Tourists 225 104

Accommodation 245 83

Restaurants/Shops 232 103

Cultural/Historical Sites 258 65

Nature and Wildlife 269 64

Road Network 161 189

Transportation 189 152

Airport 110 145

Seaport 181 125

Sewerage 142 129

Solid Waste 158 135

No Problem Should be improved

Source: JICA Study Team (Tourists Questionnaire Survey)

Figure 2.1-19 Tourists’ Satisfaction of Current Infrastructure Conditions

Regarding the industrial structure (employee’s volume) of Bohol, primary (agriculture)

industry is 41.8%, secondary industry is 22.5% and tertiary (service) industry is 35.7%. In
comparison with Cebu, of which the primary industry stands at 23.8%, Bohol’s primary
industry is still more active.

Employed Persons
100%

35.7% 40.5% 35.5%

75% 49.6%

8.7% 9.7%
22.5%
50%
26.6%
25% 51.1% 51.6%
41.8%
23.8%
0%
Bohol Cebu Negros Oriental Siquijor

Agriculture Industry Service

Source: JICA Study Team (Date Source from PDPFP)

Figure 2.1-20 Industrial Structure

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2.1.4. Organizations and Regulations

1) Organization and Human Resources

One of the most important organizations related to the Bohol tourism sector is BTO (Bohol
Tourism Office) which belongs to the SEEM (Social, Economic, Development and
Environment Management) Cluster in the Bohol Province. Currently the Bohol Tourism
Office has a staff of 13. The PPDO (Provincial Planning Department Office) plays a role in the
comprehensive planning of the Bohol Province. Figure 2.1-21 shows the Bohol local
government’s institutional arrangement for tourism. Tourism councils are private entities,
the memberships of which usually comprise of 60% private entities and 40% government
representatives. The councils help to organize the local tourism industry into a cohesive
organization that promotes the growth of the sector and the area.

National Line Agencies

Level (DOT, DENR, etc.)

Provincial Bohol Governor Bohol Tourism Bohol Tourism

Level Office (BTO) Council

Municipal City and Municipal City and Municipal City and Municipal
Level Mayor Tourism Office Tourism Council

Source: JICA Study Team (Date Source from Sustainable Tourism Management Plan for the Central Philippines)

Figure 2.1-21 Bohol Government Institutional Arrangements for Tourism

There is a system of registered tour guides in Philippines and currently 70 tour guides are
registered in Bohol (2009). To be an accredited tour guide, the following three steps must be
followed, as shown in Table 2.1-5.

Table 2.1-5 Required Steps to be a Tour Guide

Steps Contents
Step 1 One must undergo and pass the panel screening for the Basic Tour Guiding
Training Course by the Department of Tourism (DOT) and should submit the
following required documents:
- Duly accomplished application form from DOT secretariat
- Certified true copy of Transcript of Records
- Copy of diploma as proof of finishing a 4 year course
- Certificate of good health issued by government physician
- 1 pc. 2x2 recent I.D. photo
- Birth certificate
Step 2 The Basic Tour Guiding Training Course includes:
- 25-day training at least
- Oral and written examinations
- Mock tour
- Graduates of the course should likewise finish a 120-hour on-the-job
training with DOT accredited tour operator’s tour guide
Step 3 Accreditation
Source: JICA Study Team (Data source from BTO)

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Regarding the central government, the DOT (Department of Tourism) and DENR
(Department of Environment and Natural Resources) have responsibilities for the tourism
sector, though almost all government departments are affected to a greater or lesser degree by
the policy decisions and actions. DOT has a regional office in Cebu and the office dispatches
one officer to the Tagbilaran seaport in Bohol.

Additionally, the following key NGO’s are involved in tourism in the Central Philippines;

Table 2.1-6 List of NGO’s

Abb. Name
PRRCFI Philippine Reef and Rainforest Conservation Foundation Inc.
NFEFI Negros Forest and Ecological Foundation
PRRM Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement
CI Conservation International (Philippines)
WWF Worldwide Fund for Nature (Philippines)
HF Haribon Foundation
WBCP Wild Bird Club of Philippines
CCCI Coral Vay Conservation Inc.
Source: Sustainable Tourism Management Plan for the Central Philippines

2) Relevant Plans and Policies

On a national level, the “National Ecotourism Strategy (2002)” was formulated with a
principle of “Ecotourism for the Philippines”. In this strategy, Bohol is listed as one of the 32
“Key Ecotourism Sites”, of which six sites are located in Visaya region.

On a provincial level, the “Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan

(2010-2015)” was formulated with a vision of “Green Bohol !” and three strategies being
“Green Agri-based Economic Development”, “Eco-Cultural Tourism” and “Public-Private
Partnership”.

According to the Bohol Tourism Office, the “Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism
Framework Plan of Bohol (2006-2015)” has little effect on Bohol’s on-going tourism
programs. Additionally, the “Tourism Master Plan on the Tourism Clusters of Bohol
Province” has been formulated, but not yet received Congressional approval. Consequently,
Bohol’s tourism programs are in progress without any official plans.

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Table 2.1-7 List of Relevant Policies and Plans

Level Name
International Global Agenda 21
Agenda 21 for Travel and Tourism
United Unions Commission of Sustainable Development
Commission on International Treaties and Agreements
National EO111 – Guidelines for Ecotourism Development in Philippines
Republic Act 7586 or NIPAS Act for Protected Area
PD 705 – Revised Forestry Code of the Philippines – 1975
PD 856 – Code on Sanitation of Philippines of 1975
PD 1067 – Water Code of the Philippines – 1976
Philippines Agenda 21 of 1990
PD 1152 – Philippine Environment Code- 1977
PD 1586 – Environmental Impact Assessment System of 1978
1987 Philippine Constitution
The Medium Term Philippine Development Plan 1999-2004
Sustainable Tourism Development Framework
Tourism Master Plan for 1991-2010
Republic Act 8371 or the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act
Joint DENR-DOT Memorandum Circular – Guidelines for Ecotourism Development
DENR Memorandum Circular – Guidelines for Ecological Destination Development and
Management in the Philippines
Republic Act 7160 – Local Government Code of 1991
Republic Act 6969 – Toxic and Hazardous Wastes Control Act of 1990
Republic Act 7076 – Small Scale Mining Law
Republic Act 7942 – Philippines Mining At of 1995
Executive Order 247 – The Bio-prospecting of Biological and Genetic Resources of 1996
Republic Act 8550 – Revised Fishery Code of 1998
Republic Act 8749 – Clean Air Act of 1999
Republic Act 9003 – Solid Waste Management Act
Republic Act 9072 – Cave and Cave Resources Management and Protection Act of 2001
Republic Act 9147 – Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act of 2001
Republic Act 9275 – Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
Provincial Bohol Environmental Code of 1998
Executive Order No.02 – Banning the extraction of sand and gravel within protected areas
and environmentally critical areas
Executive Order No. 13 – Enforcing the salvage zone, sanitation laws and demolition of
structures along the shorelines
Bohol Agenda 21 of 1999
Medium Term Development Plan CY 2004-2009 (Bohol Province)
Bohol Integrated Development Plan (DOT 2002)
Provincial Tourism Sketch Plan (1998)
Central Visayas Tourism Master Plan (1997)
Bohol Eco-Tourism Development Framework (1997)
Panglao Island Tourism Development Plan (1995)
Area Plan for Panglao Island (1991)
Source: Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism Framework Plan of Bohol 2006-2015

According to BTO, priority development projects in 2011 are the “Product Development and
Assistance”, “Tourism Marketing and Promotions”, “Office Facilities and Staff Capacity
Enhancement”, “Management Information System” and the “Provincial Tourism Council
Administration”. Based on the above, it is reasonable to assume that the Bohol tourism
focuses on development related to product, capacity and information.

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Table 2.1-8 Priority Development Projects of 2011

Rank Program/Project/Activity Description

1st Product Development and Assistance Program
a) Community Tourism Assistance Program
b) Tourism and Related Establishments Standardization
Program
2nd Tourism Marketing and Promotions
3rd Office Facilities and Staff Capacity Enhancement Programs
4th Management Information System Program
5th Provincial Tourism Council Programs and Administration
6th Tourism Services
7th Policy Standards Development
8th EMS (Environment Management System) Support Program
Source: BTO Information

The Bohol province is divided into five tourism clusters to aim further tourism development,
taking advantage of their regional characteristics and regional strengths.

For Panglao Island, the “Tourism Development Guidelines” has been formulated as shown in
the Table 2.1-9.

Table 2.1-9 Table of Contents

of Panglao Island Tourism Development Guidelines

Rule Titles
Rule Ⅰ Concepts and Definitions
Rule Ⅱ Administration
Rule Ⅲ Requirement for the Development of All Types of Establishment
Rule Ⅳ Development Guidelines
Rule Ⅴ Tourism Development Guidelines
Rule Ⅵ Physical Development Guidelines
Rule Ⅶ Social Development Guidelines
Rule Ⅷ Transitory Provision
Source: Panglao Island Tourism Development Guidelines

2.1.5. Over-Use Problems of Balicasag Island and Alona Beach

Balicasag Island is the one of the most famous spots of the beautiful coral reefs in the
Philippines, the number of divers and snorkelers are therefore rapidly increasing.
Especially snorkel use is a bigger potential problem of over-use, from viewpoint of carrying
capacity, because the volume of snorkelers is not required to be limited, but they are not
educated or trained of how to use the coral reefs unlike divers. Additionally, Alona Beach
in Panglao Island has more serious problems of over capacity of tourists, buildings of
inadequate status and other inadequate structures built along the beach.

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D

Source: Bohol Map (Bohhol Tourism Officce)

Figure 2.1-22
2 Loca
ation of Balicasag Isla
and Alona Beech

1) Outline of
o Balicasag Island

Balicasag Island
I has an
n area of 25 hha and is loccated 10 km from
f Panglaoo Island. The
T island
is surroundded by pure white beachhes without any
a piers. Coral
C reefs suurrounding the
t island
are renownned spots for divers. A As there are no regular ships
s to the iisland, tourist should
hire boats at Alona Beaach which taake about 45 minutes to reach
r the islaand.. The island has
one resort hotel, one school, onee church, 13 34 householdds and has a population n of 740
persons.

2) Coral Reefs

Six (6) maain diving sp

pots surrounnd the island, namely “M Marine Sanctuuary”, “Turtlle Point”,
“Diver’s Heaven”,
H “B
Black Forest””, “Royal Garden”
G and Cathedral”.. Of which, Marine
Sanctuary can be enjooyed not onlyy by diving but also by snorkeling. In the peaak season
from Marcch to May, more
m than 1000 boats comme to the islannd and its suurrounding areas with
many diverrs and snorkelers enjoyinng the beautiful coral reeffs.

Regarding Bohol’s corral reefs, Siliiman Univerrsity in Negros Island carrried out a su urvey for
grasping thhe current con
nditions and to propose a sustainable capacity of BBalicasag corral reef in
2005 and 2006.
2 In this proposal, tthe maximumm user volumme (diving annd snorkeling g) should
be less thann 5,000 – 6,0
000 persons pper one site per
p year, it iss, however, eestimated thaat already
more than 21,000 persons, meaninng three timees more than the maximuum volume, are using
one site in Balicasag in
n one year. The target sites
s of the survey
s were “Marine Sanctuary”,
“Diver’s Heaven”
H and “Black Fore st”.

In Panglaoo Municipaliity, a “Envirronmental Usage

U Fee (Saanctuary Feee)” was introduced a
few years ago to collecct 100 Pesoss from a diveer and 50 Peesos from a ssnorkeler forr one day
entry fee, it was, howwever, cancelled by oppo ositions of lo
ocal peoples and shops. On the
other handd, in Apo Islaand next to N
Negros, underr managemennt by Silimann University
y a similar
system is ongoing by y collecting 500 Pesos from each diverd and 3 50 Pesos frrom each
snorkeler for
f one day entry
e fee.

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Chapter 2: Tourism Development

3) Dolphin Watching

Around Balicasag Island and Pamilacan Island, tourists can also enjoy “Dolphin Watching”
during the time from 6 to 8 o’clock in the morning by means of hiring boat at a cost of 2,000
Pesos per person. The dolphins can appear in schools of more than a 100 dolphins and
sometimes they can be enjoyed in company of a whale.

4) One Resort Hotel

“Balicasag Island Dive Resort” is the only hotel on Balicasag Island, it has 20 cottages and 2
family rooms. The main purpose for visiting the hotel seems to be for the purpose of
diving, therefore the visitors tend to be repeaters and they provide 80% of the hotel’s annual
occupancy, meaning 2,000 persons. The hotel has been launched in 1989 and was renewed
in 2006. The hotel has an area of 1.5ha and is managed by TIEZA (Tourism Infrastructure
and Enterprise Zone Authority).

5) Problems and Issues

Diving and snorkeling are gradually becoming a problem of over-use around Balicasag
Island and Alona Beach. Snorkel-use has a bigger problem especially in the peak season
because more than 100 snorkelers are grouping together at the same time at same place.
Additionally the fact that snorkelers do not need to be educated, trained and registered
makes the problem more serious, in contrast, divers-use could be limiting due to the required
training and registration system which carries a much higher cost. All this will lead to an
increase of the snorkelers’ bad behavior such as tramping, kicking or stepping on the coral or
even collecting the coral. According to major opinions from the divers who have been
continuously visited around the area , the status of the coral reefs in Balicasag Island still
seem to be in a good condition similar as before, however in contrast, one coral reef in
Alona Beach seems to be much worse than before.

With the dolphin watching around Balicasag Island, more than 30 boats with big engine
noise levels rush toward the schools of dolphins during their surface floating time. When
boats approach the dolphins closely, the dolphins tend to go down under the water surface
level. Consequently, the watching activities disturb the dolphins’ natural swimming habit.
In the peak season of April and May, the number of boats seems to increase to more than 50
boats, it can be assumed that over capacity has already been reached.

Inland of Balicasag Island, recently the problem of a growing number of residents is likely
to appear. The Original 20 households have recently grown to a current of 134 households.
It shall cause nature pollutants such as sewerage, solid waste or cutting trees. Also the
island has a land responsibility (ownership) problem among the Navy, Coastal Guard,
TIEZA or Panglao Municipality. Therefore Bohol Province tries to coordinate these
organizations.

On the other hand, Alona Beach has more serious problems of over capacity of tourists and
buildings of inadequate status and other inadequate structures built along the beach.

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According to the laws and regulattions, buildin

ngs should be
b set back 220m from th he coastal
line, howeever many bu
uildings suchh as restauraants and sho
ops are illegaally built beeyond the
regulated line.
l

View of Balicasag
B Islaand View of Baalicasag Resoort Hotel

Houses inn Balicasag Island: houuseholds in Dolphin Watching:

W booats rush too floating
the islandd are graduallly increasingg dolphins an
nd sometimess disturb them

Many boaats in Alona Beech: for diving and Alona Beach: buildinggs have been
n built too
snorkelingg, boats waait for visittors while close to thee coastal linee
floating
Source: JICA Study
S Team

Figure
e 2.1-23 Vie
ews and Prroblems off Balicasag
g Island and
d Alona Be
each

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2.1.6. T
Trials for Community
C y-Based To
ourism Development

Not only Panglao

P and Tagbilaran bbut also otheer municipaliities are mannaging to utiilize their
tourism ressources by means
m of deveelopment of community--based tourissm with strenngthening
of their loccal characteristics. Bohhol Province has just startted to promoote a conceptt of “One
Town Onee Attraction”” hence com mmunity-baseed tourism development
d shall progreess in all
municipaliities in Bohol in the futurre.

In this studdy, four (4) examples off community

y-based touriism are introoduced as fo
ollows; in
Danao, Buuenavista, Anda and Lobboc. It is expected
e thaat these exammples will more
m and
more lead the develop pment of commmunity-bassed tourism and
a developp the “One Town
T One
Attraction”” concept..

Tab
ble 2.1-10 Four
F Examp
ples of Com
mmunity-B
Based Tourrism

M
Municipalityy Tour
T Name Characteriistics
D
Danao Danao Ad
dventure Parkk A tour that one of the ppoorest municipalities
creeated one of the most attrractive spotss.
B
Buenavista Cambuhatt Village Ecoo-Tour A tour which can enjoy leearning locaal farming
nd eating locaal farm produucts and oystters.
an
A
Anda Lamanok Island Eco-ccultural A tour which introducees local naature and
xperience Toour
Mystic Ex hisstorical cultu
ure through loocal fisheries.
L
Loboc Loboc Riv
ver Cruise A tour which utilizes chharacteristicss of local
peeople who lov
ve music andd instrumentss.
Souurce: JICA Studyy Team

Source: JICA Study Teeam

Figure 2.1-24 Locatio

ons of Fou
ur Examples Municipaalities

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1) Example in Danao Municipalit

M ty

“Danao Addventure Parrk”, a large--scale adven nture site, is funded andd operated by b Danao
Municipaliity. It has an area of 60ha and many m activitiies such as “Plunge”, “Caving”,
“
“Zipline”, etc. From 2009 when it opened, many m touristss visited here
re and now ana annual
number off visitors counts stands at 60.000 persons.
p Maany domestiic students visit
v here
during theiir educationaal tours to ennjoy stimulaating experien nces, becausse Bohol is originally
o
one of thee most famous destinatioons of educaational tourss in Philippin ines. Initiall cost for
constructioon was 12 million
m peso and the earn ning in 2009 9 was 17 mimillion Pesos,, in 2010
their earniing was 32 million Pes os. Althou ugh there aree only eightt (8) accomm modation
rooms currrently, the Paark has planss to expand itts accommod dation and reestaurant faciilities.

Danao wass in fact onee of the pooorest municip palities in Bohol in 20033, for the puurpose to
improve itts conditionn, this advennture site wasw construccted to creaate new emp ployment
especially for the poor and to ddevelop thee local econ nomy. Now w the Park employs
approximaately 100 stafff. At the ssite, visitors can enjoy “CCaving” at onne of the thrree caves.
It takes onne and a half hours forr the easiest cave tour, the t more chhallenging caave tours
require a much
m longer time. The concept of a maximum carrying cappacity for caaving was
introducedd, now the maaximum voluume of userss is regulated to 20 peoplee per cave peer day.

“Plunge” “Cav
ving” Recepption and Restaurant
Source: JICA Study
S Team

Figurre 2.1-25 Ex
xample of “Danao
“ Adventure Paark”

2) Example in Buenav
vista Munic
cipality

Buenavistaa is located at
a the north ppart of Boholl Island wherre it takes a ttravel time of
o two (2)
hours by car
c to reach Buenavistaa from Tagbiilaran City. Buenavista is famous for f oyster
farming and
a the “CCambuhat V Village Eco-T Tour” is in n operationn now whicch takes
approximaately 3-4 hours. This touur is a packaage of a river cruise, obseerving oysterr farming,
lunch incluuding oyster cuisine and a cultural dance
d show, which
w cost 6650 Pesos peer person.
Obviously the main salles point of tthis tour is th
he oysters, which
w visitorss can enjoy observing
o
and eating. The numb ber of visitoors is increasing from 100-200 personns/year at th he time of
opening too 800 persons/year currenntly, Koreans, Americans and Japaneese form the majority
of the forreign visitorss. Accordinng to an op perative man nager, 1,0000 persons/year is the
maximum carrying cap pacity of the Eco-Tour.

In 1999, a Peoples’ Orrganization w was organizeed and the tour has been launched fro om 2000.
Now the tour is operaated by the JJoint Project of Peoples’ Organizatioon and the LGU. L The
LGU starteed to supportt the tour in 22005 with th
he constructio
on of two resst facilities, which
w are

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located at each the staart-place andd the destinaation-place. Additionallly from 2008 a LGU
staff has beeen dispatched in supporrt of the busin
ness manageement.

R
River Cruise Oyster Farming
F Culltural Dance Show
Source: JICA Study
S Team

Figure 2.1-26
2 Exam
mple of “Ca
ambuhat Village
V Eco--Tour”

3) Example in Anda Municipality

M y

Anda is loccated on a peeninsula at thhe south-easst part of Boh

hol Island annd has beautiiful white
sandy beacches and corral reefs, so ccalled “The second Pang glao”. Andda has the po otential to
be one of o the biggest tourism m destination ns, and now w with thee construction of a
circumfereential -road around the island tourrists can arrrive here w within 2 hou urs from
Tagbilarann. In 2006 the t local fishhermen’ orgaanization (BA AFIAS) startted the prepaaration of
the “Lamaanok Island Eco-cultural
E MMystic Expeerience Tour”” it was launcched in 2010
0. In the
tour, visitoors can enjooy beautiful landscapes of mangrov ves, small isslands and historical
remains. The numberr of visitors seems to in ncrease graduually althouggh exact nummbers are
unknown as a only receently the couunting of visitors has sttarted. Conncerning the share of
visitors, doomestic visitors dominatee with 60% anda foreign visitors
v standds at 40%. The tour
costs 275 Pesos
P includiing a tour guuide and a riv
ver cruise.

The tour started und der the suppport framew work of “P Philippine AAustralia Co ommunity
Assistancee Program (PAACAP)” for the purposee of developiing local toururism and eco onomy as
well as maaintaining lo
ocal resourcees and in suppport of pov
verties. Thiis assistance program
was finisheed in 2009, following
f whhich the BAFFIAS operatees the tour suupported by the
t LGU.
The LGU supports,
s am
mong others ththe construction of pedestrian wood ddecks, emplo oyment of
staffs for site
s managem ment, appeall and advertiisement of th
he tour, educcation and trraining of
staffs.

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Lam
manok Island
d W
Wood Deck in
i Mangrovee A Tour Guid
de
Source: ANDA
A Homepage (left)), JICA Study Teaam (center and rig
ght)

Figu
ure 2.1-27Ex
xample of “Lamanok
k Island Tou
ur”

4) Example in Loboc Municipalit

M ty

Loboc is located
l along the way tto the Choco olate Hills, it
i takes less than one hour from
Tagbilarann City by caar. “Loboc River Cruisee” is a very popular touur to serve lunch l for
tourists whho visit the Chocolate
C Hiills. In the cruise, tourissts can enjoyy buffet stylee lunch or
dinner, andd a one hourr river cruisee. During th he cruise, tou
urists also ennjoy entertaiinment of
singing annd dancing by local dresssed ladies. The cruise operates eveeryday and costs c 300
Pesos per person
p for lu
unch or 450 PPesos per perrson for dinn
ner.

Onlyat the dinner cruisse on Friday and Saturdaay, tourists caan enjoy the “Loboc You uth Band”
after the crruise in a sm
mall concert hhall next to pier
p by payin ng an additioonal 100 Pesos. The
band’s mem mbers seem tot be mainlyy composed of o junior highh-school andd high schooll students
and they play
p saxophones, flutes, ttrumpets, obo oes and so on.
o The bannd entices th
he tourists
for one andd a half hourrs with sophi sticated mov vements simiilar to a marcching band.

In fact, Looboc Municiipality is fammous as the “Music Capital” of Bohhol. Originaally local
people lovve music and playing insttruments. It can be saidd that Loboc makes the maximum
m
use of its local characcteristic and strength in combination
n with a goood location to attract
tourists.

River Cruuise Entertaiinment R

River Cruise Entertainmen
E nt Looboc Youth Band
B
Source: JICA Study
S Team

Figu
ure 2.1-28 E
Example of “Loboc River
R Cruisee”

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Chapter 2: Tourism Development

2.2. Suggested Direction toward Sustainable Tourism Development in Bohol

2.2.1. Planning Issues

1) Mitigating Environmental Impacts against Rapidly Increasing Tourists and

Securing Tourism Resources with Sustainability

1. Transition to Real “Eco-Tourism”

It is necessary to make a transition from the current “short-time-hopping-tourism” to real

“Eco-Tourism” and “Agri-Tourism” to increase the tourists’ satisfaction. Additionally, it will
be more effective to be a high-quality island by means of formulation of good landscape with
taking care of natural environment conservation.

2. Breakaway from Current Sole Tourism Base-area

It is necessary to break away from over-concentration of tourism base-areas in Panglao Island

and Tagbilaran City only; hence decentralization of tourism base-areas should be accelerated
by means of creation and enhancement of attractive and characteristic new tourism base-areas
such as at Anda and Calape.

2) Differentiating Bohol Tourism Style from Cebu’s International Tourism Island

and Strengthening Bohol’s Linkages with Neighboring Islands

1. Transition to Real “Eco-Tourism”

It is necessary to make a differentiation between the “Mass-Tourism” style of Cebu and the
“Eco-Tourism” / “Agri-Tourism” style of Bohol in order to attract a larger number of tourists.
For the above, it is strongly recommended to make a comfortable atmosphere through local
people’s hospitality and their closeness.

2. Breakaway from Current Sole Tourism Axis

It is necessary to break away from over-concentration of the tourism axis of Tagbilaran-Cebu

only, hence establishment of new tourism axes linking Bohol with other neighboring islands
such as Negros and Mindanao, including the southern area of Cebu. In addition, it is
recommended that current main axis of Tagbilaran-Cebu is transferred to Tubigon-Cebu.

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Chapter 2: Tourism Development

2.2.2. Proposal of Tourism Development Visions and Directions

The Bohol province established “Green Bohol!” for a future vision in the Provincial
Development and Physical Framework Plan (PDPFP) and emphasized “Bohol has it all!”
which means they can correspond to any tourist needs’ in the “Tourism Master Plan on the
Tourism Clusters of Bohol Province.”

Bohol province has a “Bohol Eco-tourism Vision” as below, which was formulated in 2003
and revised for the 2011 “Bohol Pre-Tourism Summit Conference.”

Bohol as the country's prime eco-cultural tourist destination where visitors experience
and learn from its distinct beauty and culture nurtured by a community committed to
environmental, cultural and economic sustainability while meeting global tourism
standards.

In this study, it proposes a “High-Quality Comfortably Eco-Tourism” as a tourism

development vision, based on the planning issues and Bohol Eco-tourism Vision mentioned
above.

Bohol still has good nature and atmosphere tourists can enjoy and be relax, on the other
hand local people are getting realize environmental change caused by tourists increase
rapidly. Therefore, it can be said that now is a good opportunity to establish Bohol’s
Eco-tourism. To respond to tourists increase tendency it is important to establish a system
or a mechanism to implement the vision, “High-Quality Comfortably Eco-Tourism” by means
of conducting tourism development programs as followings. This must achieve tourism
development with good balance even if the new Bohol Airport will be constructed.

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Source: JICA Study

S Team

Figure 2.2-1
2 Relatiionship Dia
agram of Planning
P Iss
sue, Vision
n, and Direc
ction

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Source: JICA Stuudy Team

Figure 2.2-2
2 Propo
osed Boholl Tourism Developme
D ent Directio
on Image

Souurce: JICA Study Team

T

Figure 2.2-3 Pro

oposed New
w Tourism Base-areass

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Direction Program Policy Priority Program (example) Role

a) Conservation (1) Tourism Use Control in Spatial Mapping and

and Appropriate Conjunction with Spatial Management Management Regulation
Usage of Tourism
Resources with
(2) Examination of Appropriate Demonstration Examination
Sustainability
Carrying Capacity in Panglao Coral Reef

(3) Adaptive Management based on Establishment of Continuing

a Monitoring System Monitoring System

(4) Enforcement of Guide System in Improvement and Adjustment

Corresponding with Regulations of Current Guide System
b) Appeal of
High-Quality (5) Formulation and Maintenance of Formulation of Landscape
Tourism with Natural Resort Landscape Guideline in Panglao Island
Carefully
Attention to
Nature and (6) Appeal of “Eco-Island” by Review and Packaging of
Landscape Packaging Environmental Programs Environmental Programs
“High-Quality Comfortably Eco-Tourism Island”

Application of “World Heritage” Examination of possibility

(7) Enhancement of Information Establishment of a Portal

Accessibility through Portal Web-site Web-site of Bohol Tourism

(8) Enhancement of Information Establishment of Visitor

Accessibility through Visitor Centers Centers at Main Gateways

c) Establishment (9) Establishment and Improvement of

of New Tourism Setting Model Base-areas
the “Second Panglao”
Base-areas and
Axes in Bohol
“Anda-Jagna” Base-area Comprehensive Soft Package
Support to Base-areas
“Calape-Tubigon” Base-area (Resource Development,
Tour Improvement, Capacity
“Bien Unido-Ubay” Base-area
Development, Appeal, etc.)
(10) Strengthening of
Community-based Tourism Programs

(11) Establishment of New Tourism Comprehensive Soft Package

Linkage Axes with Neighboring Islands Support to Linkages and
Ports
“Midanao-Jagna” Linkage Axis (Resource Development,
Tour Improvement, Capacity
“Cebu-Tubigon” Linkage Axis
Development, Appeal, etc.)
“Leyte-Ubay” Linkage Axis

“Negros-Tagbilaran” Linkage Axis

d) Capacity (12) Sharing Information System Setting Periodical Meetings

Development among concerned persons for Sharing Information

(13) Capacity Development which be Establishment of Training

able to enforce the above programs System and Guideline

LGUs Officers

Tour Guides and Agencies

Local People
Figure 2.2-4 Tree Diagram of Tourism Development Programs

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Chapter 2: Tourism Development

2.3. Proposal of Tourism Development Programs

Based on the diagram of the tourism development visions and directions as shown in Figure
2.2-4, some programs should be carried out as following indications and examples.

2.3.1. Conservation and Appropriate Usage of Tourism Resources with Sustainability

(1) Tourism Use Control in Conjunction with Spatial Management System

Bohol Province formulated the “Provincial Development & Physical Framework Plan
(2010-2015)” to set a framework of a future land use plan for the whole Bohol. Based on the
provincial framework, each municipality formulates a “Comprehensive Land Use Plan
(CLUP)” on local level. Normally these land use plans indicate comprehensive directions
of land use, such as urban use (residential, industrial and commercial), agricultural use,
forestry use and so on. The plans cover both public lands and private lands to regulate and
control development activities and building uses.

For the achievement of sustainable tourism development, tourism use control, both its
volume and method, should work with spatial management system regulated by CLUP, to
take a balance between tourism development and nature conservation. This spatial
management system for tourism use control will have tourism use zoning which will
correspond to rules and regulations of tourism use as shown in Table 2.3-2. The system
should consider nature conditions, characteristics and methods of how tourists use the zones
and how nature should be conserved and managed. For examples, regulation can be
applied by the zones as follows;

 (Example 1) In the zone which is required to conserve nature strictly, although

tourism use must be basically prohibited, limited tourism use shall be allowed, such as
only for one month use, only for tourists accompanying a registered guide, only for 50
persons per day and so on, depending on nature conditions thorough the monitoring.

 (Example 2) In the zone which is better to conserve nature followed example 1,

tourism use shall be basically allowed but limited use depending on nature conditions.
In the case of nature conditions getting worth, tourism use shall be prohibited for
required period.

 (Example 3) In the zone which is important habitat for rare wildlife species, tourism
use must be limited depending on wildlife activities such as their transferring, breeding,
feeding and so on.

 (Example 4) In the zone which is utilized for fisheries shall be restricted fishing
methods and/or fishery catches volume in harmony with biodiversity and wildlife
habitat.

 (Example 5) In the zone which is needed to mitigate environmental impact and risk,
lecture shall be imposed by a guide.

To operate a spatial management system above, it is important that system links with “Usage

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Control Management with a Maximum Carrying”, “Adaptive Management with a Monitoring

System”, “Enforced Guide System” as one package program,

For the introduction of this spatial management system, the “Sustainable Environmental
Manage Project in Northern Palawan” commenced in 2006 by a Yen-loan, should be referred
to, as shown in Figure 2.3-1.

Table 2.3-1 Program Scheduling (1)

Term Detailed Programs

Short-term - Formulating land use (tourism use) zoning and mapping
- Establishing rules and regulations corresponding the zoning
Middle and Long term - Operating and improving the system based on PDCA
- Diffusing the system to local people and tourists
Source: JICA Study Team

Table 2.3-2 Concept of Spatial Management Zoning and Regulation (Image)

Zone CoreⅠ CoreⅡ BufferⅠ BufferⅡ Urbanized
Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone
Recreation Primitive Semi-Primitive Roaded Natural Rural Urban
Opportunity
Spectrum
Main Land Use Forest and Grassland Area Agricultural and Urbanized Area
Forestry Area
Nature Conditions Natural Semi-natural Secondary-natural Artificial
Importance for Very Important Important Habitat Buffer Habitat of Fringe Habitat of (No importance)
Wildlife Habitat Core Zone Buffer
Utilization for （Prohibition in Wild Nature Recreation Nature Agriculture and Training and Study
Ecotourism use） Experience Experience Forestry Experience
Experience
Frequency for （Prohibition in Limited Use by Normal Use for Ecotourism Living Use
Ecotourism Use use） Approval
Facilities for No Facility Trail only Trail, Sign, Explanation Board Education and
Ecotourism Visitor Center
Accompanying （Prohibition in Indispensability of Accompanying Guide if want
Guide use） Accompanying
Guide
Source JICA Study Team

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Source: Sustaiinable Environmeental Manage Pro

oject in Northern Palawan

Figurre 2.3-1 ECA

AN Zoning
g Map in No
orthern Palawan (Exaample)

(2) Examiination of Ap
ppropriate Caarrying Capaacity

Definition of “Carryin ng Capacity” ” in this stud

dy: the maxim
mum numberr of people and/or the
tourism usse method (h high-quality tourism such h as eco-tou
urism and aggri-tourism) that may
visit a touurist destinattion at the ssame time, without
w caussing destrucction of the physical,
economic, socio-culturral environmeent and an un nacceptable decrease in tthe quality off visitors'
satisfactionn.

It should be
b considereed to keep a proper maaximum carry ying capacitty of Bohol with the
current groowing volummes of both tourists and d population.. Especiallyy on Panglaao Island,
tourism usse may continue to exceessively expand and new w hotels andd buildings may
m also
construct due
d to its attrractive whitee beach resorts and its eassy accessibiliity.

For avoidiing and mitigating excesssive concen ntration of use, it is neceessary to inttroduce a
“Usage Coontrol Manag gement” systtem based on n a concept of
o “Maximum m Carrying Capacity”
C
especially on Panglao Island,
I as weell as to accelerate decenttralization off base-area of
o tourism
as shown in Figure 2.3-2.
2 What
at is especially importan nt in the im mmediate futture is to
control thee marine areaa of Panglao Island wherre over-use problems are appearing, such s as at
Balicasag Isand and Alona
A Beach.. This systeem should be b applied m mainly to the usage of

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diving, snoorkeling, dolphin watchhing and beaach resort ass soon as poossible simillar to the
whale wattching examp ple as shownn in Figure 2.3-3. Thee system maay be also in n relation
with goalss and policiees of Coral TTriangle Inittiative (CTI), to be set in the future, such as
when maximum carryiing capacity is set. Add ditionally, it is recommeended to exammine and
introduce a similar con ncept of “Saanctuary Feee” for entry into the islannd or a regu ulation of
limited hottel rooms for constructioon hotel on the
t island in order to avooid and mitig gate over
concentratiion of tourissts’ number iin Panglao Island.
I In the
t middle oor long term,, in some
major tourrism facilitiees such as C Chocolate Hills,
H the sysstem shouldd also be inttroduced,
because the physical sppaces of thesse tourist faciilities for ten
nd to be limitted.

In Balicasag Island, thhe Siliman U n Negros caarried out a survey of maximum

University in m
carrying caapacity a few
w years ago. This surveey can be refferred to exaamine furtherr steps as
shown in Figure
F 2.3-4.

able 2.3-3 P
Ta Program Sc
cheduling (2)

T
Term Detailed Programs
P
Short-term
m - Conduucting demo onstration experiment
e iin marine area of
Panglao
Middle annd Long term
m - Operatiting and imprroving the sy
ystem based oon PDCA
- Introduucing the sysstem in other areas and faacilities
Source: JICA Study
S Team

No chhange Small ch
hange Small change Large
L chan
nge Large change Huge changee
(Susttainable) occurred butt no occurreed and small occurred
o and
a occurred and occcurred and
d
impact on the impact on the impact on the t impact on the witthout
surroundings surrounndings surroundings
s surroundiings sustainability
without
sustainabiility
Acceptable Carrying Cappacity Not Acceptabble
Moniitoring Monitorin
ng Acceptable but Nee
ed to take measuures Prohibition in use
continuously continuou
usly and possibility to
t take (No
ot acceptable) (Not accceptable)
observing
g the status measures in ca
ase
Sourcee: “Tourism city planning
p and engineering” revisedd by JICA Study Team
T

Fig
gure 2.3-2 Concept
C off Spatial Ma
anagementt based on Carrying C
Capacity (Image)

Soource: DENR, DA
A-BFAR, DOT, O
Ocean Park Conservation Foundation , WWF-Phil

Fiigure 2.3-3 Guidelines

s for Dolph ng (Examp le)
hin Watchin

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W Supply, Se
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Chapteer 2: Tourism Development
D

Soource: Report of “Balicasag Islandd recent findings and managementt options”

Figure 2.3-4
2 Avera
age Percen nt of Coral Colonies
C damaged
d byy Divers
in Balicas
sag Island (Example)

(3) Adaptiive Managem

ment based oon a Monitorring System

For aimingg sustainablee usage of ttourism resources, it is necessary

n too apply an “Adaptive
“
Managemeent” concept which meeans manag ging the nattural environnment flexiibly with
carefully observing
o ch
hange of natuure conditionns based on results of a monitoringg process.
It is imporrtant to undeerstand and sshow clearly
y a change of
o tourism reesource quan ntitatively
through thee monitoringg process.

Currently, a technical cooperatioon project is i conductinng collectinng tourism statistics,

accordingly comprehensive data aare being gaathered on a national leevel. Howeever on a
local levell, data seemss not to be ssufficient to understand conditions
c o f nature env
vironment
conservatioon and usagee.

At first, moonitoring sitees will be sett up in some areas wheree over-use prroblems are appearing,
a
the monitooring should be conducteed continuously. At the monitoring sites, it is reequired to
monitor thhe problems thatt each sitte is having, such as water quality, aiir quality, veegetation,
wildlife haabitat, etc. As noted abbove, the ad daptive manaagement shoould be cond ducted to
understandd the change of tourism reesources thro ough continuuous and periiodical moniitoring.

Regarding the methodss of monitorring, it is recommended tot introduce easy and economical
methods with
w cooperattion of tour gguides and people’s
p orgaanizations ass much as po
ossible to
avoid largee budget and
d many laborss to perform the monitoriing.

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Chapter 2: Tourism Development

Table 2.3-4 Program Scheduling (3)

Term Detailed Programs

Short-term - Setting pilot monitoring sites and methods
- Conducting pilot monitoring and gathering data
Middle and Long term - Establishing monitoring system in the whole province
- Operating and improving the system based on PDCA
Source: JICA Study Team

(4) Enforcement of Guide System in Corresponding with Regulations

The current “Tour Guide” system in Philippines has already been established with
submitting required documents, undertaking training course and passing examination by
DOT. Seventy (70) tour guides are registered in the whole Bohol as of 2009, also in
addition they are required continuing education and renewal of their license, hence this
system secures high-quality guides. As the current system mainly targets knowledge of
tourism resources and technique of explanation, it can be said that at the moment knowledge
related to environmental conservation and sustainable tourism development is not enough
developed. Additionally, it seems to be insufficient that current system is not able to take
care of marine areas where many problems of over-use are appearing, as the system mainly
focuses on terrestrial areas.

It is necessary to renew the current guide system by adding requirements of environmental

conservation knowledge and to establish a new system which has corresponding regulations
between usage control zoning and an accompanied guide system as an example shown in
Table 2.3-6. For example; for some areas, which are damaged by tourism usage, it may be
prohibited to enter without being accompanied by a registered guide.

Also it is recommended to establish a further marine guide system in addition to the current
terrestrial guide system. It is reasonable that concerned people such as diving trainers and
boat owners take a training course and an examination at minimum level in order to improve
manner of snorkelers and other tourists.

Table 2.3-5 Program Scheduling (4)

Term Detailed Programs

Short-term - Improving training course of current guide system
- Establishing additional marine guide system
Middle and Long term - Establishing accompanied guide to usage control zone
- Operating and improving the system based on PDCA
Source: JICA Study Team

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W Supply, Se
ewerage and Inndividual Sewagee Treatment
Chapteer 2: Tourism Development
D

Table
e 2.3-6 Regu
ulation for Proper Us
sing in Ogasawara Islaands (Exam
mple)

Items Minami Island Sekimonn Area, Hahaa Island

(in Ogasawaara Island) (in Oggasawara Islland)
Route No entry other than
n No enntry other than
permmitted route permittedd route
Maximum m Time for Use
U Maxximum 2 hou urs (No restrriction)
Maximum m Tourist nuumber 1000 persons (up to 15 5 50 persoons (up to 5 persons
per one daay perssons at samee time) at same ttime)
Restrictions No entry perio od (3 months No entryy to caves evene on
in a year) the permmitted route
Maximum m Tourist Nuumber 15 ppersons 5 personss
per one toour guide
Source: “Eco-T
Tourism (Ministry
y of Environmentt)”

Tourists are
a prohibiteed to enter this island Tour guid de bring ttourists onlly inside
without acccompanying
g registered ttour guide. pedestrian ways
w betweeen two poles.

Tourists are
a prohibiteed to enter this island Structural methods
m aree sometimes effective
without acccompanying
g registered ttour guide. to mitigate impacts on nnature conditions
Source: JICA Study
S Team

Fig
gure 2.3-5 Tour
T Guides
s System and
a Structu
ural Method
d (Example
e)

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Chapteer 2: Tourism Development
D

2.3.2. A
Appeal off High-Quality Tourrism with Carefully Attention
n to Natu
ure and
Landscape
e
(5) Formuulation and Maintenance
M of Natural Resort
R Landsccape

Panglao Island still hass a calm and comfortablee atmosphere and resort hhotels look lik ke hiding
in trees annd greens beccause of few w middle or high buildin ngs and less pressure by artificial
structures. This atmo osphere conttrasts markeedly with Mactan Islandd in Cebu which w has
many highh rise hotels and developped urban arreas. Howeever even onn Panglao Issland, six
stories hottel is currenttly under-coonstruction and
a plans forr hotel consstructions seeem to be
on-going. An importtant point to emphasize is that the comfortable
c aatmosphere of Alona
Beach, thee renowned public
p beachhes rapidly being
b lost beecause the cuurrent regulaation that
artificial sttructure mustt be set backk from the coastal line is not
n followedd strictly.

It is necesssary to presserve and maaintain curreent the calm

m and comfoortable atmossphere of
Panglao Issland which differs fromm Mactan Island, before rapid devellopment starrts which
could be triggered by y the new airport con nstruction. To achieve this, a “L Landscape
Guideline”” should be formulated aand enacted to regulate location, heiight, volumee, design,
color of buildings and d sign boardds, and greennery directio
on. For exaample, Bali Island in
on of height of buildings as lower
Indonesia can be referrred to whichh introduced the regulatio
than one of its coconut trees.

Ta
able 2.3-7 P
Program Sc
cheduling (5)

T
Term Detailed Programs
P
Short-term
m - Formullating a landscape guidelline in Panglaao Island
- Operati
ting the guideeline (regulation, leadingg and instructtion)
Middle annd Long term
m - Formullating a landscape guidelline in the whhole province
- Securinng legal regu
ulation of thee guideline
Source: JICA Study
S Team

Source: “Eco-T
Tourism Developm
ment Plan for Pannglao Island”

Figurre 2.3-6 Sitte Selection

n of Resortt Zone Delineation (Im
mage)

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Chapter 2: Tourism Development

(6) Appeal of “Eco-Island” by Packaging Environmental Programs

Appealing to an “Eco-tourism Island” must contribute to enhance a better image of Bohol

tourism. It is necessary to make comprehensive efforts related to environmental
consideration such as wildlife, energy, solid waste, water resources, landscape,
environmental education, and so on. By means of a website, it should be promoted to
appeal to environmental efforts not only by governmental plans, policies and programs, but
also by any advanced efforts conducted by hotels, restaurants, people’s organizations and
NGO’s. Additionally, it is recommended that a “Top Runner” system, in which backward
companies need to follow advanced ones, should be introduced with support measures for
advanced private sector in order to accelerate self-improvement.

“Chocolate Hills” appears to have a possibility to resister for the “World Heritage” of
UNESCO which has a large potential not only to raise tourists volumes, but also to improve
its quality as a tourism site, therefore it is recommended to examine the possibility and apply
of the World Heritage, if possible.

Table 2.3-8 Program Scheduling (6)

Term Detailed Programs

Short-term - Gathering and Making database of environmental policies and
efforts
- Appealing the efforts through a portal website
- Examining a possibility of register for “World Heritage” status
Middle and Long term - Introducing support measures based on a “Top Runner” system
Source: JICA Study Team

(7) Enhancement of Information Accessibility through Portal Website

Currently there is no comprehensive website to transmit Bohol’s tourism information to the

wide world. In addition tourists who have just arrived at the airport or seaports may feel it
is difficult to obtain tourism information, as there is no information center and then tourists
are surrounded and caught by many taxi drivers with their high pressured selling method.

Therefore it is necessary to establish a “Portal Website” to provide easy access for everyone
to proper information and to connect to multiple information between tourists’ needs and
municipalities’ strengths for further promotion of the trials of “One Town One Attraction”.
In the portal website, tourists can make reservation for tours from all over the world with the
posting of municipalities’ tours. It will greatly assist municipalities which do not have
enough appeal methods of their own. The Portal Website will work as a bridge between
community-based tours and international tourists.

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W Supply, Se
ewerage and Inndividual Sewagee Treatment
Chapteer 2: Tourism Development
D

Ta
able 2.3-9 P
Program Sc
cheduling (7)

Term
T Detailed Programs
P
Short-term
m - Establiishing a “Porrtal Website”” of Bohol tou
ourism sectorr
- Examinning appeal strategy
s as ann “Eco-touriism Island”
- Appealling the trial of “One Tow wn One Attraaction”
Middle annd Long term
m - Establiishing a reserrvation systeem through thhe website
- Makingg database off tourism ressources archiives
- Disclossing the resu
ults of monito oring timely
Source: JICA Study
S Team

Wildlife Habitat
H Cond
dition Veggetation Con
ndition Tourists Using Cond
dition
Source: Websitte of e-Tanzawa

Figure
e 2.3-7 Mon
nitoring Da
atabase Sys
stem on Website
W (Exaample)

(8) Enhanncement of In
nformation A
Accessibility through Visiitor Centers

There is noo visitor’s ceenter to suppply compreheensive inform

mation for toourists even at
a neither
the airportt nor the seeaports. Thhis means th hat tourists cannot acceess good infformation
efficiently without a portal
p websitte. Currentlly tourists may
m visit an office spacee of BTO
(Bohol Tourism Officee) which is located nex xt to the provincial capittal hall, how
wever the
space and function of this facility is not sufficcient. The other
o optionn for tourists is to ask
information at receptioons of the hottel where theey stay.

It is neceessary to set up “Visitoor Centers” which are able to suupply comprrehensive

information and to give useful addvice to tou urists. In sh hort-term, itt may be diifficult to
construct a new visito or center faccility , thereffore it is better to securre required spaces
s in
existing buildings
b at good locatiions and traansfer functtions as thee visitor cen nter with
supplying of staffs, PC
C’s, panels, bbrochures and d so on. In n the future, vvisitor centers should
be construccted in good locations suuch as gatewaays and/or ciity centers.

Table 2.3-10 Program Scheduling

S (8)

Term
T Detailed Programs
P
Short-term
m - Transfeerring functio
ons of visitorr center
Middle annd Long term
m - Construucting visitor centers
- Construucting inform
mation centerrs
Source: JICA Study
S Team

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W Supply, Se
ewerage and Inndividual Sewagee Treatment
Chapteer 2: Tourism Development
D

In a visiitor center, informationn such as A manned counter is also imporrtant to

pamphletss and brochuure is prepareed. provide advice to touristts.
Source: JICA Study
S Team

Figure 2.3-8
2 Visito
or Centers in
i Japan (E
Example)

2.3.3. Establishm
ment of New
w Tourism Base-areas and Axes
s in Bohol

d Improvemennt of the “Seecond Panglaao”

(9) Establlishment and

Regarding tourism usaage, its focall issue is how w to break away

a from oover-concenttration on
Panglao Issland and in Tagbilaran C City. For trransferring tourist functiions to Andaa, namely
“the seconnd Panglao”, Calape and Bienunido, supporting measures
m shoould be undeertaken to
accelerate the decentraalization of tthe current sole
s tourism base-area annd the formu ulation of
new tourism base-areass. Additionnally it is imp portant to co
ombine thesee new base-aareas with
surroundinng areas to en
nhance their attractivenesss.

 “Andaa-Jagna” New
w Base Areaa (namely “First
“ Class Resort”)
R

 “Calappe-Tubigon”” New Base A

Area (nameely “Light Hearted
H Resorrt”)

 “Bienn Unido-Ubay
y” New Basee Area mely “Private Hideaway Resort”)
(nam

 “Pangglao-Tagbilarran” New Baase Area namely “Centtral Major Reesort”)

(n

Table 2.3-11 P
Program Scheduling
S (9)

Term
T Detailed Programs
P
Short-term
m - Settingg new model base areas
- Suppporting com mprehensivee soft paackaging (rresource
develoopment, commmunity-based tour impprovement, capacity
c
develoopment, appeeal, etc.)
Middle annd Long term
m - Applyinng usage conntrol manageement samee as Panglao
- Formullating landsccape guidelin
nes same ass Panglao
Source: JICA Study
S Team

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Chapter 2: Tourism Development

(10) Strengthening of Community-based Tourism Programs

It is necessary to promote “Eco-Tourism” with vigorous community powers through

accelerating “One Town One Attraction”. This will also contribute to the decentralization
of tourism usage apart from over-concentration only on Panglao-Tagbilaran. In order to
spread out the current community-based trials, which are being conducted in Danao,
Buenavista, Anda and Loboc, towards -for example- the whole province, comprehensive
package supports are needed for all municipalities. With using the municipalities’ strengths,
tour development should be carried to create attractive “Eco-Tours”, “Agri-Tours” and
“Cultural-Tours” in all municipalities. The current community-based tours are still not
sophisticated and nor very attractive, it is recommended to take care of these attractions to
strengthen them in the viewpoint of foreign tourists and to advice how to improve the tours.
In addition attractive souvenirs should be developed which can benefit the local economy.

Table 2.3-12 Program Scheduling (10)

Term Detailed Programs

Short-term - Supporting comprehensive soft packaging (resource
developments, community-based tour improvements, capacity
developments, appeals, etc.)
Middle and Long term - Brushing up the community-based tours
- Making long-term tours by promoting linkage with tours
Source: JICA Study Team

(11) Establishment of New Tourism Linkage Axes with Neighboring Islands

One of the characteristics of Bohol is that it is located at center of Central Visayas and that it
has short-time accessibilities from the neighboring islands such as Cebu, Leyte, Mindanao
and Negros. It is necessary to strengthen the linkages with neighboring islands for
improving the whole of the attractiveness of the Central Visayas. It will lead to the
increase of tourists and will develop the tourism sector and local economy. For
strengthening the linkages, improvement of not only the ports but also access roads between
ports and major tourism spots is be required.

 “Mindanao-Jagna” Linkage Axis

 “Cebu-Tubigon” Linkage Axis

 “Leyte-Ubay” Linkage Axis

 “Negros-Tagbilaran” Linkage Axis

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Chapter 2: Tourism Development

Table 2.3-13 Program Scheduling (11)

Term Detailed Programs

Short-term - Supporting comprehensive soft packaging (cooperative support
with model base-areas, etc.)
Middle and Long term - Strengthening function of ports as gateways to neighboring
islands
- Improving accessibilities for providing access inside Bohol
Source: JICA Study Team

2.3.4. Capacity Development

(12) Sharing Information System among concerned persons

Though Tourism Councils have been set up in the province at each LGUs, it can be said that
it is not sufficient to share and exchange information concerning tourism sector for the
whole of Bohol. It is necessary to make and establish a system to increase sharing and
promoting further exchange information and by certain methods such as to hold “Bohol
Tourism Summits” more periodical.

Table 2.3-14 Program Scheduling (12)

Term Detailed Programs

Short-term - Setting a periodical opportunity to share information
- Establishing a website system to share information
Middle and Long term - Establishing comprehensive system to share information
Source: JICA Study Team

(13) Capacity Development which be able to enforce the above programs

It is necessary to establish training and enhancement systems to secure conducting programs

written above. Targets shall be officers of province and LGUs, tour guides, tour agents,
tourism concerned persons and local people including people’s organizations, The system
should be divided into categorized targets. Additionally, guidelines and newsletters should
be issued to guide local and concerned people.

Table 2.3-15 Program Scheduling (13)

Term Detailed Programs

Short-term - Establishing a system of training and edification
- Making guidelines for concerned people and local people
- Issuing and distributing newsletters to local people
- Guidance by the webpage
Middle and Long term - Conducting the system of training and enhancement
continuously
Source: JICA Study Team

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 2: Tourism Development

2.4. Proposal of a Priority Package Program

In previous section, Chapter 2.3, examples of tourism development programs indicated with
categorized in items of (1) to (13). In these examples, a priority package program is
proposed as below. It is expected that this priority package program will be done by JICA
technical cooperation framework with focusing on Panglao Island as main target area.
A Priority Package Program for Sustainable Tourism Development

Goal To establish an improved framework for the conservation and appropriate use of tourism resources
under the concept of “carrying capacity”, targeting on Panglao Island.
Contents 1) Establishment of Bohol’s Implementation Organizations
i. To review and analyze current conditions of stakeholders
ii. To establish “Regional Liaison Committee (tentative name)”, which has roles to consider and
decide directions of management and to promote liaison and coordination
iii. To establish “Scientific Council (tentative name)”, which has roles to provide necessary
advices from viewpoints of scientific knowledge
2) Commencement and Continuance of a Monitoring System
i. To commence monitoring surveys in cooperation with relevant organizations to grasp
environmental conditions and the number of tourists, and to examine the maximum carrying
capacity
ii. To operate monitoring system which consists mainly of collecting survey results and analyzing
those results
3) Set of Goals and Policies for Sustainable Tourism Development and Establishment of
Adaptive Management System
i. To set goals and policies for sustainable tourism development by Bohol’s implementation
organizations
ii. To formulate tourism usage control methods in conjunction with existing CLUPs
iii. To operate PDCA cycle, namely “Adaptive Management System” based on the results and
analysis of monitoring to be conducted
4) Pilot Trials of Usage Control based on a Maximum Carrying Capacity
i. To set study areas and initial figures of carrying capacity in each study area
ii. To conduct pilot trials to control the maximum number of tourists in study areas, and to review
and modify proper figures of carrying capacity by feedbacks based on the monitoring results
5) Enforcement of Guide System for Tourism Usage Control
i. Improve the training course for the current guide system
ii. Introduce a new guide system in marine areas as well as the current system in terrestrial areas
6) Capacity Development for Officials and Relevant Players
i. Formulate and conduct training programs for officials and relevant players
ii. Prepare administrative guidelines for officials’ use

Implementation Management Bodies Administrative agencies that conduct the management. It may consist of
Organizations Province of Bohol DOT (Department of Tourism), etc.
Regional Liaison It has roles to consider and decide directions of management and to
Committee (tentative promote liaison and coordination. It may consist of members of existing
name) committees, such as tourism, hotel, fishery, tour guide, diving shop,
restaurant and commercial with management bodies.
Scientific Council It has roles to provide necessary advices from viewpoints of scientific
(tentative name) knowledge. It may consist of members of researchers from university and
institution, relevant NGO representatives, tour guides and other persons
who have special knowledge.

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Chapter 2: Tourism Development

Schedule Two Years

Items Period (2 Years)

1) Establishment of Bohol’s Implementation Organizations
2) Commencement and Continuance of a Monitoring System
3) Set of Goals and Policies for Sustainable Tourism Development and
Establishment of Adaptive Management Syste
4) Pilot Trials of Usage Control based on a Maximum Carrying Capacity
5) Enforcement of Guide System for Tourism Usage Control
6) Capacity Development for Officials and Relevant Players

Source: JICA Study Team

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment

Chapter 3

Water Supply Facilities at New

Bohol Airport

Table of Contents

3.1. Existing Water Supply System ···························································· 3-1

3.1.1. Population in Survey Area ···························································· 3-1
3.1.2. Water Supply Situation in the Target Areas ······································ 3-1
3.1.3. Condition of Water Supply Facilities for New Airport ························ 3-12

3.2. Facility Plan ··················································································· 3-21

3.2.1. Water Demand Plan for New Airport ············································· 3-21
3.2.2. Basic Facility Design ································································· 3-21
3.2.3. Conformation of water hammer of the pump ·································· 3-26
3.2.4. Basic Design and Standard ························································ 3-28

3.3. Construction Cost ··········································································· 3-31

3.3.1. Estimation of Construction Cost ·················································· 3-21
3.3.2. Tentative implementation Schedule for Construction of Water Supply ·· 3-32

3.4. Maintenance Plan ············································································ 3-33

3.4.1. Maintenance System ································································ 3-33
3.4.2. Receiving Water Fees ······························································· 3-33
3.4.3. Points to Keep in Mind for the Installation of a Dedicated New Airport
Water Supply Facilities ······························································ 3-36
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

Chapter 3. Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

3.1. Existing Water Supply System

3.1.1. Population in Survey Area

The population in the survey area is as shown in Population in the Survey Area.
Table 3.1-1 Population in the Survey Area
Population Tagbilaran Dauis Panglao
Census Municipality Municipality Municipality
2000 77,700 27,015 21,337
2007 92,297
(Growth Rate from 36,525 25,558
public statistics: 3.6%)

Source: NSO and NSCB (2012)

According to the Bohol Integrated Water Supply Master Plan (the M/P), the water supply
expansion project is supposed to supply water to Tagbilaran, Dauis and Panglao
municipalities with Loboc River as the water source situated at approximately 20km east of
the site. The Feasibility Study (F/S) is under preparation in 2012 and its details are not yet
finalized. The M/P sets the water supply target year at 2035 with the development of a new
water source.

3.1.2. Water Supply Situation in the Target Areas

1) Tagbilaran City

Tagbilaran City is one of the major port cities facing the Straits of Cebu and the Mindanao
Sea. Surrounded by coral reefs, the city is a popular tourist destination including Panglao
Island and receives many tourists throughout the year. Due to the increasing influx of
tourists, the spread of waterborne diseases has become a likely event in recent years.
Therefore, the policy implementation requires an urgent attention for an adequate supply of
safe drinking water.

The population of Tagbilaran City is 92,297 (Census 2007), growth rate of public statistics is
3.6% (census 2007) and the increase rate of population is 3.6%. The increase in water
demand by urban growth is not negligible. Water supply in Tagbilaran City is managed by
Bohol Water Utilities, Inc. (BWUI) and Tagbilaran City Waterworks System (TCWS).

a) BWUI

BWUI supplies water to 59,300 out of 68,744 water supply population in the area in charge
in 2011. The population served is 86%. The water consumption per capita is 268L/cap/day.
BWUI directly supplies water to the southeastern area of Tagbilaran. It also supplies water
for production to a part of TCWS and part of Panglao Island. The pump capacity at the water
source is 23,487m3/day (operation for 20 hours) in March 2012. The water source is
groundwater (shallow-well site borehole) in Corella. The water from this source is stored in
the distribution tanks R6 in Dampas (2,000m3 = 1,000m3 x 2 tanks). The water is supplied
to Tagbilaran and Dauis municipalities through these tanks. Most pumps are operated

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 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

approximately 20 hours a day. The uncounted for water (UFW) with BWUI is 23%.

The water consumption in March (the summer season) 2012 is 20,753m3/day and 268
l/day/cap. (including 2,500m3/day for Dauis Municipality). There is still an excess of
2,743m3/day for use since the water yield is 23,487m3/day. The planned water demand for
the new airport is 420m3/day, which is around 2% of the total water supply by BWUI. The
diameter of transmission pipes is 200mm. These existing pipes have a capacity to increase
water transmission to the new airport (based on the questionnaires to BWUI). These pipes
will be shared to transmit water to the new airport. The existing pipelines of BWUI and the
facility disposition are as shown in Figure 3.1-1 and Figure 3.1-5 respectively.

BWUI supplies water to 59,300 out of 68,744 water supply population in the area in charge
in 2011. The population served is 86%. The water consumption per capita is 268L/cap/day.
BWUI directly supplies water to the southeastern area of Tagbilaran. It also supplies water
for production to a part of TCWS and part of Panglao Island.

b) TCWS

TCWS supplies water to 24,000 of water supply population in the area in 2010. The
population served is 75%. The water consumption rate per capita is 140L/cap/day. TCWS
directly supplies water to the northwestern area in Tagbilaran.

The pump capacity at the water source is 5,435m3/day in 2010. The water source is a
borehole located in a barangay in Tagbilaran. BWUI also covers part of the TCWS supply
area in the bordering areas between TCWS and BWUI. A new water source with
groundwater is difficult to develop. The water supply amount is 4,632m3/day and 140
l/day/cap. from its own water source in 2011. UFW of TCWS is 25%. The existing pipelines
of TCWS are as sketched in Figure 3.1-2.

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 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

PIPES COLOR CODE

E X IS TING P IP ELI NES OF B WUI Ubujan
Pi pe si z e / Diam eter Tran sm issi on / Dis tri bution li nes
10 "O PVC p ipe
8" O PVC p ipe *
6" O PVC p ipe
4" O PVC p ipe R4 * R5
3" O PVC p ipe * * *P7 **P6
2" O PVC/PE p ipe * * *
2? " O P VC p p
i e
1 1/ 2" O PE pipe
Li nd avil le Subd ivision
1 "O PE p ipe
* *
Legen d :
**
1 0 "O IS OL ATIO N VALVE
CYLIN DRICAL RESERVOIR * Taloto San Isidro
C ONCR ETE RESERVOI R * 8" O I SOLAT IO N VALVE
PUM PI NG STATI ON * 6" O I SOLAT IO N VALVE
TAG BILAR AN AIRPORT * 4" O I SOLAT IO N VALVE
*
BASE MAP * 3" O I SOLAT IO N VALVE
*
NAT IONAL ROAD
* 2 " O I SO LAT IO N VAL VE
2 ? "O ISO LAT ION VALVE
C ITY/ BARANGAY/ PR IVATE/ALL EY *
* 1 ? " O ISOL AT ION VALVE

** AIR RELEASE VALVE

CLU STERI NG ISOL ATIO N VALVE
BALL VALVE ( colo r ba se o n th ere sizes ) P8
CLEAN- OUT ( co lor ba se on th ere sizez )

*
TAGBILARAN
Dao CITY *
* *

P9
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** *
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* P17
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* * * P16 P20
A
D O Z

Poblacion 1
T
N

AS
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CAR
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* * **
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Tagbi lara n City *

A LI

T.
A .

P . S
OS
A
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N
B

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R7
N
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P U

G
AR T

* BANAT - I HI LL
D

Fis hpo rt Terminal

I

C I A
A K
** *
* **
* E
A S
T
Mansasa **
**
* ** P21
** A
V E
NU
E * *
* *
* Bool
*
**
* *
* *
* *

Blood C ompa ct Site

TOTOLAN
*

R8 POBLACION

T1

Source: JICA Study Team

Figure 3.1-1 Existing Facilities and Pipeline of BWUI in TAGBILARAN CITY

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 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

R2 P17
P16 P12
P2 P1 P18 P14
R5 P8
R1
P21P4
P19

P10 P13
P7
P20 R4 R3
P3
P15
P5

P11
R7

R6
P9

Source: City of Tagbilaran

Figure 3.1-2 Existing Pipeline of TCWS

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 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
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Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

2) Panglao Island

The municipalities in Panglao Island depend on the groundwater for their water sources. The
wells are artesian or boring wells with varying depths of a few dozens to 100m. The
geological feature includes eroded limestone to be porous sponge that allows rainwater to
penetrate the ground.

The network of distribution pipelines in each municipality is not covering suburban areas.
Majority of the residents in the non-served areas purchase water from other houses
connected to water supply at 1-2PhP/10L plastic container. Other residents may have
personal boreholes or receive water distributed by truck at large resort hotels.

a) DAUIS

Water is supplied to 22,330 out of 45,735 water supply population in Dauis in March 2012.
The population served is 49% and the water consumption per capita is 70L/cap/day.

The yield of the well in barangay is limited to 396m3/day. Together with 2,500m3/day
supplied from the BWUI network, the total water supply capacity is 2,896 m3/day. The
water from BWUI is supplied from 2 distribution tanks (T1=GL approx. 25m, T5= GL
approx. 60m). The water is pumped up at R6 distribution tank in Tagbilaran in order to
transmit water to an elevated tank. Therefore, the possible water supply amount is
determined by the transmission pump capacity. The operation time of the pump is about 20
hours and the water is supplied almost 24hours. The water supply amount in March 2012 is
2,728m3/day covering 4,466 households. The development of a new water source in this
area is difficult due also to salinization (based on a questionnaire to the Dauis Department of
Water).

BWUI plans to receive water at the lower tank T1 by gravity fed system, and to pump up
from the lower tank T1 to the higher tank for the future. This system is economically site
stable because pressurization to the higher tank is partial (based on a questionnaire to
BWUI). The main facility disposition in Dauis is shown in Figure 3.1-3.

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 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

From R6:
BWUI Dampas

T5 T1

Legend

： Dauis own

：Dauis own/second

：Dauis Receiving
Tank from BWUI

Distribution System in Dauis

Figure 3.1-3 Existing Water Pipeline in Dauis

b) PANGLAO

Water is supplied to 18,580 out of 27,241 water supply population in Panglao in 2010. The
population served is 68% and the water consumption per capita is 70L/cap/day (based on a
questionnaire to Panglao water department).

The water source in the coastal area in Panglao is slightly salty and is not used for drinking.
The water from a well on the island is filtrated by RO membrane or charcoal filter, and
bottled for sale. Bottled water is widely consumed. The price of 20L bottled water is 20PhP.

Bacterial contamination from the surface of the ground sometimes occurs. In such a case,
water is treated with chlorine by dissolving bleach mix into the distribution tank. The
injection quantity of chlorine is 50kg/3months (6,210PhP/50kg). The existing pipelines in
Panglao are as shown in Figure 3.1-4.

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 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

Figure 3.1-4 Existing Water Pipeline in Panglao

3) Water Demand in the Area

The water supply capacity of BWUI will be deficient as of 2014. However, since water
supply per person is 268L/cap/day (cf. Tokyo: 240L/cap/day), which is rather large, an
immediate water shortage is unlikely to occur. Water supply capacities of TCWS and Dauis
are estimated to be deficient as of 2016 and 2014 respectively. Dauis expects to receive more
water from BWUI. The total amount of water supply capacity is estimated to be deficient as
of 2014; therefore, an expansion of 10,000m3 by BWUI needs to be pursued as planned. The
timing of receiving water at the airport needs solid coordination to meet the inauguration of
the airport planned in 2016.

a) Method of estimation: Linear Formula (by the Least Squares Method)

b) Rate of Non-Revenue Water is interpolated in the range of 0.5 to 1%,
c) Load Factor (=85%, Daily Average Water Supply Amount/Daily Maximum Water
Supply Amount, in Dauis; 70% is adopted in the waterworks record in2012)

* Yellow column in the table: there is no actual data, interpolated estimates from
the past data.

* Blue column: estimated value in the future.

The situation and estimation of water supply in each city/municipality is as shown in Table
3.1-2.

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 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

Table 3.1-2 The Situation and Estimation of Water Supply in Each City/Municipality (1/2)
Water 3
Water Supply Amount (m /day) Water Water Source
Population Water
Particular Populatio Service Consumption Pump
in supply Supplied Revenue Water Daily Water Production UFW Remarks
Year n Served Connection per capita 3 Capacity
area Population Amount Supply (m /day) 3
(L/cap/day) (m /day)
1.Tagbilaran (BWUI)
2003 - - - - - 10,070 - 14,295 30% 17,278
2004 - - - - - 11,225 - 16,400 32% 18,560
2005 - 53,000 - - 240 12,700 - 17,310 27% 19,420
2006 - - 10,878 - 13,478 - 17,757 24% 19,640
2007 - - 11,126 - 14,507 - 18,329 21% 20,828
2008 - - 11,363 - 14,978 - 19,489 23% 22,047
2009 - - 11,978 - 15,116 - 19,917 24% 21,500
2010 65,449 58,700 90% 11,850 267 15,689 - 20,274 23% 22,337
2011 68,774 59,300 86% 11,978 268 15,908 - 20,660 23% 23,580
2012 68,068 59,900 88% 12,358 - 16,076 - 20,753 23% 23,487 March
2013 68,750 60,500 88% 12,594 - 18,114 - 23,223 22% 23,580
3
+10,000m Water to Pump
2014 69,432 61,100 88% 12,831 - 18,901 - 23,926 21% 33,580
Capacity
2015 69,326 61,700 89% 13,068 - 19,689 - 24,611 20% 33,580
2016 70,000 62,300 89% 13,305 - 20,476 - 25,280 19% 33,580
Eatimate
value 2017 70,674 62,900 89% 13,541 - 21,264 - 25,932 18% 33,580
2018 71,348 63,500 89% 13,778 - 22,051 - 26,568 17% 33,580
2019 71,222 64,100 90% 14,015 - 22,839 - 27,189 16% 33,580
2020 71,889 64,700 90% 14,252 - 23,627 - 27,796 15% 33,580
2025 71,758 65,300 91% 15,436 - 27,564 - 31,683 13% 33,580
2.Tagbilaran (TCWS)
2004 27,352 20,202 74% 3,616 - 2,678 - 3,151 33% 3,851
2005 28,632 21,280 74% 3,857 181 3,859 - 4,540 32% 5,240
2005 30,632 22,602 74% 4,086 - 4,399 - 5,175 31% 5,875
2005 30,632 22,754 74% 4,182 - 4,176 - 4,913 30% 5,613
Measured
2005 30,632 22,466 73% 4,235 - 4,361 - 5,130 29% 5,830
value
2005 30,632 23,110 75% 4,246 - 3,171 - 3,730 28% 4,430
2010 31,551 23,803 75% 4,333 142 3,389 4,620 3,987 27% 4,600
2011 31,551 24,363 77% 4,415 - 3,464 4,632 4,075 25% 5,435
2012 31,551 24,875 79% 4,512 - 4,253 - 5,003 24% 5,435 March
2013 32,634 25,387 78% 4,592 - 4,346 5,644 5,113 23% 5,435
2014 33,091 25,898 78% 4,672 - 4,439 5,691 5,222 22% 5,435
2015 33,547 26,410 79% 4,751 - 4,532 5,737 5,332 21% 5,435
2016 34,004 26,922 79% 4,831 - 4,625 5,782 5,442 20% 5,435 Shortage
Eatimate
2017 34,460 27,434 80% 4,911 - 4,719 5,825 5,551 19% 5,435
value
2018 34,917 27,945 80% 4,991 - 4,812 5,868 5,661 18% 5,435
2019 35,373 28,457 80% 5,070 - 4,905 5,910 5,770 17% 5,435
2020 35,830 28,969 81% 5,150 - 4,998 5,950 5,880 16% 5,435
2025 38,112 31,527 83% 5,549 - 5,464 - 6,428 - 5,435
Source: Questionnaire Response from each Water Corporation, Bohol Government HP

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 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
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Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

Table 3.1-2 The Situation and Estimation of Water Supply in Each City/Municipality (2/2)
Water 3
Population Water Water Supply Amount (m /day) Water Water Source
Particular Populatio Service Consumption Pump
in supply Supplied Revenue Water Daily Water Production UFW Remarks
Year n Served Connection per capita 3 Capacity
area Population Amount Supply (m /day) 3
(L/cap/day) (m /day)
3.Dauis Municipality
2003 29,423 11,990 41% - - 602 1,003 860 40% 1,010
2004 30,247 13,680 45% - - 964 1,606 1,377 40% 1,527
2005 31,094 15,160 49% 3,032 - 1,077 1,766 1,539 39% 1,689 -
2006 31,965 15,940 50% - - 1,089 1,785 1,556 39% 1,706
2007 32,860 17,310 53% - - 1,151 1,856 1,644 38% 1,794
2008 33,780 18,350 54% - - 1,248 2,013 1,783 38% 1,933
2009 34,726 19,405 56% - - 1,276 2,026 1,823 37% 1,973
Bulk Water from BWUI:
2010 35,698 20,580 58% 4,116 67 1,383 2,150 1,976 36% 2,126 3
1,532m
2011 43,724 21,970 50% 4,396 - 1,864 2,868 2,663 35% 2,813 -
March Water Source
3
in Dauis:396m /20h
2012 45,735 22,330 49% 4,466 - 1,800 2,728 2,760 34% 2,896
operation
Bulk Water from BWUI:
2013 42,654 24,574 58% - - 1,944 2,901 2,776 33% 2,896
2014 43,996 25,772 59% - - 2,084 3,065 2,978 32% 2,896 Shortage
2015 45,339 26,970 59% - - 2,229 3,230 3,184 31% 2,896
2016 46,682 28,168 60% - - 2,376 3,395 3,395 30% 2,896
Eatimate
2017 48,024 29,366 61% - - 2,527 3,559 3,610 29% 2,896
value
2018 49,367 30,564 62% - - 2,681 3,724 3,830 28% 2,896
2019 50,709 31,762 63% - - 2,839 3,888 4,055 27% 2,896
2020 52,052 32,960 63% - - 2,999 4,053 4,285 26% 2,896
2025 58,765 38,950 66% - - 3,755 4,876 5,364 23% 2,896
4.Panglao Municipality
2007 23,416 15,946 68% 3,328 66 1,046 - - - 2,017
2010 27,241 18,580 68% 3,522 - - 1,705 - - -
2011 27,928 - - 3,827 - - 1,926 - - -
2012 28,631 - - - - - - - - - March
Source: Questionnaire Response from each Water Corporation, Bohol Government HP

Table 3.1-3 Total Water Source

Items Year Amount of water (m3/day) Remarks
Water production Capacity of water
(supplied water） source
2003 14,541 17,674
2004 19,797 22,807
2005 22,096 25,056
2006 23,178 25,911
2007 23,488 26,837
Actual data
2008 24,865 28,273
2009 23,893 26,326
2010 24,507 27,333
2011 24,981 29,411
2012 26,016 29,318
2013 28,612 29,411
Amount of water source is
2014 29,626 39,411
developed to 10,000m3/day
2015 30,627 39,411
2016 31,616 39,411
Estimation 2017 32,593 39,411
2018 33,559 39,411
2019 34,515 39,411
2020 35,461 39,411
Amount of water source will run
2025 40,975 39,411
sort
Source: JICA Study team

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Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

60,000
Water Production

50,000 Pump Capacity

Water Source (m /day)

40,000
3

30,000

20,000

10,000

0
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Year
Figure 3.1-5 Estimation of Total Water Source

Except for Dauis of which population served is 49%, other municipalities cover more than
70-80% which is the target rate in the Philippines. The rate of population served is expected
to improve according to an estimate. Population has grown in all areas, and the present
population growth rate is larger than the forecast in the M/P. Therefore, it is predicted that
water demand continues to increase. The groundwater development at the area along the
shore in the circumference of Tagbilaran is a challenge because of the water salinization of
wells.

Given the population growth and increase of the service population rate in Tagbilaran and
Dauis in the future, it is necessary that water sources and water supply are improved in all
areas. However, there is still a spring water source at the Abatan River in Cortes which is on
going project (surface water taken from a spring water next to the river) to cover the increase
of water demand in Tagbilaran and Dauis as well as at the new airport (see 3.1.3-6).
According to the above demand estimation, this water source development scheme can
supply water until 2025.

According to the Water Code, the development of new water sources is decided by the
committee, taking into account the impact on the environment such as salinization, etc.
Development of a new water source on the island is difficult since it may induce
salinization.

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4) Water Tariff

Water tariff in each municipality is shown in Table 3.1-4. All municipalities apply a
progressive tariff system.

The water tariff of BWUI is 30.5PhP/m3 for the use of more than 31m3/month regardless of
tariff classification. On the other hand, the water rate in Dauis is 40-50PhP/m3 for the use of
more than 26m3/month because of the additional operational expense after receiving water
from BWUI.
Table 3.1-4 Water Tariff in Each Municipality
Consumption Residential Institutional Commercial
Particulars
(m3) (PhP/m3) (PhP/m3) (PhP/m3)
1. BWUI
Usage Rate (basic rate) 60.00 60.00 60.00
Up to 10
11-20 10.75 10.75 10.75
21-30 13.75 13.75 13.75
31< 30.50 30.50 30.50
2. TCWS
Usage Rate (basic rate) 56.00 56.00 20.00
Up to 10
11-20 6.20 6.20 20.00
21-30 7.00 7.00 20.00
31-40 8.00 8.00 20.00
41-50 9.00-10.00 9.00-10.00 20.00
51-60 11.00 11.00
61-70 12.00 12.00
71-100 14.00 14.00
101< 20.00 20.00 20.00
3. Dauis
Usage Rate 1-5 16.00 16.00
6-10 17.00 18.00
11-20 18.00 20.00
21-30 20.00 25.00
31< 22.00 30.00
Up to 25 30
26-50 40
51< 50
4. Panglao
Usage Rate (basic rate) 30.00 60.00 60.00
up to 5
6< 9.00 20.00 18.00
Source: Records of Each Water-Supply Corporation

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Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

a) Supply of drinking water other than piped water connection

The rate of population served is 70 to 80% except for 49% of Dauis. This is not particularly
low compared to the national target. The residents or commercial entities in the non-served
areas find water by the following methods.

In the non-served areas of these 3 municipalities, water from a well in the area is filtrated by
RO membrane or charcoal filter, and bottled for sale by 20litters. Bottled water is widely
consumed among the residents. The residents in the areas without pipelines go to other
houses in other areas to buy water. The unit price of water seems low in both cases, but in
total it is far more expensive than the piped water. Table 3.1-5 shows how people get water.
Table 3.1-5 Supply of Drinking Water (Interview at Waterworks Agency)
Status Method Price Abstract
Direct connection of
public water to
residential house:
Water sharing from 10 litters 1-2PhP/tank Water is allocated for a fee from the
nearby public water Container tank house covered with public water
service.
Bottled water 20 litters Bottle 20PhP Each of the six (6) companies in
Panglao Municipality produces
2m3/day of bottled water. The water
sources are individual well sites;
the water is treated with reverse
osmosis membrane and charcoal
filter.
Hotel:
Water truck / Private 10t Truck 800PhP/m3 There are dozens of hotels around
well Alona Beach in Panglao
Municipality. Some of the hotels
have their own private wells but
almost all water sources of wells in
this area get saline water. The water
sources by Panglao Waterworks
also have water salinity.
3.1.3. Condition of Water Supply Facilities for New Airport

1) Planning of Water Source

Initially, there was a suggestion that water can be sourced from private wells on the island
for the new airport. However, the usage of these wells was seen as risky as a heavy demand
for the airport may cause salinity of surrounding wells.

For this reason, water for the new airport is to be sourced from BWUI. In the design of the
airport, the water demand at the airport will be 383m3/day at maximum. Including 10% of
loss, which is estimated to be lost in the transmission of 14km from the intake to the airport,
the water demand rate of 420m3/day will be applied.

The water demand for the new airport is 420m3/day and this is about 2% of 21,000m3/day,
the total maximum water supply amount by BWUI in 2012. The total water supply capacity
by BWUI in March (the summer season) in 2012 is 23,487m3/day and the water supply
amount is 20,753m3/day. The margin of daily supply is 13%, which is 3,000m3/day.

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 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

2) Condition of Related Facilities

The existing water supply facilities of BWUI for the new airport are a well located in
Corella to the north of Tagbilaran, a water pump and a distribution tank in Dampas as well
as water transmission pipes installed from there up to Dauis: (PVC D200mm).

Sources of Six Wells in Collera:

- Amount of Water Source: 8,700m3/day (pump capacity)
- Production Volume: 6,900m3/day
- Transmission Flow Rate: 6,400m3/day (including water supply to Dauis)
Transmission pipe of water source from Corella is pumped up by submerged pump
in the wall.
Pipe Diameter from Corella to Dampas is 250mm.
- There is a margin of 2,300m3/day in the water source in this area including for the
transportation to Dauis.
1) Capacity of R6 Tank (reservoir) in Dampas:
Capacity of R6 tank (reservoir) in Dampas： 1,000 x 2 basins = 2,000m3 (retention time is
6.2 hours)
Retention time of the R6 tank is 6.2 hours. This capacity satisfies the standard of 6 hours to
stabilize hourly change of the demand.
In addition, Dauis Waterworks has been receiving of water in the existing tank in the city
with a sufficient storage capacity. (retention time of 12 hours storage)
2) Transmission Pump:
- Current operation capacity of each pump is estimated at 120m3/h.
- Simultaneous operation will allow supply of sufficient amount of water to the airport with
functional operation.
- Transmission pump at R6 reservoir in Dampas: the capacity is more than 2,400m3/day
(alternately one pump operation)
- Current operating time in summer season in this year (in March) is 17.3 hours/day. Two
pumps have been installed in parallel, which are alternately available for 24 hours a day.

3) Transmission Pipe:
Transmission pipe pumped up at Dampas, supplying water to Dauis
Pipe Diameter from Corella to Dampas is 200mm.
Current flow rate to Dauis is around 2,500m3/day.
Source: JICA Study team

Repair of pump leakage of these facilities are conducted in a timely manner. For this reason
it is determined that the related system can continue stable water supply.

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Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

a) BWUI R6 Water Pump Actual Use

The water pump is placed at the highest point of the transmission pipes. This is causing
overloaded operation. In principle, water pumps need to be placed at lower points to secure
boost pressure.
Table 3.1-6 R6 Water Pump Actual Use
Rating Actual Remarks
Capacity 104m3/h Approx. 120m3/h Upper maximum: 120m3/h
Pump 111m Approx. 80m The pump head becomes below 80m at actual
Head operation, which is the limit of cavitation. The use
of multiple pumps with adequate capacity will
normalize the problem (less energy loss).

Source: BWUI

b) BWUI Operation and Maintenance of Existing Facilities

After its transformation to a corporate company, BWUI has made managerial efforts to turn
its operation from red to black (Financial details are unpublished).
- Replacement of old pipes
- Leakage repair (concerted efforts to repair in the beginning. Currently, it is reduced to
once a week)
- Repair of pump failure
- Limit to water supply at elevated areas (the city is roughly rolling. The water supply was
limited in the recklessly developed areas)

Owing to these efforts, currently, 85% of the population served is recorded and keeps stable
financial operation. There is a strong organizational capacity to maintain the necessary
facilities and keep a good water supply system. The human resources of BWUI are
summarized in Table 3.1-7. There are 4 engineers and 25 operational staff. These personnel
are in charge of operation and maintenance, repair and design. The actual repair works are
outsourced in accordance of needs.
Table 3.1-7 Human Resources at BWUI
Personnel Filled-up Vacancies
Office of GM 3 0
Operation 25 2
Finance/Admin 23 2
Engineering 4 0
Water Quality 4 1
Source: BWUI

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 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

c) Existing facility related in Bohol-Panglao

The existing facilities required for water supply from Bohol Island to the new airport are as
shown in Figure 3.1-6.

Corella Transmission Pipe

Corella Source

BWUI R6 Tank

Receiving Tank T5 in Dauis

Dauis Transmission Pipe

Receiving Tank T1 in Dauis

Receiving Tank T4 in Dauis

Source: BWUI

Figure 3.1-6 Existing Facilities in Bohol-Panglao

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 Prep
paratory Survey for New Bohool Airport Consttruction and
Susstainable Enviroonmental Protecction Project
Finall Report Volumee 2: Tourism, Water
W Supply, Seewerage and In ndividual Sewagee Treatment
Chapter
C 3: Wateer Supply Facillities at New Boohol Airport

Photographhs of related existing faciilities from water

w source of Corella too Dauis

Corella

R6 at Damppas

T at Dauis
T1

Bohol Island and Panglao Island, Coorellasouse-R6 BWU UI well at Corella

C P１ (deeep well hypochlorite
Tank-D
D200mmTransssmission pipe abbout 6km-Dauiis injeccted total six weells, transportinng water to R6)

BWUII R6 reservoir (tank) (supplyy water from Corella)

C R6: transmission
t puump, supply waater to Dauis,
Cap. 1,000m3 x 2 tankks = 2,000m3 h=11
11m x 2 pumps

Maintenance of R6 Transmission
T puump at BWUI Dampas
D BWU 00m3
UI Dauis T1: reeceiving water ffrom R6： Q=20

L
Laboratory for water
w quality teest at BWUI Well in Pangllao Municipalitty

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 Prep
paratory Survey for New Bohool Airport Consttruction and
Susstainable Enviroonmental Protecction Project
Finall Report Volumee 2: Tourism, Water
W Supply, Seewerage and In ndividual Sewagee Treatment
Chapter
C 3: Wateer Supply Facillities at New Boohol Airport

Water Diviision at Dauis Municipality

M Botttle water com
mpany in Pangglao Municipality-
Rev
verse osmosis membrane
m facillity
m3/day productiion)
(2m

3) Tank Cap
pacity and Retention
R T
Time

Table 3.1-88 shows the tank

t capacityy at each utillity. The retenntion time inn the tank of BWUI is
4.3 hours, which is sligghtly lower thhan the reten ntion time off 5 to 6 hourss that make a peak cut
of hourly maximum
m floow rate possiible. Therefo ore, a decrease of water ppressure may y occur at
the pipe ennd starting att the late afteernoon.

However, BWUI is cuurrently prepparing an ex xpansion plaan with its oown funds. Once
O this
expansion plan is comppleted, a stabble water sup pply for all water
w users bbecomes posssible and
other utilityy water tankks will have sufficient
s reteention time.
Table 3.1-8
3 Tank Capacity
C an
nd Retentio
on Time
Utility Noo. BW
WUI TC
CWS Dauuis Pangglao
1 140 38 38 200
2 380 151 38 200
3 380 379 38 123
4 112 379 38 33
5 100 757 38
6 2,000 47 330
7 640 43 10
8 10
9 97
10 196
11 125
12 150
13 200
Total (m3 ３ ) 3,752 1,793 1
1,308 556
Dailly max. water supply
2
20,753 4,632
4 2
2,728 1,928
amoount (m ３)
Reteention time (hhours) 4.3 9.3 11.5 6.9
Souurce: Questionnnaire responsse of each watter corporationn

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 Prep
paratory Survey for New Bohool Airport Consttruction and
Susstainable Enviroonmental Protecction Project
Finall Report Volumee 2: Tourism, Water
W Supply, Seewerage and In ndividual Sewagee Treatment
Chapter
C 3: Wateer Supply Facillities at New Boohol Airport

4) Dispositio
on of water tank at th
he new airp
port and BW
WUI tank in
n Dauis

Figure 3.1-7 shows thee relation off disposition and elevatioon of the exxisting BWU UI tank in
Dauis and the tank at thhe new airpoort. The wateer transmittedd from R6 BWUI tank in n Dampas
in Bohol Island is to be
b received ata the followiing tank in Dauis.
D Part oof the area is supplied
by anotherr water sourcce in Dauis (S
See Figure 3.1-3).

From BWUI R6:

Boohol Island, Damp
pas

BWUI existting and New

w Air Port sch
hematic tank system
s layouut in Dauis
Source: JIICA Study Team
m

Figure 3.1-7 Existing

g Facilities in Dauis

5) Salinization

Saline watter has intrudded in a widde range in coastal

c areas and the towwn center of Panglao.
Water tastees salty at soome water soources in Daauis. Salinizaation has exacerbated. Therefore,
T
many existting wells haave stopped operation.
o Unnder these ciircumstancess, it is consid
dered that
the expanssion of water supply area is required in
i the near fuuture.

Water quaality tests were

w conductted for the piped
p waterr in Dauis aand Panglao. A high
concentratiion of salt was
w detectedd from the piped
p water in
i the centraal to northerrn coastal
areas of Daauis.

The test reesults are sum

mmarized inn Table 3.1-9
9 and Attachhment-2. Thee blue color indicates
that water quality remaains within the
t standard value, the yellow
y moderrately exceedding, and
the red larggely exceedinng.

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 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

Table 3.1-9 Water Testing Results

Sampling place/ Chloride TDS Nitrogen/Nitrite Nitrogen/
Items Ammonium
Alona Panglao 258>250 mg/l ✔ 864>500 mg/l ✔ 0.0007<3 mg/l (OK) 0.002 mg/l (OK)
Center Panglao 342>250 mg/l ✔ 710>500 mg/l ✔ - -
North. Panglao 241<250 mg/l (OK) 864>500 mg/l ✔ - -
Northern Dauis 1,169>250 mg/l ✔ 2,822>500 mg/l ✔ - -
Source : JICA study team ✔: Over standard

6) Related projects in progress

The Bohol Provincial Government is preparing implementation of the M/P prepared by

AusAID to solve water concerns in the future. Future water supply concepts in Tagbilaran,
Dauis and Panglao are blueprinted in the M/P.

The Master Plan guides developments of water resources for safe domestic, commercial, and
industrial use, in order to improve the health of the community and protect the depleting
groundwater systems.

The Master Plan proposed seven (7) bulk water systems using river water. The study area
includes the Loboc River-1 bulk water system. The proposed Loboc River-1 bulk water
system consists of a two staged implementation; the Abatan river water supply system will
be developed by 2010 as the first stage and the Loboc river water supply system will be
added in 2018 as the second stage.

Although the Panglao Municipality is included in the first stage project, this part of the
project has not started yet. (Refer to “Bohol Integrated Water Supply System Master Plan”)

a) BWUI Expansion Project

BWUI bases on the M/P prepared by AusAID, with its own financial resources, BWUI has
conducted the expansion plan, including Tagbilaran, Dauis, Panglao using a new water
source of spring water located in the mountains about 5km north of Cortes from Tagbilaran.
In 2012, negotiations for site of pipe installation are going on.

Expansion Project of BWUI water supply system

- Source, amount of source: Ohan Spring, Intake amount; 10,000 m3/day
- Water supply area: city and town along the pipeline from Cortes-Tagbilaran, Dampas,
through R6 Reservoir. Mainly supply in Tagbilaran, Dauis, Panglao
- Budget: 120 million PhP
Planned facilities: Water Treatment Plant, Reservoir, Transmission Pipe
- Diameter of transmission pipe: D200mm: Cortes-Tagbilaran, Dampas, R6 Reservoir
- Construction schedule: 2013-2014
Source: BWUI

In addition, BWUI has its own future water supply plan for Panglao. BWUI plans to
improve transmission pipe operation by gravity flow and to increase diameters of the
transmission pipe. (Ground Level is 56m at R6, and Ground Level is 25m at Dauis T1, the
transmission pipe can supply water by gravity flow)

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 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

Intake point in expansion plan: Uhan Spring (Abatan River), intake amount
investigation by BWUI staff.
Source: BWUI: Abatan River Development Plan

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 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

3.2. Facility Plan

3.2.1. Water Demand Plan for New Airport

According to the new Panglao Airport, the maximum amount of demand for the airport is
estimated to be 383m3/day.

- Population served: Passengers according to the new Airport Plan

- Water demand of daily maximum in n the new airport: 383m3/day
Daily maximum water supply amount: 420m3/day
(Receiving amount from BWUI Receiving Water at Dauis including leakage in
transmission pipe on the way from Dauis receiving tank to the new airport: 383m3/d x
10%.)
- Able date of receiving water: According to the instruction by the responsible agent.
Source: JICA Study Team

Each receiving water quantity is shown Table 3.2-1. The yellow cells indicate relevant water
amounts.
Table 3.2-1 Receiving Water Quantity
Water Coefficient/
Places Remarks
Quantity/Items Water Quantity
Water demand daily
a Airport 325 m3/day Basic water demand
average
b Load factor 0.85 Seasonal change
Water demand daily c=a/b：use for design in the
c Airport 383 m3/day
maximum airport facilities.
d Water loss 10% Estimated value
e=a×(100%+d)：Use for
Water receiving
Receiving 3 receiving water amount
e daily average 360 m /day
Tank in Dauis calculation.
(supply)
(Water from BWUI)
f Load factor 0.85 Seasonal change
Water receiving g=e/f：Use for transmission
Receiving
g daily maximum 420 m3/day facility calculation.
Tank in Dauis
(supply)
h Time factor Airport 2.5
Hourly maximum Transmission = Water receiving daily
i 1.0
flow Pipe maximum
3.2.2. Basic Facility Design

1) Contents of Discussion with BWUI

A meeting was held with the GM of BWUI to discuss the method of water supply to the new
airport. After completion of the facility construction, the maintenance and operation of the
facility will be transferred to BWUI, and the airport pays fees for their services. The
consultation agreements are the preliminary guiding principles. Before the construction of
facilities, another agreement between BWUI and DOTC/implementing agency needs to be
concluded at a later stage.

The agenda of the meeting is as follows:

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

a) Receiving amount of water and measuring point of receiving water:

installation of a meter at the inlet pipe

A minimum standard fee applies to receiving water. BWUI suggested 10,000m3 for the
minimum receiving water. A receiving water tank (150m3 effective capacity) will newly be
installed at the expansion site (GL+29m) leased from BWUI. This site is located at a side of
transmission pipes from R6 distribution tank (Dampas) with the same elevation level
(GL+29m) as the receiving tank T1 (GL+25m). Therefore, an equal amount of water can be
received to Dauis. This site was purchased 3 years ago by BWUI for the future use at
1000PhP/m2. BWUI is planning to use this site in the future; therefore, temporal leasing of
this site is possible but purchasing for the project is not possible. The project does not limit
the choice of site to this location if other adequate sites are found. The amount of receiving
water is estimated at 420m3/day including a 10% leakage loss during transmission and the
water demand of 383m3 at the airport. Typically, water fees are calculated based on the
amount of receiving water at the receiving tank. This also applies to the project. Upon
completion of facility construction, water needs to be poured into pipelines and facilities to
prevent drying out and insects.

¾ Flow control method in water pipe, transmission pipe route and diameter

¾ Facility maintenance after the completion (transferred to BWUI)

¾ Water charge (presented from BWUI)

¾ Operation start (decided in consultation with the implementing agency)

Salinization may be exacerbated if the groundwater at the island is used for construction
water. Small amount of water can be transported by truck from outside the island.

The water is pumped up for 3km by pipes (D150mm) from the receiving tank to a
transmission water tank at the highest elevated pipes (a high location of Center Highway in
Dauis, GL: 65m). The transmission water tank serves as a surge tank to air a valve and also
to protect the pump.

The water is fed by gravity through pipes (D150mm) for approximately 11km from the relay
tank to the airport. The conditions of inlet water at the airport may cause pressure in the
transmission pipe negative. To control the pressure the facility design includes a function to
control water level of the relay tank and tank in the new airport. The transmission pipes are
placed at the shoulder of Central Highway (right way: 3m from the boundary of the Center
Highway, 30m width, 15m halfway). The exact construction locations will be guided by the
department of national highway as shown in Figure 3.1-6. High-Density Polyethylene Pipe
is used for the project, which is extensively used in the Philippines. The agreed facilities are
as follows:

¾ Receiving tank, GL29m: 1 tank in the site of BWUI, with water pump: 1 pumping
station

¾ Relay tank, GL65m: 1 tank (in the private site, agreed)

¾ Transmission pipes: through Center Highway between Dauis to New Airport

(D150mm, L=14km)

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Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

There is another route that runs along the southern national road other than the
above-mentioned Center Highway route. The Center Highway route is however more
suitable considering the number of curves, distance and the number of obstacles on the way
such as houses and hedges. Figure 3.2-1 shows the disposition of facilities for airport water
supply. The southern road route is shown in Figure 3.2-4.

Existing transmission
New receiving tank for BWUI: pipe by BWUI
Q=150m3 PVC200mm
Pump
Transmission: 420m3/day
Pump head: 50m
GL: 29m

New transmission pipe-1

HDPE D150mm
ＢＨ－４
L= 3 km
ＢＨ－５

Road crossing (jacking method)

ＢＨ－１

ＢＨ－*： Boring point

ＢＨ－２

Relay tank
ＢＨ－３ transmission pipe -2
New Q=150m3
HDPE D150mm GL: 65m
L= 11km

Receiving Tank
in New airport

Source: JICA Study Team

Figure 3.2-1 New Panglao Airport Water Supply Facilities

b) General facility arrangement

Each general facility arrangement has been agreed as follows:

¾ Receiving tank, relay tank, each basin

¾ Attached pump station 1 in the same site of receiving tank

¾ Transmission pipe: Dauis-New Airport: D150mm, L=14km

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 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

BWUI Site for Receiving Tank (Reservoir). Relay Tank-2: Highest point in the
Joint investigation with BWUI staff transmission pipeline

15880
EDGE OF ROAD WIDTH 9000
N. 25o − 33’ E. 15. 88 M.
4
3

N Control Office

Receiving Tank
WAY

6000

V=150m3
13. 25 M .

Over flow,
Drain Pipe
Boring point
OF

13500
N. 61o − 56’ W.
13250

13. 50 M.
RIGHT

4000

LEGEND : Transmission pump S. 66o − 11’ E.

Water meter Water meter

Pump station
8" O I8 INLET PIPE
6" O OUTLET PIPE
4" O DRAIN,
OVERFLOW PIPE

2
Outlet Pipe S. 24o − 33’ E. 14. 90 M.
新空港へ給水
To AIR PORT Inlet Pipe
From BACLAYON

From R6
NATIONAL HIGHWAY ( 30.00 M. wide )

14900
LAND LOT LAYOUT & SITE PLAN

Source: JICA Study Team

Figure 3.2-2 Facility Layout of Receiving Tank in BWUI Site

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 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

2) Specifications and Dimensions of New Facilities

The specification of new facilities is shown below.

Table 3.2-2 Specifications and Dimensions of New Facilities
Items Specifications Remarks
1 Receiving Tank Capacity: 150 m3, 8hours of daily receiving Adjust hourly change of transmission flow
GL29m amount from BWUI effective depth： 3m rate from Reservoir of BWUI R6 to Dauis.
Receive water from RC: 1basin May be designed for electrical power failure.
BWUI R6 reservoir in Epoxy resin lining It includes basic 6hours hourly change of
DAMPAS demand.
The site: in Dauis, BWUI site
Attached facilities
In Inlet ,outlet pipe Steel Pipe
Inlet ,outlet meter 2 meters D150mm、 Turbine flow meters
Fence, Drainage 1 set
Operation house
2 Transmission pump
Horizontal axis volute 3 pumps (including 1stand by pump),
pump Total: 4 pumps
Piping, control valves, Volume： 18m3/h x 3pumps
check valves Pump Head: 45m. 7 kWx3, 5kWx1
Transformer; 1 set
Electric panel;
Pump panel;
Generator 75kvA
Pomp house About 40m2 Brick made
3 Transmission Pipe-1 Capacity ： 18 m3/h +(hurly flow change) PE Pipe can reduce leakage, because of few
HDPE: Dia150mm (10KG) joints compared to PVC
Length=3km
Minimum soil cover： 0.6m-0.9m
Average： 1m-1.5m
Location of Installation pipe: in 3m in the right
of the way

Other Facilities Highest point air valve

each 1km-3km: Stop valve: low point drain
valve
Others: thrust block, marking stake other
necessary facilities for pipe maintenance
4 Relay Tank, GL65m Effective capacity: 150 m3 Adjust hourly change of demand of new
Effective water depth: 3m airport
RC: 1Basin Roll of surge tank, air vent, projection of
Epoxy resin lining pipeline from pressure impact. HWL、 LWL
Electric signal wire from here to the receiving control: Water level site inlet, outlet flow
tank control method is installed connection with
transmutation pump operation.
Obtained site owners informal consent. At
Barng. Tinago
Attached Facilities
In inlet-outlet pipe Steel Pipe
Inlet, outlet meter 2 meters D150mm turbine type
Fence, Drainage 1 set
Operation House
5 Transmission Pipe -2 Capacity ： 18 m3/h PE Pipe can reduce leakage, because of few
HDPE:Dia150m mm (10KG) joint compare with PVC.
Length=3km
Minimum soil cover: 0.6m-0.9m
Average: 1m-1.5m
Location of installation pipe: in 3m of
right-of-way
Other facilities Highest point: air valve
each 1km-3km: Stop valve:
low point drain valve
Others: thrust block, marking stake, other
necessary facilities for pipe maintenance
6 Chlorine injection Sodium hypochlorite: injection rate: 0.2mg/l Injection at new airport
7 Receiving tank in air port Capacity： 288 m3 Separately constructed from BWUI
Receiving water supply

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 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

3.2.3. Conformation of water hammer of the pump

Figure 3.2-3 shows the water level differences from the water source in Corella to the
receiving tank in Dauis and the water supply facility at the airport.
Site Corelia Dampus Dauis Rlay-tank Air port
GL GL GL GL GL
length length length
GL 80m 56m 29m 65m 20m

km 7 6 3 11
Total km 7 13.6
0 3 14
Hight Hydraulic Gradient
Water Source Static Level
GL
70m
GL:65m
Reservoir R6: GL56m
Hydraulic Gradient
50m
TransmissionPump
GL

30m GL:29m
Pump
Receiving tank

20m Airport receiving tan

Place BOHOL ISLAND Sea Bridge PANGLAO ISLAND

km 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 1 2 4 6 8 10 12
Source: JICA Study Team
Figure 3.2-3 Hydraulic Chart

1) Pipeline route section

The Pipeline Route Longitudinal Section is shown in Figure3.2-4.

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

Relay Tank
Adopted route GL 62-65m
Center High Way
Dauis Receiving
Tank GL: 29m
Pump station

Dauis Existing
Tank T1
Alternative route
Airport
Southern High Way

Relay Tank
Air Port GL 62-65m
Center High Way Dauis Receiving
GL 20m
Tank GL: 29m
Adopted route Pump station

Air Port Dauis Existing

Southern High Way
GL 20m Tank T1

Alternative route

Figure 3.2-4 Pipeline Route Longitudinal Section

2) Water hammer effect by the pump

Effects of water hammer pressure by water pump at the receiving point are estimated. No
particular negative pressure or excessive impact and damage on the pipes are expected. The
results of estimative calculation are shown in Figure 3.2-5.

Source: JICA Study team

Figure 3.2-5 Calculation of Pump Impact

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 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

3.2.4. Basic Design and Standard

1) Rough specifications, standard of facilities

The following criteria primarily related to the design of civil engineering facilities should be noted.
Table 3.2-3 Rough Specification, Standard of Facilities
Items Design Concept Remarks
1 Water receiving Adjacent location with pump Foundation: excavation depth is 0.5-1m from the surface, mat
tank, Relay tank station. foundation on the limestone (according to the result of boring,
Pump elevation is push-in thickness of surface soil is about 0.5-1m on the limestone.
position in pump suction Bearing strength of foundation is 240 kP. If adjustment of
side. foundation level is required; soil cement method shall be
adopted.
2 Transmission Pump elevation is push-in Basement is set on limestone.
pump position in pump suction side.
3 Pump station Foundation: adjustment of foundation level is required; soil
cement method shall be adopted.
4 Transmission pipe Pressure pipe corresponding HDPE IS adopted: using pressure 70m-100m (0.7-1.0N/mm2)
to the predetermined pressure pipe shall be adopted
pressure. Including impact Impact pressure:
pressure. Iron pipe: 1.5 times of using pressure
HDPE, PVC: 1.4 times of using pressure
If possible, open excavation method is desirable for crossing of
national highway. However, (fear of contamination) installation
in existing crossing drainage pipe must be avoided. Also,
jacking method shall be considered, if necessary.
5 Access road Use existing road.
6 Pipeline Flow rate coefficient
calculation formula C = 110-120
Hazen-William formula:
(adjusted to more than 75mm
diameter)
7 Structural analysis Use finite element method
8 Concrete structures Concrete strength Foundation: excavation depth is 0.5-m from the surface; mat
(specification of strength of foundation on the limestone (According to the result of boring,
cement, in the RC structure thickness of surface soil is about 0.5-m on the limestone.
42.5N) Bearing strength of foundation is 240 kP) If adjustment of
foundation level is required, soil cement method shall be
adopted.
Tank structure σck =24N (Watertight concrete)
Other reinforced concrete σck=21N
structures σck=16N
Unreinforced structure
Allowable stress for rebar for σa=1,600kg/cm2
tank structure σa=2,000kg/cm2
9 Seismic design According to predetermined
value by horizontal seismic
coefficient
10 Design Criteria International standards
Industrial required
Standards, etc.
11 Others To adopt common
specifications and standards
in the Philippines, if
possible.
Source: JICA Study Team

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

2) Result of soil survey

A boring survey has been carried out at the facility installation site. Limestone appeared in
more than 0.75-1m depth at the water tank site. (N value 50 or more, bearing capacity of soil
250 (kPa)) Test results are shown as follows. At the shoulder of a road, the ground level was
raised by embankment so that limestone appeared from the depth of 2m.

Tested position (refer to Figure 3.2-1, New Panglao Airport Water Supply Facilities):
Table 3.2-4 Results of Soil Survey (in the site of receiving tank)
BH1 (h=5m) BH5 (h=5m)
Relay Tank Receiving Tank
Bearing Bearing
Depth N Depth N
capacity Type of Soil capacity Type of Soil
(m) value (m) value
(kPa) (kPa)
0.5 20-25 7 Clay 0.5 250 >50 Limestone
1-2-5 300 >50 Limestone 0.75-2-5 >300 >50 Limestone

Table 3.2-5 Results of Soil Survey (in the site of pipe installation)
BH2 (h=3m) BH3 (h=3m) BH4 (h=3m)
Highway: Right-of-Way Highway: Right-of-Way Highway: Right-of-Way
Bearing Bearing Bearing
Depth Type of Depth Type of Depth Type of
capacity N value capacity N value Capacity N value
(m) Soil (m) Soil (m) Soil
(kPa) (kPa) (kPa)
Clay, Clayey
0.5-1.5 175 23 0.5-1.5 3-40 6 Clay 0.5 40 8
Silt Sand
Lime- Silty
2-3 300 <50 2-3 125 15 Silt 1-2-3 250 36
stone Sand
Source: JICA Study Team

3) Pipe installation location in the national highway

The width of one side of Panglao Island Center Highway is 15m. In 2012, construction
works to expand the 2-lane to 4-lane is in progress and scheduled to be completed before the
opening of the airport. DPWH has instructed installation of pipes between the soak ways in
the 3m road at the highway side. There is sufficient space for pipe installation as 0.6-0.7m
with the drilling widths. There are a few houses that are extruded to the planned sites, but
these will not hinder pipe installation. With regard to the permission for public road works at
the detailed design, an application form and designs are to be submitted to DPWH.
Operation and maintenance fees have to be paid.

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paratory Survey for New Bohool Airport Consttruction and
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Finall Report Volumee 2: Tourism, Water
W Supply, Seewerage and In ndividual Sewagee Treatment
Chapter
C 3: Wateer Supply Facillities at New Boohol Airport

W
Width from centeer: 15m: Road Land
L

Right of the way Existing pavement

p 7.5m
From border:
b 3m

Canal

DP
t=0 .10

D
保護砂

Loocation of occupancy of pi
ipe

Sourrce: DPWH dessign of expansioon plan of the Center

C Highway
y and instructioon from DPWH.

Figure 3.2-6 Lo
ocation of Pipe
P Installlation

Picturee of the Centter Highwayy

Center Highway in Panglao Island Center Higghway in Pannglao Island

under exxpansion work beforre expansionn work

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

3.3. Construction Cost

3.3.1. Estimation of Construction Cost

The estimation of construction cost is 80,500,000 PhP as shown in Table 3.3-1.

Table 3.3-1 Estimation of Construction Cost based on Basic Design
Description Specification Unit Qty. Amount (PhP)
1 Water Receiving Tank 2,300,000
Water Tank 150m3 (RC) No. 1
Attached Facilities Sum 1
-Inlet & Outlet Pipe SP Sum 1
-Water Meter Impeller Type, D150mm No. 2
-Fence, Drainage Sum 1
2 Water Supply Pump (Volute Type) 10,500,000
Pump-1 Q=18m3/h No. 3
Pump-2 Q=9m3/h No. 1
Valves GV, CV & Strainer Sum 1
Related Electrical Equipment Sum 1
-Transformer Sum 1
-Power Receiving Panel Sum 1
-Electrical Panel for Pumps Sum 1
-Emergency Generator 75kVA Sum 1
Hoist Rail, Wiring &
Sum 1
Ventilation Fan
Interlock with Water Level
Pump Operation Control Electrode installed on The Sum 1
Relay Tank
Pump House (~40m2) Sum 1
3 Water Transmission Pipe-1 13,000,000
Pipes & Fittings HDPE, Dia. 150mm m 3,000
Lease of Land Sum 1
4 Relay Tank 3,800,000
Water Tank 150m3 (RC) No. 1
Attached Facilities Sum 1
-Inlet & Outlet Pipe SP Sum 1
-Water Meter Impeller Type, D150mm, No. 2
-Water Gauges Sum 1
-Fence, Drainage Sum 1
Purchase of Land Sum 1
5 Water Transmission Pipe-2 47,800,000
Pipes & Fittings HDPE, Dia. 150mm m 11,000
Leased Land Sum 1
6 Chlorination Feeding Equipment 100,000
0.1-0.2mg/l,
Sodium Hypochlorite Re-injection in Water Sum 1
Receiving Tank at Airport
7 Pump Operation Control Equipment 3,00,000
Instrumentation Works for Water
Supply Pumps and Water Level
Sum 1
Electrode of Water Receiving
Tanks
Total 80,500,000
Source: JICA Study Team

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

3.3.2. Tentative implementation Schedule for Construction of Water Supply

The new airport is scheduled to start in service in 2016. In addition, airport water supply
facilities are scheduled to be completed by the end of 2015. Tentative implementation
Schedule for Construction of Water Supply as shown in Table 3.3-2.

Table 3.3-2 Tentative implementation Schedule for Construction of Water Supply

Items 2013 2014 2015 2016

2 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12

Construction Period of Airport Project (30 months) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Airport Site commencement of
Airport Operation
Water Supply and Distribution System
Water Tank and Pump House
Outside
Receiving Tank and Pump (GL:29m)
Relay Tank (GL:65m)
Transmission Pipe

Source: JICA Study Team

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Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

3.4. Maintenance Plan

3.4.1. Maintenance System

The pipelines run through Corella, Tagbilaran, Dauis, Panglao municipalities. BWUI was
privatized 14 years ago with the Bohol Provincial Government holding 30% of its share to
supply water in the area. The provincial government has no water supply engineer in their
organization. Therefore, they rely on BWUI in terms of technical subjects or related matters
for water supply. For the Bohol provincial government to remain as a major shareholder of
BWUI, its public nature and reliability are to be assured through authorized governmental
guidance and achievements attained.

Therefore, in order to maintain a good operational condition, it seems reasonable to transfer

the operation and maintenance capacity to BWUI. The ownership of facilities still belongs to
the new airport. The operation and maintenance is entrusted to BWUI. If the airport agency
considers direct maintenance is advantageous, the transfer may not be necessary.

3.4.2. Receiving Water Fees

1) Operation and Maintenance Fees

Maintenance costs should be reflected in the price. Additional fees are set for operation and
maintenance of the receiving tanks, water pump, transmission pipeline and other facilities.
(Refer to Table 3.4-1, Estimated Maintenance Costs of Water Supply Facilities after the
Airport is in Service.)

2) Receiving water rate

BWUI proposed water fees as follows:

- The amount of receiving water at the point of receiving tank: 420 m3 (Dauis, Mareveles in
the site of Brng. BWUI)
- Water fees include the general operation and maintenance of BWUI after transferring the
water supply facilities (General operation and repair of receiving tanks, transmission pipes,
pump station and water pump)
- The fees are revised according to increase of consumer price by 5% or more. The revision
of fees is based on the generally adopted standards for water distribution contract.
- Site use fees: monthly 20 PhP/m2 (206m2 of total site area, revised every 2 years)
- This site may not be used, if a suitable site can be found.

3) Maintenance method after the completion of facility

- Receiving water rate: including ordinal cost of maintenance and operation of facilities
after the transfer of maintenance to BWUI.
- Other expenses: costs for operation and maintenance of the airport water supply facilities
after receiving of water in Dauis

Electricity fees (cost for transmission pump, instrumentation equipment)

Major repairs (Crack or bursting caused by earthquake or accident)

Cost of renewal of facilities.

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

Discussions were made on the additional expenses for receiving water. The facility
components were presented by the study team. Since BWUI is a profit-making enterprise, it
is difficult to set the costs of operation and maintenance prior to operation of facilities that
were constructed by an unrelated project. It is also possible to fix water tariffs after the
facility starts operation. DOTC and BWUI need to discuss further on this matter. There is
also a need to employ new staff for operation and maintenance. Depending on the details of
operational services rendered by BWUI, different options for operation should be discussed.
For instance, the airport agency may directly operate the water supply facilities.

4) The validity of proposed rates

BWUI is adopting a progressive water fee charging system. Currently, users for more than
30 m3 are charged 30.5PhP/m3. Therefore, the proposed fee of 30PhP/m3 is almost equal to
the current fee (See the section of the water current rate of BWUI). Generally, a progressive
water tariff is adopted for water service in order to encourage water saving. In this project a
progressive water tariff is not mentioned. Additional expenses for operation and
maintenance in Dauis are the following:
a) Other expenses: operation and maintenance of water supply facilities to receive water
in Dauis
b) Lease of land, renewal of the facilities at cost

All expenses are incurred at cost in addition to general water tariff of BWUI. These are
necessary costs but can be included in the water receiving tariff upon discussion.

The additional maintenance costs of water supply facilities after service is estimated to be
5PhP/m3. If 30PhP/m3 of receiving water fee is added, the total cost will be 35PhP/m3. As a
reference, BWUI supplies water to most water needs (80%). Water tariff for commercial use
is 40-50PhP/m3 for use of water more than 6m3/month. Costs of water at the airport are less
expensive than those in Dauis. Estimates are shown below.

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

Table 3.4-1 Maintenance Cost after the Airport Water Supply System is in Service
(In the case of consumption of 360 m3/day)
Expense
Items Calculation Remarks
(PhP/day)
1kWh=8.3 PhP
Power Cost Capacity: 7.0kW x 24h = 168 1,390
168kWh x 8.3 PhP/day=1,390 PhP/day
Chlorine injection rate: 2mg/L
Price of Chlorine :400 PhP/kg Re-injected at
Chlorine 288
360 m3/day x 2mg/L = 0.72 kg/day airport
0.72 kg x 400 PhP/kg=288 PhP/day
Including in
Major Repairing Few serious repairs is assumed initially
- ordinal air port
Cost in service
maintenance cost
Lease fee: 20PhP/m2/month.
Site Cost
Area of land: 206 m2 BWUI
(receiving water 137
206 m2 x 20PhP/m2 ownership
tank site)
/month÷30days/month =137 PhP/day
Total 1,800 PhP/day
3 3
Unit Cost 1,800 PhP/day/ 360 m /day=5.0 PhP/m 5.0 PhP/m3 5 PhP/m3
Expense for one
Unit Cost：5PhP/m3 x 360 m3 x 30 days 54,000 PhP/month
month
Note: Major repairing cost= 1% per year of construction cost, includes in the ordinal
maintenance cost of new airport.
Source: JICA Study Team

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 3: Water Supply Facilities at New Bohol Airport

3.4.3. Points to Keep in Mind for the Installation of a Dedicated New Airport Water
Supply Facilities

The details of the meeting with BWUI (Facility design, operation and maintenance and tariff
for receiving water) are treated as guiding principles and have to be discussed further with
the implementation agency (DOTC) and BWUI to confirm the following issues.

1) Completion schedule of expansion works of BWUI

Reconfirmation of the completion schedule of “BWUI Uhan Spring Extension Plan” (Water
Source: Abatan River) currently 2013 or 2014
z Conformation of overlap with similar other projects in the implementation stage of this
project

2) Confirmation of the start of operation

Confirmation of the schedule of receiving water from BWUI with DOTC

3) Maintenance

Details of discussion with BWUI:

z Scope of maintenance
Receiving water fees include general operation and maintenance costs of the facilities,
Operation and repair of receiving tank, water pump, pump station and transmission pipes.
Other expenses are paid by the airport at actual expense.
- Electric rate, such as power cost for transmission pump, instrumentation equipment
- Chlorination at airport
- Major repairs (Crack or bursting caused by earthquake or accident)
- Cost of renewal of the facilities
z Receiving water fees, revision of tariff
BWUI proposed a water fee of 30PhP/m3 equal to the current general fee. The receiving
water fee may be revised if consumer price increases by 5% or more. The tariff of BWUI is
charged progressively, i.e., the more water is used, the higher is the charge. The amount of
receiving water is as large as 420 m3 but there was no request to charge a progressive tariff.
BWUI wishes to charge 10,000m3/month as the minimum.
z Land lease or purchase of water receiving tank and relay tank
For the project implementation options, lease or purchase of land or looking for another site
are examined.

These were matters discussed as guiding conceptual framework in consultation with BWUI
and the JICA Study Team about the facility planning. It will be necessary for the Philippine
side (with DOTC and BWUI) to discuss further at the implementation stage.

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Chapter 4

Sewerage Development

Table of Contents

4.1. Sewerage Sector in the Philippines ····················································· 4-1

4.1.1. Jurisdiction Agency for Water Sector ·············································· 4-1
4.1.2. Relevant Policy and Laws ···························································· 4-1
4.1.3. Existing Sewerage System in Philippines ········································ 4-5

4.2. Planning Environment on Water and Sanitation Development ················ 4-6

4.2.1. Conditions for Plans for the Water Sector ········································ 4-6
4.2.2. Relevant Plan on Water Use and Water Resource ···························· 4-6
4.2.3. Plan on Water Environment Conservation ······································· 4-7
4.2.4. Priority of Sewerage Development in Nation and Bohol Province ········· 4-7
4.2.5. Current ODA Project and Private Sector Participation related to Water
Sector Project in Bohol ································································ 4-7

4.3. Wastewater Environment and Sanitation ·············································· 4-8

4.3.1. Existing Wastewater Disposal ······················································· 4-8
4.3.2. Water Quality of Public Water Body ·············································· 4-10
4.3.3. Existing Sanitation Facility ·························································· 4-16

4.4. Preliminary Wastewater Disposal Plan ··············································· 4-18

4.4.1. Planning Policy and Planning Fundamentals for Wastewater Disposal
Plan ······················································································ 4-18
4.4.2. Conceptual Design of Sewerage System ······································· 4-22
4.4.3. Implementation Program ···························································· 4-58
4.4.4. Financial Analysis ····································································· 4-59
4.4.5. Preliminary Sanitation Development Plan ······································ 4-71

4.5. Project evaluation ··········································································· 4-75

4.5.1. Technical Evaluation ································································· 4-75
4.5.2. Financial Evaluation ·································································· 4-76
4.5.3. Environmental Evaluation ·························································· 4-76
4.5.4. Social Concerns ······································································· 4-76
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 4 Sewerage Development

Chapter 4. Sewerage Development

4.1. Sewerage Sector in the Philippines

4.1.1. Jurisdiction Agency for Water Sector

In 1955, after World War II, the National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority (NAWASA)
was established to reconstruct the water systems in the Philippines. The changes in the
sewerage sector to the current state were implemented in the 1970s. Since then, three
specialized agencies; the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS), the Local
Water Utilities Administration (LWUA), and the Rural Waterworks Development Corporation
(RWDC) have been responsible for providing water supplies and sewerage services to
specific areas of the country. The MWSS is responsible to provide the services to Metro
Manila and its adjoining areas as per the Republic Act 6234 of 1971, while the LWUA and the
RWDC, through separate mandates, take charge in providing services in other parts of the
country.

4.1.2. Relevant Policy and Laws

1) Relevant Policy and Laws on Sewerage and Sanitation

Major policies and laws related to sewerage and sanitation are shown below.

a) Presidential Decree no. 1152 (1977), Philippine Environment Code

TITLE II (Water Quality Management) of the code specifies the National Pollution Control
Commission to take into account classification of Philippine waters and establishment of
water quality standards to protect and improve water quality. TITLE V (Waste Management)
requires solid waste to be disposed by sanitary landfill, incineration, composting, and other
methods as may be approved by competent government authorities. Furthermore, it
requires liquid waste from manufacturing plants, industries, communities, or domestic
sources to be treated either physically, biologically or chemically prior to disposal in
accordance with the rules and regulations promulgated by the proper government authorities.

b) Republic Act No. 9275, Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (CWA)

The CWA provides the policy and regulatory framework of comprehensive water quality
management in the country to pursue sustainable development. Major provisions of CWA
and its implementing rules and regulations (IRR) are:

z The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), in coordination with the
National Water Resources Board (NWRB) shall designate Water Quality Management
Areas (WQMA) across the country.
z DENR shall identify water bodies, where pollutants have exceeded their statutory standards,
as 'non-attainment' areas and shall prepare and implement water quality improvement
programs that will not allow new sources of exceeded water pollution in non-attainment
areas without a corresponding reduction in discharges from existing sources.

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z Preparation and implementation of national sewerage and septage management program to

manage domestic sewage collection, treatment and disposal in Metro Manila and other
Highly Urbanized Cities (HUCs).
z Establishment of National and local area Water Quality Management Funds to be
administered by the DENR in coordination with other concerned agencies.
z Implementation of wastewater charge system and discharge permit system.

c) Presidential Decree no. 856 (1975), Code on Sanitation of the Philippines

The Code defines the sanitation facilities to ensure that they are in keeping with modern
standards of sanitation and provide a reference and guide for their enforcement.

Implementing Rules and Regulations related to the sewage collection and disposal, excreta
disposal and drainage are stated in Chapter 17. The Code obligates the house connections to
the sewer in the sewerage system service areas. Any individual sewage disposal system is to
be abandoned and house sewer shall be directly connected to the public sewer.

d) Republic Act no. 7160 (1991), Local Government Code1

The Code devolves enforcement of laws on sanitation to LGUs. Furthermore, the provision
of responsibility for basic services and facilities such as general hygiene and sanitation,
beautification and solid waste collection, drainage, sewerage, and flood control are devolved
to local governments under the Code.

e) Presidential Decree no. 1067 (1976), the Water Code of the Philippines

The Code establishes the basic principles and framework relating to the appropriation, control
and conservation of water resources. The underlying principles of the Code are:

(a) All waters belonging to the State can not be subjected to acquisitive prescriptions.
(b) The State may allow the use or development of waters by administrative concessions.
(c) The utilization, exploitation, development, conservation and protection of water
resources shall be subject to the control and regulation of the Government through the
National Water Resources Council (currently, National Water Resources Board).
(d) Preference in the use and development of waters shall consider current usages and be
responsive to the changing needs of the country.

2) Beneficiaries-pay System for Sewerage System

There is no legislation specifying beneficiary’s payments for sewerage service. However, in

Manila Water Company Inc, the connection fee (7,406.69 Pesos) is required for a sewerage
connection.

3) Environmental Impact Assessment System

a) The Environmental Impact Statement System in Philippines

Environmental Impact Statement was firstly defined in the Presidential Decree no. 1151
(1977). Since then Philippines Environmental Impact Statement System (PEISS) (the

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 4 Sewerage Development

Presidential Decree no. 1586) was issued in 1978. Since 1992, PEISS has been revised
several times by the DENR. The latest edition is DAO 2003-30, which is now operated by the
“Revised Procedure Manual of DAO 2003-30” issued under DENR-EMB in Aug. 2007.

Application to the EIS System requires compliance with certain stages of the EIA process.
A summary flowchart of the complete process is shown in Figure 4.2-1. 1

：Proponent driven
：DENR, EMB driven
*PI: Public Involvement
**ECC: Environmental
Compliance Certificate

Source: Revised Procedural Manual for DAO 2003-30, August 2007, Environmental Management Bureau (EMB)

Figure 4.1-1 Summary Flowchart of the EIA Process

b) Covered Projects of the Philippine EIS System

The Philippine Environmental Impact Assessment EIA process covers projects that have been
declared as Environmentally Critical Projects (ECPs) or as projects in the Environmentally
Critical Areas (ECAs). There are four ECP project types; Heavy industries, Major resource
extractive industries, Major infrastructure projects and all Golf course projects and 12 ECA
Categories; law declared areas such as watershed reserves, wildlife preserves etc., Mangrove
areas etc. as defined in “Revised Procedure Manual of DAO 2003-30”. Summary list of
ECPs and ECAs are shown in the Appendix.

1
Revised Procedural Manual for DAO 2003-30, August 2007, Environmental Management Bureau (EMB).

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All the projects are classified into following three major groups as to their project type, size
and location.

Group I : ECPs in either ECAs or Non-Environmentally Critical Areas (NECAs)

Group II : Non-Environmentally Critical Projects (NECPs) in ECAs
Group III: NECPs in NECAs

c) Required EIA Report Types

There are five major EIA report types: (1) Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), (2)
Programmatic EIS (PEIS), (3) Initial Environmental Examination Report (IEER) or (4) IEE
Checklist (IEEC) and (5) Project Description Report (PDR), required for a new construction
project. Required type of report varies depending on the project type, location and
magnitude of potential impacts as summarized below.

9 EIA-covered projects in Group I and II are required either of following reports

depending on the project type, location, magnitude of potential impacts and the project
threshold.
z an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), or
z a Programmatic EIS (PEIS), or
z an Initial Environmental Examination Report (IEER) or
z an IEE Checklist (IEEC),

9 Certain cases in Groups II and III are required,

z a Project Description Report (PDR)

The PDR is a “must” requirement for environmental enhancement and mitigation projects
such as artificial reef, pollution control devices/facilities etc. in both the ECAs (Group II)
and the NECAs (Group III) to allow the EMB to confirm the benign nature of proposed
operations for eventual issuance of a Certificate of Non-Coverage (CNC).

9 All other non-covered projects in Group III do not need to submit PDRs – application is
at the discretion of the Proponent should it need a CNC for its own purposes, e.g. a
financing prerequisite

Detail descriptions on other reports types to be submitted are attached in the Appendix.

According to the Project Grouping Matrix, pipeline projects and domestic wastewater
treatment facility projects are non-covered projects unless they are not in the ECAs.
Therefore, if the locations of these facilities are NECAs, an ECC (Environmental Compliance
Certificate) is not required. However, sewerage system projects may say that one of
environmental enhancement and environmental mitigation projects so that PDR shall be
submitted to DENR.

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Chapter 4 Sewerage Development

4.1.3. Existing Sewerage System in Philippines

Currently, 1,600 cities and municipalities in the Philippines, only two cities; namely the City
of Manila and Baguio, are operating functioning public sewerage systems.

In 1904, the fist sewerage system covering a service area of 1,800 hectares was constructed in
the City of Manila. In 1997, two private operators: the Manila Water Company Inc.
(MWCI) for the East Zone and the Maynilad Water Service Inc. (MWSI) for the West Zone
signed Concession Agreement with the MWSS. As of 2009, five major Sewage Treatment
Plants: Makati South STP (31,200m3/day), Karangalan STPs (5,600m3/day), UP STP (3,500
m3/day), Heroes Hill STP (1,100 m3/day) and Fort Bonifacio STP (3,200 m3/day) are
operated by MWCI, while two sewerage systems: Manila Central Sewerage System (300km
of sewers, 3.5 km ocean outfall, no STP) and Dagat-Dagatan Sewerage System (67 km of
sewers, 13,000m3/day Aerated Lagoon) are operated by MWSI1.

The Baguio sewage system was constructed in 1984 and it has been in operation since 1986.
The designed capacity of the Baguio Sewage Treatment Plant (Oxidation ditch) is 8,600
m3/day. However, it is currently receiving more than the designed capacity. The BSTP is
now serving fully or partially 55 of the 128 Barangys in Baguio.

As a private sewerage system, there is a 2,600m3 per day wastewater treatment plant operated
on Boracay Island. The system composes of an oxidation ditch, disinfection tank and 840m
ocean outfall.

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4.2. Planning Environment on Water and Sanitation Development

4.2.1. Conditions for Plans for the Water Sector

1) Bohol Integrated Water Supply System Master Plan

The Bohol Integrated Water Supply System Master Plan (The Master Plan) was established in
2008. The Master Plan guides developments of water resources for safe domestic,
commercial, and industrial use, in order to improve the health of the community and protect
the depleting groundwater systems.

The Master Plan proposed seven (7) bulk water systems using river water. The study area
includes the Loboc River-1 bulk water system. The proposed Loboc River-1 bulk water
system consists of a two staged implementation; the Abatan river water supply system will be
developed by 2010 as the first stage and the Loboc river water supply system will be added in
2018 as the second stage.

Although the Panglao Municipality is included in the first stage project, this part of the project
has not started yet.

Any water supply project in Bohol is to conform to the Master Plan.

2) Panglao Tourism Development Guidelines

The Panglao Tourism Development Guidelines were established in 2009 to replace the
concept of Tourism Development Zone/ Tourism Estate. To monitor the implementation of
this Guideline, the REDCOM (Review and Development Committee) chaired by Office of the
Governor was organized. All projects related to tourism more than two million peso in terms
of construction cost in Panglao has to be examined by REDCOM. Only eligible projects can
proceed to next steps such as application for building permit, business permit and so on.

The water supply/wastewater project also has to follow these Guidelines. The guidelines
consist of sections such as reservation conservation of natural and manmade resources, wastes,
noise and acoustic levels. Wastewater and sewage disposal is a part of the waste section of
the guideline which stipulates that all the wastewater and sewage disposals shall comply with
the provisions of E.O. 15, s. 2007 of the Provincial Governor.

4.2.2. Relevant Plan on Water Use and Water Resource

Six major rivers in Bohol are allocated as the water sources of water supply systems in the
future. Out of the six rivers, the Abatan River and the Loboc River relate to the future water
supply system for the Study Area.

There are two hydropower stations in the Loboc river basin for water use in these river basins.
Related to the water balance of these river basins, the Loboc Valley Communal Irrigation
Project (150 ha, 300 L/s) has been proposed by NIA Bohol office. Although this project has
not stated yet due to budgetary limitation, its intake amount of 300 L/s is taken into
consideration in the water balance study in the Water Supply Master Plan.

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4.2.3. Plan on Water Environment Conservation

The Water Supply Master Plan is a sort of water environment conservation plan since one of
the major purposes is to protect the water resource of groundwater. Aside from the Master
Plan, there is no other water environment conservation plan in the Study Area.

4.2.4. Priority of Sewerage Development in Nation and Bohol Province

Importance of sewerage development in the Philippines is recognized by the central

government. However the following recent situations and tendencies limits the central
government in promoting sewerage projects:

9 Decentralization
9 Budgetary limitation
9 Principal of cost recovery
9 Tendency of privatization on water sector project

Most provincial governments are in the same situations, therefore the top priority projects,
development of water supply systems for Tagbilaran, Dauis and Panglao, have not been
started yet due to the lack of funding.

4.2.5. Current ODA Project and Private Sector Participation related to Water Sector
Project in Bohol

The status of water sector projects in Bohol supported by foreign donors is as follows:

Panglao Island Sewerage and Wastewater Treatment Project

9 Project components are:

- Solid waste management and sanitation and
- Sewerage and wastewater treatment facility and drainage system.
9 Funding Source : KOICA and local counterpart fund (P 350 million)
9 Status: No response from KOICA since 2009

Tagbilaran City has the following sewerage project, which also has not started yet:

Centralized Wastewater Treatment Facility in Tagbilaran City

9 Project major components are:

- Detailed Engineering Design and
- Construction of Centralized Wastewater Treatment Facility.
9 Funding Source: Private Sector (P 112 million)
9 Status: Pending

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4.3. Wastewater Environment and Sanitation

4.3.1. Existing Wastewater Disposal

1) Overview

At present, there is no sewerage system in Bohol province. Mostly only black water (toilet
wastewater) is treated by individual septic tank. Sullage (grey water) which is the
wastewater resulting from personal washing, laundry, food preparation and the cleaning of
kitchen utensils is discharged into ground or sea through a road ditch without treatment.

Aside from above situations, some part of squatter area extending along seashore (refer to
Figure 4.3-1), level 3 water system has been served but do not have any wastewater treatment
facility. The following photos show conditions of housing located in the Cause Way bridge.

Local restaurant Local restaurant and houses

Service connection of water system Squatter area

2) Drainage

There is no river and canal lead to the sea in Tagbilaran City, while a couple of rivers exist in
Panglao Island. However, usually there is no water flows in these rivers except in heavy rain.
The soil of Panglao Island seems to have a characteristic of high permeability.

Currently, the drainage system covers only city center of Tagbilaran. The location of the

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existing drainage system is shown in Appendix. The drained water is discharged into the
Tagbilaran Gulf from six outfalls (refer to Figure4.3-1). The following photos show the
current conditions of rainfall drainage in Tagbilaran city. Drained rainfall could be highly
polluted since the rainfall will scour road surfaces.

Drains through existing drainage system (Inlet Drains through road surface without drainage
system. (intersection of M.H. del Pilar & C.
Manhole in a parking area). Gallares )

Legends
: Squatter area
: Outfall

Municipality of Dauis City of Tagbilaran

Source of outfall location: Documentation of Sources of Nutrients in the Tagbilaran-Panglao Island Channel, Ma. E. Pajarito, K. Omictin and

Bohol Environment Management Office, June 2006.

Figure 4.3-1 Location of Squatter Area and Existing Outfall in Tagbilaran-Panglao

Island Channel

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4.3.2. Water Quality of Public Water Body

1) Water Quality Standard

a) Water Usage and Classification

All the water bodies in Philippine is classified according to water usages under
Administrative Order No. 34. Tagbilaran ocean bay is identified as class SB. Water
usage of the class SB is defined as;
1) Recreational Water Class I (Areas regularly used by the public for bathing, swimming,
skin diving, etc.)
2) Fishery Water Class I (Spawning areas for Chanos chanos or “Bangus” and similar
species).

Other water usage and classifications definitions are shown in Appendix.

b) Water Quality Criteria

The water quality criteria for fresh waters and coastal and marine water are shown in Table
4.3-1.and Table 4.3-2.

Table 4.3-1 Water Quality Criteria (General Items)

Parameter Unit Fresh Water Classification Costal and Marine Water
Classification
AA A B C D SA SB SC SD
Color PCU 15 50 (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c)
Temperature(d) o
C rise - 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
(Max. rise)
pH 6.5~8.5 6.5~8.5 6.5~8.5 6.5~8.5 6.0~9.0 6.5~8.5 6.0~8.5 6.0~8.5 6.0~9.0
Dissolved % satn 70 70 70 60 40 70 70 70 50
Oxygen
(Minimum)
BOD5 mg/L 1 5 5 7(10) 10(15) 5 5 5 2
Total mg/L 25 50 (f) (g) (h) (f) (g) (g) (h)
Suspended
Solid
Total Dissolved mg/L 500(i) 1,000(i) - - 1,000(i)
Solid
Surfactants mg/L Nil 0.2(0.5) 0.3(0.5) 0.5 - 0.2 0.3 0.5 -
(MBAS)
Oil/Grease mg/L Nil 1 1 2 5 1 2 3 5
(Petroleum
Ether Extract)
Nitrate as mg/L 1.0 10 NR 10(j) -
Nitrogen
Phosphate as mg/L Nil 0.1(k) 0.2(k) 0.4(k)
Phosphorus
Phenolic mg/L Nil 0.002 0.005(l) 0.02(l) - Nil 0.01 (l) -
Substances as
Phenols
Total MPN/ 50 1,000 1,000 5,000 - 70 1,000 1,000 -
Coliforms 100ml
Fecal MPN/ 20 100 200 - - Nil 200 - -
Coliforms 100ml
Chloride as Cl mg/L 250 250 - 350 -

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Parameter Unit Fresh Water Classification Costal and Marine Water

Classification
AA A B C D SA SB SC SD
Copper mg/L 1.0 1.0 - 0.05 - - 0.02 0.0 -
Source: DENR
Footnotes:
(a) Except as otherwise indicated, the numerical limits in Table 5.3-1 are yearly average values. Values enclosed in parentheses are
maximum values.
(c) No abnormal discoloration from unnatural causes.
(d) The allowable temperature increase over average ambient temperature for each month.
(e) Sampling taken between 9:00 AM and 4:00 PM.
(f) Not more than 30% increase.
(g) Not more than 30 mg/l increase.
(h) Not more than 60 mg/l increase.
(i) Do not apply if natural background is higher in concentration. The latter will prevail and will be used as baseline.
(j) Applicable only to lakes, reservoirs, the Phosphates as P concentration should not exceed an average of 0.05 mg/l nor maximum of 0.1
mg/l.
(k) When applied to lakes or reservoirs, and similarly impounded water.
(l) Not present in concentration to affect fish flavor/taste.
Nil Extremely low concentration and not detectable by existing equipment.
- Means the standard of these substances are not considered necessary for the present time, considering the stage of the country’s
development and DENR capabilities, equipment and resources.

Table 4.3-2 Water Quality Criteria (Toxic Substances)

Parameter Unit Fresh Water Classification Costal and Marine Water
Classification
AA A B C D SA SB SC SD
(i)
Arsenic mg/L 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 -
Cadmium mg/L 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.01 -
Chromium(i) mg/L 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.01 0.01 -
Cyanide mg/L 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 - 0.05 0.05 0.05 -
(i)
Lead mg/L 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.5 0.05 0.05 0.05 -
(i)
Total Mercury mg/L 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 -
Organo-phosphate mg/L Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil -
Aldrin mg/L 0.001 0.001 - - - 0.001 - - -
DDT mg/L 0.05 0.05 - - - 0.05 - - -
Dieldrin mg/L 0.001 0.001 - - - 0.001 - - -
Heptachlor mg/L Nil Nil - - - Nil - - -
Lindane mg/L 0.004 0.004 - - - 0.004 - - -
Toxaphane mg/L 0.005 0.005 - - - 0.005 - - -
Methoxychlor mg/L 0.10 0.10 - - - 0.10 - - -
Chlordane mg/L 0.003 0.003 - - - 0.003 - - -
Endrin mg/L Nil Nil - - - Nil - - -
PCB mg/L 0.001 0.001 - - - 0.001 - - -
Source: DENR

Footnotes: refer to Table 4.3-1

c) Effluent Regulation (1990)

DENR adopts and promulgates the following rules and regulation known as “Revised Effluent
Regulation of 1990”. These rules and regulation shall apply to all industrial and municipal

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wastewater effluents. Table 4.3-3 shows the effluent standard for conventional and other
pollutants for effluents discharges into receiving waters classified as Class A, B, C, D, SA, SB,
SC and SD. The BOD effluent standard for strong industrial wastes (greater than 3,000
mg/L) discharged into water Class C, D, SC and SD is shown in Appendix. In addition, the
effluent standard for heavy metals and toxic substances applied to industrial and other
effluents when discharged into water bodies classifieds as Class A, B, C, D, SA, SB, SC and
SD is shown in Appendix.

Table 4.3-3 Effluent Standard: Conventional and Other Pollutants

Parameter Unit Protected Waters Inland Waters Marine Class SD &
Water other
Coastal
Waters
Category I Category II Class C Class D Class SC Class SD
(AA & SA) (A, B & SB)
OEI NPI OEI NPI OEI NPI OEI NPI OEI NPI OEI NPI
Color mg/L B B 150 100 200c 150c - - C C C C
Temperature) mg/L B B 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
(Max. rise)
pH mg/L B B 6.0- 6.0- 6.0- 6.5- 5.0- 6.0- 6.0- 6.0- 5.0- 5.0-
9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
COD mg/L B B 100 60 150 100 250 200 250 200 300 200
Settleable mg/L B B 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5
Solid(1hour)
BOD5 mg/L B B 50 30 80 50 150 120 120d 100 150d 120
Total mg/L B B 70 50 90 70 200 150 200 150 G F
Suspended
Solid
Total mg/L B B 1,200 1,000 - - 2,000 1,500 - - - -
Dissolved h h
Solid
Surfactants mg/L B B 5.0 2.0 7.0 5.0 - - 15 10 - -
(MBAS)
Oil/Grease mg/L B B 5.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 - - 15 10 15 15
(Petroleum
Ether
Extract)
Phenolic mg/L B B 0.1 0.05 0.5 0.1 - - 1.0 0.5 5.0 1.0
Substances I I
as Phenols
Total MPN/ B B 5,000 3,000 15,000 10,000 J J - - - -
Coliforms 100ml
Source: DENR
Notes:
1) "OEI" means Old or Existing Industry. "NPI" means New/Proposed Industry or wastewater treatment plants to be
constructed.
2) In cases where the background level of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in freshwater rivers, lakes, reservoirs and similar
bodies of water is higher than the Water Quality Criteria, the discharge should not increase the level of TDS in the
receiving body of water by more than ten percent of the background level.
3) The COD limits in the Tables generally apply to domestic wastewater treatment plant effluent. For industrial discharges,
the effluent standards for COD should be on a case to case basis considering the COD – BOD ratio after treatment. In the
interim period that this ratio is not yet established by each discharger, the BOD requirements shall be enforced.
4) There are no effluent standards for chloride except for industries using brine and discharging into inland waters, in which
case the chloride content should not exceed 500 mg/L.
5) The effluent standards apply to industrial manufacturing plants and municipal treatment plants discharging more than
thirty (30) cubic meters per day
Legend:
(A) Except as otherwise indicated, all limiting values in Table 5.2.5 are 90th percentile values. This is applicable only when
the discharger undertakes daily monitoring of its effluent quality, otherwise, the numerical values in the tables represent

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maximum values not to be exceeded once a year.
(B) Discharge of sewage and/or trade effluents are prohibited or not allowed.
(C) Discharge shall not cause abnormal discoloration in the receiving waters outside of the mixing zone.
(D) For wastewaters with initial BOD concentration over 1,000 mg/l but less than 3,000 mg/l, the limit may be exceeded up
to a maximum of 200 mg/l or a treatment reduction of 90 %, whichever is more strict. Applicable to both old and new
industries
(E) The parameters Total Suspended Solids (TSS) should not increase the TSS of the receiving water by more than 30 %
during the dry season.
(F) Not more than 30 mg/l increase (dry season)
(G) Not more than 60 mg/l increase (dry season)
(H) If effluent is the sole source of supply for irrigation, the maximum limits are 1,500 mg/l and 1,000 mg/l, respectively, for
old industries and new industries.
(I) Not present in concentration to affect fish flavor or taste or tainting.
(J) If effluent is used to irrigate vegetable and fruit crops which may be eaten raw, Fecal Coliforms should be less than 500
MPN/100ml.

2) Ground Water Quality in the Study Area

Ground water quality of Tagbilaran city, Dauis and Panglao municipality were surveyed by
the provincial government and SWECO (Refer to Report on Inventory of Water Sources and
Sanitary Facilities 1998 Population and Water Demand Projections, Water Resources
Potential Assessment and Future Requirements and Cost Estimates, July 1999). In the survey,
the conditions of well water quality were classified into 3 levels: Good, Not Good and Salty.

The results of the drinking water well survey are summarized in following Table 4.3-4 and
Figure 4.3-2. The results show that water quality of drinking water wells are mostly in good
condition in Tagbilaran and Dauis (99% and 98% respectively). On the other hand, 35% of
drinking wells are salty in Panglao.

The results of the washing water well survey are summarized in following Table 4.3-5 and
Figure 4.3-3. Water quality of washing wells are not in good condition compare to drinking
wells. More than half of the wells are salty/Not good condition as a total of three
city/municipalities.

The precise results of the well survey for drinking water and washing water by each Brgy in
Tagbilaran, Dauis and Panglao are shown in Appendix.

Table 4.3-4 Summary of Drinking Water Wells in Tagbilaran, Dauis and Panglao
Municipality Number of Drinking Water Well
Level Water Quality
I II III Good Not Good Salty
Tagbilaran 74 0 9 82 0 1
- 99% 0% 1%
Dauis 116 1 14 128 0 3
- 98% 0% 2%
Panglao 141 0 1 92 0 50
65% 0% 35%
Total 331 1 24 302 0 54
- 85% 0% 15%

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Good Not Good Salty

0% 1% 0% 2%
Tagbilaran Dauis Panglao

35%

65%
99%
98% 0%

Figure 4.3-2 Water Quality of Drinking Water Wells

Table 4.3-5 Summary of Washing Wells in Tagbilaran, Dauis and Panglao

Municipality Number of Washing Well
Level Water Quality
I II III Good Not Good Salty
Tagbilaran 57 0 0 39 17 1
68% 30% 2%
Dauis 100 0 0 4 29 67
29% 67% 4%
Panglao 241 0 0 137 0 104
57% 0% 43%
Total 398 0 0 180 46 172
- 45% 12% 43%

Good Not Good Salty

Tagbilaran 2% Dauis Panglao

4%

30% 29%
43%

57%
67%
68%

0%

Figure 4.3-3 Water Quality of Washing Wells

3) Sea Water Quality around Panglao Island

a) Results of Panglao Island Assessment Report (2006)

The following figures show the results of sea water quality studies conducted in ten stations
around the Panglao Island (refer to Panglao Island Assessment Summary report, June 2006).
Results in red circles show the excess point of allowable limits prescribed by DENR DAO 34
for Class SB waters (refer to Table 5.4-1) or ASEAN criteria.

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(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

Source: Panglao Island Assessment

Summary report, June 2006

Figure 4.3-4 Sea Water Quality around Panglao Island

(A; Ammonia, B; TC, C; FC, D; BOD)

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4.3.3. Existing Sanitation Facility

1) Service Coverage of Sanitary toilets of Household

Table 4.3-6 shows number of household by toilet type in Panglao Island in 2000. Majority of
households used septic tank i.e. Dauis 81 % (=3448+640/5045)and Panglao 72 %
(2550+242/3890).
Table 4.3-6 Household by Toilet Type in Panglao Island(2000)
Water-sealed
Sewer/ ST Sewer/ ST Other Other
Others
used used depository depository
City/ Closed Open (Pail
exclusively shared used used None Total
municipality pit pit system
by with exclusively shared
etc.)
households households by with
households households
Dauis 3,448 640 422 78 172 21 91 173 5,045
Panglao 2,550 242 695 47 70 71 8 207 3,890
Total 5,998 882 1,117 125 242 92 99 380 8,935
Source: Panglao Tourism Development Plan

Updated data is only available on No. of water sealed type as shown in Table 4.3-7 and Table
4.3-8. However septic tank is probably dominant treatment facility even now.

Table 4.3-7 Households by Toilet Type in Dauis (2008)

Type of Toilet Facilities Number of Household
With water sealed type toilet 6,952
Without toilets 404
Total 7,356
Source: MHO

Table 4.3-8 Households by Toilet Type in Panglao (2004)

Type of Toilet Facilities Number of Household
With water sealed type toilet 4,402
Without toilets N/A
Total N/A
Source: MHO

For Tagbilaran city, 2010 survey data of City Health Officer shows sanitary toilet ratio of
98 %. Because out of 18,221 households in total, 17,875 households use sanitary toilet.

2) Sanitation Facility of Selected Hotel

Questionnaire survey about sewage treatment system for selected hotels. Responded hotels
are as follows:
 Soledad Suites (Tagbilaran City)

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 Bohol Plaza (Dauis municipality)

 Sea Coral Resort (Panglao municipality :only interview)

Each hotel has a septic tank which treats black and grey water. Photo shows the septic tanks
of hotels in the Study Area

Hotel in Panglao; ST can be seen under the Hotel in Tagbilaran; a manhole cover of ST can
washbowls be seen)

The result of questionnaire survey is attached in Appendix.

JICA study team also visited to Flushing Meadows Resort in Dauis which is well thought of
having advanced wastewater treatment facility. The following photos show the treatment
facility using SBR reactor and drying bed. Treated water is reused for gardening and dried
sludge is reused as fertilizer for orchard soil within the same property.

SBR Drying Bed

3) Desludging System

Although majority of toilet type is septic tank (ST), no septage treatment plant is in the Study
Area. Basically ST owner has never conducted desludging except getting into some trouble.

The photos below show a typical toilet and upper part of ST.

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ST and manhole cover for desludging Toilet connecting ST

The permit section of Tagbilaran City records the following two companies as desludging
company. Desludged septage is disposed to the exiting open dumping site in Tagbilaran
City.
① ANORA Septic Tank Service Brgy Manga
P 2,300/3m3 (within Tagbilaran City)
② RHUVIANS’s Septic Tank Service Brgy Mansasa
P 3,000/3m3

4.4. Preliminary Wastewater Disposal Plan

4.4.1. Planning Policy and Planning Fundamentals for Wastewater Disposal Plan

1) Demarcation of Off-site and On-site Treatment

There are two types of wastewater disposal systems namely, an off-site treatment system
called a “sewerage system” and an on-site treatment system otherwise called as an “individual
treatment system”.

A major criterion for the introduction of a sewerage system to a city/municipality is usually its
population density.

For example, an on-site system is more economical than an off-site system under a condition
of low population density. The per person total cost of an on-site treatment system is mostly
constant regardless of population density. On the other hand, for the per person total cost of
off-site system, the higher the population density the cheaper it becomes. Therefore,
theoretically there is a turning-point-population density in which both unit total costs becomes
equal.

This turning-point-population-density lies between 40 to 60 persons/ha. In this study, the

Barangay population density of 60 persons/ha is set as turning-point-population-density for
the preliminary sewerage development plan of Tagbilaran City. Also the proposed sewerage
service area may include part of the Barangay area as being locate along the proposed sewer
and some areas in which wastewater can be collected with low cost due to their topographic
condition.

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In Panglao, the average population density is 6.5 persons/ha in 2007, while the average
population density of Tagbilaran City is 28.4 persons/ha. Therefore on-site treatment system
should be recommended for Panglao Island. However, small-scale sewerage systems should
be employed for some areas like those congested areas in the Poblacion and/or the
tourism-developed area like Alona Beach.

2) Projected Population

a) Relevant Data on Future Population

 Projected Population by PDPFP

The Province of Bohol prepared the “Provincial Development & Physical Development Plan
(PDPFP 2010-2015)” in 2010. The municipal and city population of Bohol province in
2010-2015 were projected based on the 2007 Population Census.

Table 4.4-1 shows the population data from NSO and Projected Population of Tagbilaran City,
Dauis and Panglao Municipalities based on PDPFP.

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Table 4.4-1 Existing Population (NSO) and Projected Population from PDPFP
Census (NSO) PDPFP
Annual Growth Rate Annual Growth Rate
Province/City/Municpality Total Population Projected Population
(%) (%)
1995 to 2000 to 2007 to 2010 to
Sept 1995 May 2000 Aug 2007 2010 2015
2000 2007 2010 2015

Bohol province 994,440 1,139,110 1,230,110 2.95 1.06 1,275,214 1,349,704 1.21 1.11
1 Tagbilaran 66,683 77,700 92,297 3.33 2.40 98,145 110,501 2.07 2.40
2 Dauis 24,041 27,015 36,525 2.04 4.25 40,387 50,137 3.41 4.42
3 Panglao 18,095 21,337 25,558 3.59 2.52 27,241 30,851 2.15 2.52

Source: NSO and PDPFP

 Projected Population by Bohol Integrated Water Supply System Master Plan

The projected population described in the Bohol Integrated Water Supply System Master Plan
(BHL-1) is shown in Table 4.4-2. This projection was made from the census 1980-2000.
Therefore, the latest census of 2007 is not reflected in that projection. Actually, the
population of Dauis based on the NSO 2007 (36,525) is larger than the projected population of
2010 (34,080). Hence, this projected population should be reviewed with the use of updated
data.

Table 4.4-3 shows average annual growth rate applied to the population forecast of this Master
Plan. These annual growth rates look moderate.

Table 4.4-2 Projected Population by Water Supply System Master Plan (BHL-01)

Total Population
Province/City/Municpality
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Bohol province/LGU 1,362,900 1,480,700 1,597,100 1,707,600 1,811,100 1,908,200
1 Tagbilaran 95,518 104,354 113,512 122,292 130,591 138,432
2 Dauis 34,080 38,244 42,283 46,648 50,667 54,520
3 Panglao 25,943 28,360 30,759 33,051 35,211 37,248

Source: Bohol Integrated Water Supply System Master Plan

Table 4.4-3 Average Annual Growth Rate by Water Supply System Master Plan
Annual Average Growth Rate (%)
Province/City/Municpality
2010-2015 2015-2020 2020-2025 2025-2030 2030-2035
Bohol province/LGU 1.67 1.53 1.35 1.18 1.05
1 Tagbilaran 1.79 1.70 1.50 1.32 1.17
2 Dauis 2.33 2.03 1.98 1.67 1.48
3 Panglao 1.80 1.64 1.45 1.27 1.13

Source: Bohol Integrated Water Supply System Master Plan

b) Projected Population for This Study

 City and Municipal Population

At present, there is no available official data from an authorized agency for the projected
population until 2035. Therefore, the future population for sewerage planning is forecasted
based on the following procedure:

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- The projected population of PDPFP is adopted as the City and Municipal population of
2010 and 2015.
- The future population from 2020 to 2035 is projected using annual average growth rate as
shown in Table 4.4-4. The results are shown in Table 4.4-5.

Table 4.4-4 Assumption of Annual Growth Rate (%)

City/ Municipality 2015~2020 2020~2025 2025~2030 2030~2035
Tagbilaran 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.2
Dauis 2.5 2.0 1.8 1.6
Panglao 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2
Source: JICA Study team

Table 4.4-5 Present and Projected Population in Study Area

City/ Municipality 2007 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Tagbilaran 92,297 98,145 110,501 120,220 129,150 138,150 146,640
Dauis 36,525 40,387 50,137 56,730 62,630 68,470 74,130
Panglao 25,558 27,241 30,851 33,400 35,800 38,190 40,540
Source: JICA Study team

 Future Population by Barangay

The distribution of the city population to Barangay is made with the use of the projected
population distribution percentages by Tagbilaran City.

For Dauis and Panglao municipalities, the distribution of the municipal population to
Barangay is made with the use of the present population distribution percentages based on the
2007 NSO Census.

The Barangay population in the Study Area is shown in Table 4.4-6 to Table 4.4-8.
Table 4.4-6 Projected Population by Brgy in Tagbilaran City
2007 (NSO) 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Brgy
Pop. % Brgy Pop. Pop. Pop. Pop. Pop. Pop. % Brgy

1 Bool 4,929 5.34% 5,139 7,570 8,710 9,890 11,100 12,350 8.42%
2 Booy 7,896 8.55% 8,119 8,997 9,610 10,130 10,550 10,890 7.43%
3 Cabawan 1,550 1.68% 2,641 3,462 4,380 5,460 6,730 8,220 5.61%
4 Cogon 17,266 18.71% 17,311 17,382 17,870 18,240 18,380 18,380 12.53%
5 Dao 6,772 7.34% 6,926 7,660 8,160 8,590 8,930 9,210 6.28%
6 Dampas 7,210 7.81% 8,155 10,953 13,650 15,920 18,090 20,330 13.86%
7 Manga 6,081 6.59% 7,060 8,144 9,060 9,940 10,780 11,590 7.90%
8 Mansasa 5,396 5.85% 5,465 6,025 6,400 6,720 6,960 7,150 4.88%
9 Pob 1 3,323 3.60% 3,324 3,337 3,340 3,350 3,360 3,370 2.30%
10 Pob 2 5,856 6.34% 5,862 5,883 5,590 5,600 5,600 5,610 3.83%
11 Pob 3 6,511 7.05% 6,565 6,580 6,610 6,630 6,640 6,650 4.53%
12 San Isidro 4,500 4.88% 4,704 5,240 5,630 5,970 6,250 6,490 4.43%
13 Taloto 6,176 6.69% 6,567 7,357 7,940 8,470 8,920 9,310 6.35%
14 Tiptip 3,956 4.29% 4,475 5,118 5,640 6,140 6,600 7,030 4.79%
15 Ubujan 4,875 5.28% 5,831 6,794 7,630 8,460 9,260 10,060 6.86%
Total 92,297 100.00% 98,145 110,501 120,220 129,510 138,150 146,640 100.00%

Source: JICA Study Team

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Table 4.4-7 Projected Population by Brgy in Dauis Municipality

2007 NSO
Brgy 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Population % by Brgy
1. Biking 2,631 7.20% 2,909 3,612 4,090 4,510 4,930 5,340
2. Bingag 4,294 11.76% 4,748 5,894 6,670 7,360 8,050 8,710
3. Catarman 4,152 11.37% 4,591 5,699 6,450 7,120 7,780 8,430
4. Dao 923 2.53% 1,021 1,267 1,430 1,580 1,730 1,870
5. Mayacabac 3,236 8.86% 3,578 4,442 5,030 5,550 6,070 6,570
6. San Isidro 1,129 3.09% 1,248 1,550 1,750 1,940 2,120 2,290
7. Songculan 3,422 9.37% 3,784 4,697 5,310 5,870 6,410 6,950
8. Tabalong 4,027 11.03% 4,453 5,528 6,250 6,910 7,550 8,170
9. Tinago 2,202 6.03% 2,435 3,023 3,420 3,780 4,130 4,470
10. Totolan 4,834 13.23% 5,345 6,636 7,510 8,280 9,060 9,810
11. Marivedes 2,818 7.72% 3,116 3,868 4,380 4,830 5,280 5,720
12. Poblacion 2,857 7.82% 3,159 3,922 4,440 4,900 5,360 5,800
Total 36,525 100.00% 40,387 50,137 56,730 62,630 68,470 74,130
Source: JICA Study Team

Table 4.4-8 Projected Population by Brgy in Panglao Municipality

2007 NSO
Brgy 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Population % by Brgy
1. Bilisan 2,800 10.96% 2,984 3,380 3,660 3,920 4,180 4,440
2. Danao 3,296 12.90% 3,513 3,979 4,310 4,620 4,930 5,230
3. Doljo 2,984 11.68% 3,180 3,602 3,900 4,180 4,460 4,730
4. Looc 2,135 8.35% 2,276 2,577 2,790 2,990 3,190 3,390
5. Poblacion 4,608 18.03% 4,911 5,562 6,010 6,460 6,880 7,310
6. Bolod 1,349 5.28% 1,438 1,628 1,760 1,890 2,020 2,140
7. Libaong 1,558 6.10% 1,661 1,881 2,040 2,180 2,330 2,470
8. Lourdes 1,053 4.12% 1,122 1,271 1,380 1,470 1,570 1,670
9. Tangnan 3,046 11.92% 3,247 3,677 3,980 4,270 4,550 4,830
10. Tawala 2,729 10.68% 2,909 3,294 3,570 3,820 4,080 4,330
Total 25,558 100.00% 27,241 30,851 33,400 35,800 38,190 40,540
Source: JICA Study Team

4.4.2. Conceptual Design of Sewerage System

1) Design Period

The following factors influence the design period to be selected: (1) useful life of component
structures and equipment; (2) ease or difficulty extending or adding to existing and planned
works; (3) population growth and increase wastewater flows including industrial and
commercial development; (4) work performance during its early years when these will not be
loaded to capacity. Usually, a period of 10-30 years from present is adopted as the design
period.

Since a substantial study of sanitation and sewerage development for Tagbilaran City and
Panglao Island will take a certain time from the present, year 2035 is set as the target year of
the design period for this Study.
Design Period Year 2035

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2) Sewerage Service Area

a) Tagbilaran City

In Tagbilaran City, the future population density of the eight Barangays, namely, Booy, Cogon,
Manga, Mansasa, Poblacion 1, Poblacion 2, Poblacion 3, and Ubujan will exceed 60
person/ha (refer Table 4.4-9). Therefore, these Barangays are selected as sewerage service
areas. In addition, another three Barangay, namely, Dao, Dampas and Taloto are included in
the sewerage service area since the main sewer line passes through these areas.

Table 4.4-9 Population Density by Brgy in Tagbilaran City in 2035

Population Density
Population in Population in
Name of Brgy. Area (ha) (per./ha)
2007 (NSO) 3035
2007 2035
1. Bool 4,929 12,350 348.8 14.1 35.4
2. Booy 7,896 10,890 146.4 53.9 74.4
3. Cabawan 1,550 8,220 267.3 5.8 30.8
4. Cogon 17,266 18,380 204.4 84.5 89.9
5. Dao 6,772 9,210 443.7 15.3 20.8
6. Dampas 7,210 20,330 390 18.5 52.1
7. Manga 6,081 11,590 117.3 51.8 98.8
8. Mansasa 5,396 7,150 82.9 65.1 86.2
9. Poblacion I 3,323 3,370 25.9 128.3 130.1
10. Poblacion II 5,856 5,610 70.2 83.4 79.9
11. Poblacion III 6,511 6,650 70.7 92.1 94.1
12. San Isidro 4,500 6,490 429.4 10.5 15.1
13. Taloto 6,176 9,310 244.5 25.3 38.1
14. Tiptip 3,956 7,030 282.1 14.0 24.9
15. Ubujan 4,875 10,060 145.6 33.5 69.1
Total 92,297 146,640 3,270.20 28.22 44.8

Source: JICA Study team

b) Dauis Municipality

In the municipality of Dauis, the population density of Poblacion is projected to exceed 60

person/ha in 2035 (refer Table 5.5-10). However, the future situation of Poblacion area is too
uncertain to adopt the sewerage system for whole area of Poblacion. Therefore congested
area within the Poblacion is selected as a sewerage service area.

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Table 4.4-10 Population Density by Brgy in Dauis municipality in 2035

Population Density
Population in Population in (per./ha)
Name of Brgy. Area (ha)
2007 (NSO) 3035
2007 2035
1. Biking 2,631 5,340 544.89 4.8 9.8
2. Bingag 4,294 8,710 610.20 7.0 14.3
3. Catarman 4,152 8,430 369.00 11.3 22.8
4. Dao 923 1870 564.25 1.6 3.3
5. Mayacabac 3,236 6,570 275.49 11.7 23.8
6. San Isidro 1,129 2,290 390.57 2.9 5.9
7. Songculan 3,422 6,950 394.60 8.7 17.6
8. Tabalong 4,027 8,170 350.22 11.5 23.3
9. Tinago 2,202 4,470 320.30 6.9 14.0
10. Totolan 4,834 9,810 238.10 20.3 41.2
11. Marivedes 2,818 5,720 304.40 9.3 18.8
12. Poblacion 2,857 5,800 95.50 29.9 60.7
Total 36,525 74,130 4,457.52 8.2 16.6
Source: JICA Study team

c) Panglao Municipality

The projected population density in the municipality of Panglao is lower than 60 persons/ha as
in all Barangays (refer Table 4.4-11). However, some parts of the congested areas in
Poblacion, Doljo and Tawala (Alona beach area) are selected as sewerage service areas. The
future population density of the selected areas in Poblacion and Doljo is projected as 97
persons/ha. (Served population 9,205 /Service area 93.76 ha).

For Alona Beach, the number of residents may not be many but a large volume of wastewater
is generated by the tourism industry. The Water Supply Master Plan estimates the water
demand of 926 m3/d for the tourism industry for the municipality of Panglao in 2035. Most
parts of Alona Beach are located in the Barangay Tawala. In terms of the number of hotels,
half of these are located in Barangay Tawala. Therefore, the equivalent population of Alona
Beach can be estimated as approximately 3,100 (926 x 0.5/0.15) assuming a production of 150
L/person of wastewater.

Since the equivalent population density is calculated at 75 persons/ha (=3,100/41.36), Alona

Beach should be included in the sewerage service area.

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Table 4.4-11 Population Density by Brgy in Panglao municipality in 2035

Population Density
Population in Population in (per./ha)
Name of Brgy. Area (ha)
2007 (NSO) 3035
2007 2035
1. Bilisan 2,800 4,440 364.37 7.7 12.2
2. Danao 3,296 5,230 789.65 4.2 6.6
3. Doljo 2,984 4,730 109.88 27.2 43.0
4. Looc 2,135 3,390 254.11 8.4 13.3
5. Poblacion 4,608 7,310 287.15 16.0 25.5
6. Bolod 1,349 2,140 597.99 2.3 3.6
7. Libaong 1,558 2,470 423.37 3.7 5.8
8. Lourdes 1,053 1,670 377.39 2.8 4.4
9. Tangnan 3,046 4,830 682.87 4.5 7.1
10. Tawala 2,729 4,330 891.8 3.1 4.9
Total 25,558 40,540 5,049.48 5.1 8.0
Source: JICA Study team

d) Conclusion

As a conclusion, the following four areas shown in Figure 4.4-1 were selected as the sewerage
service area by considering population density and intents of the municipal governments; (1)
Tagbilaran system: center of city and surrounding of Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP),
(2) Dauis system: part of Poblacion, (3) Panglao system: part of Poblacion and Doljo and, (4):
Alona beach.

Bohol Island

(1) Tagbilaran
1,270 ha

(3)Panglao
93.76 ha (2)Dauis
22.64 ha
Panglao Island

: Sewerage Service Area

(4)Alona beach
: Barangay
41.36 ha

Source: JICA Study team

Figure 4.4-1 Location of Sewerage Service Area

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3) Projected Sewered Population

a) Projection of Sewered Population for Tagbilaran City and Panglao

In this plan, the sewered population is assumed to be the population served by a level 3-water
supply system. The projection of future sewered population in Tagbilaran City and the
municipality of Panglao are conducted based on the projected Barangay population as shown
in following equation.

Po =Pb x Crw x Crs

where; Po: Sewered Population in 2035

Pb: Population in each Barangay in 2035
Crw: Coverage ratio of level 3
Crs: Coverage ratio of sewerage service.
The coverage ratio of level 3 water supply system in Tagbilaran City and the municipality of
Panglao is projected in the Water Supply Master Plan for Bohol province. Coverage ratio of
level 3 water supply system is projected by area, namely, urban and rural as shown in Table
4.4-12.

Table 4.4-12 Served Population of Level 3 in 2020 and 2035

Projected City/ Projected Population Target Served Population of Level 3 water supply
Year Municipalit Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
2020 Tagbilaran 112,924 0 112,924 96,550 85.5% - 96,551 85.5%
Panglao 19,578 11,192 30,770 15,810 80.8% 6,566 58.7% 22,377 72.7%
2035 Tagbilaran 137,428 0 137,428 117,501 85.5% - 117,502 85.5%
Panglao 25,182 12,112 37,294 21,530 85.5% 7,195 59.4% 28,726 77.0%

Sources: Water Supply Master Plan Final Report Vol.2, Province of Bohol (2008).

Since the service area of Tagbilaran is quite large, part of the service area is recommended to
be constructed after 2020 as Phase -2. (See figure 4.4-2 the yellow part is phase 2)

The results of the projected sewered population in 2020 and 2035 in Tagbilaran City are
shown in Table4.4-13 and Table 4.4-14 and the sewered population in the Panglao is also
shown in Table 4.4-15.

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Legends
Phase 1 area

Phase 2 area

Source: JICA Study team

Figure 4.4-2 Proposed Sewerage Service Area by Phase

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Table 4.4-13 Sewered Population in Tagbilaran City in 2020

Barangay Brgy Population Level 3 Water Suppy System Sewerage
in 2020 Coverage ratio Served Population Coverage ratio Served Population
[1] [2] [3]=[1]*[2] [4] [4]=[3]*[4]
1. Bool 8,710 85.5% 7,447 - -
2. Booy 9,610 85.5% 8,217 40% 3,287
3. Cabawan 4,380 85.5% 3,745 - -
4. Cogon 17,870 85.5% 15,279 60% 9,167
5. Dao 8,160 85.5% 6,977 - -
6. Dampas 13,650 85.5% 11,671 40% 4,668
7. Manga 9,060 85.5% 7,746 - -
8. Mansasa 6,400 85.5% 5,472 5% 274
9. Poblacion I 3,340 85.5% 2,856 90% 2,570
10. Poblacion II 5,590 85.5% 4,779 100% 4,779
11. Poblacion III 6,610 85.5% 5,652 80% 4,522
12. San Isidro 5,630 85.5% 4,814 - -
13. Taloto 7,940 85.5% 6,789 40% 2,716
14. Tiptip 5,640 85.5% 4,822 - -
15. Ubujan 7,630 85.5% 6,524 - -
Total 120,220 102,790 - 31,983
Sewerage Coverage ratio in Tagbilaran city = 31,983 / 120.220= 27%

Source: JICA Study team

Table 4.4-14 Sewered Population in Tagbilaran City in 2035

Barangay Brgy Population Level 3 Water Suppy System Sewerage
in 2035 Coverage ratio Served Population Coverage ratio Served Population
[1] [2] [3]=[1]*[2] [4] [4]=[3]*[4]
1. Bool 12,350 85.5% 10,559 - -
2. Booy 10,890 85.5% 9,311 90% 8,380
3. Cabawan 8,220 85.5% 7,028 -
4. Cogon 18,380 85.5% 15,715 90% 14,144
5. Dao 9,210 85.5% 7,875 10% 788
6. Dampas 20,330 85.5% 17,382 40% 6,953
7. Manga 11,590 85.5% 9,909 90% 8,918
8. Mansasa 7,150 85.5% 6,113 90% 5,502
9. Poblacion I 3,370 85.5% 2,881 100% 2,881
10. Poblacion II 5,610 85.5% 4,797 100% 4,797
11. Poblacion III 6,650 85.5% 5,686 100% 5,686
12. San Isidro 6,490 85.5% 5,549 - -
13. Taloto 9,310 85.5% 7,960 80% 6,368
14. Tiptip 7,030 85.5% 6,011 - -
15. Ubujan 10,060 85.5% 8,601 60% 5,161
Total 146,640 125,377 - 69,578
Sewerage Coverage ratio in Tagbilaran city = 69,578 / 146,640 = 47%

Source: JICA Study team

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Table 4.4-15 Sewered Population in the Municipality of Panglao in 2035

Barangay Brgy Population Level 3 Water Suppy System Sewerage

in 2035 Coverage ratio Served Population Coverage ratio Served Population
[1] [2] [3]=[1]*[2] [4] [4]=[3]*[4]
1. Bilisan 4,440 - - -
2. Danao 5,230 - - -
3. Doljo 4,730 77.0% 3,642 100% 3,642
4. Looc 3,390 - - -
5. Poblacion 7,310 85.5% 6,250 70% 4,375
6. Bolod 2,140 - -
(3) Poblacion service area -
7. Libaong 2,470 - - -
8. Lourdes 1,670 - - service area
(4) Alona beach -
9. Tangnan 4,830 - - -
10. Tawala 4,330 77.0% 3,334 20% 667
Total 40,540 34,662 8,684
Sewerage Coverage ratio in Panglao municipality= 8,684 / 40,540 = 21%

Source: JICA Study Team

b) Projection of Sewered Population in Dauis

The population density of the proposed sewerage service area in Dauis looks nearly saturated
as shown in Figure 4.4-3. Therefore, the population within the service area in 2035 may only
increase by 130% based from the 2010 population due to limited land area for new housing.

The future service population in the municipality of Dauis is projected with the following
procedures:

・ The existing household number is about 200 households in Barangay Poblacion and
about 15 households in Barangay Mayacabac. Therefore, there are a total of 215
households.

・ The population per one household is estimated to be 5persons/house.

・ Therefore, the current population in the proposed service area is estimated to be 215 x 5 =
1,075 pop.

・ The future population growth rate in 2035 is estimated to be 30%. Therefore, the service
population in 2035 is projected to be 1,400 pop (=1075 x 1.3).

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Boundary of Poblacion (Brgy)

Proposed sewerage service

Figure 4.4-3 Location of Sewerage Service Area in Dauis

Summary of Projected Service Coverage

The projected service coverage of the proposed sewerage system in the Study Area is
summarized in Table 4.4-16.

Table 4.4-16 Service Coverage in 2035

2020 (Phase 1) 2035 (Phase 2)
Projected Polulation Service Projected Polulation Service
City/Municipality
Total Service area Coverage Total Service area Coverage
[1] [2] [2]/[1] [3] [4] [4]/[3]
Tagbilaran 120,220 31,983 27% 146,640 69,578 47%
Dauis 74,130 1,400 2%
Panglao 40,540 8,684 21%
Source: JICA Study team

4) Design Wastewater Flow

The design wastewater flow consists of domestic flow, non-domestic flow and
inflow/infiltration into the sewers. Domestic flow is the estimated by served population and
per capita wastewater volume. Non-domestic flow consists of commercial, institutional
industrial and tourism wastewater. In this study, the non-domestic flow is estimated from the
ratio of non domestic to domestic flow.

a) Per capita Domestic Wastewater Volume

In this study, the per capita wastewater volume is estimated based on per capita water demand
for level 3 water supply, which is projected in the Water Supply Master Plan. The conversion
rate from water supply to the wastewater is assumed to be 0.8. Therefore, per capita
wastewater volume is calculated using the following equation.
Per capita wastewater volume = per capita level 3 water demand x 0.8

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The adopted per capita wastewater volume is summarized in Table 4.4-17.

Table 4.4-17 Per Capita Domestic Sewage Volume (Daily Average)

Unit: Lcpd
Adopted level 3 Per capita
Sewerage Service Area water demand wastewater volume
[1] [1]*0.8
(1)Tagbilaran 200 160
(2) Dauis 125 100
(3) Panglao Poblacion 125 100
Doljo 120 96
(4) Alona beach 120 96
Source: Water Supply Master Plan Final Report Vol.2, Province of Bohol (2008)

The ratio of daily maximum to daily average water demand in the Water Supply Master Plan is
1.25. The ratio of 1.25 is applied as ratio of daily maximum to daily average wastewater
flow.

Daily maximum wastewater flow / Daily average wastewater flow = 1.25

b) Non-Domestic Wastewater Flow

The non-domestic flow is estimated by the ratio of non-domestic to domestic flow in the
sewerage service area. The ratio is calculated to be 23% in Tagbilaran city, 20% in the
municipality of Dauis and 12% in the municipality of Panglao based on the Water Supply
Master Plan as shown in Table 4.4-18.

Table 4.4-18 Ratio of Non-domestic to Domestic Water Demand in 2035

City/ [1] Water demand of level 3 [2] Waster Demand for Non- Adopted Non-domestic
Municipality Water Supply (urban + rural) domestic Water Supply wastewater flow rate [2]/[1]
Tagbilaran 23,500 5381.55 23%
Dauis 4,401 868.77 20%
Panglao 3,455 420 12%
Source: JICA Study team

c) Tourism Wastewater Flow

The Projected water demand of the tourism industry in Panglao in 2035 is 926 m3 per day
according to the Water Supply Master Plan. According to BOT data in 2009, Barangay Doljo
contributes a total of 6% in terms of the number of hotel rooms in Panglao and Barangay
Tawala contributes approximately half (50%) of the total number of hotel rooms.

The share of Barangay Doljo out of the tourism wastewater of Panglao is assumed to be 10%
in 2035. Similarly, the share of Alona Beach is assumed to be 50% in 2035. Hence, the
design of the tourism wastewater flow by service area is estimated as shown below.

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Chapter 4 Sewerage Development

Tourism Wastewater flow in Panglao municipality

 Panglao service area: 926 x 10% x 0.8= 74 m3 per day
 Alona beach service area: 926 x 50% x 0.8= 370 m3 per day

d) Infiltration/Inflow Volume

The sanitary sewer design must include an allowance for extraneous water components of
infiltration/inflow which inevitably becomes part of the total sewage flow. An unidentified
volume rate of 20 % is assumed.

Infiltration/Inflow volume = 20% of daily average flow

e) Peaking Factor

In this study, peaking factor is defined as the ratio of the design of an hourly maximum flow
and the design of a daily average flow. The peaking factors by sewerage area in
consideration of some scale of sewerage system, are assumed as follows:

Peaking factor by area

• Tagbilaran and Panglao - 2.0
• Dauis and Alona Beach - 2.5

f) Design Sewage Flow

The estimated design sewage flow in 2035 is shown in Table 4.4-19 ~ Table 4.4-23.
The daily maximum flow is applied to the WWTP design and an hourly maximum flow to the
design of the sewer and the pump station.

Table 4.4-19 Design Wastewater Flow in Tagbilaran Service Area in 2020

(2) Served (5) Non- (8) Daily

Population of (3) Per Capita (4) Domestic domestic water (6) water (7) Service wastewater (9) (10)Daily
(1) Brgy Pop Level 3 =(1) x Consumption water demand demand (m3/d) demand coverage for generation=(6)x( Inflow/infiltration sewage flow=
Barangay 2020 0.855 (Lpcd) (m3/d) =(4)*23% =(4)+(5) Sewerage 7)x0.8 =(8) x 0.2 (8) + (9) m3/d
1 Bool 8,710 7,447 200 1,489 342 1,831 - -
2 Booy 9,610 8,217 200 1,643 378 2,021 40% 647 129 776
3 Cabawan 4,380 3,745 200 749 172 921 - - -
4 Cogon 17,870 15,279 200 3,056 703 3,759 60% 1,804 361 2,165
5 Dao 8,160 6,977 200 1,395 321 1,716 -
6 Dampas 13,650 11,671 200 2,334 537 2,871 40% 919 184 1,103
7 Manga 9,060 7,746 200 1,549 356 1,905 - - -
8 Mansasa 6,400 5,472 200 1,094 252 1,346 5% 54 11 65
9 Pob 1 3,340 2,856 200 571 131 702 90% 505 101 606
10 Pob 2 5,590 4,779 200 956 220 1,176 100% 941 188 1,129
11 Pob 3 6,610 5,652 200 1,130 260 1,390 80% 890 178 1,068
12 San Isidro 5,630 4,814 200 963 221 1,184 - - -
13 Taloto 7,940 6,789 200 1,358 312 1,670 40% 534 107 641
14 Tiptip 5,640 4,822 200 964 222 1,186 - - -
15 Ubujan 7,630 6,524 200 1,305 300 1,605 - - -
Total 120,220 102,790 20,556 4,727 25,283 6,294 1,259 7,553

Source: JICA Study team

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Chapter 4 Sewerage Development

Table 4.4-20 Design Wastewater Flow in Tagbilaran Service Area in 2035

Water Consumption Sewage Flow

(2) Served (5) Non- (8) Daily

Population of (3) Per Capita (4) Domestic domestic water (6) water (7) Service wastewater (9) (10) Daily
(1) Brgy Pop Level 3 =(1) x Consumption water demand demand (m3/d) demand coverage for generation=(6)x( Inflow/infiltration sewage flow=
Barangay 2035 0.855 (Lpcd) (m3/d) =(4)*23% =(4)+(5) Sewerage 7)x0.8 =(8) x 0.2 (8) + (9)
1 Bool 12,350 10,559 200 2,112 486 2,598 - -
2 Booy 10,890 9,311 200 1,862 428 2,290 90% 1,649 330 1,979
3 Cabawan 8,220 7,028 200 1,406 323 1,729 - - -
4 Cogon 18,380 15,715 200 3,143 723 3,866 90% 2,784 557 3,341
5 Dao 9,210 7,875 200 1,575 362 1,937 10% 155 31 186
6 Dampas 20,330 17,382 200 3,476 799 4,275 40% 1,368 274 1,642
7 Manga 11,590 9,909 200 1,982 456 2,438 90% 1,755 351 2,106
8 Mansasa 7,150 6,113 200 1,223 281 1,504 90% 1,083 217 1,300
9 Pob 1 3,370 2,881 200 576 132 708 100% 566 113 679
10 Pob 2 5,610 4,797 200 959 221 1,180 100% 944 189 1,133
11 Pob 3 6,650 5,686 200 1,137 262 1,399 100% 1,119 224 1,343
12 San Isidro 6,490 5,549 200 1,110 255 1,365 - - - -
13 Taloto 9,310 7,960 200 1,592 366 1,958 80% 1,253 251 1,504
14 Tiptip 7,030 6,011 200 1,202 276 1,478 - - - -
15 Ubujan 10,060 8,601 200 1,720 396 2,116 60% 1,016 203 1,219
Total 146,640 125,377 25,075 5,766 30,841 13,692 2,740 16,432
(10) Design Daily Average Flow (m3/d) 16,400
(11) Daily Maximum Flow =(10) x 1.25 (m3/d) 20,500
(12) Design Peak Flow =16,400 x 2.0 (m3/d) 32,800
Source: JICA Study team

Table 4.4-21 Design Wastewater Flow in Dauis Service Area in 2035

Service Per Capita Inflow Sewage Volume (Lpcd) Sewage
Population 3
Domestic Non-domestic Tourism Infiltration Total Volume(m /d)
[1] [2] [3]=[2]*0.2 [4] [5]=([2]+[3])*0.2 [6] [7]=[1]*[6]*10 -3

Included in
Daily ave. 100 20 24 144 202
Non-domestic
1,400
Daily max. 144 x 1.25 = 180 252
Hourly max. 144 x 2.5 = 360 504
Source: JICA Study team

Table 4.4-22 Design Wastewater Flow in Panglao Service Area in 2035

Water Consumption Sewage Flow
(5) Water
(3) Per (4) Domestic demand for (9) Daily (10)
(1) Brgy (2) Served (6) Water (7) Water (8) Service (11) Daily
Barangay Capita water Institution, wastewater Inflow/infiltr
Pop 2035 Population of demand for demand= coverage for sewage flow=
Consumption demand Industrial & generation=(7) ation =
L3 =(1) x α tourism (4)+(5)+(6) Sewerage (9) + (10)
(Lpcd) (m3/d) Commercial x(8)x0.8 (9) x 0.2
=(4)*12%
Poblacion System α=0.855
Poblacion 7,310 6,250 125 781 94 0 875 70% 490 98 588
α=0.77
Doljo 4,730 3,642 120 437 52 100 589 100% 471 94 565
total 1,153
3
Design Daily average (m /d) 1,150
3
Design Daily Max (m /d) 1,440
3
Design Daily Max (m /d) 2,300
Source: JICA Study team

Table 4.4-23 Design Sewerage flow in Alona Service Area in 2035

Water Consumption Sewage Flow
(5) Water
(3) Per (4) Domestic demand for (9) Daily (10)
(1) Brgy (2) Served (6) Water (7) Water (8) Service (11) Daily
Capita water Institution, wastewater Inflow/infiltr
Pop 2035 Population of demand for demand= coverage for sewage flow=
Consumption demand Industrial & generation=(7) ation =
L3 =(1) x α tourism (4)+(5)+(6) Sewerage (9) + (10)
(Lpcd) (m3/d) Commercial x(8)x0.8 (9) x 0.2
=(4)*12%
Alona System
Tawala domestic 4,330 3,334 120 400 48 - 448 20% 72 14 86
Tawala tourism* - 463 463 100% 370 74 444
total 530
3
Design Daily average (m /d) 530
3
Design Daily Max (m /d) 660
3
Design Daily Max (m /d) 1,325

Source: JICA Study team

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Chapter 4 Sewerage Development

5) Proposed Collection System

a) Design Conditions for Sewer Network

¾ Unit Wastewater Design flow per Area

The design flow of the sewer pipe is obtained through the multiplication of cumulative
catchment area (ha) and the unit Wastewater Design flow (WW flow) per area.

This calculation method is applied to this study.

The explanation of cumulative catchment area Pipe-D

A ha D ha
is shown in Figure 4.4-4. Cumulative area of C ha
pipe-F is the total area of each catchment area of Pipe-A Pipe-C Pipe-F PS
F ha
A to F. Also, the cumulative area of pumping
Pipe-B E ha
station is the same area as pipe-F.
B ha Pipe-E
The Calculated Unit of WW flow per area of
this study is shown in Table 4.4-24. Figure 4.4-4 Catchment Area

Table 4.4-24 Unit Wastewater Design Flow Per Area by Area

Design houly max flow Unit WW design flow
Service Area (ha)
Area (m3/d) (m3/s) per area

(1) (2) (3) (2)/(3)

Tagbilaran 32,800 0.37962963 1,270.00 0.00029892
Dauis 504 0.00583333 22.64 0.00025766
Panglao 2,300 0.02662037 93.76 0.00028392
Alona 1,325 0.01533565 41.36 0.00037078
Source: JICA Study team

b) Design Considerations for Pumping Station

¾ Design Flow

Basically, the pump facility is designed based on the condition of the peak flow which is the
same as for the design of the sewer.

¾ Type of Pumping Station

In this study, two types of pumping stations are proposed.

Type 1 Wet pit pumping station

Wet pit pumping stations are small scale pump stations. This type of pumping station is
proposed with a condition of a small design flow of up to 3.0 m3/min. Since most of the
equipment is installed in an underground manhole, land acquisitions of wet pit pumping
station sites are no longer required. The only facility that needs to be set above the ground is
a control panel and power receiving pole as shown in Photo 4.4-1.

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Chapter 4 Sewerage Development

Photo 4.4-1 Component and Sample of Wet Pit Pumping Station

Type 2 Ordinal pumping station

This type of pumping station is proposed if the earth covering depth will be deeper in the
sewer design and the design peak flow is larger than 3.0 m3/min. In this study, ordinal
pumping stations are proposed to keep the sewer depth less than 7.0 m in terms of the earth
covering depth.

c) Proposed Sewer Network and Pumping Station

¾ Tagbilaran Sewerage System

9 Proposed Sewer

This study proposes gravity trunk sewers with a total length of 17.4 km and with a diameter
raging from 250 mm to 900 mm for Tagbilaran City. (Refer to Figure 4.4-5).

Although branch sewers like s secondary or tertiary sewer network is not specified, branch
sewer lengths should be included in the project. Branch sewer lengths mostly depend on load
length per land area in 2035. It is assumed that the average branch sewer length is 60 m/ ha,
total length is estimated at 76,200 m (=1,270 ha x 60).

This study also proposes a force main with a total length of 2.6 km and with a diameter raging
from 100 mm to 400 mm.

The proposed sewer lengths of the different diameters are summarized in Table 4.4-25.

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Chapter 4 Sewerage Development

Table4.4-25 Proposed Sewer Length in Tagbilaran System

Diameter Length
Item Material Remarks
(mm) Phase 1 Phase 2 Total
250 702 673 1,375
300 PVC 3,205 1,513 4,718
350 1,621 1,548 3,169
400 1,383 794 2,177
500 826 418 1,244
Trunk
600 1,369 0 1,369
RC Pipe
700 2,259 0 2,259
800 886 0 886
900 255 0 255
Subtotal [1] 12,506 4,946 17,452
100 602 146 748
150 366 538 904
HDPE,PVC,
200 0 448 448
Force main DCIP, etc
250 0 452 452
400 72 0 72
Subtotal [2] 1,040 1,584 2,624
129 276 405
200 PVC
Branch 45,628 30,572 76,200 assumption
Subtotal [3] 45,757 30,848 76,605
Gravity Sewer [1]+[3] 58,263 35,794 94,057
Total Force Main Sewer [2] 1,040 1,584 2,624
- 59,303 37,378 96,681

Source: JICA Study team

 Proposed Pumping Station

In this study, two ordinal pumping stations and 19 wet pit pumping station are proposed. Out
of 19 wet pit pumping stations, 10 wet pumping stations are only assumptions. The location
of pumping stations is shown in Figure 4.4-5. The main features of the pumping stations are
summarized in Table 4.4-26.

Two pumping stations are proposed to reduce the earth cover of the sewer. Photo 4.4-2
shows the proposed sites of pumping station 1 and 2. Currently, the proposed sites of both
stations are located in private land so that land acquisitions are required.

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Table 4.4-26 Outline of Proposed Pumping Station

Catchment Flow Dia. of Force Length of Foce Velocity

Pump No.
Area main pipe main pipe

Unit (ha) (m3/min) (mm) (m) (m/s)

m
WP 1 97.87 1.755 200 448 0.93
WP 2 16.44 0.295 100 303 0.62
WP 3 39.38 0.706 150 62 0.67
WP 4 50.12 0.899 150 366 0.85
WP 5 21.68 0.389 100 299 0.83
WP 6 51.23 0.919 150 260 0.87
WP 7 33.75 0.605 100 146 1.29
WP 8 98.18 1.761 150 5 1.66
WP 9 58.35 1.046 150 211 0.98
10 WPs only assumption
P1 649.46 11.647 400 72 1.54
P2 189.44 3.397 250 452 1.15

Source: JICA Study team

Pump
Pump
Station
Station

Photo 4.4-1 Pictures of Proposed Pumping Station Sites (Left: PS 1), (Right: PS2)

The General layout plan of the proposed collection systems for Tagbilaran City is shown in
Figure 4.4-5.

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Source: JICA Study team

Figure 4.4-5 General Layout Plan of Tagbilaran Sewerage System

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 Dauis Sewerage System

Gravity sewers with a diameter of 200mm a length of 2.6 km will be installed (See Figure
4.4-6).

Source: JICA Study team

Figure 4.4-6 General Layout Plan of Dauis Sewerage System

 Panglao Sewerage System

Gravity sewers with diameter of 200 to 300mm at a length of 7.6 km will be installed. One wet
pit pumping station will be installed to avoid large earth covering depth of the sewer (See
Figure4.4-7). The proposed sewer lengths by diameter are summarized in Table 4.4-27.

Table 4.4-27 Proposed Sewers in Panglao Sewerage System

Diameter Length
Item Material
(mm) (m)
200 6,170
250 746
Gravity Sewer
300 PVC 653
subtotal 7,569
Force main 100 5
Total 7,574
Source: JICA Study team

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Source: JICA Study team

Figure 4.4-7 General Layout Plan of Poblacion Sewerage System

 Alona Beach Sewerage System

Gravity sewers with a diameter of 200 to 250mm at a length of 3.1 km will be installed.
Force main is required at a length of 340 m for the discharge pipes of two of the wet pit
pumping stations. The wet pit pumping stations will be installed to pump up the wastewater
from the coastal area. (See Figure 4.4-8). The proposed sewer lengths by diameter are
summarized in Table 4.4-28.

Table 4.4-28 Proposed Sewers in Alona Sewerage System

Diameter Length
Item Material
(mm) (m)
Gravity 200 2,463
PVC
Sewer 250 663
Sub-total 3,126
Force main 100 FC 340
Total 3,466

Source: JICA Study team

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Source: JICA Study team

Figure 4.4-8 General Layout Plan of Alona Beach Sewerage System

6) Proposed Treatment System

a) Treatment Method

In general, major treatment process in developing countries are:

- Stabilization pond,
- Aerated lagoon,
- Oxidation ditch and
- Activated sludge

Table 4.4.29 shows general features of each treatment methods.

Operation and maintenance of stabilization pond and aerated lagoon are less expensive and
easier than conventional activated sludge method and oxidation ditch method. For aerated
lagoon, its required area is smaller than stabilization pond, however needs some aeration
equipment. Activated sludge is widely used worldwide, however requires a certain
technical level due to a lot of equipment and complex system.

At present, technical level of the operation body for the sewerage system, the location of
WWTP, and the other conditions are uncertain. Therefore, the financial analysis of the this
conceptual design is conducted assuming OD process maybe employed. However this
treatment process and the financial study should be reviewed in the feasibility study.

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 Items Conventional Activated Sludge（CAS) Oxidation Ditch （OD) Aerated Lagoon （AL) Stabilization Pond（SP)

Good Good Fair Fair

Removal Rate (BOD) （90-95％） （90-95％） （70％-90％） （70-90％）

◎ ◎ ○ ○

Not much Higher than the others Not much Not much
Removal Rate (T-N)
△ ○ △ △
×
Required Land Area
◎ ○ △ （needs much larger area than the
others）

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* High performance can be expected * Easier than CAS due to less number of * Easier than OD due to aerator only * Easier than others due to no
regardless of the weather equipment equipment
Characteristics
* Need high technology level due to
Operation & complex system
* Higher than the others * Cheaper than CAS * Maybe cheaper than OD * Cheaper than the others
maintenance
Cost depends on mixing type

× △ ○ ◎
* Higher than OD and AL * Cheaper than CAS * Almost the same as OD * Probably cheaper than the others,
Construction Cost (excluding depends on unit cost of earth

Table 4.4-29 General Features by Treatment Method

works
land cost)
△ ○ ○ ◎
Chapter 4 Sewerage Development
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and

Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 4 Sewerage Development

The oxidation ditch is a modified activated sludge treatment process that utilizes longer solids
retention times and extended aeration periods to remove bio-degradable organics. In the
oxidation ditch process, wastewater will be aerated and mixed with return sludge from a
secondary clarifier. Surface aerators are used to circulate the mixed liquids. The mixing
process entrains oxygen into the mixed liquids to foster microbial growth and to ensure
contact of micro organisms with the incoming wastewater. The aeration sharply increases
the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of the mixed liquids, but it will gradually decrease
as biomass uptakes oxygen during circulating around the ditch. Oxidation ditch effluent is
usually settled in a separate secondary clarifier.

A typical process flow diagram for an oxidation ditch is shown in Figure 4.4-9.

b) Proposed WWTP Sites

 Tagbilaran City

The site for the wastewater treatment plant is designated by the local government of
Tagbilaran City. The site is located in the lowland swamp area between the boundaries of the
Barangays Taloto and Ubujan. The treated water of the WWTP will be discharged into the
ocean by a force main pipe. However, it can also be discharged into the swamp area near the
proposed site which will naturally drain into the ocean. Photo 4.4-3 shows the proposed site
and the discharge point of the treated water.

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Proposed WWTP site in Tagbilaran Force main pipe route for discharge of
treated water from Tagbilaran WWTP

Proposed discharge point (ocean) Alternative discharge point near WWTP

Photo 4.4-3 Proposed Site of WWTP in Tagbilaran

(ii) Municipality of Dauis

A vacant lot near the cemetery was proposed as a site for the Dauis Waste water Treatment
Plant (Photo 4.4.4). The site is located within the residential service area. The candidate
point of discharge for treated water is a lagoon which is 100 meters away from the proposed
WWTP site. The lagoon currently seems to be polluted because untreated human wastes are
discharged into the area. The proposed WWTP site and the lagoon are shown in Photo 4.4-4.

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Proposed WWTP site lagoon

Photo 4.4-4 Proposed Site of WWTP in Dauis

(iii) Municipality of Panglao

The sites of Panglao Waste water Treatment Plant in Barangay Poblacion and Alona beach
Wastewater Treatment Plant in Brangay Tawala are designated in the municipality of Panglao.
The site of the WWTP in Poblacion is around 700 m away from the municipal hall (See Figure
4.4-7) while the site of Alona WWTP is around 300 m away from the access road to Alona
Beach (See Figure 4.4-8). Furthermore, there are no rivers near WWTPs. Therefore, an
injection well is proposed to be utilized as a final discharge of treated water of WWTPs.
Photo 4.4-5 shows proposed WWTP sites.

Photo 4.4-5 Proposed WWTP site in Panglao (left: Poblacion, Right: Alona)

Treatment Process

The Oxidation ditch is adopted in this study. The detail of the preliminary functional design
is attached in the Appendix.
General Layout of WWTP

The general layout plan of the proposed WWTPs is shown in Figure 4.4-9 ~ Figure 4.4-12.
The required land area is estimated to be as follows:

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• Tagbilaran WWTP: 150 m x 250 m = 3.75 ha

• Dauis WWTP: 47 m x 41 m = 0.2 ha
• Panglao WWTP: 70m x 75 m = 0.6 ha
• Alona beach WWTP: 37m x 71m = 0.3 ha

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Figure 4.4-9 Layout of Tagbilaran WWTP (Reference)

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Figure 4.4-10 Layout of Dauis WWTP(Reference)

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Figure 4.4-11 Layout of Panglao WWTP (Reference)

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Figure 4.4-12 Layout of Alona Beach WWTP (Reference)

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7) Cost Estimates

a) Proposed Facilities

The proposed scope of work for the sewerage project is shown in Table 4.4-30, which is based on
the preliminary basic design as described previously.

Table 4.4-30 Major Scope of Work by Sewerage Area

Sewerage Area Contents
Gravity sewer Ø200～Ø900mm, L=58.3 Km
Force main pipe Ø100～Ø400 mm, L=1 Km
Pumping Station, N= 1
(Phase 1) Wet Pit Pumping Station N=6
(specified N=3, Assumption N=3)
House Connections; 6,397
Tagbilaran WWTP (Q=10,250 m3/d)
Gravity sewer Ø200～Ø500 mm, L=35.8 Km
Force main pipe Ø100～Ø250 mm, L=1.6 Km
Pumping Station, N= 1
(Phase 2) Wet Pit Pumping Station N=13
(specified N=6, Assumption N=7)
House Connections; 7,519
WWTP (Q=10,250 m3/d)
Gravity sewer Ø200 mm, L=2.6 Km
Dauis House connections; 280
WWTP (Q=252 m3/d)
Gravity sewer Ø200～Ø300 mm, L=7.6 Km
Force main pipe Ø100 mm, L=5 m
Poblacion Wet Pit Pumping Station N=1
House Connections; 1,678
WWTP (Q=1,440m3/d)
Panglao
Gravity sewer Ø200～Ø250 mm, L=3.1 Km
Force main pipe Ø100 mm, L=0.3 Km
Alona Wet Pit Pumping Station N=2
House Connections; 289
WWTP (Q=660 m3/d)
Source: JICA Study team

b) Basic Construction Cost

 Sewer Installation Cost

 Unit Construction Cost

The unit cost of each diameter is prepared by referring to some available documents on the
“Construction Costs for Municipal Wastewater Conveyance Systems 1973-1979 USEPA”, and
“In-place Costs of Water Works Material and Equipment, 2008 Dec LWUA”. The unit cost is
shown in Table 4.4-31. These costs cover all incidental costs including VAT.

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Chapter 4 Sewerage Development

Table 4.4-31 Unit Cost of Sewer Installation

Diameter
Item Unit Cost (peso/m)*
(mm)
H <2.4 H=2.4～4.5 H>4.5
Gravity 200 7,234 8,681 11,574
Sewer 250 7,864 9,437 12,582
300 9,032 10,838 14,451
350 13,481 16,177 21,570
400 19,906 23,887 31,850
500 24,443 29,332 39,109
600 29,010 34,812 46,416
700 32,317 38,780 51,707
800 35,625 42,750 57,000
900 37,673 45,208 60,277
Force main 100 1,548
150 2,799
200 4,264
250 5,904
400 11,724

Source: JICA Study team

H: Burial depth in meter ( road surface to invert elevation)

 Construction Cost for Sewer Installation

The construction cost for pipe installation by area is shown in Table 4.4-32 to Table 4.4-34.

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Chapter 4 Sewerage Development

Table 4.4-32 Construction Cost of Sewer Installation (Tagbilaran Phase 1)

Phase 1
Diameter Depth Length Unitcost Construction Cost
Item
(mm) (m) QL (m) (peso/m) (x1000peso)
Gravity sewer 200 <2.4 22,943 7,234 165,970
2.4～4.5 22,814 8,681 198,048
>4.5 0 11,574 -
250 <2.4 702 7,864 5,521
2.4～4.5 0 9,437 -
>4.5 0 12,582 -
300 <2.4 2071 9,032 18,705
2.4～4.5 129 10,838 1,398
>4.5 1005 14,451 14,523
350 <2.4 1621 13,481 21,853
2.4～4.5 0 16,177 -
>4.5 0 21,570 -
400 <2.4 823 19,906 16,383
2.4～4.5 489 23,887 11,681
>4.5 71 31,850 2,261
500 <2.4 430 24,443 10,510
2.4～4.5 396 29,332 11,615
>4.5 0 39,109 -
600 <2.4 708 29,010 20,539
2.4～4.5 294 34,812 10,235
>4.5 367 46,416 17,035
700 <2.4 1186 32,317 38,328
2.4～4.5 574 38,780 22,260
>4.5 499 51,707 25,802
800 <2.4 0 35,625 -
2.4～4.5 0 42,750 -
>4.5 886 57,000 50,502
900 <2.4 20 37,673 753
2.4～4.5 157 45,208 7,098
>4.5 78 60,277 4,702
Force main 100 602 1,548 932
150 366 2,799 1,024
200 0 4,264 -
250 0 5,904 -
400 72 11,724 844
Sub-total 59,303 678,522

Source: JICA Study team

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Chapter 4 Sewerage Development

Table 4.4-33 Construction Cost of Sewer Installation (Tagbilaran Phase 2)

Phase 2
Diameter Depth Length Unitcost Construction Cost
Item
(mm) (m) QL (m) (peso/m) (x1000peso)
Gravity sewer 200 <2.4 15,562 7,234 112,576
2.4～4.5 15,286 8,681 132,698
>4.5 0 11,574 -
250 <2.4 528 7,864 4,152
2.4～4.5 145 9,437 1,368
>4.5 0 12,582 -
300 <2.4 687 9,032 6,205
2.4～4.5 545 10,838 5,907
>4.5 281 14,451 4,061
350 <2.4 217 13,481 2,925
2.4～4.5 896 16,177 14,495
>4.5 435 21,570 9,383
400 <2.4 72 19,906 1,433
2.4～4.5 397 23,887 9,483
>4.5 325 31,850 10,351
500 <2.4 107 24,443 2,615
2.4～4.5 0 29,332 -
>4.5 311 39,109 12,163
Force main 100 146 1,548 226
150 538 2,799 1,506
200 448 4,264 1,910
250 452 5,904 2,669
Sub-total 37,378 336,126

Total (pohase1+2) 96,681 1,014,648

Source: JICA Study team

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Chapter 4 Sewerage Development

Table 4.4-34 Construction Cost of Pipe Installation (Dauis & Panglao)

Dauis
Diameter Depth Length Unitcost Construction Cost
Item
(mm) (m) QL (m) (peso/m) (x1000peso)
Gravity sewer 200 <2.4 2,312 7,234 16,725
2.4～4.5 298 8,681 2,587
>4.5 - 11,574 -
Total 2,610 19,312

Panglao
Diameter Depth Length Unitcost Construction Cost
Item
(mm) (m) QL (m) (peso/m) (x1000peso)
Gravity sewer 200 <2.4 4,063 7,234 29,392
2.4～4.5 1,523 8,681 13,221
>4.5 584 11,574 6,759
250 <2.4 0 7,864 -
2.4～4.5 283 9,437 2,671
>4.5 463 12,582 5,825
300 <2.4 0 9,032 -
2.4～4.5 0 10,838 -
>4.5 653 14,451 9,437
Force main 100 5 1,548 8

Total 7,574 67,313

Alona beach
Diameter Depth Length Unitcost Construction Cost
Item
(mm) (m) QL (m) (peso/m) (x1000peso)
Gravity sewer 200 <2.4 1,602 7,234 11,589
2.4～4.5 700 8,681 6,077
>4.5 161 11,574 1,863
250 <2.4 0 7,864 -
2.4～4.5 368 9,437 3,473
>4.5 295 12,582 3,712
Force main 100 340 1,548 526

Total 3,466 27,240

Source: JICA Study team

 Construction Cost of Pumping stations

The cost of each pumping station is also prepared by referring to some documents on the
“Construction Costs for Municipal Wastewater Conveyance Systems 1973-1979 USEPA” and
“In-place costs of water works Material and Equipment, 2008 Dec LWUA”.

The Construction Cost of pumping station by area is shown in Table 4.4-35.

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Chapter 4 Sewerage Development

Table 4.4-35 Construction Cost of Pumping Station

（ Tagbilaran and Panglao）
Tagbilaran
Phase 1
Item FlowQ TPH Unit Unitcost Construction Cost
(m3/min) (m) QL (unit) (x1000peso) (x1000peso)
P1 11.647 9.5 1 36,120 36,120
WP 2 0.295 22.6 1 4,214 4,214
WP 4 0.899 9.4 1 5,435 5,435
WP 5 0.389 10.9 1 3,371 3,371
Provision <0.2 <12 3 1,789 5,367
Subtotal 54,507
Phase 2
P2 3.397 16.7 1 20,898 20,898
WP 1 1.755 24.5 1 15,480 15,480
WP 3 0.706 13.8 1 6,794 6,794
WP 6 0.919 8.0 1 5,435 5,435
WP 7 0.605 9.4 1 5,435 5,435
WP 8 1.761 6.1 1 10,320 10,320
WP 9 1.046 5.7 1 7,224 7,224
Provision <0.2 <12 7 1,789 12,523
Subtotal 84,109
Phase1+2
Total 138,616

Panglao
FlowQ TPH Unit Unitcost Construction Cost
Item
(m3/min) (m) QL (unit) (x1000peso) (x1000peso)
WP1 0.253 7.1 1 3,371 3,371
Total 3,371
Alona beach
WP1 0.336 8.8 1 3,371 3,371
WP2 0.336 12.1 1 4,214 4,214
Total 7,585
Source: JICA Study team

 Construction Cost of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs)

The cost of each WWTP is prepared by referring to some documents on the “Construction Costs
for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants 1973-1977 USEPA” and “In-place costs of water
works Material and Equipment, 2008 Dec LWUA”.

The original cost function curve for WWTP as shown in USEPA is as follows:

Y=2.12 x 10^6 x Q^0.88

where Y: cost in USD
Q: design capacity in MGD

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In this design, the construction cost is estimated by multiplying EPA cost (=Y) and a coefficient
of 1.4.

The adopted construction curve is computed as follows:

WWTP Cost in Peso=1.4 x 43 (conversion rate) x Y (US$)

The cost of each WWTP is shown in Table 5.5-36. These costs cover all incidental costs
including VAT.

Table 4.4-36 WWTP Construction Cost

Wastewater Treatment Plant WWTP Construction Cost Remarks
(1000peso)
Tagbilaran (phase1) 366,851 564,386 x 65 %
(phase2) 197535 564,386 x 35 %
Dauis 11,679
Panglao 54,524
Alona beach 27,443
Source: JICA Study team

 House Connection

The estimated cost of a house connection in each sewerage system is shown in Table 4.4-37.
The house connection cost per one household is estimated by assuming a per connection cost of P
30,960.

Table 4.4-37 House Connection Cost

House Connection Cost
Sewerage service Domestic Commercial
Total (1000 peso)
area Connection Connection
[3]=[2]*30,960peso
Tagbilaran
6,397(=31983/5.0) 6,397 198,051
(phase1)
(phase2) 7,519(=37,595/5.0) 7,519 232,788
Dauis 280(=1,400/5.0) - 280 8,668
Panglao 1,603(=8,017/5.0) 75 1,678 51,951
Alona beach 133(=667/5.0) 156 289 8,947
Source: JICA Study team

c) Operation Maintenance Cost

The annual operation maintenance cost is assumed to be 1.5 % of construction cost of WWTP as
a matter of practical convenience.

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Chapter 4 Sewerage Development

4.4.3. Implementation Program

1) Implementation Organization

There are several options on the project implementation organization for sewerage development
of Tagbilaran City as shown in Table 4.4-38.

The sewerage development for the municipalities of Panglao and Dauis are rather small scale
compared with Tagbilaran City. However, the capacities of these municipalities seems
insufficient to be the implementing agencies Therefore, a different implementation structure
could be considered as shown in Table 4.4-39.

To select a suitable option from these options, a further study will be needed. It is recommended
that a further study must at least contain an evaluation of borrowing capacity and handling
capacity of each agency.
Table 4.4-38 Possible Project Implementation Structure for Tagbilaran
Borrower/ Implementing Operating
Funding/ Investor Remarks
Executing Agency Agency Body
Need agreement
International
(1) LWUA Tagbilaran City TCWS between
Funding Agency
TCWS& BWUI
(2) “ DOF Tagbilaran City TCWS “
(3) “ “ Province TCWS “
(4) “ DPWH DPWH TCWS “
Bohol Province or Province or Private
Private Sector
(5) DBP or Land Bank Private sector or sector or
or TCWS
Tagbilaran City Tagbilaran City
Province or Private
(6) Private Sector ― sector or Private Sector
Tagbilaran City
Source: JICA Study team

Table 4.4-39 Possible Project Implementation Structure for Dauis & Panglao
Borrower/ Implementing Operating
Funding/ Investor Remarks
Executing Agency Agency Body
Municipal
International Municipality
(1) LWUA waterworks or
Funding Agency +LWUA
private sector
(2) “ DOF Bohol Province “
(3) “ Bohol Province Bohol Province “
(4) “ “ Municipality “
(5) “ DOT TIEZA “
Construct as
incidental
(6) “ DOTC DOTC “
facility of new
airport
Bohol Province or Bohol Province or
(7) DBP or Land Bank “
Private sector Private sector
(8) “ TIEZA TIEZA “
Bohol Province or
(9) Private Sector ― Private Sector
Private sector

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2) Implementation Schedule

The major assumptions for the setting up of the implementation schedule are as follows:

 A two stage implementation (phase-1, phase-2) for the sewerage development of Tagbilaran
City is adopted considering the development scale.
 Construction of phase-1 project and phase-2 project of Tagbilaran City will start in 2015 and
2025, respectively. The two stage implementation for sewerage development of the
municipality is adopted considering the locations of sewerage areas and insufficient capacity
of the municipality
 Construction of the Dauis sewerage development project will start 2014.
 Construction of the Alona sewerage project and the Poblacion-Doljo sewerage project will
start in 2014 and 2019, respectively.

With the above conditions, the following implementation schedule is proposed.

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029
Tagbilaran Phase-1
Tagbilaran Phase-2

Dauis (Poblacion)

Panglao (Alona)
Panglao (Poblacion&Doljo)

Legend Preparation stage/funding arragement

Construction Stage
full operation

Source: JICA Study team

Figure4.4-13 Implementation schedule for Sewerage Development Project

4.4.4. Financial Analysis

1) General Approach

This part of the report deals with the results of the financial analysis of the project that was
conducted. However, economic analysis is not included in this study.

Assuming that no private sector will be an investor nor funding agency, the approach and
methodology used in the financial analysis deals with the apportionment of the cost to various
stakeholders of the projects such as:
– The Central Government (Capital Expenditures),
– Local Governments Units/Private Sector (Operation and Maintenance)
– Consumers (sewerage Tariffs and connection fee).

For these projects, the central government shall be responsible for the funding of the capital needs
and shall require partial capital recovery through the depreciation allowance of the assets arising
from the projects. However, full recovery of operation and maintenance is nevertheless
mandatory.
All financial computations are carried out in Philippine Peso (PHP) using 2011 price level. For
purposes of the financial analysis, inflationary factors are imputed in the cost estimates by using
an average inflation rate of 4.5 %.

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2) Financial Evaluation

a) Overview
The results of the financial analysis show that the consideration of a full cost recovery under the
projects is not an option for implementation. Results of the discounted cash flow analysis show
accumulated net cash outflow with a Net Present Value of minus PHP 552 million for Tagbilaran
sewerage development project, PHP 14 million for Dauis sewerage development project and PHP
132 million for Panglao sewerage development project with the condition of the same tariff level
of water supply and 50%-grant of the project cost. However, the calculation of the financial
internal rate of return (FIRR) is not possible as it results to a computational error.

b) Project Cost Estimates

The project cost is estimated under the following conditions:

・ All of the costs are estimated under the economic conditions prevailing in Aug, 2011.
・ Exchange rate of currency is; USD 1.0 = PHP 43
・ Physical contingency and administration cost are assumed to be 10.0 % and 6.0 % of the
basic construction cost, respectively.
・ Consultancy cost is assumed to be 12 % of the basic construction cost
・ Price escalation of 4.5 % per annum

The total project cost including the replacement cost of the recommended development program
for Tagbilaran City amounts to PHP 4,519.3 million as presented. The detailed project cost is
shown in Table 4.4-40.

Table 4.4-40 Project Cost for Tagbilaran Sewerage System Unit (PHP million)
Replacement Total
Items Phase-1 Phase-2
Cost (PHP million)
Basic Construction Cost 1,297.9 850.6 126.4 2,274.9
Physical Contingency 129.8 85.0 12.6 227.4
Consultancy cost 155.7 102.1 15.2 273.0
Land Acquisition Cost 20.6 1.8 22.4
Project Administration Cost 77.9 51.0 7.6 136.5
Price Escalation 382.3 974.4 228.4 1,585.1
Total Project Cost 2,064.2 2,064.9 390.2 4,519.3
Note: these costs are not committed by any funding agencies

Source: JICA Study team

The total project cost of the recommended development program for Dauis and Panglao is shown
in Table 4.4-41.

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Table 4.4-41 Project Cost for Dauis and Panglao

Panglao
Items Dauis
Alona System Poblacion System Total

43.2 81.7 194.5

Basic Construction Cost 276.2
(incl replace 3.5) (incl replace 10.5) (incl replace 17.4)
Physical Contingency 4.3 8.2 19.5 27.6
Consultancy cost 5.2 9.8 23.3 33.2
Land Acquisition Cost 3.8 5.3 3.9 9.2
Project Administration Cost 2.6 4.9 11.7 16.6
Price Escalation 13.1 29.8 136.3 166.2
Total Project Cost
72.2 139.7 389.3 529.0

Note: these costs are not committed by any funding agencies

Source: JICA Study team

c) Annual Debt Service Schedule

The following assumptions in the calculation of an annual debt service schedule are set up as
follows:
 The central government is a borrower of the fund.
 The project is assumed to be financed through a combination of a loan from a donor and
equity contribution by the Government of Philippines. The loan portion and the equity
contribution are assumed to be 85 % and 15% of total project cost, respectively.
 Adopted loan conditions are based on the recent loan conditions for a road project in the
Philippines are shown below.

Interest rate: 1.4%

Maturity Period: 25 Years
Grace Period: 7 Years

For the purpose of illustrating the financial impact of the repayment terms, a projected annual
debt service schedule for the project loan using the above the conditions is presented in Table
4.4-42 to Table 4.4-44.

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Table 4.4-42 Annual Debt Service Projection (Tagbilaran Sewerage Project)

Interest Rate 1.40%
Capitalized Interest 0%
Initial Year of Drawdown 2015
Maturity Period, years 25
Grace Period, years 7
First Amortization 2022

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036
Year -1 Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Year 11 Year 12 Year 13 Year 14 Year 15 Year 16 Year 17 Year 18 Year 19 Year 20 Year 21 Year 22 Year 23 Year 24 Year 25

Loan Outstanding, beginning - - - - - 734,355.6 1,614,252.9 1,754,558.2 1,754,558.2 1,754,558.2 1,754,558.2 1,754,558.2 1,668,172.2 1,580,576.7 1,491,755.0 1,401,689.7 1,310,363.5 1,217,758.8 1,123,857.6 1,028,641.7 932,092.9 834,192.3 734,921.2 634,260.2 532,190.1 428,690.9
Drawdown (phase-1) - - 734,355.6 879,897.3 140,305.3
Capitalized Interest - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Operational Interest - - - - 5,140.5 16,440.3 23,581.7 24,563.8 24,563.8 24,563.8 24,563.8 24,563.8 23,354.4 22,128.1 20,884.6 19,623.7 18,345.1 17,048.6 15,734.0 14,401.0 13,049.3 11,678.7 10,288.9 8,879.6 7,450.7 6,001.7
Total Interest - - - - 5,140.5 16,440.3 23,581.7 24,563.8 24,563.8 24,563.8 24,563.8 24,563.8 23,354.4 22,128.1 20,884.6 19,623.7 18,345.1 17,048.6 15,734.0 14,401.0 13,049.3 11,678.7 10,288.9 8,879.6 7,450.7 6,001.7
Principal Repayment 86,386.0 87,595.4 88,821.8 90,065.3 91,326.2 92,604.7 93,901.2 95,215.8 96,548.9 97,900.5 99,271.1 100,660.9 102,070.2 103,499.2 104,948.2
Total Amortization 5,140.5 16,440.3 23,581.7 24,563.8 24,563.8 24,563.8 24,563.8 110,949.8 110,949.8 110,949.8 110,949.8 110,949.8 110,949.8 110,949.8 110,949.8 110,949.8 110,949.8 110,949.8 110,949.8 110,949.8 110,949.8 110,949.8
Loan Outstanding, ending - - - - 734,355.6 1,614,252.9 1,754,558.2 1,754,558.2 1,754,558.2 1,754,558.2 1,754,558.2 1,668,172.2 1,580,576.7 1,491,755.0 1,401,689.7 1,310,363.5 1,217,758.8 1,123,857.6 1,028,641.7 932,092.9 834,192.3 734,921.2 634,260.2 532,190.1 428,690.9 323,742.7

Loan Outstanding, beginning - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 859,735.2 1,755,197.5 1,755,197.5 1,755,197.5 1,755,197.5 1,755,197.5 1,755,197.5 1,668,780.0 1,581,152.7 1,492,298.5 1,402,200.5
Drawdown (phase-2) - - 859,735.2 895,462.3
Capitalized Interest - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Operational Interest - - - - - - - - 6,018.1 18,304.5 24,572.8 24,572.8 24,572.8 24,572.8 24,572.8 24,572.8 23,362.9 22,136.1 20,892.2 19,630.8
Total Interest - - - - - - - - 6,018.1 18,304.5 24,572.8 24,572.8 24,572.8 24,572.8 24,572.8 24,572.8 23,362.9 22,136.1 20,892.2 19,630.8
Principal Repayment 86,417.5 87,627.3 88,854.1 90,098.1 91,359.5
Total Amortization - - - - 6,018.1 18,304.5 24,572.8 24,572.8 24,572.8 24,572.8 24,572.8 110,990.3 110,990.3 110,990.3 110,990.3 110,990.3
Loan Outstanding, ending - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 859,735.2 1,755,197.5 1,755,197.5 1,755,197.5 1,755,197.5 1,755,197.5 1,755,197.5 1,668,780.0 1,581,152.7 1,492,298.5 1,402,200.5 1,310,841.0

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Loan Phase1+Phase2 Total Amortization 5,140.5 16,440.3 23,581.7 24,563.8 24,563.8 24,563.8 24,563.8 110,949.8 110,949.8 110,949.8 116,968.0 129,254.4 135,522.6 135,522.6 135,522.6 135,522.6 135,522.6 221,940.1 221,940.1 221,940.1 221,940.1 221,940.1
Source: JICA Study team

Table 4.4-43 Annual Debt Service Projection (Dauis Sewerage Project)

Interest Rate 1.40%

Capitalized Interest 0%
Initial Year of Drawdown 2014
Maturity Period, years 25
Grace Period, years 7
First Amortization 2021

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036
Year -1 Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Year 11 Year 12 Year 13 Year 14 Year 15 Year 16 Year 17 Year 18 Year 19 Year 20 Year 21 Year 22 Year 23 Year 24 Year 25
Loan Outstanding, beginning - - - - - 52,979.5 52,979.5 52,979.5 52,979.5 52,979.5 52,979.5 52,979.5 50,371.1 47,726.1 45,044.1 42,324.5 39,566.9 36,770.7 33,935.3 31,060.2 28,144.9 25,188.7 22,191.2 19,151.7 16,069.7 12,944.5 9,775.5
Drawdown - - 52,979.5
Capitalized Interest - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Operational Interest - - - - 370.9 741.7 741.7 741.7 741.7 741.7 741.7 741.7 705.2 668.2 630.6 592.5 553.9 514.8 475.1 434.8 394.0 352.6 310.7 268.1 225.0 181.2 136.9
Total Interest - - - - 370.9 741.7 741.7 741.7 741.7 741.7 741.7 741.7 705.2 668.2 630.6 592.5 553.9 514.8 475.1 434.8 394.0 352.6 310.7 268.1 225.0 181.2 136.9
Principal Repayment 2,608.5 2,645.0 2,682.0 2,719.6 2,757.6 2,796.2 2,835.4 2,875.1 2,915.3 2,956.1 2,997.5 3,039.5 3,082.0 3,125.2 3,168.9 3,213.3
Total Amortization 370.9 741.7 741.7 741.7 741.7 741.7 741.7 3,350.2 3,350.2 3,350.2 3,350.2 3,350.2 3,350.2 3,350.2 3,350.2 3,350.2 3,350.2 3,350.2 3,350.2 3,350.2 3,350.2 3,350.2 3,350.2
Loan Outstanding, ending - - - - 52,979.5 52,979.5 52,979.5 52,979.5 52,979.5 52,979.5 52,979.5 50,371.1 47,726.1 45,044.1 42,324.5 39,566.9 36,770.7 33,935.3 31,060.2 28,144.9 25,188.7 22,191.2 19,151.7 16,069.7 12,944.5 9,775.5 6,562.2
Source: JICA Study team
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 4 Sewerage Development

Table 4.4-44 Annual Debt Service Projection (Panglao Sewerage Project)

Option 1
Interest Rate 1.40%
Capitalized Interest 0%
Initial Year of Drawdown 2014
Maturity Period, years 25
Grace Period, years 7
First Amortization 2021

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036
Phase-1 Year -1 Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Year 11 Year 12 Year 13 Year 14 Year 15 Year 16 Year 17 Year 18 Year 19 Year 20 Year 21 Year 22 Year 23 Year 24 Year 25
Loan Outstanding, beginning - - - - - 88,284.6 88,284.6 88,284.6 88,284.6 88,284.6 88,284.6 88,284.6 83,937.9 79,530.3 75,061.0 70,529.2 65,933.9 61,274.3 56,549.4 51,758.4 46,900.4 41,974.3 36,979.2 31,914.2 26,778.3 21,570.6 16,289.8
Drawdown (phase-1) - - 88,284.6
Capitalized Interest - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Operational Interest - - - - 618.0 1,236.0 1,236.0 1,236.0 1,236.0 1,236.0 1,236.0 1,236.0 1,175.1 1,113.4 1,050.9 987.4 923.1 857.8 791.7 724.6 656.6 587.6 517.7 446.8 374.9 302.0 228.1
Total Interest - - - - 618.0 1,236.0 1,236.0 1,236.0 1,236.0 1,236.0 1,236.0 1,236.0 1,175.1 1,113.4 1,050.9 987.4 923.1 857.8 791.7 724.6 656.6 587.6 517.7 446.8 374.9 302.0 228.1
Principal Repayment 4,346.7 4,407.6 4,469.3 4,531.8 4,595.3 4,659.6 4,724.9 4,791.0 4,858.1 4,926.1 4,995.1 5,065.0 5,135.9 5,207.8 5,280.7 5,354.6
Total Amortization 618.0 1,236.0 1,236.0 1,236.0 1,236.0 1,236.0 1,236.0 5,582.7 5,582.7 5,582.7 5,582.7 5,582.7 5,582.7 5,582.7 5,582.7 5,582.7 5,582.7 5,582.7 5,582.7 5,582.7 5,582.7 5,582.7 5,582.7
Loan Outstanding, ending - - - - 88,284.6 88,284.6 88,284.6 88,284.6 88,284.6 88,284.6 88,284.6 83,937.9 79,530.3 75,061.0 70,529.2 65,933.9 61,274.3 56,549.4 51,758.4 46,900.4 41,974.3 36,979.2 31,914.2 26,778.3 21,570.6 16,289.8 10,935.2

Phase-2
Loan Outstanding, beginning - - - - - - - - - - 285,388.0 285,388.0 285,388.0 285,388.0 285,388.0 285,388.0 285,388.0 271,336.8 257,089.0 242,641.7 227,992.1 213,137.4 198,074.8 182,801.2 167,313.9 151,609.7 135,685.7
Drawdown (phase2) - - - 285,388.0
Capitalized Interest - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Operational Interest - - - - - - - - - 1,997.7 3,995.4 3,995.4 3,995.4 3,995.4 3,995.4 3,995.4 3,995.4 3,798.7 3,599.2 3,397.0 3,191.9 2,983.9 2,773.0 2,559.2 2,342.4 2,122.5 1,899.6
Total Interest - - - - - - - - - 1,997.7 3,995.4 3,995.4 3,995.4 3,995.4 3,995.4 3,995.4 3,995.4 3,798.7 3,599.2 3,397.0 3,191.9 2,983.9 2,773.0 2,559.2 2,342.4 2,122.5 1,899.6
Principal Repayment 14,051.1 14,247.8 14,447.3 14,649.6 14,854.7 15,062.6 15,273.5 15,487.3 15,704.2 15,924.0 16,147.0
Total Amortization - - - - - 1,997.7 3,995.4 3,995.4 3,995.4 3,995.4 3,995.4 3,995.4 18,046.6 18,046.6 18,046.6 18,046.6 18,046.6 18,046.6 18,046.6 18,046.6 18,046.6 18,046.6 18,046.6
Loan Outstanding, ending - - - - - - - - - 285,388.0 285,388.0 285,388.0 285,388.0 285,388.0 285,388.0 285,388.0 271,336.8 257,089.0 242,641.7 227,992.1 213,137.4 198,074.8 182,801.2 167,313.9 151,609.7 135,685.7 119,538.7

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Total (phase1+phase2)
Loan Outstanding, beginning 88,284.6 88,284.6 88,284.6 88,284.6 88,284.6 373,672.5 373,672.5 369,325.8 364,918.3 360,449.0 355,917.2 351,321.9 332,611.1 313,638.4 294,400.1 274,892.4 255,111.7 235,054.0 214,715.5 194,092.2 173,180.3 151,975.5
Operational Interest 1,236.0 1,236.0 1,236.0 1,236.0 3,233.7 5,231.4 5,231.4 5,170.6 5,108.9 5,046.3 4,982.8 4,918.5 4,656.6 4,390.9 4,121.6 3,848.5 3,571.6 3,290.8 3,006.0 2,717.3 2,424.5 2,127.7
Total Interest 1,236.0 1,236.0 1,236.0 1,236.0 3,233.7 5,231.4 5,231.4 5,170.6 5,108.9 5,046.3 4,982.8 4,918.5 4,656.6 4,390.9 4,121.6 3,848.5 3,571.6 3,290.8 3,006.0 2,717.3 2,424.5 2,127.7
Principal Repayment 4,346.7 4,407.6 4,469.3 4,531.8 4,595.3 18,710.8 18,972.7 19,238.3 19,507.7 19,780.8 20,057.7 20,338.5 20,623.2 20,912.0 21,204.7 21,501.6
Total Amortization 1,236.0 1,236.0 1,236.0 1,236.0 3,233.7 5,231.4 9,578.1 9,578.1 9,578.1 9,578.1 9,578.1 23,629.3 23,629.3 23,629.3 23,629.3 23,629.3 23,629.3 23,629.3 23,629.3 23,629.3 23,629.3 23,629.3
Loan Outstanding, ending 88,284.6 88,284.6 88,284.6 88,284.6 373,672.5 373,672.5 369,325.8 364,918.3 360,449.0 355,917.2 351,321.9 332,611.1 313,638.4 294,400.1 274,892.4 255,111.7 235,054.0 214,715.5 194,092.2 173,180.3 151,975.5 130,473.9
Source: JICA Study team
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 4 Sewerage Development

3) Estimation of Financial Internal Rate of Return (FIRR)

a) Assumptions
Operation maintenance cost; 1.5 % of WWTP cost aforementioned
Replacement cost; 30 % of total cost of WWTPs and pumping stations,15 years
after completion of WWTP and pumping stations

b) Revenue

Revenue of the sewerage operation will be generated from one-time connection charges and
water consumption. In this FIRR calculation, per connection fee is assumed to be peso
5,000. The amount of revenue water for sewerage service is described below.

 Tagbilaran Sewerage Project

Majority of water supply system for Tagbilaran City is operated by BWUI. The water tariff
varies only in consumption amount not in connection type. On the other hand, TCWS
collects water tariffs from domestic users and non-domestic users by applying the tariff
system by connection type. However, the amount of water revenue from non-domestic
connection is negligibly small because of the large share of domestic connection type (more
than 98 %). Therefore, the same sewerage tariff regardless the connection type is applied
in this financial analysis.

Table 4.4-45 shows the potential amount of water revenue in 2010 sewerage service area of
phase-1. Although this amount is only theoretical, it is calculated to interpolate the amount
of water revenue for 2015 to 2019.

Table 4.4-46 and 4.4-47 show the basis of daily amount of water revenue in 2020 and 2035,
respectively.

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 4 Sewerage Development

Table 4.4-45 Daily Potential Revenue Water in 2010 (Tagbilaran City)

Per Capita (1) Average Average-Day Maximum-Day Consumption of
Brgy Pop 2010 Served Number of (2) Coverage
Barangay Consumption Consumption NRW Demand Demand sewerage service
(projected) Population Connections in phase 1
(Lpcd) (m3/day) (m3/day) (m3/day) (m3/d) (1) x (2)

City Waterworks
1 Bool 5,139 535 107 158 85 26.7% 116 145
2 Booy 8,119 1,575 315 158 249 26.7% 340 425 40% 99.6
3 Cabawan 2,641 675 135 158 107 26.7% 146 183
4 Cogon 17,311 245 49 158 39 26.7% 53 66 60% 23.4
5 Dao 6,926 2,765 553 158 437 26.7% 596 745
6 Dampas 8,155 - - 40% 0.0
7 Manga 7,060 4,200 840 158 664 26.7% 906 1,133
8 Mansasa 5,465 - 5% 0.0
9 Pob 1 3,324 -
10 Pob 2 5,862 -
11 Pob 3 6,565 - - -
12 San Isidro 4,704 705 141 158 111 26.7% 151 189
13 Taloto 6,567 3,840 768 158 607 26.7% 828 1,035 40% 242.8
14 Tiptip 4,475 2,600 520 158 411 26.7% 561 701
15 Ubujan 5,831 4,335 867 158 685 26.7% 935 1,169
Sub-total 98,145 21,475 4,295 3,395 4,632 5,791 365.8

BWUI
1 Bool 5,139 3,860 772 220 849 25.4% 1,138 1,423
2 Booy 8,119 3,600 720 220 792 25.4% 1,062 1,328 40% 316.8
3 Cabawan 2,641 - - 60% 0.0
4 Cogon 17,311 15,860 3,172 220 3,489 25.4% 4,677 5,846
5 Dao 6,926 5,575 1,115 220 1,227 25.4% 1,645 2,056
6 Dampas 8,155 6,805 1,361 220 1,497 25.4% 2,007 2,509 40% 598.8
7 Manga 7,060 - - -
8 Mansasa 5,465 4,685 937 220 1,031 25.4% 1,382 1,728 5% 51.6
9 Pob 1 3,324 2,435 487 220 536 25.4% 718 898 90% 482.4
10 Pob 2 5,862 7,035 1,407 220 1,548 25.4% 2,075 2,594 100% 1,548.0
11 Pob 3 6,565 5,360 1,072 220 1,179 25.4% 1,580 1,975 80% 943.2
12 San Isidro 4,704 2,445 489 220 538 25.4% 721 901
13 Taloto 6,567 295 59 220 65 25.4% 87 109 40% 26.0
14 Tiptip 4,475 310 62 220 68 25.4% 91 114
15 Ubujan 5,831 - -
Baclayon Muni 1,350 270 220 297 25.4% 398 498
Sub-total 98,145 59,615 11,923 13,116 17,581 21,979 3,966.8

Total 81,090 16,218 204 16,511 22,213 27,770 4,332.6

Source: JICA Study team

Table4.4-46 Expected Revenue Water in 2020 (Tagbilaran City)

Water Consumption Sewage Flow

(2) Served (5) Non- (8) Daily (11) Consumption for

(1) Brgy Pop (3) Per Capita (4) Domestic (6) water (7) Service (9) (10)Daily sewage Sewerage Service =(6)
Barangay Population of domestic water wastewater
2020 Consumption water demand demand=(4) coverage for Inflow/infiltrati flow= (8) + (9) x (7)
Level 3 =(1) x demand (m3/d) generation=(6)x(
(Lpcd) (m3/d) +(6) Sewerage on =(8) x 0.2 m3/d
0.855 =(4)*23% 7)x0.8

1 Bool 8,710 7,447 200 1,489 342 1,831 - -

2 Booy 9,610 8,217 200 1,643 378 2,021 40% 647 129 776 808
3 Cabawan 4,380 3,745 200 749 172 921 - - -
4 Cogon 17,870 15,279 200 3,056 703 3,759 60% 1,804 361 2,165 2,255
5 Dao 8,160 6,977 200 1,395 321 1,716 -
6 Dampas 13,650 11,671 200 2,334 537 2,871 40% 919 184 1,103 1,148
7 Manga 9,060 7,746 200 1,549 356 1,905 - - -
8 Mansasa 6,400 5,472 200 1,094 252 1,346 5% 54 11 65 67
9 Pob 1 3,340 2,856 200 571 131 702 90% 505 101 606 632
10 Pob 2 5,590 4,779 200 956 220 1,176 100% 941 188 1,129 1,176
11 Pob 3 6,610 5,652 200 1,130 260 1,390 80% 890 178 1,068 1,112
12 San Isidro 5,630 4,814 200 963 221 1,184 - - -
13 Taloto 7,940 6,789 200 1,358 312 1,670 40% 534 107 641 668
14 Tiptip 5,640 4,822 200 964 222 1,186 - - -
15 Ubujan 7,630 6,524 200 1,305 300 1,605 - - -
Total 120,220 102,790 20,556 4,727 25,283 6,294 1,259 7,553 7,867

Source: JICA Study team

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 4 Sewerage Development

Table 4.4-47 Expected Revenue Water in 2035 (Tagbilaran City)

Water Consumption Sewage Flow

(11) consumption for

(2) Served (5) Non- (8) Daily sewerage Service =(6)
Population of (3) Per Capita (4) Domestic domestic water (6) water (7) Service wastewater (9) x (7)
(1) Brgy Pop Level 3 =(1) x Consumption water demand demand (m3/d) demand=(4) coverage for generation=(6)x( Inflow/infiltrati (10) Daily sewage
Barangay 2035 0.855 (Lpcd) (m3/d) =(4)*23% +(5) Sewerage 7)x0.8 on =(8) x 0.2 flow= (8) + (9)
1 Bool 12,350 10,559 200 2,112 486 2,598 - -
2 Booy 10,890 9,311 200 1,862 428 2,290 90% 1,649 330 1,979 2,061
3 Cabawan 8,220 7,028 200 1,406 323 1,729 - - -
4 Cogon 18,380 15,715 200 3,143 723 3,866 90% 2,784 557 3,341 3,479
5 Dao 9,210 7,875 200 1,575 362 1,937 10% 155 31 186 194
6 Dampas 20,330 17,382 200 3,476 799 4,275 40% 1,368 274 1,642 1,710
7 Manga 11,590 9,909 200 1,982 456 2,438 90% 1,755 351 2,106 2,194
8 Mansasa 7,150 6,113 200 1,223 281 1,504 90% 1,083 217 1,300 1,354
9 Pob 1 3,370 2,881 200 576 132 708 100% 566 113 679 708
10 Pob 2 5,610 4,797 200 959 221 1,180 100% 944 189 1,133 1,180
11 Pob 3 6,650 5,686 200 1,137 262 1,399 100% 1,119 224 1,343 1,399
12 San Isidro 6,490 5,549 200 1,110 255 1,365 - - - -
13 Taloto 9,310 7,960 200 1,592 366 1,958 80% 1,253 251 1,504 1,566
14 Tiptip 7,030 6,011 200 1,202 276 1,478 - - - -
15 Ubujan 10,060 8,601 200 1,720 396 2,116 60% 1,016 203 1,219 1,270
Total 146,640 125,377 25,075 5,766 30,841 13,692 2,740 16,432 17,117

Source: JICA Study team

Table 4.4-48 Summary of Revenue Water (Tagbilaran)

Items 2010 2020 2035 Remarks
Served Population (20,341) 31,983 69,578
(1) Water Consumption Table
4,332 7,867 17,117
(m3/d) 5.4.44~5.4.46
(2) Water Consumption
1,581 2,871 6,248 (1) x 365
(1,000 m3/year)
No. of HC (4,068)* 6,397 7,518 (Add) *Potential
3 Average, Water
Existing Tariff 12 peso/m - -
supply
Source: JICA Study team

 Dauis Sewerage Project

The Municipal waterworks system applies water tariffs by connection type. Actually, unit
water tariffs of commercial/industrial are about two times higher than that of the
domestic/institutional connections. However, the majority of the connection type within
the proposed sewerage service area is for domestic usage. Therefore, the same sewerage
tariff regardless connection type is applied in this financial analysis.

Table 4.4-49 Amount of Water to be charged (Dauis)

Items 2010 2020 2035 Remarks
Served population 1,075 1,290* 1,400* *assumption
Per capita 70 Lpcd 150 Lpcd
102 Lpcd* *interpolation
Consumption (actual result) (WS Master plan)
(2) Water Consumption
75 132 210 (1) x (2)
(m3/d)
(3) Water Consumption
27,466 48,022 76,650 (1) x (2)x 365
(m3/year)
Cumulative No. of HC (215)* 258 280 *potential
3 Average, Water
Existing Tariff 17 peso/m - -
supply
Source: JICA Study team

 Panglao Sewerage Project

The municipal waterworks system of Panglao also applies water tariffs by connection type.

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 4 Sewerage Development

Unit water tariffs of commercial connections are about two times higher than that of the
domestic/institutional connections. The proposed sewerage area includes Barangay Doljo
and Alona beach in which a lot of tourism accommodations are located. Therefore,
applying sewerage tariff by connection type may be reasonable in this financial analysis.

No data regarding the amount of water consumption by connection type is available but the
total amount of water consumption and the number of service connections by type is
available. Assuming that the amount of water consumption per domestic connection is
12.2 m3/month, which is the same amount as in the Dauis municipal waterworks, the average
unit water consumption of commercial connections can be estimated as shown in Table
4.4-50.

Table 4.4-50 Assumed Water Consumption by Connection Type in 2010

No. of SC in 2010 Consumption
Domestic/ Institutional Commercial
(1) Domestic/ Total
(2) Commercial (3) Total (6) daily Remarks
Institutional (4) Monthly (5) Consumption =(1) (7) Consumption (m3/d)
consumption per
consumption x (4)/30 (m3/d) =(2)x(6)
SC (m3/SC)
Pob 156 27 183 12.2 m3/SC 63 2.25 61 124
Doljo 335 24 359 12.2 m3/SC 136 2.25 54 190
Tawala 392 90 482 12.2 m3/SC 159 2.25 203 362
Othes (7 Brgy) 2,639 53 2,692 12.2 m3/SC 1074 120 (438-3 brgy) 1,194
15.1m3/SC per
438
Total of MWWS 3,522 194 3,716 12.2 m3/SC 1432 1,870 month (actual
(1,870-1432)
result in 2010)

Source: JICA Study team

The water consumption of water revenue in 2020 and 2035 is estimated based on the
following policy:

・ The number of sewerage population is the same as the number of served population by
the Level 3-water supply in the sewerage service area.
・ The ratio of service coverage by Level 3 is based on the Water Supply Master Plan.
・ Domestic per capita consumption is based on the Water Supply Master Plan.
・ The ratio of non-domestic consumption amount (institutional and commercial) and
domestic consumption amount is also applied as per the one in the Water Supply Master
Plan.
・ The total water consumption for Tourism industry in the municipality Panglao is based
on the Water Supply Master Plan. The share of the total amount is assumed
considering the data on the number of hotel rooms by Barangay.

Table 4.4-51 & 4.4-52 show the expected amount of revenue water in 2020 and 2035 of the
Poblacion System.

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Chapter 4 Sewerage Development

Table 4.4-51 Revenue Water (Panglao Poblacion in 2020)

Water Supply (L3) Tariff category (Domestic) Tariff Category (Commercial)
(8) Total Water
(1) Brgy Pop (3) Per Capita (4) Domestic (7) Tourism
Barangay
2020 (2) Served Population (5) Instutution (6) Consumption Remarks
Consumption water demand （ Total 924 =(4)-(7) (m3/d)
of L3 =(1) x α & industrial Commercial
(Lpcd) (m3/d) m3/d)
α=0.855(0.95x 0.9)
Poblacion 6,010 5,139 120 617 32 61 0 710 (5)+(6)=(4)x0.12
α=(15810+6566)
α=0.73
/30770
Doljo 3,900 2,847 114 325 25 24 70 444 (5)+(6)=(4)x0.12
Total 9,910 7,986 - 999 155 1,154
Poblacion 50%
Revenue Water for Sewerage (m3/d) 675 125 799
Doljo 100%

Source: JICA Study team

Table 4.4-52 Revenue Water (Panglao Poblacion in 2035)

Water Supply (L3) Tariff category (Domestic) Tariff Category (Commercial)

(8) Total Water

(1) Brgy Pop (3) Per Capita (4) Domestic
Barangay (2) Served Population (5) Instutution (6) (7) Tourism Consumption Remarks
2035 Consumption water demand
of L3 =(1) x α =(4)-(7) (m3/d)
& industrial Commercial （ Total 924)
(Lpcd) (m3/d)

α=0.855(0.95x 0.9)
Poblacion 7,310 6,250 125 781 33 61 0 875 (5)+(6)=(4)x0.12
α=(21530+7195)
α=0.77
/37294
Doljo 4,730 3,642 120 437 26 26 100 589 (5)+(6)=(4)x0.12
Total 12,040 9,892 - 1,277 187 1,464
Poblacion 70%
Revenue Water for Sewerage (m3/d) 1,033 169 1,202
Doljo 100%

Source: JICA Study team

Table 4.4-53 shows the potential amount of water revenue in 2010 in sewerage service area
of Poblacion. Although this amount is only theoretical, it is calculated to interpolate water
revenues for 2015 to 2019.

Table 4.4-53 Potential Revenue Water (Panglao Poblacion in 2010)

Tariff Category Potential Revenue Water (m3/d) Remarks
Domestic 168 Table 5.5-49, (63 x 50%+136 x 100%)
Commercial 85 Table 5.5-49, (61x 50%+54 x 100%)
Total 253

Source: JICA Study team

Table 4.4-54 & 4.4-55 show the expected amount of water revenue in 2020 and 2035 of
Alona System.

Table 4.4-54 Revenue Water (Panglao Alona in 2020)

Water Supply (L3) Tariff category (Domestic) Tariff Category (Commercial)
(8) Total Water
(1) Brgy Pop (3) Per Capita (4) Domestic
Barangay (2) Served Population (5) Instutution (6) (7) Tourism Consumption Remarks
2020 Consumption water demand
of L3 =(1) x α =(4)-(7) (m3/d)
& industrial Commercial （ Total 924)
(Lpcd) (m3/d)
α=0.73
Tawala 3,570 2,606 114 297 24 23 324 668 (5)+(6)=(4)x0.12
Domestic 20%
Revenue Water for Sewerage (m3/d) 64 330 394
Commercial 95%

Source: JICA Study team

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 4 Sewerage Development

Table 4.4-55 Revenue Water (Panglao Alona in 2035)

Water Supply (L3) Tariff category (Domestic) Tariff Category (Commercial)
(8) Total Water
(1) Brgy Pop (3) Per Capita (4) Domestic
Barangay (2) Served Population (5) Instutution (6) (7) Tourism Consumption Remarks
2035 Consumption water demand
of L3 =(1) x α & industrial Commercial （ Total 924) =(4)-(7) (m3/d)
(Lpcd) (m3/d)
α=0.77
Tawala 4,330 3,334 120 400 24 24 463 911 (5)+(6)=(4)x0.12
Domestic 20%
Revenue Water for Sewerage (m3/d) 85 468 552
Commercial 96%

Source: JICA Study team

Table 4.4-56 shows the potential amount of water revenue in 2010 in the sewerage service
area of the Alona System. Although this amount is only theoretical, it is calculated to
interpolate water revenues for 2015 to 2019.

Table 4.4-56 Potential Revenue Water (Panglao Alona in 2010)

Tariff Category Potential Revenue Water (m3/d) Remarks
Domestic 32 Table 5.5-49, (159 x 20%)
Commercial 193 Table 5.5-49, (203x 95%)
Total 225
Source: JICA Study team

Table 4.4-57 summarizes the parameters related to the revenue of sewerage operation for the
municipality of Panglao.

Table 4.4-57 Summary of Revenue Water (Panglao)

2010 2020 2035
Items Poblacion Poblacion Poblacion
Alona System Alona System Alona System
System System System
Population of Water Service
5,635 562 7,986 2,749 9,892 3,334
(Level 3)
Total (6197) 10,735 13,226
Revenue Domestic (m3/d) 168 32 675 64 1,033 85
Total (200) 739 1,118
Revenue Commercial (m3/d) 85 193 125 330 169 468
Total (278) 455 637
Revenue Domestic
61,320 11,680 246,375 23,360 377,045 31,025
(m3/year)
Total (73,000) 269,735 408,070
Revenue Commercial
31,025 70,445 45,625 120,450 61,685 170,820
(m3/year)
Total (101,470) 166,075 232,505
Cummurative No.of HC - - 1,139 220 1,678 289
Domestic 4.8peso/m3
Existing Tariff
Commercial 9.3peso/m3
Source: JICA Study team

c) Result

The FIRR is the interest rate that would make the present value of cash inflows equal to the
present value of cash outflows. The sum of project revenue inflows would be equal to the
sum of project cost outflows when both are discounted over a period of time using the FIRR.

As a rule of thumb, the FIRR should at least be equal to the weighted average cost of capital

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for the project. The results of the financial forecast show that the projects are not financially
viable since the corresponding sewerage charges to be collected in the project area are not
sufficient to support a financial internal rate of return that is at least equal to the weighted
average cost of capital of the project.

The evaluation formulated three to four scenarios at each sewerage project to assess financial
desirability of the project. The scenarios and the results are shown below. In this
calculation, the sewerage tariff set up in 2011 is assumed to be raised at 4.5 % annually from
2012 for convenience sake.

The last Scenario of each sewerage project is a trial calculation to estimate how much
sewerage tariff is necessary to make the FIRR positive. As a conclusion, the required
sewerage tariff is 3.3 - 6.3 times as high as the existing tariff of water supply without any
subsidy/grant. (See Table 4.4-58 & 4.4-59)

Table 4.4-58 Conditions of FIRR Calculation by Scenario and Project

Items Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4
Tagbilaran Sewerage
Percentage of water tariff
100 % 50 % 330 %
(Sewerage Tariff at nominal cost -
(12peso/m3) (6peso/m3) (39.6peso/m3)
in 2011)
Grant Portion of construction/
50 % 85 % None -
Replacement cost (%)
Dauis Sewerage
Percentage of water tariff
100 % 50 % 340 %
(Sewerage Tariff at nominal cost -
(17 peso/m3) (8.5peso/m3) (57.8 peso/m3)
in 2011)
Grant Portion of construction/
50 % 90 % None -
Replacement cost (%)
Panglao Sewerage
Percentage of water tariff (Sewerage Tariff at nominal cost in 2011)
100 % 50 % 100 % 630 %
Domestic
(4.8 P/m3) (2.4 P/m3) (4.8 P/m3) (30.24 P/m3)
100 % 50 % 100 % 630 %
Commercial
(9.3 P/m3) (4.65P/m3) (9.3 P/m3) (58.59 P/m3)
Subsidy Portion of Construction/
50 % 95 % 87 % None
Replacement cost (%)
Source: JICA Study team

Table 4.4-59 FIRR and Net Present Value by Scenario

Project Items Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4
Tagbilaran FIRR Negative Negative 1.6%
-
Sewerage Project NPV (1000 peso) △551,815 △29,633 +44,371
Dauis Sewerage FIRR Negative Negative 1.7%
-
Project NPV (1000 peso) △14,458 △1,897 +1,743
Panglao Sewerage FIRR Negative 2.2 % 1.9% 1.5 %
Project NPV (1000 peso) △132,282 +563 +1,377 +2,835
Source: JICA Study team

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4.4.5. Preliminary Sanitation Development Plan

1) Overview

Currently, there is no sewerage system in Bohol. Black water from each household is mostly
treated by Septic Tanks (ST). According to the 2000 NSO data, the installation rate of ST is
81% in Dauis and 72% in Panglao. The treatment efficiency of a ST is relatively low
compared to a sewerage system. Furthermore, operation and maintenance of a ST depends
on each household so that if the maintenance is not conducted properly, the treatment
efficiency of the ST will be further deteriorated. Meanwhile, grey water is discharged into
side ditches or is seeping underground and will normally not be discharged into the ST.

In the case of middle to high class hotels, both black water and grey water are seemed to be
treated by septic tanks based on the survey of some selected hotels. However, in small scale
hotels or accommodations, they only treat black water by septic tank.

Periodic sludge sacking is important as an appropriate maintenance of on-site treatment

systems. However, this is not currently implemented in the study area. Furthermore, there
is no sludge treatment facility in Bohol.

The service areas of previously proposed sewerage systems in Tagbilaran, Dauis and Panglao
are very limited compared to the whole city/municipality area. Coverage ratio of each
sewerage system based on the population is 47%, 2% and 21% in Tagbilaran City, the
municipality of Dauis and the municipality of Panglao in 2035, respectively. Specifically,
the coverage rate is low (8,684/40,540 =21%) on Panglao island.

Under such circumstances, the reduction of pollution loads through the implementation of a
sewerage system is limited due to small service coverage. Therefore, upgrading of on-site
treatment systems such as the conversion of existing ST’s to upgraded ST systems (black
water + grey water treatment), construction of sludge treatment facility, etc., is a much more
effective way to reduce the pollution loads of the whole island.

2) On-site Treatment system

Aside from the traditional ST, two types of household-treatment facilities are recommended to
reduce pollution load on the whole island; 1) package type household wastewater treatment
facility sometimes called as Jokasou and 2) Septic Tanks with up-flow filters.

Septic Tanks with up-flow filter type seem to be more realistic considering their operation and
maintenance costs. Treated water from Septic Tanks are discharged to soaking pits or
leaching fields. Leaching fields are more desirable compared to soaking pit, however it
requires a large land area.

The following measures are recommended to improve the sanitation condition and prevalence
of the use upgraded Septic Tanks.

 Although construction of upgraded Septic Tanks and reconnection of the grey water pipes
to the upgraded ST’s in a short time is the most ideal way, the owner of a newly built or

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reconstructed house/building must install an upgraded Septic Tank.

 Connection of grey water pipe to the upgraded Septic Tanks or to existing traditional
Septic Tanks.
 Inspection of Septic Tanks and piping should be carried out to check whether Septic Tank
systems are properly installed.
 Construction of sludge treatment plants and compulsory periodic removal of the sludge
from Septic Tanks at least once every five years.

Figure4.4-14 and Figure 4.4-15 show a sample of upgraded Stand soaking pit.

Figure 4.4-14 Septic Tank Figure 4.4-15 Soakage Pit

3) Conceptual design of Proposed ST

Upgraded/ traditional ST (V m3) with a capacity of 3 day-retention is recommended because a

large sedimentation volume needed.

Calculation of ST volume (V m3 ) 5 persons (assumption):

 for Tagbilaran
Per capita wastewater volume is set to be 0.2 m3 therefore, 0.2 x 5 persons x 3 days = 3.0
m3
 for Panglao Island
Per capita wastewater volume is set to be 0.125 m3 therefore,
0.125 x 5 persons x 3 days = 1.9 m3

The projected number of STs required in 2035 is indicated in Table 4.4-60.

Table 4.4-60 Required Number of ST in 2035
(1)Future
(2)Served (3) ST Population (4) No. of ST
City/Municipality Population
Population (1)-(2) (3)/5.0
In 2035
Tagbilaran 146,640 69,578 77,062 15,412
Dauis 74,130 1,400 72,730 14,546
Panglao 40,540 8,684 31,856 6,371
Total 261,310 79,662 181,648 36,329
Source: JICA Study team

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The amount of sludge accumulated in the STs is assumed to be 40 L/year/head in this study.
The required periodical desludge-time can be calculated by assuming that sludge portion is
1/3 of ST.

 for Tagbilaran: (3.0 m3x 1/3)/(0.04 L/year/head x 5persons)= 5 years.

 for Panglao Island: (1.9 m3x 1/3)/(0.04 L/year/head x 5 persons)＝3.2 years.

Therefore, the frequency of sludge removal is estimated to be once in every 5 years for
Tagbilaran City and once in every 3.2 years for Panglao Island.

4) Planning of Sludge Treatment Plant

In this study, the drying bed was selected as the sludge treatment method. The required drying
bed areas in 2010, 2020 and 2035 in Tagbilaran City and in the municipalities of Dauis and
Panglao are estimated as shown in Table 4.4-61 to Table 4.4-63, respectively.

The design conditions adopted in this study are:

 The accumulated dry solid volume per person per day: 25gDs/d (Assumption)
 Sludge loading rate: 2
150Kg/m (reference: Wastewater Engineering)
 Sludge depth on the drying bed: 0.2m
 Dimension of drying bed per unit: 180 m2 (6 m x 30 m)
 Volume of ST per unit: Tagbilaran 3.0m3 , Dauis/ Panglao 1.9 m3

Table 4.4-61 Summary of Functional Design on Drying Bed for Tagbilaran City
Items 2010 2020 2035 Remarks
Administrative Population 98,145 120,220 146,640
Population (sewerage) - 25,513 69,578
(1) Population (on-site) 98,145 94,707 77,062
*No.of sanitary toilet in
(2) No.of ST (1)/5.0 11,740* 18,941 15,412
1998(W4SMP)
(3) No. of desludging per day - 10.4 8.4 (2)/(5years x 365)
(4) Desludging volume per day - 31.2 25.2 (3) x 3.0 m3
(5) Dry solid per desludging(kg) - 228.0 228.0 25g x 5 x 365 x 5yrs/1000
(6)Desludged dry solid per day(kg/d) - 2,371.2 1,915.2 (3) x (5)
(7) Annual desludged dry solid (kg/yr) - 865,488 699,048 (6) x 365
(8) Drying bed area (m2) - 5,770 4,660 (7)/150 kg/m2/year
(9)Per ST bed area per day - 555 555 (8)/(3)
(10) Required drying bed area per ST - 15 15 3.0 m3/0.2 (t=0.2m)
(11) Possible average drying time (day) - 37 37 (9)/(10)
(12) No. of drying bed (8)/180m2 - 32 26 1basin 6 m x 30 m

Source: JICA Study team

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Table 4.4-62 Functional Design on Drying Bed for Dauis Municipality

Items 2010 2020 2035 Remarks
Administrative Population 40,387 56,730 74,130
Population (sewerage) - 1,290 1,400
(1) Population (on-site) 40,387 55,440 72,730
*No.ofHH with sanitary toilet in
(2) No.of ST (1)/5.0 6,952* 11,088 14,546
2007
(3) No. of desludging per day - 9.5 12.5 (2)/(5years x 365)
(4) Desludging volume per day - 18.1 23.8 (3) x 3.0 m3
(5) Dry solid per desludging(kg) - 146.0 146.0 25g x 5 x 365 x 5yrs/1000
(6)Desludged dry solid per day(kg/d) - 1,387.0 1,825.0 (3) x (5)
(7) Annual desludged dry solid (kg/yr) - 506,255 666,125 (6) x 365
(8) Drying bed area (m2) - 3,375 4,441 (7)/150 kg/m2/year
(9)Per ST bed area per day - 355 355 (8)/(3)
(10) Required drying bed area per ST - 9.5 9.5 3.0 m3/0.2 (t=0.2m)
(11) Possible average drying time (day) - 37 37 (9)/(10)
(12) No. of drying bed (8)/180m2 - 19 25 1basin 6 m x 30 m

Source: JICA Study team

Table 4.4-63 Functional Design on Drying Bed for Panglao Municipality

Items 2010 2020 2035 Remarks
Administrative Population 27,241 33,400 40,540
Population (sewerage) - 6,402 8,684
(1) Population (on-site) 98,145 26,998 31,856
*No.of HH with sanitary toilet
(2) No.of ST (1)/5.0 4,402* 5,400 6,371
in 2004
(3) No. of desludging per day - 4.6 5.5 (2)/(5years x 365)
(4) Desludging volume per day - 8.7 10.5 (3) x 3.0 m3
(5) Dry solid per desludging(kg) - 146.0 146.0 25g x 5 x 365 x 5yrs/1000
(6)Desludged dry solid per day(kg/d) - 671.6 803.0 (3) x (5)
(7) Annual desludged dry solid (kg/yr) - 245,134 293,095 (6) x 365
(8) Drying bed area (m2) - 1,634 1,954 (7)/150 kg/m2/year
(9)Per ST bed area per day - 355 355 (8)/(3)
(10) Required drying bed area per ST - 9.5 9.5 3.0 m3/0.2 (t=0.2m)
(11) Possible average drying time (day) - 37 37 (9)/(10)
(12) No. of drying bed (8)/180m2 - 9 11 1basin 6 m x 30 m

Source: JICA Study team

Location of the sludge treatment plant shall be decided by considering the following
conditions:

 At least 500 m away from the producing well of existing water supply system and should
be closer to coast line than the well.
 Lower and closer to the coast than the nearest producing well. This is important
especially in Panglao Island since the well is not a deep well (artesian groundwater is not
used as a water source).

Following Figure 4.4-16 shows a sample drying bed.

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Transparency Roof
Transparency Roof

G.L
Coral Sand Layer
Coral Rock Layer

Section Section

Outlet Pit

Inlet Pit

Variable

Plan
Sludge dry Bed

Figure 4.4-16 Typical Sludge Drying Bed

4.5. Project evaluation

4.5.1. Technical Evaluation

The project costs (excluding price escalation), design wastewater flows and number of served
populations are summarized below:

City / Total Cost

Municipality incl. O&M Design flow Unit cost per
Served Unit cost per
cost up to year in daily served
Population design flow
2036 average population
(pop.) (peso/ m3/d)
(2011 cost) (m3/d) (peso/person)
PHP million
Tagbilaran 2,934.2 69,578 16,400 42,171 178,915
Dauis 59.1 1,400 202 42,214 292,574
Panglao 362.8 8,684 1,680 41,778 215,952

In comparison between the proposed sewerage system and the on-site treatment system, a
household package type waste water treatment plant (HPWWTP) is a competitive system
considering its treatment performance. If the HPWWTPs are introduced in the same area of
Dauis sewerage service area, 280 HPWWTPs (=1400/5) are required. Assuming the cost of
HPWWTP is Peso 300,000, total costs of the on-site treatment system can be estimated as
Peso 84 million (=280 x 300,000). Moreover additional costs for periodical desludging
should be considered to be included.

Hence, the proposed sewerage project seems to be a more viable project solution from an
economical and a technical point of views.

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4.5.2. Financial Evaluation

The financial evaluation shows that the project attaining an FIRR at least equal to the interest
rate of a loan from a donor, is not possible under the project. Assuming that the
government’s subsidy equivalent to the annual repayment of the loan is included in the
project’s cash inflow, even than the total revenues will still be insufficient to cover the
recovery of the capital costs.

However, the cash flow analyses conducted for the sewerage projects do show that revenues
attributable to the projects can cover the O&M costs. Therefore, if the sewerage systems are
granted to the sewerage operation bodies like the city or municipality, they could operate the
sewerage systems continuously.

Furthermore, the economical benefits seem to be large considering the tourism benefits and
the protection of groundwater resources. Hence, the sewerage project should be executed
from an economical and ecological point of view

4.5.3. Environmental Evaluation

Existing on-site wastewater disposal systems could cause groundwater contamination.

Moreover, people living in Panglao are in favour of developing a public sewerage system
because they are concerned regarding deterioration of the natural environments due to a
possible over development of the tourism industry. Therefore, the proposed project can
contribute to improve the quality of the existing nature and living environment.

4.5.4. Social Concerns

Land acquisitions for WWTP’s and pumping stations are required since all the proposed sites
for WWTP and pumping stations are located on private properties.

For Dauis and Panglao, resettlements are not needed at present because no residents are living
within the proposed site of the WWTP. For Tagbilaran City, there are some existing
households located within the vast swampy area. However, the required land for the WWTP
may be able to avoid these existing household areas in the swamp.

The present water tariff in the study area could be raised with the commencement of the
sewerage project. For the justification of increase of tariffs, objective information
dissemination on the sewerage development and periodical stakeholder meetings should be
held from the planning stage onwards.

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Chapter 5

Studies for Individual Sewage

Treatment Facilities
Table of Contents

5.1. Background and Object of the Study ··················································· 5-1

5.1.1. Background ··············································································· 5-1
5.1.2. Aim of the Study ········································································· 5-1

5.2. Related Laws and Guidelines ····························································· 5-2

5.3. Existing Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities Survey at Major Beaches 5-3
5.3.1. Target Facilities and Areas ··························································· 5-3
5.3.2. Investigation Items and Method ····················································· 5-4
5.3.3. Study Results ············································································ 5-6
5.3.4. Evaluation for Existing Individual Treatment Facilities ······················· 5-16

5.4. Consideration of Maintenance and Management Methods of Individual

Wastewater Treatment Facilities ······················································· 5-17
5.4.1. Present Circumstances ······························································ 5-17
5.4.2. Septage Management Manual of Philippines ·································· 5-20
5.4.3. Proposed Operation and Maintenance Methods for Individual Treatment
Facilities ····················································································· 5-21

5.5. Standards Drawing of Individual Treatment Facilities for Households ··· 5-24
5.5.1. Standard of Existing ST Structures ··············································· 5-24
5.5.2. Present Issue in Standard Drawings of ST ····································· 5-27
5.5.3. Proposed Standard Drawing ······················································· 5-28

5.6. Consideration of Public Septage Treatment Facilities and its Construction

Funding Sources ············································································ 5-30
5.6.1. Consideration of Septage Treatment Facility ·································· 5-30
5.6.2. Finance Survey for Facility Construction Fees ································ 5-36

5.7. Regulation Studies for Securing Individual Treatments ························ 5-37

5.8. Proposals of Technical Assistance Program by JICA ··························· 5-39

5.8.1. Content of Proposed Technical Support ········································ 5-39
5.8.2. Proposed Schedule of Technical Assistance Program ······················ 5-40
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

Chapter 5 Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

5.1. Background and Object of the Study

5.1.1. Background

Centralized sewerage system plans for Tagbiliaran City and Panglao Island (Dauis
Municipality and Panglao Municipality) were proposed in Chapter 4. However, as shown
in Figure 4.4-1, high-density residential areas, which centralized system is effective are
limited to only small part of Panglao Island. Alona beach is one of the most congested
areas in Panglao Island. However, the area is heavily occupied with hotels and restaurants
up to the seashores, which suggests coordination and negotiation time with the land owners
for sewer installation will take a lot of times (refer to Photo 5.1-1). For these reasons, the
execution of the feasibility study on centralized sewerage systems in Panglao Island was
decided to be premature at the present.

However, appropriate countermeasures for the expected increase of sewage which will be
brought by the new airport are necessary to be implemented to mitigate the contamination
of water environments in Panglao Island. For this reason, additional studies regarding the
individual sewage treatment system (on-site treatment system) including its operation and
maintenance method, legal framework and septage management method are conducted in
Chapter 5.

Photo 5.1-1 Alona Beach

5.1.2. Aim of the Study

Target Area
The aim of this study is to propose short term
countermeasures for domestic wastewater management Dauis
Panglao
in Panglao Island (Dauis Municipality and Panglao
Municipality), which the new airport will be
Figure 5.1-1 Panglao Island

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constructed. Investigation of existing individual sewage treatment facilities, related

administrative agencies and private companies, technical and systematic tasks for domestic
wastewater management are conducted in this additional survey. A legal system to ensure
the appropriate maintenance of sewage treatment facilities in both existing and new
facilities are also proposed in this study.

5.2. Related Laws and Guidelines

Philippine laws related to sewage and sanitation is mentioned in Chapter 4.2.2. In this
chapter, legal basis and related guidelines of individual sewage treatment facilities and
septage treatment facilities are summarized below.

1) Presidential Degree No. 856 （1975）, Code on Sanitation of the Philippines

Installation of individual sewage treatment facilities for new buildings is obligated by the
Code of Sanitation if there are no public sewage pipes within 100 m of the planned
construction site. The acquisition of Sanitation Permit is prescribed for Building Permit.
Appropriate toilets and sewage treatment facilities are necessary to apply for the Sanitation
Permit.

In addition, a ban on entry of rain water to the Septic Tank (hereinafter mentioned ST),
design criteria of ST / leaching tile field facilities, the implementation of at least once a year
inspection of ST etc. are stated in the Code. Details are mentioned in Chapter 5.5.1 a).

2) Presidential Degree No. 1096 (1977), The National Building Code

Imhoff Tank or ST must be prepared if wastewater cannot be disposed by public sewage

pipes.

3) National Plumbing Code

Standards for ST such as capacity and structure are indicated in Chapter 13 “Building
Sewers and Individual Sewage Disposal Systems”. Details are mentioned in Chapter
5.5.1c).

4) Revised Panglao Island Tourism Estate (PITE) Guidelines (2005)

This Guideline (hereinafter mentioned PITE Guideline) was executed by the Province of
Bohol in 2000 and revised in 2005. Every tourist and other kinds of establishments in
Panglao Island should follow this Guideline. Regulations for wastewater treatment
facilities are shown below.

z All facilities should install private STs or other treatment facilities, which are to be
more than 25m apart from wells and other water sources.

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z Wastewater from kitchen sinks, toilets and bathing facilities should be connected to the
ST.
z ST should be 3 chambers type prepared by precast concrete.

5) Operation Manual on the Rules and Regulations Govering Septage

Management (2008), Department of Health

This manual (hereinafter mentioned “ST management Manual”) was issued as a guideline
of the “Supplemental Implementing Rules and Regulation (IRR) governing the collection,
handling, transport and disposal domestic septage (2004)” of the Code of Sanitation of
Philippines. This manual shows detailed procedures of implementing septage management
programs and gives the basic idea of ST management in Philippines.

5.3. Existing Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities Survey at Major Beaches

5.3.1. Target Facilities and Areas

Following Figure 5.3-1 shows major resort and residential areas of Panglao Island.
Table 5.3-1 shows the total number of existing households and accommodation facilities in
Dauis and Panglao municipalities and the sampling number of investigated households and
accommodation facilities. A questionnaire survey was conducted to approximately 50
households and accommodation facilities in this study. Accommodation facilities have
been categorized into 3 groups; small, middle and large scale depending on the number of
guest rooms. Restaurants and Diving Shops are also categorized as accommodation
facilities. Until now, many small and middle scale hotels have been constructed, which is
not in the list provided by Dauis and Panglao, therefore the actual number of
accommodation facilities is larger than shown in Table 5.3-1.

: Resort Area
: Residential Area

New Airport

Alona Beach

Figure 5.3-1 Present Situation of Target

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Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

Table 5.3-1 Total and Sampling Number of Existing Households and

Accommodation Facilities in Panglao Island
Category Dauis Panglao
Total Investigate Total Investigate
d d
Households （2007 NSC） 7,305 10 3,890 10
Sightseeing / Accommodation Facilities*
Small （under 10 rooms） 3 1 58 10
Medium （11～30 rooms） 4 2 32 10
Large （over 31 rooms） 4 2 9 5
Source: *Dauis; Comprehensive Land Use Plan (2010 data), Panglao; data given MPDC, (2011 Feb data).

5.3.2. Investigation Items and Method

1) Investigated Items

A questionnaire survey for following items was conducted.

z General information (Households: Number of living persons, Hotel: Number of rooms

and annual average room occupancy rate etc.)
z Type of water source for drinking water, cooking water and for other purpose such as
shower (municipal or private water supply system, water truck, wells, rainwater, etc.)
z Water consumption and its payment (only for water supply system users)
z Drainage conditions (underground discharge, drainage pipe, treatment facility) for
rain water and sewage (toilet, kitchen sewage and others)
z Type of toilet (flush type or not)
z Type of treatment facility（ST, Aqua Privy, Unlined Pit, etc.）
z Size and structure of treatment facility (size, number of chamber, outlet etc.)
z Treatment condition (odor, overflow, clog, etc.)
z O&M status of the treatment facility (desludging frequency, cost, etc.)

2) Study Method

The survey was conducted by visual inspections and interviews with the residents and hotel
managers/owners or a person who in charge to the maintenance of the treatment facility.

3) Study Area

The questionnaire survey was carried out in the areas shows below.

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

R3 H1

R2 R1

R9 R10

H3 R8

R7
R4
R5 H5
R6

H2
H4
：Residence
: Hotel, Resort, Inn,

Figure 5.3-2 Location of Surveyed Hotels and Households in Dauis Municipality

H17 H2
H24
H13
H19
H14
H20
H23 H15
H22
H8 H21
H5 H6 H7 H1
H11 H10 H9 H25 H16
R10

R9 R5~R8 R2

H4
R4
R1
H26
R3 ：Residence
H3 ALONA
BEACH AREA : Hotel, Resort, Inn,

Figure 5.3-3 Location of Surveyed Hotels and Households in Panglao Municipality

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

5.3.3. Study Results

1) Categorization of Individual Treatment Facilities

The individual sewage treatment facilities installed in the study area are as shown below.

a) Septic Tank (ST)

ST is a watertight sedimentation tank installed underground. Sewage is collected thorough

drainage and treated in the sedimentation tank. A layer of scum is formed on the water
surface, and sludge is accumulated in the bottom of the tank. One to three chambers STs are
mainly installed in Dauis and Panglao municipalities.

One chamber STs are mainly installed in the houses which were built around 10-20 years
ago. There is no outlet, the upper part of the tank is made by construction blocks with
holes, and the effluent of ST seep to the soil near the ground surface (Figure 5.3-4 left).
No infiltration facilities are installed to infiltrate ST effluents to the ground. Normally, ST
should be a watertight tank. However, the bottom of ST is often faced to the rock
limestone thus generally the bottom is not sealed with cement, especially in Panglao
municipality. Therefore, one chamber ST was categorized as “Unlined Pit” in this study.

On the other hand, relatively new houses mainly installed the ST, which has more than 2
chambers and the bottom of the final chamber is unlined gravels layer functioning as an
infiltration tank. If the bottom of the tank has poor permeability with rocks, a catch basin
is generally installed together with the ST and the effluent will seep underground through
the catch basin to the surface-soil as shown in Figure 5.3-4 right. However, the catch
basin was not able to see from the outside because usually it has no manhole.

Construction
Block
Infiltrate
soil surface (when poor
Gravel permeability)

Septage

Infiltrate underground
(when high permeability)

Old Type, One chamber ST Two chambers ST

Figure 5.3-4 Typical Drawing of Existing ST

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

b) Lined Pit (Aqua Privy)

The lined Pit is a watertight sedimentation tank installed underground the wastewater from
toilet and bath room is discharged through outlet pipe (refer to Figure 5.3-5, left).
Generally, discharge of wastewater from kitchen sinks is not connected to the lined pits.
Lined pits are commonly used in households in Barangy Poblacion in Dauis, near the
seashore where the soil has high permeability. The line pit is defined as a watertight
sedimentation sank but the case in Dauis, the bottom of the tank is not sealed the cement
because it is faced to line rock strata. Therefore, a single tank with outlet pipe is
categorized as “Lined Pit” in this study. The septage accumulated in the bottom of the
tank requires periodic removal, but in the present circumstances, the solids are flushed out
with adequate water to the sea through the outlet when the tank is clogged.

c) Unlined Pit

The unlined pit is an infiltration type pit usually installed underneath of outside toilets,
kitchens, bath room or at the side of the building (Figure 5.3-5, right). In the rainy season,
the tank may get full and desludging is required because the permeability of the soil will
drop especially in cases which the gray water is connected the pit.

Infiltrate
underground to
ocean/lagoon
Infiltrate underground

Lined Pit Unlined Pit

Figure 5.3-5 Images of Lined Pit and Unlined Pit

2) Sewage Treatment Situation

In this study, wastewater is categorized to 3 groups; from toilets, kitchen sinks and bath
rooms, and the treatment method of each wastewater was interviewed in the questionnaire
survey. The results are shown below.

a) Dauis Municipality

¾ Households

The results show that human excreta from households seep underground after treated by
STs, lined pits or unlined pits. In some households near the ocean or lagoon, ST effluents

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

discharged to the public waters by outlet pipe (Photo 5.3-1 Household No.7). Average ST
capacity was 22 m3, fairly large compared to the standard capacity of ST for 5 persons (3
m3).
Generally, 2 chambers type ST is installed in newer households (Household No.1, No.4).
Especially, due to the Municipal Ordinance in 2002, the installation of ST with more than 2
chambers is necessary for Building Permit. On the other hand, households older than 10
years generally install unlined pits or lined pits underneath or at the side of the house
(Household No.2, No.5). In the households located near the ocean or lagoon, effluents of
STs or lined pits discharged into the public waters thorough the outlets (Household No.8,
No.9).

Various treatment methods are used for grey water. For example, in the new Household
nd
No.1, grey water is connected to the 2 chamber of the ST. In the town house which is
under construction, they have STs in each house but the kitchen sink is separately from STs
and collected to one collection tank by drain pipe. These systems seem to be adopted
since grey water, especially the kitchen wastewater can easily cause clogging of ST because
it includes oil and grease. In older households, wastewater from kitchen sinks generally
discharged directly to the soil surface without treatment. Meanwhile, for wastewater from
bath rooms, there are both cases that connected to STs/pits or discharged directly to the soil
surface.

The results of wastewater treatment methods and overview of structure of individual

sewage treatment facilities in interviewed 10 households are shown in Table 5.3-2.
Table 5.3-2 Results of Questionnaire Survey of Individual Treatment Facilities
in Dauis (Households)
Wastewater Disposal Structure of Treatment Facility
Constru- Monthly Tank
Desludging
No. Barangy ction Income No. of size in Remarks
Toilet Kitchen Waste Others Unit No. Outlet Frequency
Year (Peso) chamber total
3
(m )
2nd chamber of 2nd chamber
1 Poblacion 2011 90,000 ST 2 1 No 6.6 None
the ST of the ST
Seep to
2 Totolan 2003 38,000 ST ST 1 1 No 32.1 None
underground
Retired
Seep to
3 Totolan 2001 Japanese ST ST 2 1 No 18.9 None
underground
house
4 Poblacion 2011 50,000 ST ST ST 2 1 Yes 16.6 None No manhole.
One a year Two unlined pits were
5 Poblacion 2000 30,000 Unlined Pit Unlined Pit Unlined Pit 1 3 No 10.0 for kitchen newly constructed in
waste pit 2004 and 2002.

Construct new ST.

Seep to
6 Poblacion 2000 40,000 ST ST 2 2 No 49.0 None Overflow of first ST flows
underground
into nes 2nd ST.

More than
ST is built under
7 Poblacion 1973 50,000 ST ST ST 1 1 Yes 21.1 10 years
building. No manhole.
ago
Renovat
Less than Seep to Use many water when
8 Poblacion ed in Aqua Privy Aqua Privy 1 1 Yes 9.0 None
10,000 underground the blockage occurred.
1999
Seep to Seep to
9 Poblacion 1998 10,000 Aqua Privy 1 1 Yes 8.0 None
underground underground
Seep to Seep to
Half of the ST is
10 Poblacion 2007 90,000 ST underground→ underground 1 1 Yes 32.4 None
under building.
Sea →Sea

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

Outlet

Household No. 7. Outlet from the ST Household No. 6. 2 chamber ST

Lined Pit

Household No. 5. Unlined pit Household No. 10.Lined pit under toilet and
washing room

Photo 5.3-1 Individual Treatment Facilities in Dauis (Households)

¾ Tourist Accommodation Facilities

Tourist accommodation facilities install individual sewage treatment facilities, and all
except one (1) resort (Flushing Meadows Resort) uses STs to treat human excreta and grey
water. For Flushing Meadows Resort, refer to Chapter 5.4.3 (2).

All investigated accommodation facilities has STs with 3 or more chambers, and
wastewater including bath room and kitchen wastewater is connected to the STs. Effluents
of STs seep underground via the final chamber (refer to Figure 5.3-4).

The STs capacity were evaluated by calculating the required tank volume using following
formula.

Required tank volume (V)＝Number of rooms × 2 persons/room × Wastewater flow per person (Q)
× Retention time (T)
Where, Q1: 0.2 (m3/day/person) in hotels without restaurant, 0.22(m3/day/person) in hotels with
restaurant, T: 3days

1
Source：According to Code of Sanitation, wastewater per person is 50 gallons（approx.190L/day）, kitchen wastewater for accommodation
providing 3 meals a day is 7-10 gallons（26～38L/person/day）

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

The result is in Table 5.3-3. With the exception of large scale hotel No.3, all
accommodations nearly fulfilled the required tank volume. There was no odor on the
whole, and maintenance situation seems to be good. Hotel No.3 is a famous large hotel
which stands on Mountain in Barangay Mayacalbac. All the wastewater of the hotel is
connected to 1 (one) ST, and unlike other accommodations, effluent of the ST is discharged
to privately-owned pond at the foot of the mountain through a long outlet pipe. Access to
the pond was not easy so that we could not conduct the field survey to the pond (Photo
5.3-1 right).

The results of questionnaire survey are shown below.

Table 5.3-3 Results of Questionnaire Survey of Individual Treatment Facilities
in Dauis (Tourist Accommodations Facilities)
Structure of Treatment Facility Maintenance
Room Occupa Riquired
Const- Tank Desludgin
rate per No. of cy rate tank Last
No. Name of hotel Barangy ruction No. of No. of size in volume* g Remarks
night rooms in High Type Outlet desludgiｎ
Year chamber ST total 3 Frequenc
(Peso) season 3 (m ) g
(m ) y/ reason
Ladaga Inn &
1 Totolan 2005 <1,000 28 25% ST 4 1 No 28.2 33.6 Tank full Jan.2011
Restaurant
2 French Kiss San Isdro 2010 2,500 4 89% ST 3 1 No 28 4.8 None -
ST effluent is
3 Bohol Plaza Mayacalbac 1999 1,200< 94 90% ST 3 1 Yes 56.7 124.08 None - dicahrged into
own open yard
3,000-
4 Bohol Bee Farm Dao 2002 40 80% ST 3 3 No 148.4 52.8 Tank full 2011
8,000
5 Coco Grove Poblacion 2005 1,000 13 90% ST 3 1 No 13.7 15.6 None -

*Required tank volume was calculated by:

(No. of rooms) x (2 persons/room) x (0.2 or 0.22 wastewater volume m3/day/person) x (3 days retention time).
If the hotel has the restaurant, wastewater volume was assumed to be 0.22 m3/day/person instead of 0.2 m3/day/person.

Outfall pipe
to open yard

SP

Hotel No.4. 3 chambers ST Hotel No.3. 3 chambers ST outlet pipe to open

yard

Photo 5.3-2 Individual Treatment Facilities in Dauis (Tourist Accommodations

Facilities)

b) Panglao Municipality

¾ Households

All surveyed household treats human excreta by STs or unlined pits. Households older
than 10 years generally installed unlined pit (Table 5.3-4 Household No.1～5). There are
some cases that have toilets / bath room in outside the main building and in these cases
unlined pits are installed underneath the toilet / bath room (Photo 5.3-3 Household No.1).

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

On the other hand, recently constructed households have STs with 2 or 3 chambers
(Household No.6～8). However, like in Household No.9, some households built in 2010
do not have STs despite the recommendation from Building Office to have 3 chambers ST.

Table 5.3-4 Results of Questionnaire Survey of Individual Treatment Facilities

in Dauis (Households)
Wastewater Disposal Structure of Treatment Facility
Constru- Monthly Tank
Desludging
No. Barangy ction Income Kitchen No. of Outlet size in Remarks
Toilet Others Unit No. Frequency
Year (Peso) Waste chamber pipe total
3
(m )
10,001- Seep to ST: 1 Unline pit for outside
1 Danao 1997 ST/Unline pit ST 1 No 20 None
20,000 underground Pit: 1 toilet
Less than Seep to Seep to Unline pit for outside
2 Tawala 1980 Unlined Pit 1 1 No 3 None
10,000 underground underground toilet
Less than Seep to
3 Danao 1993 Unlined Pit Unlined Pit 1 1 No 12 None
10,000 underground
Less than Seep to Seep to Unline pit was
4 Danao 1992 Unlined Pit 1 2 No 18 None
10,000 underground underground renovated in 2006
Unline pit for kitchen
30,001-
5 Poblacion 1980 Unlined Pit Unlined Pit Unlined Pit 1 2 No 43 None waste was renovated
40,000
in 2007
50,001-
6 Poblacion 2009 ST ST ST 3 1 No 30 None
60,000
30,001-
7 Poblacion 2006 ST ST ST 3 1 No 41 None
40,000
Top of the ST was
Less than
8 Poblacion 2010 ST ST ST 2 1 No 36 None 95cm above the
10,000
ground level
10,001- Seep to Seep to
9 Poblacion 2010 Unlined Pit 1 1 No 9 None
20,000 underground underground
10,001- Seep to Seep to
10 Poblacion 2005 Unlined Pit 1 1 No 6 None Renovated in 2008
20,000 underground underground

Household No.1 constructed in 1997. Unlined Pit Household No.1 Unlined pit for outside toilet

Household No.2 constructed in 2010. 2 chambers ST Household No.10. Washig waste discharged to soil
surface

Photo 5.3-3 Individual Treatment Facilities in Panglao (Households)

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
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¾ Tourist Accommodation Facilities

Tourist accommodation facilities of Panglao Island are obligated to install STs with 3 or
more chambers since 2000 by PITE Guidelines (Refer to Chapter 5.2 d). Of the 26 hotels
investigated, all hotels had at least one ST with 3 or more chambers. The case of resort
facilities and lodges, STs were generally installed by every building, therefore 1 hotel has
more than 1 STs and some of them were 2 chamber STs or unlined pits (Hotel No.6, 9, 13,
15, 24, 26).

The outflow of ST is seeped underground from the bottom of the final chamber or from the
outlet though the catch basin as with households (Refer to Figure 5.3-4). The required
capacities of STs in investigated hotels were calculated with the same method in the case in
Dauis. The results show that all the investigated hotels nearly fulfilled the required
capacities of the tank. However, overflow of ST from the air outlet at the upper part of the
tank was observed in one of the ST in Hotel No.3. In this ST, a kitchen sink of the
restaurant was connected as well as toilets. It was expected that inflow of gray water was
temporally exceed the infiltration capacity of leaching chamber (final chamber) cause the
overflow. As shown in this case, even if the tank capacity is sufficient as a whole, it is
necessary to take into consideration that the capacity of the final chamber may not be
sufficient especially when it has been connected to grey water discharges.

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

Table 5.3-5 Individual Treatment Facilities in Panglao (Tourist Accommodations)

Structure of Treatment Facility Maintenance

Room Occupa Riquired
Const- Tank Desludgin
rate per No. of cy rate tank Last
No. Name of hotel Barangy ruction No. of No. of size in Remarks
night rooms in High Type Outlet volume* g desludgiｎ
Year chamber ST total 3 Frequenc
(Peso) season 3 (m ) g
(m ) y/ reason
Ladaga Inn &
1 Totolan 2005 <1,000 28 25% ST 4 1 No 28.2 33.6 Tank full Jan.2011
Restaurant
2 French Kiss San Isdro 2010 2,500 4 89% ST 3 1 No 28 4.8 None -
ST effluent is
3 Bohol Plaza Mayacalbac 1999 1,200< 94 90% ST 3 1 Yes 56.7 124.08 None - dicahrged into
own open yard
3,000-
4 Bohol Bee Farm Dao 2002 40 80% ST 3 3 No 148.4 52.8 Tank full 2011
8,000
5 Coco Grove Poblacion 2005 1,000 13 90% ST 3 1 No 13.7 15.6 None -
4,100-
1 Alona Kew White BeaTawala 2010 63 100% ST 4 2 No 80 83.16 None -
15,600
Every 6
2 Charts Resort & Art CTawala 2008 4000< 9 60% ST 3 2 No 40 10.8 Oct. 2011
month
3,400- Don't Overflow was
3 Linaw Beach Resort Danao 2008 14 50% ST 3 3 No 56.4 18.48 Tank full
5,800 remember observed
ST effluent be
5,800-
4 Amarela Libang 2006 25 43% ST 3 2 Yes 32 33 None - treated by Reed
20,000
Bed System*
5 Sea Corals Hotel Doljo 1998? 1,000< 17 90% ST 3 2 Yes 64 22.44 Tank full 2001
900- 3ST: 3 Every Using unlined
6 Muro Ami Seaside InnDoljo 2007 16 50% ST/Pit 1 or 3 No 64.1 21.12 Dec. 2011
2,500 Pit: 2 7month pit for toilet
7 Ananyana Beach RsoDoljo 2000 7,600< 12 80% ST 3 2 No 62.5 15.84 Tank full Feb. 2011
Every 1
8 Aquatica Tawala 1992 1,000 16 55% ST 2 3 No 51.7 21.12 Mar. 2012
years
2,000- 3ST: 1 Every 2
9 ISIS Bangalows Danao 2005 12 80% ST 1 or 3 No 69.1 15.84 Apr. 2012
3,000 1ST: 3 month
10 Tierra Azul Danao 1998 1,500 11 60% ST 3 1 No 13.9 13.2 Tank full Feb. 2011

11 Alona Charlotte ResoDanao 2002 2500< 6 80% ST 3 1 No 19 7.2 Tank full Aug. 2011

ST was
12 Bananaland Cotages Tawala 1992 1500 4 10% ST 3 2 No 52.8 4.8 None - renovated. Cost
P150,00 per unit.
3ST: 3 ST in each
1,600-
13 Flower Garden Tawala 1997 6 90% ST/Pit 1,2 or 3 2ST: 1 No 51.4 7.2 Tank full Jan. 2012 room. 1 unlined
1,900
Pit: 1 pit for toilet
14 Cherry Home 1 Tawala 2006 1000 6 80% ST 3 1 No 26.4 7.2 Tank full 2012
Tank full, Desludge by
Unknow 3ST: 8
15 Oasis Resort Tawala 1998 3300< 22 ST 2 or 3 No 309.8 29.04 Twice a Apr. 2012 their own, dump
n 2ST: 8
month into cave
16 Genesis Divers Tawala 2006 1000 4 80% ST 3 1 No 39 5.28 Tank full Feb. 2011
750- Every 2 has Self-cook
17 Citadel Alona Inn Tawala 2005 12 80% ST 3 1 No 33.5 14.4 Jan. 2011
2,400 years kitchen
1,000- 6 30% ST 3 2 No 20.7 7.2 None -
18 Evelyn Resort Danao 2007
1,400
19 Jas'z Bar & Restaura Tawala 2007 1,500 4 50% ST 3 2 No 32 5.28 Tank full 2010

20 One 4 the Road Tawala 2008 800 4 60% ST 3 3 No 63 5.28 None -

6ST: 2
21 Alona Tropical BeachTawala 2007 2,980 62 70% ST 3 or 6 No 239 81.84 Tank full Nov. 2011
3ST: 2
4ST: 4
22 Hennan Resort Tawa;a 1999 12,320 12 50% ST 3 or 4 No 444.9 15.84 Tank full Mar. 2009
3ST: 1
23 Vila Belza Resort Danao 2008 1,000 9 80% ST 3 1 Yes 96.2 11.88 Tank full Feb. 2012
3ST: 3 Pit for kitchen
24 Alona Studio Tawala 2005 38 80% ST/Pit 1 or 3 No 71.2 45.6 Tank full Apr, 2012
Pit: 1 waste
25 Lost Horizon Hotel Danao 1998 2,695 30 85% ST 3 5 No 175 39.6 Tank full Sep. 2011
3ST: 2 Unline pit for
26 Bita-ug Beach Resor Danao 2005 1,800 7 70% ST/Pit 1 or 3 No 17.8 9.24 None -
Pit: 1 shower

* A reed beds system is essentially a channel, lined with an impermeable membrane, which is filled with gravel
and planted with macrophytes and used to treat wastewater. Refer to Appendix 5.2 for more information.

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Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

Hotels No.11 1chamber ST Hotels No.26 3 chamber ST

Hotels No.4 Reed bed system Hotels No.4 Effluent of Reed bed system

Photo 5.3-4 Individual Treatment Facilities in Dauis (Accommodations)

3) Maintenance Situation of STs

a) Households

Generally, desludging 2 of STs is not conducted in households. According to the

questionnaire survey results, 2 out of 10 households in Dauis municipality and 0 out of 10
households in Panglao municipality answered that they have an experience of desludging in
the past. The results suggest that the most of STs and unlined pits do not cause problems
such as clogging for many years because the liquid portion of the wastewater is seeped
underground by infiltration; the kitchen sink is not usually connected to the STs; and the
volume of the tank is very large. Furthermore, it is common to construct a new unlined pit
when the old one becomes full.

According to the survey results, the average volume of the 2 or 3 chamber STs built within
10 years is 22 m3 for Dauis and 35 m3 for Panglao municipality. If the septage amount is
assumed to be 40 L/person/year3, it will takes a quite long period to reach to the theoretical
desludging point; approximately one-third full of tank volume. However, in the reality,
maintenance such as periodical desludging of STs is necessary to maintain the treatment

2
Desludging: the process of cleaning or removing the accumulated septage or septage from a septic tank or wastewater treatment facility
3
Reference：Sewage Treatment in Hot Climate, Duncan Mara

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Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

function. Especially if oil and grease are discharged to STs, it forms scum and may cause
clogging or some other problems.

b) Tourist Accommodation Facilities

Figure 5.3-6 shows the results of questionnaire survey of the investigated 31 facilities (5 in
Dauis, 26 in Panglao) regarding desludging frequency of STs.

More than 2 times a year Every 1 year

The hotels have no experience Every 2 years Once in 3‐5 years
of ST desludging
When the tank gets full None
Construction year No. of Hotels
2010 2
13%
2008 1 3%
2007 1 26% 3% The hotels conduct ST
0% desludging when it gets full
2006 1
Last desludging
2005 2 No. of Hotels
year
1999 1
2012 4
2011 10
2010 1
55% 2009 1
2001 1

Figure 5.3-6 Desludging Frequency of Tourist Accommodation Facilities

Twenty six percent hotels (8 hotels) answered that they have no experience of desludging
and 55% or 17 hotels answered that they conduct desludging when the tank gets full. The
rest of 19% or 6 hotels answered that they conduct desludging periodically for the
maintenance purpose. The results suggest that most of tourist accommodations facilities
conduct desludging of STs frequently. This was notable especially for facilities which
have a number of STs or have diving shops and/or restaurants.

All accommodations facilities ask the private companies of Tagbilaran city (mainly
ANORA, refer to Chapter 5.4) for desludging of STs except Hotel No.15 in Panglao.
According to the interview, Hotel No.15 removes the septage by their own every 2 weeks
and disposes to a nearby cave. In this case, the pollution of the environment caused by the
illegal dumping is a concern.

On the other hand, 26% or 8 hotels answered that they have no experience of desludging
are all constructed in the period 2005-2010 except one Hotel No.3 in Dauis built in 1999.
The No. 3 hotel is a unique facility which has its own drainage pipe to discharge ST
effluents to the pond shown in Photo 5.3-2.

For details of the desludging status of each interviewed tourist accommodation facilities,
refer to Table 5.3-3, Table 5.3-5 and Appendix 5.1.

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Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

5.3.4. Evaluation for Existing Individual Treatment Facilities

In households, wastewater treatment situations are improving. Treatment methods are

shifting from treating only human excreta using unlined pits to treating all wastewater
including grey water by 2 or 3 chambers STs. However, unlined pits are sill commonly
used wastewater treatment method in Panglao Island. Therefore, it is hard to say that the
wastewater has been treated properly as a whole.

In this study, the data of the well and tap water quality tested by Bohol Province Health
Office (PHO) since 2000 up to date in Panglao municipality was collected and organized.
As a result, fecal coliforms have been detected from all the dug wells samples of the whole
area and it have been frequently detected from the samples of deep wells and Level 3 water
supply since 2000. The depths of the wells of Panglao municipal waterworks are 9~21m
for dug wells, approximately 21~31m for deep wells which are considered shallow (wells
cannot be dug deep since sea water will be mixed at Panglao Island). For this reason, the
water source tends to be easily affected by household and livestock wastewater discharges.
Even if the domestic wastewater treatment situation is improved in the near future,
underground water of Panglao Island cannot be recommended as drinking water source,
because it is considered to react severely to the condition change of the ground surface.
Therefore, the water supply system in Panglao Island is expected be supplied from Bohol
main island. Currently, many households purchase bottled water for drinking and owing
to this, threats of water related infectious diseases are scarcely reported.

For tourist accommodation facilities, human excreta and grey water are generally connected
to 3 chambers STs with sufficient capacities. According to the standard (refer to Figure
5.5-1) the bottom of the final chamber of ST contains filtration layer consisted of gravel,
sand and charcoal, but the actual condition is only gravel is used so that secondary
treatment in the final chamber cannot be expected. Although the water quality of ST
effluents have not been confirmed by water quality testing, since grey water is also
connected to STs and the wastewater quantity is larger than households, sufficient treatment
with STs cannot be expected.

Recently, establishments or commercial facilities are increasing rapidly as shown in Table

5.3-6. To maintain the high quality of ocean environment which is essential for tourism, it
shall be necessary to obligate the increasing commercial facilities to install high-grade
wastewater treatment facilities.

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Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

Table 5.3-6 Building Permission Records of Households and Commercial

Facilities in Panglao Island
Residence Establishment
Year
Yearly No. cumulative No. Yearly No. Cumulative No.
2004 80 4,200 32 32
2005 90 4,290 80 112
2006 84 4,374 45 157
2007 107 4,481 52 209
2008 137 4,618 64 273
2009 88 4,706 76 349
2010 109 4,815 76 425
2011 111 4,926 110 535
Source: Pangloa building office
*1：Refer to No. of total household in 2007 NSO
*2：No. of total establishment in 2009 is 260 according to Comprehensive Land Use Plan,
2011-2020 in Panglao municipality

5.4. Consideration of Maintenance and Management Methods of Individual

Wastewater Treatment Facilities

5.4.1. Present Circumstances

1) Administrative Agencies

a) Municipal Engineer / Building Office (MBO)

In both Dauis and Panglao municipalities, it is necessary to apply for the Building Permit to
MBO before constructing new buildings. The obligation of installing 3 chambers ST for
tourist facilities and guidance of installing ST with 2 or more chambers for households are
made by MBO when the application is made. For tourist facilities, Sanitary Permit issued
by Municipal Health Office is required prior to Building Permit and it will not be given if 3
chambers ST is not installed based on the PITE Guideline. In the case of households in
Dauis municipality, installation of STs with 2 or more chambers is necessary since 2002 for
Build Permit. Also, when the construction is completed, MBO conduct the Final
Inspection. After the construction is approved in the Final Inspection, the lid of ST will be
placed. However, in Panglao municipality, the Final Inspection is conducted only for
establishments and not for the households.

Tow permanent engineers and 8 casual staffs work at Dauis MBO. For MBO of Panglao,
1 permanent engineer staff, 1 draftsman from Provincial office and 6 casual staffs are
working.

b) Municipal Health Office (MHO)

The sanitary facilities including STs fall under the control of MHO in both Dauis and
Panglao municipalities. To construct establishments in both Dauis and Panglao, it is
regulated by law to acquire Sanitary Permit before applying for Building Permit. Sanitary

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Permit is issued by the Sanitation Inspector, after the installation of appropriate wastewater
treatment facilities (3 chambers ST) are confirmed. However, the operation and
maintenance of ST is left in charge of the building owner, and further observation by
administrative agencies is not performed. But in case a problem occurs and it is reported
to the MHO, Barangay Health Workers go to correspond4. Below are the organization
charts of Dauis and Panglao MHOs (as of the end of April, 2012). The parenthesis ( )
shows the number of employee.

Municipal Mayor

Provincial paid Municipal Health Officer (1)

Dentist (1) Medical Public Health Nurse (3) Rural Sanitary

Technologist Inspector (2)
Dental Assistant (1) (1)

Ambulance Public Health Public Health Public Health (Permanet:6)

Nurses (3) Midwife Midwife Midwife (Casual:6)

Ambulance Barangy Heath Barangy Heath Barangy Heath (Part time

Driver (3) Worker Worker Worker workers:146)

＊Rural Health Midwife (Nurse) and Barangy Health Worker are staffs assigned to each Barangy. Each of the 12 Rural
Health Midwife staffs are in charge of the Barangy Health Workers of their office.

Figure 5.4-1 Organization of Rural Health Officers in Dauis (As of April, 2012)

: National paid program

Municipal Mayor

Rural Health Officer (1)

Dentist (1) Medical Public Health Rural Sanitary Lying-in Barangy Health
Technologist (1) Nurse (1) Inspector (3) (3) Center (1)

Ambulance Rural Health Rural Health Rural Health

(Permanent:5)
Nurses (casual:4) Midwife ・・・・* Midwife Midwife
Ambulance Barangy Heath Barangy Heath Barangy Heath (Part time
Driver (casual:3) Worker Worker Worker works: 89)

＊Rural Health Midwife (Nurse) and Barangy Health Worker are staffs assigned to each Barangy. Each of the 5 Rural Health Midwifes is in
charge of the Barangy Health Workers of their office.

Figure 5.4-2 Organization of Rural Health Officers in Panglao (As of April, 2012)

4
Source: Rural-Sanitary Inspector (RSI) of Dauis Municipal Health Office, Rural-Sanitary Inspector (RSI) of
Panglao Municipal Health Office, Interview with Mr. ABELIO A. Ambilo.

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2) Private Desludging Companies

There are 2 registered companies (ANORA Septic Tank Service and RHUVIANS’s Septic
Tank Service) in Tagbilaran city who provide desludgnig service in whole area of Bohol
including Panglao Island. The summary of interviews is shown in Table 5.4-1.
ANORA was the first company to start desludging bussiness in Bohol Island nearly 30
years ago, and provides service throughout the year. ANORA owns private land of 3 ha in
Barangy Cabawan. The removed septage is sundried there, and afterwards a portion is
used as soil conditioner at their fields of mangos and coconuts.
The other company RHUIVIANS also disposes the removed septage on its private land, but
the land area is small and has difficulty in searching the place to dispose the septage.
According to the interview to RHUIVIANS, their willing payment for disposal of septage
to the septage treatment facility is P300 per 3m3(1 truck).
Table 5.4-1 shows the summary of the 2 companies.

Table 5.4-1 Summary of Septage Treatment Companies

Company Name ANORA Septic Tank Service RHUVIANS’s Septic Tank Service
Location Barangy. Manga Barangy. Mansasa
Number of Employees 4 3
Price (Peso/3 m3) P2300 (inside city) P3000
P2200～2500 (outside city) (Actual fee varies 2500～2800)
Service Area All Bohol Province All Bohol Province
Average Service Frequency per Day 2～3 1～2
Annual Working Days 365 200
Number of Removing Trucks 1 (Capacity：3m3) 1 (Capacity：3m3)
Annual Collected Septage 2.5 x 365 x 3 m3=2,740 m3 1.5 x 200 x 3 m3=900 m3
Amount(Estimate)
Septage Treatment Method Dispose in Private Land Dispose in Private Land
Land Area for Disposal 3ha (in Barangy Cabawan) 0.2ha (in Lourdes. Cortes)

ANORA Septic Tank Service, Septage disposal land RHUVIANS’s Septic Tank Service, Septage removing
truck

Photo 5.4-1 Images of the Septage Removing Companies

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Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

3) Institution for Water Quality Analysis

At present, water quality monitoring of wastewater or treated wastewater is not conducted

for individual treatment facilities. However, due to the future necessity of conducting
water quality inspections to the large scale tourist establishments, Study Team made a
research of existing institutions which are able to conduct the water quality analysis in
Bohol Province. The results are as follows.

a) Provincial Health Office (PHO)

Provincial Health Office (PHO) performs water quality tests regularly for water sources
(Waterworks Level 1, 2, 3) and swimming pools in private hotels. Three biological items
are tested; tota coliforms, fecal coliform and Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC). Sanitation
Inspectors of each municipal collect the water samples and hand it to the PHO. Each
municipal bears the fee for water quality testing (P70/sample) and the facility owner bears
the fee for swimming pool testing (P100/sample).

b) Holy Name University Water Testing Laboratory

This laboratory was established in 2007 by the Bohol Province and Philippine Australia
Community Assistance Program, and is the only agency which can provide
physicochemical analysis. At present, analysis is done for only tap water, river water and
sea water, and none is done for wastewater nor treated wastewater. In the interview, the
laboratory said that new equipment will be necessary to implement wastewater analysis.

Table 5.4-2 shows the analysis price list of the laboratory. Items not included in this list
(BOD, COD, T-N, T-P, etc.) and samples other than tap water, river water and sea water
(municipal effluent etc.) are taken to University of San Carlos in Province of Cebu by ship
for analysis.

Table 5.4-2 Price List for Water Quality Analysis

Parameters Price per sample Parameters Price per sample Parameters Price per sample
Total 300 pH 100 Nitrite-N 500
Coliforms
Fecal 300 Total Dissolve 300 Ammonia-N 500
Coliform Solids (TDS)
E.Col 300 Chloride 300 Phosphate 400
Heterotrophic 300 Hardness as 300 Residual 300
Plate Count CaCO3 Chlorine
Iron 500 Sulfate 400

5.4.2. Septage Management Manual of Philippines

STs maintenance and management method written in The Philippines Septage Treatment
Manual (refer to Chapter 5.2 e) are summarized as shown below.
z Septic Permits:

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Application for Septic Permits is obligated to all STs which are to be newly constructed or
substantial renovated/repaired. Local health authorities deem the plans to be acceptable
and verified that the ST can be installed in accordance with the drawing and site conditions.
z Inspection during the construction of ST:

The Local Government Units (hereinafter mentioned LGUs) are to conduct inspection
during the construction of ST by either way; Health Inspectors, building officers, or private
sectors.
z Final Inspection after construction

A site visit is also conducted after construction of ST to verify that the drawings submitted
match the field condition.
z Preparation of Septage Management Plan:

LGUs are to make Septage Management Plans with supporting ordinance to promote
periodical desludging.
z Practice of Periodic Desludging:

The ST owner is responsible to remove the septage when; the solid reaches half of the tank
volume or once in 3 to 5 years, either opportunity which comes first.
z Removal and Transportation of Septage:

Septage removal, transportation and disposal are to be performed only by operators

approved by ESC5 and Sanitary Permit.
z Appropriate Treatment and Disposal of Septage

Removed septage must be treated appropriately by operators approved by ESC. For

treatment and disposal facilities, the project service provider must secure an Environmental
Compliance Certificate (ECC) and Wastewater Discharge Permit (WDP) from EMB
regional office.

5.4.3. Proposed Operation and Maintenance Methods for Individual Treatment

Facilities

1) Establishment of New Organization for Individual Treatment Facility

Management

As mentioned before, administration does not take part into operation and maintenance of
individual treatment facilities. Municipal Engineer / Building Office and Health Office
are related agencies, but both do not have specialized departments or section for wastewater

5
Environmental Sanitation Clearance：License of environmental sanitation issued by Center for Health Development(CHD.
Acquisition is obligated to all agencies which perform ST septage removal, handling and treatment by IRR governing the
collection, handling, transport and disposal domestic septage and septage (2004)

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management and are short of staffs. Furthermore, existing private desludging companies
are small family-owned companies so that it seems to be difficult to contract them to
conduct periodical inspection of STs and other maintenance services. For these reasons,
Study Team proposes to establish a new organization to manage the individual treatment
facilities of whole Panglao Island; Dauis and Panglao municipalities (ex. Assumed name:
Panglao Island Waste Water Management Agency, hereinafter mentioned “PIWWM”).
Details are stated later in Chapter 5.8.1.

All the management of individual sewage treatment facilities such as admission related to
ST (Sanitary Permit, etc.), supervision during construction, final inspection, periodical
inspection during operation, on-site inspection, septage treatment and disposal etc. are
assumed to be conducted by the proposed new organization PIWWM. Required capital
investments, setting up of organization and capacity development of new staffs etc. shall be
implemented by assuming the works of PIWWM. It will be ideal to privatize some
functions in the future.

Proposed concrete methods of appropriate management of individual wastewater treatment

facilities are shown below.

2) Obligate Supervision Responsibility to Contractor

In Dauis and Panglao municipalities, the owner of newly constructed establishment must
submit drawings of ST to MBO and shall be investigated before construction.
Furthermore, MBO and MHO conduct the inspection after the construction of STs. But at
present, there are some cases which the drawings and actual construction are different,
which reveal that administration inspection is insufficient. To solve this problem, Study
Team proposes to lay supervision responsibility on contractors, as well as the
administration. The construction manager (engineer) shall submit a “Septic tank
certificate of completion” with signature to the MBO to certify the ST is properly
constructed by following the drawings. This system will clarify the responsibility of
installing STs matching drawings submitted to MBO. A sample of certification from is
shown in Appendix 5.3.

3) Maintenance by Owner and Observation by PIWWM

Operation and maintenance methods of individual wastewater treatment facilities are

proposed in the followings.

a) Households

According to the Septage Management Manual of Philippines, the ST owner is responsible

to remove the septage when; the septage volume reaches half of the tank capacity or once in

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3～5 years, either opportunity which comes first. As results of the studies, the average
capacity of STs installed in the households is 22m3 in Dauis and 35m3 in Panglao
municipality, and this is sufficient to hold septage more than 5 years. Also it is considered
from the current capacity of desludging companies that it is not realistic to obligate all
households to remove septage every 5 years.

As an alternative suggestion, mandate the owners of individual treatment facilities

(hereinafter mentioned the Owners) to conduct periodic inspection once every 5 years.
Proposed inspection items are shown in Table 5.4-3. PIWWM is responsible to conduct
an awareness campaign and guide owners how to carry out inspections. Owners may be
able to ask PIWWM for conducting inspection upon necessity.

The Owners also takes a duty to report the results of periodic inspection by submitting the
prescribed reporting form to PIWWM (refer to Appendix 5.4). The PIWWM is in charge
keeping the records and to recommend the Owners which have not done the inspection to
ensure thorough implantation of periodic inspection.

Table 5.4-3 Proposal of ST Inspection Items

Items Correspondence
Septage Accumulation Guide to remove septage when it exceeds 30% of the tank capacity
Guide to remove the septage when the bottom of the scum mat is within 10cm of
Scum Accumulation
the bottom of the inlet device and not to discharge oil to ST.
Upon detection of wastewater leakage or overflow, the piping malfunction,
ST Situations insufficient filtration tank and other causes are to be investigated and the repair
to be guided

b) Small and Middle Scale Tourist Accommodations

For small and middle scale (less than 50 rooms) tourist accommodation facilities, obligation
of periodic inspection once every year is proposed. In the case of commercial facilities,
the application of Business Permit is necessary every year so that the inspection of the
individual sewage treatment facility is proposed to be included in require conditions for the
application of the Business Permit.

PIWWM is to perform on-site inspection fittingly, and to direct the Owners who do not
own sufficient treatment facilities, to repair or renovate the ST. If the improvement by the
Owners is not done in a given period, the lapse of Business Permit shall be declared to
ensure the appropriate maintenance by the Owners.

c) Large Scale Tourist Accommodations

For large scale (more than 50 rooms) tourist accommodation facilities, obligation of every
year periodic inspection and reporting to the PIWWM by the responsibility of the Owner is
proposed, same as for small and middle scale facilities. In addition, installation of effluent

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standard regulation to wastewater treatment facilities and enforcing the Owners to conduct
water quality monitoring of treated wastewater at least once every year as well as
mandatory to report the monitoring results to PIWWM are proposed. Water quality items
to be regulated in the effluent standard are COD, BOD, SS and Total coliforms, and
addition of T-N and T-P if necessary. Table 5.4-4 shows the present wastewater
regulations of Philippines. For details, refer to Chapter 4.4.2.

Furthermore, on-site inspection shall be conducted by PIWWM as same as small and

middle scale facilities, and compliance of effluent standard must be strictly observed.

Table 5.4-4 Wastewater Regulations of DNR

Item Existing facility Newly constructed facilities
COD (mg/L) 100 60
BOD (mg/L) 50 30
SS (mg/L) 70 50
Total coliforms (NPM/100mL) 5,000 3,000

5.5. Standards Drawing of Individual Treatment Facilities for Households

5.5.1. Standard of Existing ST Structures

1) Philippines

There is no Philippines Standard drawing of ST at the present, but regulations for ST

structure are available. The summaries are as follows.
a) Sanitation Code of Philippines

・ Individual wastewater treatment system utilizing leaching fields, leaching beds, or

leaching wells shall not be permitted where the depth to normal ground water of rock
strata is less than 1.2 m
・ No leaching tile field or bed shall be installed where percolation rate is less than 2.54 cm
fall in water level in the test holes in 30 minutes.
・ No seepage pit of leaching well shall be installed where percolation rate is less than 2.54
cm fall in water level in the test holes in 60 minutes.
・ Tank capacity of ST may be determined from the quantities of sewage flow.
・ In case of multiple-chamber ST, the first chamber shall have the capacity from one half
to two thirds of the total volume of the tank.
・ The invert of the inlet pipe shall be at a level not less than 5cm above the invert of the
outlet pipe.
・ Absorption area of leaching field required for residences shall conform to the following:

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Table 5.5-1 Absorption area of leaching field required for residences

Average time required for water Suitability of leaching soil Square meter of trench
to fall 2.54cm is indicated by base bottom of leach bed
required percolation test
1 minute or less Good 6.5
5 minutes Good 11.61
10 minutes Good 15.33
15 minutes Fair 17.65
30 minutes Fair 23.22
45 minutes Poor 27.87
60 minutes Poor 30.66
Source: Sanitation Code

b) National Plumbing Code

This is the Philippines regulation of plumbing equipment structure. Summary of required

ST structure prescribed in the Code is shown below.

Table 5.5-2 Location of Sewage Disposal System

(Unit:m)
Minimum Hor, Clear Distance Septic Tank Disposal Field Seepage Pit of
in Required from: Cesspool
Building or structures 1.5 2.4 2.4
Property line adjoining 1.5 1.5 2.4
private property
Water supply well 15.2 30.4 45.7
Stream 15.2 15.2 30.4
Large trees 3.0 - 3.0
Seepage pits or cesspools 1.5 1.52 3.7
Disposal field 1.5 1.22 1.5
Domestic water line 1.5 1.52 1.5
Distribution box - 1.52 1.5

Table 5.5-3 Required Capacity of ST

Single Family Multiple Dwelling Units Minimum Septic Tank Capacity
Dwellings No. of of Apartments Gallons Cubic meters
Bedrooms (one bedroom each) (m3)
1 or 2 750 2.84
3 1,000 3.79
4 2 units 1,200 4.55
5 or 6 3 units 1,500 5.69
4 units 2,000 7.58
5 units 2,250 8.53
6 units 2,500 9.48
7 units 2,750 10.42
8 units 3,000 11.37
9 units 3,250 12.32
10 units 3,500 13.27

c) Structure and Valuation of Piping Installation (Plumbing Design and

Estimate second edition (2001) by MaxB. Fajardo JR.)

This guide follows the Sanitation Code and National Plumbing Code, and is widely used by
Philippine engineers. It mentions about the ST recommended dimension of ST which is
not indicated in the National Plumbing Code. The standard regarding ST structure is as
shown below.

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Table 5.5-4 ST Structure Guideline

・Minimum Size; 3 m3
Typical Septic Tank
・Minimum width; 90 cm
・Minimum length; 150cm
・Minimum depth of the liquid; 120 cm
・The depth should not be deeper than
the natural ground water table.
・The inlet and outlet invert shall be
long turn sanitary tee.
・The invert shall be extend down the
liquid of the tank not more than 30cm
Not more
・Provide a manhole, extended a few
than 30cm 40cm below
cm. above the surface of the soil. Minimum
the scam
・The baffle plate is extended down the 120cm
bottom of the tank about 40cm below
the scam layer.
・Each compartment shall be provided
with manhole.
・The septic tank shall be constructed
Source: Operation Manual on the Rules and Regulations Governing Septage
near the subsoil, not more than 150cm Management (2008), Department of Health
below the surface.
Source :Plumbing Design and Estimate second edition (2001) by MaxB. Fajardo JR.

Table 5.5-5 Suggested Size of Septic Tank (Unit:cm)

No. of Persons Residential Commercial or Industrial
served 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-30 31-20 41-50 51-75 75-100
Inside with 90 110 120 150 130 150 150 200 200
Inside length plus 150 200 270 300 210 250 300 330 360
leaching well
Depth of liquid 120 120 120 120 120 120 130 130 150
Inside clear height 150 150 150 150 150 150 160 180 200
of tank
Tank volume (m3) 2.0 3.3 4.9 6.8 4.1 5.6 7.2 11.9 14.4
Source:Plumbing Design and Estimate second edition (2001) by MaxB. Fajardo JR.
2) Dauis and Panglao Municipalites

As previously mentioned, installation of 3 chambers ST is obligated for tourist facilities in

both Dauis and Panglao municipalities and that of 2 or more chamber ST is obligated for
households in Dauis municipality.

Figure 5.5-1 shows the typical drawing of a 3 chambers ST which is recommended in Dauis
and Panglao municipalities. The tank depth is normally 2m from the ground surface.
However, some STs are half-underground structure; the upper part of the tank is to be above
the ground to avoid the bottom of the ST reach to rock strata so that effluent of the ST can
seep underground to soil layer. To note, following drawing is not an officially regulated.
・ Tank volume (V) :W x L x D = 1.8 m x (2 + 1 + 1) m x 1.8 m= 12.96 m3

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SECTION

PLAN
Source: Panglao municipality building office

Figure 5.5-1 Typical Drawing of 3 chamber ST

5.5.2. Present Issue in Standard Drawings of ST

There are national codes regulating the structure of ST, but no standard drawing in
Philippines.

As shown in Figure 5.5-1, typical ST recommended in Dauis and Panglao municipalities

has large capacity, and the bottom of the final chamber is a filtration tank consists of gravel
sank and charcoal. The effects on treatment function caused by a very large tank are not
well known. One of references6 mentions that bacterial activities would be retarded in a
very large tank. However, considering current situations in Panglao Island, no particular
problems are seemed to be caused by a very large tank.

The problem of the current typical drawings used in Panglao Island is that in an area where
the percolation of soil at the bottom of the tank is poor, effluents of ST seep underground
through the catch basin from the outlet at the upper part of the ST tank. Therefore, a
filtration process of the charcoal, sand, and gravel layer in the final chamber cannot be
benefited before seeped underground, and this causes concerns of underground water

6
Reference：Plumbing Design and Estimate second edition (2001) by MaxB. Fajardo JR.

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contamination. In developed country, leaching (drain) field or leaching bed7 is the most
common method of disposal of ST effluent, which is designed to purify ST effluent by the
soil and aerobic microorganisms. The soil under leaching fields must be permeable.
Currently, a leaching chamber is not used in Panglao Island. An Installation of a leaching
field or a leaching bed requires a fair measure of land, construction fee, and the soil must be
permeable. Therefore, it may not suit to introduce the same system in Panglao Island.
As an alternative, introduction of an up-flow filter type ST is recommended in this study.
(Refer to Chapter 5.8.1 for more details)

Source: Onsite Wastewater Treatment Manual published by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Figure 5.5-2 Image of Conventional Individual Sewage Treatment System

5.5.3. Proposed Standard Drawing

1) Households

In conformity to municipal ordinance in Dauis, 2 chamber ST is recommended as standard

ST. Dimensions of ST shown in Figure 5.5-3 are following the current typical drawing
used for the households. The dimensions shall be determined by required volume of ST
shown in Table 5.5-3.

7
The Philippines Sanitation Code definition regarding Leaching tile field and Leaching bed as below.
Leaching tile field: Trench width 0.45m～0.9ｍ.Leaching bed: Trench width over 0.9ｍ.

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A. Case in Permeable Soil layer

B. Case in impermeable rock strata

Recommend to apply up-flow filter type ST (refer to Figure 5.5-4)

Figure 5.5-3 Standard Drawing of Two chamber ST for Domestic Households

2) Tourist Accommodations

¾ Small/Medium-scale Tourism Accommodation Facilities (under 50 rooms)

As shown in Table 5.3-1, 90% of the tourist accommodations are small or medium sized
facilities with less than 50 guest rooms. For these accommodations, application of the
present 3 chamber ST typical drawing shown in Figure 5.5-1 is proposed to use as a
standard drawing. The structure of final chamber consists of gravel, sand, and charcoal in
must be strictly follow as shown in the standard drawing.

However, in the area of the rock strata where permeability is poor, Up-flow ST shown
below is proposed as a standard. Adoption of Up-flow ST will improve the water quality
of ST effluents since the all wastewater will pass through the filtration layer in the final
tank. But periodical cleaning of the filtration layer will be essential for Up-flow STs, and
appropriate maintenance will be an issue. Therefore, Study Team proposes to first
conduct pilot project in some hotels, to establish appropriate structure of Up-slow STs and
maintenance method, and to verify its effectiveness. (Refer to Chapter 5.8.1 support 2 for
the details)

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Catch
Basin
Infiltrate
soil surface
Charcoal
Sand,
Gravel

Cannot filtrate from bottom due

to poor permeability soil

Figure 5.5-4 Cross Section of conventional ST and Up-flow filter ST

¾ Large-scale Tourism Accommodation Facilities (over 50 rooms)

Treatment of large quantity of grey water (kitchen and bath wastewater) cannot be expected
with ST. For this reason, it is proposed to obligate large-scale tourist accommodations
facilities (with over 50 rooms) to install secondary wastewater treatment facilities 8 .
Furthermore, it is recommended to set effluent standard to regulate the wastewater quality.
Installation of secondary treatment facility and compliance of effluent standard shall be a
requirement of acquiring Business Permit. The treatment method will not be regulated but
it must be able to treat wastewater to meet the effluent standard shown in Table 5.4-4.
One of example is the Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) which is adopted in Flushing
Meadows Resort Hotel, which is the only the hotel introducing mechanized treatment
facilities in Panglao Island.

5.6. Consideration of Public Septage Treatment Facilities and its Construction

Funding Sources

5.6.1. Consideration of Septage Treatment Facility

1) Situation

Currently, there are no public septage treatment facilities in Bohol Province, and the
septage generated from Panglao Island is mainly treated by 2 private companies which are
in Tagbilaran city (refer to Chapter 5.4.1). According to the interview to the existing
desludging companies, desludeged septage are dumped in their own land. However, it is
doubtful whether it is true or not because the dumping site of ANORA has no odor and no
septage are seemed in the site survey. Furthermore, some of houses and establishments
remove septage by their own and the actual status of septage disposal has not been known.

8
Primary treatment is done by physically separating solids and liquids (Ex. resettlement), while secondary treatment uses
microorganisms to remove organic matters.

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However, a health hazard or environmental damages caused by septage dumping has not
been reported at the moment.
The service area of the 2 desludging companies is the whole Bohol Province including
Panglao Island. In the interview, 90% of the surveyed hotels replied that they contract to
ANORA for desludging their STs.
Considering the current situations, Tagbilaran city is included in the projection of future
septage volumes of STs and the septage management method is considered in this study.

2) Preliminary Design for Septage Treatment Facilities

a) Required Land

Required land area of septage treatment facility for Tagbilaran city, Dauis and Panglao
municipality were estimated respectively on the assumption that treats by drying beds
shown Figure 5.6-1. The calculation results are shown in Tables 5.6-1 to Table 5.6-2.

Sand and
gravel layer:
70cm

Source: Business Model for a Water District Septage Management Program; published with
assistance from United Stages Agency for Philippine water revolving fund support program in
February 2010.

Figure 5.6-1 Image of Sludge Drying Beds Facility

Conditions used in the estimation

¾ Target year is fixed upon the completion of the new airport; Intermediate target year
2020 and final target year 2025.
¾ Target areas: Tagbilaran city, Dauis municipaity and Panglao municipality.
¾ Treatment facility: Drying beds, for it is most easy and inexpensive to operate and
maintain.
¾ Number of households and population in 2011 are calculated based on NSC (2007) and
the number of Building Permit issued for residence since 2007 (Details in Appendix
5.5).
¾ JICA Study Team estimation is used for future population in 2020 and 2025 (refer to
Chapter 4)

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Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

¾ Number of households which has their own STs are estimated by National Statistic
Office data in 2000 and assumed that the all houses constructed after year 2000 have
installed STs (Details in Appendix 5.5).
¾ Future tourist population corresponds to the Bohol Integrated Water Supply System
Master Plan (BIWSSMP) estimation.
¾ Dry Solids (DS) per person/day: households 25gDS/day, tourists 40gDS/day
¾ Septage loading rate：150 kg DS/m2 / year (Source：Wastewater Engineering, Met Calf)
¾ Drying bed area per bed : 180 m2 (with by 6m x 30m long)

Table 5.6-1 Estimation of Future ST Septage Volume (Tagbilaran city)

Item 2011 2020 2025 Remarks
Administrative Plopulation [1] 93,898 120,220 129,510 Projection of JICA study team
=[1]xNo. of population per
Housholde No. [2] 18,358 24,044 25,902
houehold in 2011
No. of polulation per household 5.11 5.00 5.00
Estimated % of household with own ST [3] 80% 80% 80% Refer to Appendix
No. of Household with own ST [4] 14,686 19,235 20,722 =[2]x[3]
Turism water demand per day (m3/day) [5] 195 432.3 617.55 Refer to BIWSSM P
Average No. of overnight visitors per day [6] 650 1,441 2,059 =[5]/0.3m3 per day
Daily dry solid Household [7] 25 25 25 Source:Sewage Treatment in
generated per person Hotels [8] 40 40 40 Hot Climate, Duncan M ara
Household [9] 685,455 877,606 945,423 =[1]x[3]x[7]x365/1000
Annual desludged dry
Hotels [10] 9,490 21,039 30,054 =[6]x[8]x365/1000
solid (DSkg/year)
Total [11] 694,945 898,645 975,477 =[9]+[10]
Drying bed area (m2) [12] 4,633 5,991 6,503 =[11]/150 DSkg/m2
No. of drying bed [13] 26 33 36 =[12]/180m2 (1basin)
Desludging frequency (time/year) [14] 1/5 1/5 1/5 Every 5 years
No. of requred desludging times per day by
[15] 10 13 14 =[2]x[14]/365
3m3 truck for households

Table 5.6-2 Estimation of Future ST Septage Volume (Dauis)

Item 2011 2020 2025 Remarks
Administrative Plopulation [1] 39,160 56,730 62,630 Projection of JICA study team
=[1]xNo. of population per
Housholde No. [2] 7,832 11,346 12,526
houehold in 2011
No. of polulation per household 5.00 5.00 5.00
Estimated % of household with own ST [3] 67% 77% 79% Refer to Appendix
No. of Household with own ST [4] 5,218 8,732 9,912 =[2]x[3]
Turism water demand per day (m3/day) [5] 98 216.15 309 Refer to BIWSSM P
Average No. of overnight visitors per day [6] 327 721 1,029 =[5]/0.3m3 per day
Daily dry solid Household [7] 25 25 25 Source:Sewage Treatment in
generated per person Hotels [8] 40 40 40 Hot Climate, Duncan M ara
Household [9] 238,071 398,398 452,235 =[1]x[3]x[7]x365/1000
Annual desludged dry
Hotels [10] 4,769 10,519 15,027 =[6]x[8]x365/1000
solid (DSkg/year)
Total [11] 242,841 408,917 467,262 =[9]+[10]
Drying bed area (m2) [12] 1,619 2,726 3,115 =[11]/150 DSkg/m2
No. of drying bed [13] 9 15 17 =[12]/180m2 (1basin)
Desludging frequency (time/year) [14] 1/5 1/5 1/5 Every 5 years
No. of requred desludging times per day by
[15] 4 6 7 =[2]x[14]/365
3m3 truck for households

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Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

Table 5.6-3 Estimation of Future ST Septage Volume (Panglao)

Item 2011 2020 2025 Remarks
Administrative Plopulation [1] 28,096 33,400 35,800 Projection of JICA study team
=[1]xNo. of population per
Housholde No. [2] 4,926 5,860 6,281
houehold in 2011
No. of polulation per household 5.70 5.70 5.70
Estimated % of household with own ST [3] 73% 77% 79% Refer to Appendix
No. of Household with own ST [4] 3,596 4,530 4,951 =[2]x[3]
Turism water demand per day (m3/day) [5] 586 648 926 Refer to BIWSSM P
Average No. of overnight visitors per day [6] 1,953 2,162 3,088 =[5]/0.3m3 per day
Daily dry solid Household [7] 25 25 25 Source:Sewage Treatment in
generated per person Hotels [8] 40 40 40 Hot Climate, Duncan M ara
Household [9] 187,156 235,603 257,502 =[1]x[3]x[7]x365/1000
Annual desludged dry
Hotels [10] 28,519 31,558 45,081 =[6]x[8]x365/1000
solid (DSkg/year)
Total [11] 215,675 267,160 302,583 =[9]+[10]
Drying bed area (m2) [12] 1,438 1,781 2,017 =[11]/150 DSkg/m2
No. of drying bed [13] 8 10 11 =[12]/180m2 (1basin)
Desludging frequency (time/year) [14] 1/5 1/5 1/5 Every 5 years
No. of requred desludging times per day by
[15] 3 3 3 =[2]x[14]/365
3m3 truck for households

Table 5.6-4 shows the total septage volume and required drying bed area for Tablilaran city,
Dauis and Panglao municipalities. Required land area at year 2025 is estimated as 1.11ha
for drying bed, and additional 50% for access roads and water treatment facilities for
leachade, the total sums to 1.7ha.

According to the interviews to existing desludging companies, the actual amount of septage
volumes is estimated 3,649 m3 (=2,740m3＋900m3) in total (refer to Table 5.4-1). An
actual septage volume and the calculated septage volume are compared in Table 5.6-5 with
the assumption that water content of septage is 92%9. As shown in Table 5.6-5, calculated
volume in 2011, is approximately 4 times the actual amount. Regarding the service area
of existing desludging companies is the whole Bohol, estimation value is to be more than 4
times of the actual value.

The large difference between the estimation value and actual value is considered to have
occurred for the following reasons. 1) Septage has not been desludged for decades and is
accumulated in each household. 2) Statistical percentage of households have their own ST
is 67%~89%, however in actual status most households are still using unlined pits (probably,
unlined pits are also counted as ST in the statistic), which do not produce septage because
liquid portion of sewage will seep underground.

9
Septage removal for every 5 years and tank liquid capacity 3m3 ;water content estimated =1- 0.025DSkg x 5 person x365
days x5years /3000L = 1-0.076≒92%

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Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

Table 5.6-4 Septage Removal Amount and Required Drying Bed Estimation
Item 2011 2020 2025 Remarks
Tagbilaran [1] 694,945 898,645 975,477
Annual desludged dry solid Dauis [2] 242,841 420,152 389,660
(DSkg/year) Panglao [3] 215,675 267,160 302,583
Total [4] 1,153,461 1,585,957 1,667,719 =[1]+[2]+[3]
Drying bed area (m2) [5] 7,690 10,573 11,118 =[4]/150
No. of drying bed [6] 43 59 62 =[5]/180

Table 5.6-5 Comparison of Actual Deseptaged Septage Volume with

Calculation Results in 2011
Actual volume Calculation Result Notes
interviewed to in 2011
desludging company
Septage m3/year) 3,649*1 18,913 [1]
Dry Solid (DSt/year) 292 1,153*2 [2]=[1]x(1-[3])
Water Content 92% [3] footnote 7
*1 Questionnaire to 2 private septage removing companies
*2 JICA Study team estimation value
b) Consideration of implementation scheme and the target area
Following two implantation schemes are considered for septage treatment facility project.
In the option 2 which includes Tagbilaran city in the target area, required size of the facility
will be quite large, so that the fund procurement is considered to be difficult. Therefore,
option 1 is adopted as the near-to-mid term countermeasure in this study. The
implementation body is assumed to be PIWWM.

Target area of septage treatment facility: Dauis and Panglao municipalities

Option1
y Service area : Dauis and Panglao municipality
y Implementing body: “PIWWM” Sluege volume
Item
(m3/year)
2011
5,731
2020
8,451
2025
9,623
3
y Septage volume: 34 m /day in 2025 (m3/day) 20 30 34
moisture ratio 92.00%
Dryed sludge volume (m3/year) 1,146 1,690 1,925
y Required land area: 0.7 ha (m3/day) 4 6 7
moisture ratio 60%
y Source of construction funds: DOT? Supernatant (m3/year)
(m3/day)
4,585
13
6,761
19
7,698
21

Option2
y Service area : Tanbilarn city, Dauis and Panglao municipality
y Implementing body: ? Item 2011 2020 2025

y Septage volume: 78 m3/day in 2025 Sluege volume (m3/year)

(m3/day)
14,418
51
19,684
70
21,817
78
moisture ratio 92.00%
y Required land area: 2.2 ha Dryed sludge volume (m3/year) 2,884 3,937 4,363
(m3/day) 10 14 16
y Source of construction funds: ? moisture ratio
Supernatant (m3/year) 11,535
60%
15,747 17,453
(m3/day) 32 43 48

Figure 5.6-2 Consideration of Project Scheme of Septage Treatment Facility

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Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

c) Proposed Sites

A vacant land own by DOTC near the new airport is proposed as septage treatment facility
construction site, so that there is no need to acquire lands for the facility. Figure 5.6-3
shows the location of the proposed site.

Proposed site

Figure 5.6-3 Location of Proposed Septage Treatment Facility Site

3) Future Subject

Since the estimated septage amount and actual amount differs largely, it is necessary to
revise the future septage volume in feasibility study or in design stage. As mentioned in
5.3, single tank STs constructed in more than 10 years before are usually function as
unlined pits, so that these STs will not be included in the target of septage treatment facility.
The required septage treatment facility size need to be revised by surveying the ST structure
of household and dying the number of expected overnight visitors.

In addition, proposed drying bed facility has a possibility to accept dewatered sludge (about
80% water content) generated from the sewage treatment plant constructed in the new air
port and treats the dewatered sludge to dried sludge (about 10~20% water content) so that
the dried sludge can be reused as planting soil in the airport. Required drying bed area for
the sludge of the new air port is estimated to be approximately 130 m2 10.

10
Assumed sludge volume: Sewage volume x (estimated SS of influent – SS of treated water) = 325m3/day x (220-50 mg/l)/1000 = 55
DSkg/day, Required drying bed area: 55 DSkg/day×365days / 150 DSkg/m2=130 m2.

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Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

In this study, the project scheme of septage treatment facility is considered on the
assumption of implementing the project within few years as near-to-mid term
countermeasure, so that the target area is limited to Panglao Island and PIWWM is
proposed as the implementation body. However, if Bohol province takes in charge of
management of the septag treatment facility, the target area of the facility may include
Tagbilaran city and other surrounding municipalities.

Additional studies for the below are also necessary for facility construction.

¾ EIA
¾ Approval of ECC and Wastewater Discharge Permit
¾ Requirement and procedures for getting an approval from Department of Agriculture
to use treated septage as soil conditioners or fertilizer.
¾ Consideration of sludge disposal method (land application to agricultural land, forest
land or dedicated disposal sites etc.) and the required additional treatment process
(composting, lime stabilization etc.).
¾ Demand survey for soil conditioners or fertilizer and financial analysis.

Implementation schedule of the septage treatment facility construction project is proposed

as shown in Figure 5.6-4. A two stage implementation (50% each in phase-1 and
phase-2) is adopted considering the contingency of the septage volume collected from the
target area. To realize the project in following schedule, a presentation shall give within
year 2012 to the related authorities: such as TIEZA for funding source (discussed in
Chapter 5.6.2), DOTC for using the land, and Dauis and Panglao municipalities to explain
the necessity of the facility and implementation scheme of the project, and then make an
agreement to gain their cooperation.

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Phase 1
Phase 2
：Preparation stage/Funding arragement
：Construction stage

Figure 5.6-4 Proposed Implementation Schedule for Septage Treatment

Facility Construction

5.6.2. Finance Survey for Facility Construction Fees

The following possibilities of financing for the septage treatment facility project were
studied. According to the interviews with Dauis and Panglao municipalites and Bohol
Province, they answered that the investment cannot be made. Thus, there is a little
possibility of using financing methods 1) and 2).

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Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

Of the remaining 3) and 4), borrowing from 4) (b): Tourism Insrastructure and Enterprise
Zone Authority (TIEZA) have most possibilities at the present. The negotiations for
financing should be done in the future with related agencies, by sentencing the object of
facility construction as “Preservation of the Panglao Island environmental resources by
appropriate management of waste (wastewater septage) from tourism facilities and the new
airport”. As a prerequisite to construct the septage treatment facility, it is important to set
up the new organization IWWA who is expected to be the implementation body of the
project.

1) Investment by both local governments

2) Investment by both local governments and Bohol Province government
3) Loaning from bank
(a) Loaning from private bank
(b) Loaning from national bank
-Development Bank of Philippines
-Land Bank of Philippines
4) Loaning from the central government of Philippines
(a) MDFO (Municipal Development Fund Office) beneath DOF (Department of
Finance)
(b) DOT (Department of Tourism) or PTA（Philippines Tourism Authority)

(c) DOTC

To be noted, there are no subsidy systems by the central government of Philippines.

5.7. Regulation Studies for Securing Individual Treatments

(1) Existing Regulations

Followings are summaries of the existing laws related to STs. Refer to Chapter 5.2 for
details.

1) The Philippines

・ Obligation for ST installation

・ Removal of septage every 3～5 years

2) Dauis Municipality

・ Obligation for installation of STs with 2 or more chambers for households.

・ Obligation for installation of STs with 3 or more chambers for tourism facilities.
・ ST drawing confirmation before construction and final inspection after construction for
both establishments and residences according to the Building Permission system.

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Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

3) Panglao Municipality

・ Obligation for installation of STs with 3 or more chambers for tourism facilities.
・ ST drawing confirmation before construction and final inspection after construction for
establishments according to the Building Permission system

(2) Proposal of new Regulations for Securing Individual Treatments Facility

On the assumption that existing laws are firmly obeyed, new regulations or ordinances are
proposed as follows. Refer to Chapter 5.4 for details of the contents.

(Short-term) within 5 years

z Introduction of “On-site sewage treatment facility Certificate of Completion” system

which shall submitted by the constructor’s engineer to confirm ST is installed as the
drawing.

z For households: Obligation of periodic inspection once every 5 years, and presentation
of the result reports.

z For small and middle size tourist estates: Obligation of periodic inspection once every
year, and presentation of the result reports.

z For large sized tourist accommodations facility with over 50 rooms: Introduction of
effluent standard regulations.

z For large sized accommodations with over 50 rooms: Obligation of water quality test
once or more every year, and presentation of the result reports.

(Mid-term) within 10-20 years

z Introduction of septage tracking method such as Manifests system.

(3) Consideration Points for Law Regulating

As mentioned, may laws mentioning appropriate wastewater treatment facility installation

and maintenance already exist in the Philippines. It is an important task to keep these laws
in strict conditions. For these means, it is necessary to establish a new organization
(PIWWM) specialized to individual sewage treatment facilities and to form a public
monitoring system (for final inspection after completion, on-site inspection, etc.). Also,
financial support system shall be necessary for households which cannot afford the fee for
installing proper STs with 2 or more chambers.

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Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

5.8. Proposals of Technical Assistance Program by JICA

5.8.1. Content of Proposed Technical Support

To strengthen the individual sewage treatment facility and to conserve the water
environment in Planglao Island, Study Team propose following two programs to be
implemented by Dauis and Panglao municipalities with JICA technical assistance.

z Support 1: Establishment of a New Organization for Individual Treatment Facility

Management
At present, acquisition of Building Permit is necessary to construct new buildings. In
addition, commercial facilities require Sanitary Permit. Upon the application of these
permits, Sanitation Inspector and/or MBO’s Engineer give guidance about required facility
and do the final inspection, and if the ST is not confirmed to be installed accordingly, the
Permits shall not be authorized. However, there are cases even in the recently constructed
buildings or houses installed unlined-pit type toilets or improper ST different from the
drawings. Only two engineers and one engineer are working in MBO in Dauis and
Panglao respectively. For that the organizations are fragile, and this is considered to be
one of the reasons for the current situation.
Thus it is proposed to establish a new organization to manage the individual treatment
facilities for the all Panglao Island area (Dauis and Panglao Municipalities) separated from
existing MHOs and MBOs, and the technical assistance is aiming on capacity development
of new organization and human resources. For the new organization, two civil engineers
each shall employed by Dauis and Panglao municipalities respectively. However,
employment fee for the 4 engineers is assumed to be paid by the new organization itself
after operation.

Activities:

・ Establishment of a new Wastewater Treating Facility Management Organization by the

investment of Dauis and Panglao (Panglao Island Waste Water Management Agency
(assumed name), hereinafter mentioned PIWWM)
・ Establishment of organization structure with the new employed engineers
・ Establishment of Sustainable business operation system of PIWWM
・ Capacity development of engineers of new organization, MBO, MHO and existing
desludgning companies
・ Establishment of septage management system such as introduction of Manifests
system for septage tracking

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Chapter 5: Studies for Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

z Support 2: Pilot Project for Improving Individual Sewage Treatment Facilities

Underground watercontamination is a concern in the areas with poor permeability since the
wastewater from STs is generally discharged in the near surface grounds without filtration
process. For a salvation, this study proposed the introduction of Up-flow filter type ST.
As shown in Figure 5.5-4, the final tank in Up-flow filter type ST serve as a filtration tank,
and the treated water quality shall be improved since it will be thoroughly filtered before
disposal. However, introduction of Up-flow filter type ST requires operation maintenance
including periodical cleaning or replace of the filter material. Therefore, it is necessary to
carry out a pilot project for households and small/medium sized accommodations to select
the suitable filtering material and confirm the facility structure and to establish the
operation and maintenance methods. To confirm Up-flow filter type ST introduction plans
shall be the final object for the technical assistance.

Activities:
・ Evaluation of existing STs treatment performance and proposal of upgrading method
to improve the treatment functions of the existing STs
・ Specification of Up-flow filter type ST methods for regional characteristics by
demonstration tests (selection of filtering material, standard facility detail drawings,
improvement evaluations, confirmation of operation and maintenance methods, etc.).
・ Confirmation of maintenance methods by performing pilot projects objected to about 8
facilities (cleaning and replacement method, frequency of the filtration materials etc.).
・ Preparation of Up-flow filter type ST installation plan for households within Panglao
Island.

5.8.2. Proposed Schedule of Technical Assistance Program

Proposed JICA assistance program period is assumed for two years. Figure 5.8.1 shows
the proposed schedule of the program.
First Year M/M
Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 Field
Item 1
Setting up of new 8
Organization
Item 2
Implementation 7
of pilot project

Second Year M/M

担当 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 Field
Item 1
Setting up of new 6
Organization
Item 2
Implementation 7
of pilot project

Figure 5.8-1 Proposed Schedule of JICA Technical Assistance Program

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Appendixes
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment

Appendix

Chapter 2

Table of Contents

2.1. Outline of the Survey ·································································· App 2-1

2.2. The Survey Sheets (Questionnaire) ·············································· App 2-2

2.3. The Results of the Survey ··························································· App 2-5

2.3.1. Survey Place ······································································· App 2-5
2.3.2. Nationality ··········································································· App 2-5
2.3.3. Purpose of the trip ································································ App 2-5
2.3.4. Number of Persons of the trip ················································· App 2-6
2.3.5. Nights of Stay in Bohol ·························································· App 2-6
2.3.6. Stay Place in Bohol ······························································· App 2-7
2.3.7. Spend Money in Bohol ··························································· App 2-7
2.3.8. Visit Times to Bohol ······························································ App 2-8
2.3.9. Other Visiting Places in Phil ···················································· App 2-8
2.3.10. Hometown of Domestic Visitors ············································· App 2-9
2.3.11. Visited Places in Bohol ························································· App 2-9
2.3.12. Diving Questionnaire ························································· App 2-10
2.3.13. Current Conditions of Bohol ················································ App 2-12
2.3.14. Current Conditions of Air and Ship Service ····························· App 2-13
2.3.15. Well-Known of Concept “Eco-tourism” ··································· App 2-13
2.3.16. Agreement of Bohol “Eco-tourism” ······································ App 2-14
2.3.17. Nature Environment Conditions ··········································· App 2-14
2.3.18. Willing to Pay for Nature Environment Conservation ················ App 2-14
2.3.19. Come Bohol Again ···························································· App 2-15
2.3.20. Use Flight between Hometown and Bohol ······························ App 2-15
 Prep
paratory Survey for New Bohool Airport Consttruction and
Susstainable Enviroonmental Protecction Project
Finall Report Volumee 2: Tourism, Water
W Supply, Se
ewerage and Inndividual Sewagee Treatment
Appendix:: Chapter 2

Appen
ndix Chapter 2
2.1. Outline of th
he Survey

In this sstudy, “Tourrists Questio

onnaire Survvey (hereinaffter “the Survey”)” wass conducted to grasp
informattion data off tourism secctor becausee existing daata were nott enough to analysis the current
conditionns. The survvey conducteed for three days in 2011 at an airpo
ort and seapports. Outline of the
study is as shown in table below.

Table A 2.1-1 Outliine of the Survey

S

Survey Name Tourist Questionnaire Survey

Date of the Survey Peak Seeason O
One day in weeekday
(May)) - 13th May 20111 (Friday) 8::00 – 17:00 (9 hhour inc. lunch))
Ordinarry Season O
One day in weeekend
(July) - 9th July 2011
1 (Saturday) 8:00
8 – 17:00 (9 hour inc. lunch h)
O
One day in weeekday
- 14th July 201
11 (Thursday) 8:00 – 17:00 ((9 hour inc. luncch)
Purpose of the Survvey To grassp information ddate of tourism sector
Targeet Place Tagbilaaran Airport
Tagbilaaran Seaport
Tubigon Seaport (onlyy July)
Ubay Seaport
S (only Juuly)
Jagna Seaport
S (only Juuly)
Methhod Face to
o face individuaally
Totall Sample 390 Sammples
- 121 in May
- 269 in July
Soource: JICA Studdy Team

Connducting the survey in Tagbilaran Seaaport Conducting the survey

s in Ubbay Seaport
Soource: JICA Studdy Team

Figure A 2 .1-1 Condu

ucting the Survey
S

App 2-1
 Prep
paratory Survey for New Bohool Airport Consttruction and
Susstainable Enviroonmental Protecction Project
Finall Report Volumee 2: Tourism, Water
W Supply, Se
ewerage and Inndividual Sewagee Treatment
Appendix:: Chapter 2

2.2. Th
he Survey Sheets (Qu
uestionnairre)

App 2-2
 Prep
paratory Survey for New Bohool Airport Consttruction and
Susstainable Enviroonmental Protecction Project
Finall Report Volumee 2: Tourism, Water
W Supply, Se
ewerage and Inndividual Sewagee Treatment
Appendix:: Chapter 2

App 2-3
 Prep
paratory Survey for New Bohool Airport Consttruction and
Susstainable Enviroonmental Protecction Project
Finall Report Volumee 2: Tourism, Water
W Supply, Se
ewerage and Inndividual Sewagee Treatment
Appendix:: Chapter 2

App 2-4
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 2

2.3. The Results of the Survey

2.3.1. Survey Place

The table and figure bellows are the sample numbers of the places the survey conducted.
<S.A.> No. of Survey Place Foreigner
Ratio Domestic
<for all respondents> Samples 150
Tagbilaran Airport 136 34.9%
46
Tagbilaran Seaport 126 32.3% 100
70 13
Tubigon Seaport 91 23.3%
50 90
Ubay Seaport 19 4.6% 78 6
56
Jagna Seaport 18 4.9% 0 13 18
N/A 0 100.0% Tag Air Tag Sea Tbg Sea Jgn Sea Uby Sea
Total 390 34.9%

2.3.2. Nationality

The table and figure bellows are the result of the question of “Your nationality?”.
<S.A.> No. of Nationality
Ratio
<for all respondents> Samples 300
255
Domestic Visitor 255 65.4% 250
Chinese 7 1.8% 200
150
U.S.A 35 9.0% 100 73
35 20
Korea 20 5.1% 50 7
Other Countries 73 18.7% 0
Domestic Chinese U.S.A Korea Other
N/A 0 0.0%
Visitor Countries
Total 390 100.0%

Other Countries: Germany (9 samples), Canada (8), Australia (7), UK (7), Norway (5), Swiss (5), France (4), Japan (4),
Russia (4), Denmark (3), Italy (3), Sweden (3), New Zealand (3), Belgium (1), Brazil (1), Greece (1), Ireland (1), Kuwait
(1), Malaysia (1), Poland (1), Spain (1)

2.3.3. Purpose of the trip

The table and figure bellows are the result of the question of “Purpose of this trip?”.
<S.A.> No. of Purpose of this Trip Foreigner
Ratio Domestic
<for all respondents> Samples 250
Leisure 216 55.4%
200
Business 77 19.7% 112
150
VFR 79 20.3%
100 8 15
MICE 18 4.6%
50 104
Others 0 0.0% 69 64
0 18
N/A 0 0.0%
Leisure Bussiness VFR MICE
Total 390 100.0%

App 2-5
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 2

2.3.4. Number of Persons of the trip

The table and figure bellows are the result of the question of “No of persons of this trip?”.
<S.A.> No. of
Ratio
<for all respondents> Samples No. of Persons
Foreigner
Alone 92 23.6% 150
Domestic
Group (2p) 128 32.8%
(3p) 49 12.6%
100 63
(4p) 43 11.0% 18

(5p) 23 5.9%
50 18
10
(6p) 12 3.1% 74 65 7 4
31 33 4 4 2 1 2
(7p) 7 1.8% 16 2 3 5 12
8 3
(8p) 4 1.0% 0
(9p) 4 1.0% Alone Group (3p) (4p) (5p) (6p) (7p) (8p) (9p) (10p) (11p
(2p) -)
(10p) 7 1.8%
(11p -) 16 4.1%
N/A 5 1.3%
Total 390 100.0%

2.3.5. Nights of Stay in Bohol

The table and figure bellows are the result of the question of “How many nights of stay completed in
Bohol?”.
Average Domestic Visitor 3.71 nights
Average Foreign Visitor 3.92 nights
Average Total 3.78 nights

<S.A.> No. of Nights of Stay in Bohol

Ratio Foreigner
<for all respondents> Samples
200 Domestic
Same day 12 3.1%
150
1night 56 14.4% 42

2n 144 36.9% 100

10
30
3n 77 19.7% 50 102 17
9 7 10
6 46 47 3
4n 30 7.7% 6 13 11 5 6 15
0
5n 20 5.1%
Same 1night 2ｎ 3ｎ 4ｎ 5ｎ 6ｎ 7ｎ 8ｎ -
6n 8 2.1% day
7n 13 3.3%
8n - 25 6.4%
N/A 5 1.3%
Total 390 100.0%

App 2-6
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 2

2.3.6. Stay Place in Bohol

The table and figure bellows are the result of the question of “Where did you stay mainly in Bohol?”.
<S.A.> No. of
Ratio
<for all respondents> Samples Stay Place in Bohol
Panglao 138 35.4% 200
Tagbilaran 142 36.4% Foreigner
Tubigon 11 2.8% 150 Domestic
Others 84 21.5% 33
N/A 15 3.8% 100 84
Total 390 100.0% 14
50 109
54 70
0 10
Panglao Tagbilaran Tubigon Others
Other Places: Anda (10 samples), Loon (8), Ubay (8), Sagbayan (6), Carmen (4), Loay (4), Alburquerque (3), Buenavista
(3), Calape (3), Jagna (3), Mabini (3), Maribojoc (3), San Miguel (3), Dimiao (2), Guindulman (2), Inabanga (2), Lila (2),
Talibon (2), Valencia (2), Alicia (1), Baclayon (1), Bienunido (1), Bilar (1), Calape (1), Candijay (1), Duero (1), Getafe
(1), Loboc (1), Sierra Bullones (1), Sikatuna (1)

2.3.7. Spend Money in Bohol

The table and figure bellows are the result of the question of “How much money did you spend in
Bohol?”.
Total Money (1) 7,014,855 peso
Total - N/A (2) 365 (390-25)
Average Money (1/2) 19,219 peso

<Categolized> No. of Spend Money in Bohol

Ratio
<for all respondents> Samples 200
-999peso 173 44.4% Foreigner
150 33
10,000-19,999p 66 16.9% Domestic

20,000-29,999p 53 13.6% 100

140
30,000-39,999p 24 6.2% 50 27
24 14 6
39 29 20
40,000-49,999p 17 4.4% 0 10 11 12
50,000p- 32 8.2% -9999peso 10,000- 20,000- 30,000- 40,000- 50,000p-
N/A 25 6.4% 19,999p 29,999p 39,999p 49,999p

Total 390 100.0%

App 2-7
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 2

2.3.8. Visit Times to Bohol

The table and figure bellows are the result of the question of “Is this the first time to visit Bohol?”.
<S.A.> No. of
Ratio
<for all respondents> Samples Visit Times to Bohol
First Time 204 52.3% 250
Plural (2t) 82 21.0% 200 Foreigner
(3t) 33 8.5% 150 100 Domestic
(4t) 8 2.1%
100
(5t) 8 2.1% 18
50 104 5 6
(6t) 6 1.5% 64 1 1 2 8
28 7 8 5 29
0 1 1
(7t) 1 0.3%
First Plural (3t) (4t) (5t) (6t) (7t) (8t) (9t) (10t
(8t) 3 0.8% Time (2t) -)
(9t) 0 0.0%
(10t -) 35 9.0%
N/A 10 2.6%
Total 390 100.0%

2.3.9. Other Visiting Places in Phil

The table and figure bellows are the result of the question of “In this trip, did/will you visit only in
Bohol?” and the additional question of “Where did/will you visit in Philippines?” only to the persons
who answered “not only Bohol”.
<S.A.> No. of Foreigner
Ratio Other Visiting Places
<for all respondents> Samples Domestic
250
Only Bohol 214 54.9%
200 49
Not Only Bohol 171 43.8%
N/A 5 1.3% 150
85
Total 390 100.0% 100
165
50 86
<M.A.> No. of
0
<for “Not Only Bohol” in (9) > Samples
Only Bohol Not Only Bohol
Cebu 110
Manila 84 Other Visiting Places in Phil
Boracay 54 0 50 100 150

Palawan 32 Cebu 110

Mindanao 23 Manila 84

Luzon (Central) 13 Boracay 54

Negros 12 Palawan 32

Luzon (North) 11 Mindanao 23

Luzon (Central) 13
Leyte 7
Negros 12
Mindoro 5
Luzon (North) 11
Siquijor 4
Leyte 7
Luzon (Bicol) 3
Mindoro 5
Panay 2 Siquijor 4
Samar 1 Luzon (Bicol) 3
Panay 2
Samar 1

App 2-8
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 2

2.3.10. Hometown of Domestic Visitors

The table and figure bellows are the result of the question of “Where is your hometown in Philippines”
only to the domestic tourists.
<S.A.>
No. of Hometown in Philippines
<for “Domestic” in (2)> Ratio 56
Samples 60
<Only in July Survey>
50 44
Cebu 56 32.2% 40
Manila 44 25.3% 30
20
20 15 14
Mindanao 20 11.5% 9
10
Leyte 15 8.6%
0
Negros 14 8.0% Cebu Manila Mindanao Leyte Negros Other
Other 9 5.2%
N/A 16 9.2%
Total 174 100.0%

2.3.11. Visited Places in Bohol

The table and figure bellows are the result of the question of “Where did you visit and do in Bohol?”.
<M.A.> No. of
Ratio
<for all respondents> Samples
Chocolate Hills 278 71.3%
Panglao Beach 218 55.9%
Man Made Forest 217 55.6%
Loboc River Cruise 201 51.5%
Baclayon Church 183 46.9%
Blood Compact 176 45.1%
Tarsier (Loboc) 167 42.8%
Tarsier (Sanctuary) 141 36.2%
Hinagdanan Cave 117 30.0%
Bohol Bee Farm 86 22.1%
Panglao Church 82 21.0%
Dolphin Watching 65 16.7%
Butterfly Center 58 14.9%
Hanging Bridge 55 14.1%
Diving 50 12.8%
Balicasag Island 34 8.7%
Anda Beach 26 6.7%
Davao Adv Park 22 5.6%
Cambuhat Village 9 2.3%
Ubay Agri Park 8 2.1%
Lamanok Island 8 2.1%
Rajah Sikatuna 7 1.8%
Others 71 18.2%
Total 390 100.0%

App 2-9
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 2

Visit Places in Bohol

300
250
113 Foreigner
200 Domestic
96 91
88 65
150 60
71
62
100 165
40
22 31
122 126 113 118 116 20
50 96 79 77 64
31 19 17
34 3
51 34 39 38 16 15 5 1 6 1 51
16 18 11 19 4 2 6
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Samples Visited Other Places

21 Phyton Snake (Alburquerque)

11 Sagbayan Peak

4 Ubay, Virgin Islands

3 Dauis Church, Mag-Aso Fall, Punta Cruz

2 Alburquerque, Ancestral House, Loon Macaques, Mangrove eco-tourism

Bayuyoy, Bbc, Bohol Museum, Cabilao, Churches, Dauis, Island Hopping, Morning Hills,
1
Namulang, San Agustin Watch Tower, Snorkel, Valencia, Village Tour, Visiting Farm

2.3.12. Diving Questionnaire

The questionnaire as followings is only to the person who answered “did diving” in the previous
question.

Visited Diving Spot

The table and figure bellows are the result of the question of “Where did you enjoy the
diving?”.
<M.A.> No. of Diving Spots
Ratio Foreigner
30
<for “diving” in (11)> Samples Domestic
25
Panglao Island 28 47.5%
20
Balicasag Island 20 33.9% 20
15 13
Pamilacan Island 5 8.5%
10
Cabilao Island 4 6.8%
5 8 7 4 3
Anda Peninsula 0 0.0% 1 1
0
Mahanay Island 0 0.0% Panglao Island Balicasag Island Pamilacan Island Anda Peninsula
N/A 2 3.4%
Total 59 100.0%

App 2-10
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 2

Diving Satisfaction
The table and figure bellows are the result of the question of “Were you satisfied with the
diving in Bohol?”.
Diving Satisfaction Foreigner
<S.A.> No. of
Ratio 25 Domestic
<for “diving” in (11)> Samples
Excellent 23 46.0% 20
Good 20 40.0% 15 16
15
Normal 4 8.0% 10
Not so good 0 0.0%
5
Bad 0 0.0% 7 5 1
3
0
N/A 3 6.0%
Excellent Good Normal Not so good Bad
Total 50 100.0%

Coral Reef Conditions

The table and figure bellows are the result of the question of “How was the coral reef
conditions?”.
<S.A.> No. of Coral Reef Conditions
Ratio
<for “diving” in (11)> Samples 25 Foreigner
Excellent 15 30.0% Domestic
20
Good 23 46.0%
15 16
Normal 4 8.0%
Partly Damaged 3 6.0% 10 11
Much Damaged 0 0.0% 5 3
4 7 3 1
1 2 2
N/A 5 10.0% 0
Total 50 100.0% Excellent Good Normal Partly Much
Damaged Damaged

Divers and Snorkelers Numbers

The table and figure bellows are the result of the question of “How did you think about
current number of the divers and snorkelers in the site?”.
<S.A.> Number of Divers and Snorkelers
No. of
<for “diving” in (11)> Ratio 20 Foreigner
Samples
<Only in July Survey> Domestic
Too much volume 1 3.0% 15
Much 7 21.2% 10 9
No problem 14 42.4%
5
Few (good) 4 12.1% 6 2
5
1 1 2
N/A 7 21.2% 0
Total 33 100.0% Too much Much No problem Few (good)
volume

App 2-11
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 2

Willing to Pay for Coral Reef Conservation

The table is the result of the question of “To protect and sustain the coral reef, how much
can you pay for donation/entry fee per one dive?”
Total Money (1) 11,657 peso
Total - N/A (2) 14 (33-19)
Average Money (1/2) 833 peso
<Only in July Survey>

2.3.13. Current Conditions of Bohol

The table and figure bellows are the result of the question of “How did you feel about the following
current conditions in Bohol?”.
<S.A.> Should be
No Problem No Idea N/A Total
<for all respondents> improved
Information for Tourists 225 104 48 13 390
Accommodation 245 83 41 21 390
Restaurants/Shops 232 103 38 17 390
Cultural/Historical Sites 258 65 46 21 390
Nature and Wildlife 269 64 32 25 390
Road Network 161 189 22 18 390
Transportation 189 152 27 22 390
Airport 110 145 71 64 390
Seaport 181 125 56 28 390
Sewerage 142 129 81 38 390
Solid Waste 158 135 68 29 390

Current Conditions of Bohol

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Information for Tourists 225 104

Accommodation 245 83

Restaurants/Shops 232 103

Cultural/Historical Sites 258 65

Nature and Wildlife 269 64

Road Network 161 189

Transportation 189 152

Airport 110 145

Seaport 181 125

Sewerage 142 129

Solid Waste 158 135

No Problem Should be improved

App 2-12
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 2

2.3.14. Current Conditions of Air and Ship Service

The table and figure bellows are the result of the question of “How do you think about the air and ship
service conditions of the port where you are now?”.
<S.A.>
Should be
<for all respondents> No Problem No Idea N/A Total
improved
<Only in July Survey>
Trip Frequency 129 56 63 21 269
Time Scheduling 135 65 49 20 269
Passenger Capacity 132 63 50 24 269
Reliability (Punctuality) 138 83 26 22 269
Destination Places 171 46 26 26 269

Current Conditions of Air and Ship Service

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Trip Frequency (Trip Numbers) 129 56

Time Scheduling 135 65
Passenger Capacity 132 63
Reliability (Punctuality) 138 83
Destination Places 171 46

No Problem Should be improved

2.3.15. Well-Known of Concept “Eco-tourism”

The table and figure bellows are the result of the question of “Do you know the concept of
“Eco-Tourism?”.
<S.A.> No. of
Ratio
<for all respondents> Samples Concept of Eco-tourism
Yes much 99 25.4% 200 Foreigner
Yes a little 182 46.7% Domestic
No 91 23.3% 150 59
N/A 18 4.6%
100
Total 390 100.0% 39 27
123
50
60 64
0
Yes much Yes a little No

App 2-13
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 2

2.3.16. Agreement of Bohol “Eco-tourism”

The table and figure bellows are the result of the question of “How do you think Bohol is the one of
key Eco-Tourism sites in Philippines?”.
<S.A.> No. of
Ratio
<for all respondents> Samples Bohol Eco-tourism Site Foreigner
Deeply Agree 71 18.2% Domestic
Agree 237 60.8% 250
Disagree 9 2.3% 200 84
No Idea 53 13.6% 150
N/A 20 5.1% 100
19 153
Total 390 100.0% 50 17
52 5 36
0 4
Deeply Agree Disagree No Idea
Agree

2.3.17. Nature Environment Conditions

The table and figure bellows are the result of the question of “How do you feel about Bohol’s nature
environment?”.
<S.A.> No. of
Ratio Bohol Nature Conditions
<Only in July Survey> Samples
Excellent 62 23.0% 150
Foreigner
Good 132 49.1% Domestic
100 54
Normal 48 17.8%
Partly Damaged 8 3.0% 4
50 24
78
Much Damaged 0 0.0% 38 44 3
N/A 19 7.1% 0 5
Excellent Good No problem Partly Much
Total 269 100.0%
Damaged Damaged

2.3.18. Willing to Pay for Nature Environment Conservation

The table is the result of the question of “To protect and sustain Bohol’s nature, how much can you
pay for donation/entry fee per one trip”
Total Money (1) 169,552 peso
Total - N/A (2) 171 (269-98)
Average Money (1/2) 992 peso
<Only in July Survey>

App 2-14
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 2

2.3.19. Come Bohol Again

The table and figure bellows are the result of the question of “Do you want to / Will you come back to
Bohol again?”.
<S.A.> No. of
Ratio
<Only in July Survey> Samples Come Bohol Again
Yes surely 148 55.0% 200
Foreigner
Yes maybe 91 33.8%
150 Domestic
Not sure 14 5.2% 40
No 1 0.4% 100
No idea 0 0.0% 42
50 108
N/A 15 5.6%
49 4
Total 269 100.0% 0 10
Yes surely Yes maybe Not sure No No idea

2.3.20. Use Flight between Hometown and Bohol

The table and figure bellows are the result of the question of “If a flight is connected between the
airport near your hometown and Bohol, will you use it?”.
<S.A.> No. of
Ratio
<Only in July Survey> Samples Use Flight between Hometown and Bohol
Yes surely 150 55.8% 200
Foreigner
Yes maybe 71 26.4%
150 Domestic
Not sure 8 3.0% 33
No 11 4.1% 100
No idea 3 1.1% 117
50 33
N/A 26 9.7% 7
38 4 1 2
Total 269 100.0% 0 4 4
Yes surely Yes maybe Not sure No No idea

App 2-15
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment

Appendix

Chapter 4

Table of Contents

4.1. Sewerage Sector in the Philippines ·············································· App 4-1

4.2. Wastewater Environment and Sanitation ······································· App 4-2

4.3. Conceptual Design of Sewerage System ······································· App 4-5

4.4. Financial Analysis ····································································· App 4-45

4.4.1. FIRR and Net Present Value by Scenario by Local government ··· App 4-45
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 4

Appendix Chapter 4
4.1. Sewerage Sector in the Philippines

The list of ECP (Environment Critical Project) and ECA (Environment Critical Areas) category is
summarized in Table A4.1-1.

Table A4.1-1 List of ECP Types and ECA Categories

Source: Revised Procedural Manual for DAO 2003-30 (2007)

The report types and their description related to EIA process are shown in Table A4.1-2-
Table A4.1-2 EIA report types and their description
Report Type Descriptions
(1) Environmental Document prepared and submitted by the proponent / consultant that serve as
Impact Statement an application for an ECC. It is a comprehensive study of the significant
(EIS) impacts of a project in the environment.
(2) Programmatic Documentation of comprehensive studies on environmental baseline conditions
EIS (PEIS) of a contiguous area. It also includes an assessment of the carrying capacity
of the area to absorb impacts from co-located projects such as those in
industrial estates or economic zones.
(3) Initial Document similar to an EIS, but with reduced details and depth of assessment
Environmental and discussion.
Examination Report
(IEER)
(4) IEE Checklist Simplified checklist version of an IEE Report, prescribed by the DENR, to be
(IEEC) filled up by a proponent to identify and assess a projects environmental impact
and the mitigation/enhancement measures to address such impacts.
(5) Project Document describes the nature, configuration, use of raw materials and natural
Description Report resources, production system, waste or pollution generation and control and the
(PDR) activities of a proposed project. It includes a description of the use of human

App 4-1
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 4

Report Type Descriptions

resources as well as activity timelines, during the pre-construction,
construction, operation and abandonment phases.
(6) Environmental Documentation of the actual cumulative environmental impacts and
Performance Report effectiveness of current measures for single projects that are already operating
and Management but without ECC.
Plan (EPRMP)
(7) Programmatic Documentation of actual cumulative environmental impacts of collocated
EPRMP (PEPRMP) projects with proposals for expansion. The PEPRMP should also describe the
effectiveness of current environmental mitigation measures and plans for
performance improvement.
Reference: DENR Administrative Order No. 2003-30.

4.2. Wastewater Environment and Sanitation

Existing drainage network for Tagbilaran City is shown in Figure A4.2-1.

Figure A4.2-1 Existing Drainage Network in Tagbilaran City

App 4-2
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 4

The definition of water usage and classification regarding water quality standard is shown in Table
A4.2-1.
Table A4.2-1 Water Usages and Classification
Fresh Surface Waters (Rivers, Lakes, Reservoirs etc.)

Class AA This class is intended primarily for water having watershed which are uninhabited and
Public Water otherwise protected and which require only approved disinfection in order to meet the
Supply Class I National Standards for Drinking Water (NSDW) of the Philippines.
Class A For sources of water supply that will require complete treatment (coagulation,
Public Water sedimentation, filtration and disinfection) in order to meet the NSDW.
Supply Class II
Class B For primary contact recreation such as bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc.
Recreational
Water Class I
Class C 1) Fishery water for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources;
2) Recreational Water Class Ⅱ (Boating etc.)
3) Industrial Water Supply Class Ⅰ(for manufacturing processes after treatment)
Class D 1) For agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering, etc.
2) Industrial Water Supply Class Ⅱ(for cooling etc.)
3) Other inland waters, by their quality, belong to this classification
Coastal and Marine Waters

Class SA 1) Waters suitable for the propagation, survival and harvesting of shellfish for
commercial purposes;
2) Tourist zones and national marine parks and reserves established under Presidential
Proclamation No.1801; existing laws and/or declared as such by appropriate
government agency.
3) Coral reef parks and reserves designated by law and concerned authorities.
Class SB 1) Recreational Water Class I (Areas regularly used by the public for bathing,
swimming, skin diving, etc.)
2) Fishery Water Class I (Spawning areas for Chanos chanos or “Bangus” and similar
species).
Class SC 1) Recreational Water Class Ⅱ (Boating etc.)
2) Fishery Water Class Ⅱ(Commercial and sustenance fishing);
3) Marshy and/or mangrove areas declared as fish and wildlife sanctuaries
Class SD 1) Industrial Water Supply Class Ⅱ(for cooling etc.)
2) Other coastal and marine waters, by their quality, belong to this classification.

The effluent standards by classification are shown in Table A4.2-2 and Table A4.2-3.

Table A4.2-2 Effluent Standard: Heavy Metals and Toxic Substances

Parameter Unit Protected Waters1 Inland Waters2 Marine Waters3
Category I Category II Class C Class SC Class SD
(AA & SA) (A, B & SB)
OEI 4 NPI5 OEI NPI OEI NPI OEI NPI OEI NPI
Arsenic mg/L B B 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.2 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5
Cadmium mg/L B B 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.2
Chromium mg/L B B 0.1 0.05 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.2 1.0 0.5
(hexavalent)
Cyanide mg/L B B 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 - -
Lead mg/L B B 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.3 1.0 0.5 - -
Total Mercury(i) mg/L B B 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.05 0.01
PCB mg/L B B 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 - -
Formaldehyde mg/L B B 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0
Definition:
1) Protected Waters: means a watercourse or a body of water, or any segment thereof, that is classified as a source of
public water supply, propagation and harvesting of shellfish for commercial purposes, or spawning areas for Chanos
chanos and similar species, or primary contact recreation, or that which is designated by competent government

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authority or by legislation as tourist zone, national marine park and reserve, including coral reef park and reserve.
2) Inland Waters: means an interior body of water or watercourse such as lakes, reservoirs, rivers, streams, creeks, etc.,
that has beneficial usage other than public water supply or primary contact recreation. Tidal affected rivers or streams
are considered inland waters for purposes of these regulations.
3) Marine Waters: means an open body of water along the country’s coastline starting from the shoreline (MLLW) and
extending outward up to the 200-meter isobath or three-kilometer distance, whichever is farther.
4) OEI: means Old or Existing Industry.
5) NPI: means New/Proposed Industry or wastewater treatment plants to be constructed.
Legend:
(A) The Effluent Standard applies to industrial/manufacturing plants and municipal sewage treatment plants discharging
more than 30 cu.m.per day.
(B) Discharge of sewage and/or trade effluents are prohibited or not allowed.
Table A4.2-3 Effluent Standard for BOD for Strong Industrial Wastes
in C,D, SC and SD Water
Industrial Maximum Allowable Limits in mg/l, according to Time Period and Receiving Water
Classification Body
Based on BOD of Existing Industries affectivity date New Industries
Raw Wastewaters Dec. 31, 1991 Jan. 1, 1991-Dec. 31, 1994
Produced Inland Coastal Inland Coastal Inland Coastal
Waters Waters Waters Waters Waters Waters
Classification C&D SC & SD C&D SC & SD C&D SC & SD
1. Industries 320 or 650 or 200 or 320 or 130 or 200 or
producing BOD 95% 90% 97% 95% 98% 97%
within 3,000 to removal removal removal removal removal removal
10,000 mg/L
2. Industries 1,000 or 2,000 or 600 or 1,000 or 200 or 600 or
producing BOD 95% 90% 97% 95% 99% 97%
within 10,000 to removal removal removal removal removal removal
30,000 mg/L
3. Industries 1,500 or 3,000 or 900 or 1,500 or 300 or 900 or
producing more 95% 90% 97% 95% 99% 97%
than or 30,000 removal removal removal removal removal removal
mg/L
Note:
1) Use either the numerical limit or percentage removal whichever is lower (or whichever is more strict)
2) For parameters other than BOD, Table 5.3-3 shall apply.

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4.3. Conceptual Design of Sewerage System

General layout plan and Profile of trunk sewer by sewerage system are shown in the following Tables and
Figures.

(1) Tagbilaran Sewerage System

General Layout Plan – Figure A4.3-1
Profile of Trunk Sewer- Figure A4.3-2~19
Flow Computation- Table A4.3-1~4

(2) Dauis Sewerage System

General Layout Plan- Figure A4.3-20
Profile of Trunk Sewer- Figure A4.3-21~22
Flow Computation- Table A4.3-5

(3) Panglao Sewerage System

General Layout Plan- Figure A4.3-23
Profile of Trunk Sewer- Figure A4.3-25~30
Flow Computation- Table A4.3-6

(4) Alona Beach Sewerage System

General Layout Plan- Figure A4.3-24
Profile of Trunk Sewer- Figure A4.3-31~33
Flow Computation- Table A4.3-7

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Figure A4.3-1 General Layout Plan of Tagbilaran Sewerage System

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Figure A4.3-2 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Tagbilaran Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-3 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Tagbilaran Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-4 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Tagbilaran Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-5 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Tagbilaran Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-6 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Tagbilaran Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-7 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Tagbilaran Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-8 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Tagbilaran Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-9 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Tagbilaran Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-10 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Tagbilaran Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-11 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Tagbilaran Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-12 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Tagbilaran Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-13 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Tagbilaran Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-14 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Tagbilaran Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-15 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Tagbilaran Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-16 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Tagbilaran Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-17 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Tagbilaran Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-18 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Tagbilaran Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-19 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Tagbilaran Sewerage System)

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Table A4.3-1 Flow Computation of Tagbilaran Sewerage System (1/4)

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Table A4.3-2 Flow Computation of Tagbilaran Sewerage System (2/4)

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Table A4.3-3 Flow Computation of Tagbilaran Sewerage System (3/4)

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Table A4.3-4 Flow Computation of Tagbilaran Sewerage System (4/4)

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Figure A4.3-20 General Layout Plan of Dauis Sewerage System

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Figure A4.3-21 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Dauis Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-22 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Dauis Sewerage System)

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Table A4.3-5 Flow Computation of Dauis Sewerage System

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Figure A4.3-23 General Layout Plan (Panglao Sewerage System)

Figure A4.3-24 General Layout Plan (Alona Beach Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-25 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Panglao Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-26 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Panglao Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-27 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Panglao Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-28 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Panglao Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-29 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Panglao Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-30 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Panglao Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-31 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Alona Beach Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-32 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Alona Beach Sewerage System)

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Figure A4.3-33 Profile of Trunk Sewer (Alona Sewerage System)

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Table A4.3-6 Flow Computation of Panglao Sewerage System

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Table A4.3-7 Flow Computation of Alona Beach Sewerage System

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4.4. Financial Analysis

4.4.1. FIRR and Net Present Value by Scenario by Local government

FIRR and Net Present Value by Scenario by Local government are shown in Table A4.4-1~A4.4-9.

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Table A4.4-1 Cash flow in Scenario 1 Tagbilaran

Cash Flow Projection
In PHP 1000

Cash Inflow Cash Outflow

Revenue Parameters Net Net
Domestic Domestic Conversion Sewerage
Inflation Escalation factor to Year Revenue (1000 Peso) Costs (1000 peso)
H2O Tariff Cash Cash
Rate Factor real prices (100% of
Consumption Connection Gov't Subsidy other Replace ment Inflow
Water supply Domestic Total Project Cost O&M Cost Total
fee (5000 (50%) income Cost (Nominal) Inflow (Real)
t iff)
3.00% 2010 Year -1 1.5%of WWTP
5.14% 1.000 1.000 2011 Year 0 12.00 8,466 -
4.50% 1.045 0.957 2012 Year 1
4.50% 1.092 0.916 2013 Year 2 - -
4.50% 1.141 0.876 2014 Year 3 - - - -
4.50% 1.193 0.839 2015 Year 4 431,973.9 431,973.9 863,947.8 863,947.8 (431,973.9) (362,236.6)
4.50% 1.246 0.802 2016 Year 5 19,929.6 517,586.7 537,516.2 1,035,173.3 1,035,173.3 (497,657.1) (399,345.5)
4.50% 1.302 0.768 2017 Year 6 1,242.3 15.63 19,413.2 20,826.4 82,532.5 122,772.1 165,065.0 4,409.9 169,474.9 (46,702.8) (35,862.9)
4.50% 1.361 0.735 2018 Year 7 2,613.6 16.33 42,681.1 42,681.1 6,912.5 6,912.5 35,768.6 26,283.8
4.50% 1.422 0.703 2019 Year 8 2,742.7 17.07 46,804.1 46,804.1 7,223.5 7,223.5 39,580.6 27,832.5
4.50% 1.486 0.673 2020 Year 9 2,871.7 17.83 51,211.7 51,211.7 7,548.6 7,548.6 43,663.1 29,381.1
4.50% 1.553 0.644 2021 Year 10 3,097.0 18.64 57,714.6 57,714.6 7,888.3 7,888.3 49,826.3 32,084.6
4.50% 1.623 0.616 2022 Year 11 3,322.0 19.47 64,693.4 64,693.4 8,243.2 8,243.2 56,450.2 34,784.5
4.50% 1.696 0.590 2023 Year 12 3,547.0 20.35 72,183.5 72,183.5 8,614.2 8,614.2 63,569.3 37,484.5
4.50% 1.772 0.564 2024 Year 13 3,772.0 21.27 80,216.7 80,216.7 9,001.8 9,001.8 71,214.9 40,184.5
4.50% 1.852 0.540 2025 Year 14 3,997.0 22.22 88,826.7 34,811.9 505,726.6 629,365.2 1,011,453.2 9,406.9 1,020,860.1 (391,494.9) (211,396.6)
4.50% 1.935 0.517 2026 Year 15 4,222.0 23.22 98,049.1 36,378.5 526,742.5 661,170.1 1,053,485.1 9,830.2 1,063,315.3 (402,145.2) (207,796.6)
4.50% 2.022 0.494 2027 Year 16 4,447.0 24.27 107,921.8 107,921.8 17,121.0 17,121.0 90,800.8 44,898.2
4.50% 2.113 0.473 2028 Year 17 4,672.0 25.36 118,484.4 118,484.4 17,891.4 - 17,891.4 100,593.0 47,598.2
4.50% 2.208 0.453 2029 Year 18 4,897.0 26.50 129,779.0 129,779.0 18,696.5 18,696.5 111,082.5 50,298.2
4.50% 2.308 0.433 2030 Year 19 5,122.0 27.69 141,850.3 141,850.3 19,537.9 19,537.9 122,312.4 52,998.2
4.50% 2.412 0.415 2031 Year 20 5,347.0 28.94 154,745.2 195,109.4 349,854.6 20,417.1 390,218.9 410,635.9 (60,781.3) (25,202.5)
4.50% 2.520 0.397 2032 Year 21 5,572.0 30.24 168,513.4 168,513.4 21,335.8 21,335.8 147,177.6 58,398.2
4.50% 2.634 0.380 2033 Year 22 5,797.0 31.60 183,207.4 183,207.4 22,295.9 22,295.9 160,911.5 61,098.2
4.50% 2.752 0.363 2034 Year 23 6,023.0 33.03 198,915.6 198,915.6 23,299.3 - 23,299.3 175,616.3 63,810.2
4.50% 2.876 0.348 2035 Year 24 6,247.6 34.51 215,617.6 215,617.6 24,347.7 - 24,347.7 191,269.9 66,505.2
4.50% 3.005 0.333 2036 Year 25 6,247.6 36.07 225,320.4 225,320.4 25,443.4 - 25,443.4 199,877.0 66,505.2

Financial Internal Rate of Return #DIV/0!

NPV using Disc. Factor of 1.40% (551,815)

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Table A4.4-2 Cash flow in Scenario 2 Tagbilaran

Cash Flow Projection
In PHP 1000

Revenue Parameters Cash Inflow Cash Outflow Net Net

Domestic Domestic Conversion
Sewerage Tariff
Inflation Escalation factor to Year
H2O (50 % of water Revenue (1000 Peso) Costs (1000 peso) Cash Cash
Rate Factor real prices
Consumption supply tariff) Connection Gov't Subsidy other Replace Inflow
Domestic Total
fee (5000 (85%) income Project Cost O&M Cost ment Cost Total (Nominal) Inflow (Real)
3.00% 2010 Year -1 1.5%of WWTP
5.14% 1.000 1.000 2011 Year 0 6.00 8,466 -
4.50% 1.045 0.957 2012 Year 1
4.50% 1.092 0.916 2013 Year 2 - -
4.50% 1.141 0.876 2014 Year 3 - - - -
4.50% 1.193 0.839 2015 Year 4 734,355.6 734,355.6 863,947.8 863,947.8 (129,592.2) (108,671.0)
4.50% 1.246 0.802 2016 Year 5 19,929.6 879,897.3 899,826.9 1,035,173.3 1,035,173.3 (135,346.4) (108,608.9)
4.50% 1.302 0.768 2017 Year 6 1,242.3 7.81 9,706.6 20,826.4 140,305.3 170,838.3 165,065.0 4,409.9 169,474.9 1,363.4 1,046.9
4.50% 1.361 0.735 2018 Year 7 2,613.6 8.17 21,340.5 21,340.5 6,912.5 6,912.5 14,428.0 10,602.1
4.50% 1.422 0.703 2019 Year 8 2,742.7 8.53 23,402.0 23,402.0 7,223.5 7,223.5 16,178.5 11,376.5
4.50% 1.486 0.673 2020 Year 9 2,871.7 8.92 25,605.8 25,605.8 7,548.6 7,548.6 18,057.2 12,150.8
4.50% 1.553 0.644 2021 Year 10 3,097.0 9.32 28,857.3 28,857.3 7,888.3 7,888.3 20,969.0 13,502.5
4.50% 1.623 0.616 2022 Year 11 3,322.0 9.74 32,346.7 32,346.7 8,243.2 8,243.2 24,103.5 14,852.5
4.50% 1.696 0.590 2023 Year 12 3,547.0 10.18 36,091.7 36,091.7 8,614.2 8,614.2 27,477.5 16,202.5
4.50% 1.772 0.564 2024 Year 13 3,772.0 10.63 40,108.3 40,108.3 9,001.8 9,001.8 31,106.5 17,552.5
4.50% 1.852 0.540 2025 Year 14 3,997.0 11.11 44,413.3 34,811.9 859,735.2 938,960.4 1,011,453.2 9,406.9 1,020,860.1 (81,899.6) (44,223.6)
4.50% 1.935 0.517 2026 Year 15 4,222.0 11.61 49,024.6 36,378.5 895,462.3 980,865.4 1,053,485.1 9,830.2 1,063,315.3 (82,449.9) (42,603.6)
4.50% 2.022 0.494 2027 Year 16 4,447.0 12.13 53,960.9 53,960.9 17,121.0 17,121.0 36,839.9 18,216.2
4.50% 2.113 0.473 2028 Year 17 4,672.0 12.68 59,242.2 59,242.2 17,891.4 - 17,891.4 41,350.8 19,566.2
4.50% 2.208 0.453 2029 Year 18 4,897.0 13.25 64,889.5 64,889.5 18,696.5 18,696.5 46,193.0 20,916.2
4.50% 2.308 0.433 2030 Year 19 5,122.0 13.85 70,925.2 70,925.2 19,537.9 19,537.9 51,387.3 22,266.2
4.50% 2.412 0.415 2031 Year 20 5,347.0 14.47 77,372.6 331,686.0 409,058.6 20,417.1 390,218.9 410,635.9 (1,577.3) (654.0)
4.50% 2.520 0.397 2032 Year 21 5,572.0 15.12 84,256.7 84,256.7 21,335.8 21,335.8 62,920.9 24,966.2
4.50% 2.634 0.380 2033 Year 22 5,797.0 15.80 91,603.7 91,603.7 22,295.9 22,295.9 69,307.8 26,316.2
4.50% 2.752 0.363 2034 Year 23 6,023.0 16.51 99,457.8 99,457.8 23,299.3 - 23,299.3 76,158.5 27,672.2
4.50% 2.876 0.348 2035 Year 24 6,247.6 17.26 107,808.8 107,808.8 24,347.7 - 24,347.7 83,461.1 29,019.7
4.50% 3.005 0.333 2036 Year 25 6,247.6 18.03 112,660.2 112,660.2 25,443.4 - 25,443.4 87,216.8 29,019.7

Financial Internal Rate of Return 0.3%

NPV using Disc. Factor of 1.40% (29,633)

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Table A4.4-3 Cash flow in Scenario 3 Tagbilaran

Cash Flow Projection
In PHP 1000

Revenue Parameters Cash Inflow Cash Outflow Net Net

Domestic Domestic Conversion
Sewerage Tariff
Inflation Escalation factor to Year
H2O (330% of water Revenue (1000 Peso) Costs (1000 peso) Cash Cash
Rate Factor real prices
Consumption supply tariff) Connection fee other Replace ment
Domestic Gov't Subsidy Total
(5000 peso/HC) income Project Cost O&M Cost Cost Total Inflow (Nominal) Inflow (Real)
3.00% 2010 Year -1 1.5%of WWTP
5.14% 1.000 1.000 2011 Year 0 39.60 8,466 -
4.50% 1.045 0.957 2012 Year 1
4.50% 1.092 0.916 2013 Year 2 - -
4.50% 1.141 0.876 2014 Year 3 - - - -
4.50% 1.193 0.839 2015 Year 4 - 863,947.8 863,947.8 (863,947.8) (724,473.2)
4.50% 1.246 0.802 2016 Year 5 19,929.6 19,929.6 1,035,173.3 1,035,173.3 (1,015,243.8) (814,683.4)
4.50% 1.302 0.768 2017 Year 6 1,242.3 51.57 64,063.6 20,826.4 84,890.0 165,065.0 4,409.9 169,474.9 (84,584.9) (64,952.4)
4.50% 1.361 0.735 2018 Year 7 2,613.6 53.89 140,847.6 140,847.6 6,912.5 6,912.5 133,935.1 98,419.4
4.50% 1.422 0.703 2019 Year 8 2,742.7 56.32 154,453.4 154,453.4 7,223.5 7,223.5 147,229.9 103,529.9
4.50% 1.486 0.673 2020 Year 9 2,871.7 58.85 168,998.5 168,998.5 7,548.6 7,548.6 161,449.9 108,640.4
4.50% 1.553 0.644 2021 Year 10 3,097.0 61.50 190,458.0 190,458.0 7,888.3 7,888.3 182,569.7 117,561.7
4.50% 1.623 0.616 2022 Year 11 3,322.0 64.26 213,488.3 213,488.3 8,243.2 8,243.2 205,245.1 126,471.7
4.50% 1.696 0.590 2023 Year 12 3,547.0 67.16 238,205.5 238,205.5 8,614.2 8,614.2 229,591.3 135,381.7
4.50% 1.772 0.564 2024 Year 13 3,772.0 70.18 264,715.1 264,715.1 9,001.8 9,001.8 255,713.3 144,291.7
4.50% 1.852 0.540 2025 Year 14 3,997.0 73.34 293,128.1 34,811.9 327,940.0 1,011,453.2 9,406.9 1,020,860.1 (692,920.1) (374,158.0)
4.50% 1.935 0.517 2026 Year 15 4,222.0 76.64 323,562.2 36,378.5 359,940.7 1,053,485.1 9,830.2 1,063,315.3 (703,374.6) (363,448.0)
4.50% 2.022 0.494 2027 Year 16 4,447.0 80.09 356,141.8 356,141.8 17,121.0 17,121.0 339,020.8 167,635.4
4.50% 2.113 0.473 2028 Year 17 4,672.0 83.69 390,998.4 390,998.4 17,891.4 - 17,891.4 373,107.0 176,545.4
4.50% 2.208 0.453 2029 Year 18 4,897.0 87.46 428,270.9 428,270.9 18,696.5 18,696.5 409,574.4 185,455.4
4.50% 2.308 0.433 2030 Year 19 5,122.0 91.39 468,106.1 468,106.1 19,537.9 19,537.9 448,568.2 194,365.4
4.50% 2.412 0.415 2031 Year 20 5,347.0 95.50 510,659.2 510,659.2 20,417.1 390,218.9 410,635.9 100,023.3 41,473.9
4.50% 2.520 0.397 2032 Year 21 5,572.0 99.80 556,094.2 556,094.2 21,335.8 21,335.8 534,758.4 212,185.4
4.50% 2.634 0.380 2033 Year 22 5,797.0 104.29 604,584.3 604,584.3 22,295.9 22,295.9 582,288.4 221,095.4
4.50% 2.752 0.363 2034 Year 23 6,023.0 108.99 656,421.4 656,421.4 23,299.3 - 23,299.3 633,122.1 230,045.0
4.50% 2.876 0.348 2035 Year 24 6,247.6 113.89 711,538.2 711,538.2 24,347.7 - 24,347.7 687,190.5 238,938.5
4.50% 3.005 0.333 2036 Year 25 6,247.6 119.02 743,557.4 743,557.4 25,443.4 - 25,443.4 718,114.0 238,938.5

Financial Internal Rate of Return 1.6%

NPV using Disc. Factor of 1.40% 44,371

App 4-48
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 4

Table A4.4-3 Cash flow in Scenario 1 Dauis 1

Cash Flow Projection
In PHP1,000

Revenue Parameters Cash Inflow Net Net

Cash Outflow
Domestic Domestic Conversion
Sewerage Tariff Revenue (1000 Peso) Costs (1000 PHP) Cash Cash
Inflation Escalation factor to Year
H2O Sewerage Tariff Connection Gov't
Rate Factor real prices Project Replace
Consumption 100% of water Domestic fee (5000 Subsidy O&M Cost Total Inflow
Cost ment Cost
supply peso/HC) (50%) Total (Nominal) Inflow (Real)
3.00% 2010 Year -1 17.00 1.5%of WWTP
5.14% 1.000 1.000 2011 Year 0 - - -
4.50% 1.045 0.957 2012 Year 1 - -
4.50% 1.092 0.916 2013 Year 2 - - -
4.50% 1.141 0.876 2014 Year 3 1,227 31,164.4 32,391.2 62,328.8 62,328.8 (29,937.7) (26,234.3)
4.50% 1.193 0.839 2015 Year 4 37,134 20.30 753.8 753.8 - 208.9 208.9 544.9 456.9
4.50% 1.246 0.802 2016 Year 5 39,200 - 21.20 831.0 831.0 218.3 218.3 612.7 491.7
4.50% 1.302 0.768 2017 Year 6 41,348 - 22.10 913.8 913.8 228.1 228.1 685.7 526.5
4.50% 1.361 0.735 2018 Year 7 43,513 - 23.10 1,005.2 1,005.2 238.4 238.4 766.7 563.4
4.50% 1.422 0.703 2019 Year 8 45,763 - 24.20 1,107.5 1,107.5 249.1 249.1 858.3 603.6
4.50% 1.486 0.673 2020 Year 9 48,027 - 25.30 1,215.1 320 1,534.6 260.3 260.3 1,274.3 857.4
4.50% 1.553 0.644 2021 Year 10 49,802 - 26.40 1,314.8 1,314.8 272.1 272.1 1,042.7 671.4
4.50% 1.623 0.616 2022 Year 11 51,634 - 27.60 1,425.1 1,425.1 284.3 284.3 1,140.8 703.0
4.50% 1.696 0.590 2023 Year 12 53,443 - 28.80 1,539.2 1,539.2 297.1 297.1 1,242.1 732.4
4.50% 1.772 0.564 2024 Year 13 55,269 - 30.10 1,663.6 1,663.6 310.5 310.5 1,353.1 763.5
4.50% 1.852 0.540 2025 Year 14 57,154 - 31.50 1,800.4 204 2,004.1 324.4 324.4 1,679.6 907.0
4.50% 1.935 0.517 2026 Year 15 59,013 - 32.90 1,941.5 1,941.5 339.0 339.0 1,602.5 828.0
4.50% 2.022 0.494 2027 Year 16 60,889 - 34.40 2,094.6 2,094.6 354.3 354.3 1,740.3 860.5
4.50% 2.113 0.473 2028 Year 17 62,828 - 35.90 2,255.5 2,255.5 370.2 370.2 1,885.3 892.1
4.50% 2.208 0.453 2029 Year 18 64,738 - 37.50 2,427.7 2,427.7 386.9 9,904.4 10,291.3 (7,863.7) (3,560.7)
4.50% 2.308 0.433 2030 Year 19 66,664 - 39.20 2,613.2 2,613.2 404.3 404.3 2,208.9 957.1
4.50% 2.412 0.415 2031 Year 20 68,657 - 41.00 2,814.9 2,814.9 422.5 - 422.5 2,392.4 992.0
4.50% 2.520 0.397 2032 Year 21 70,617 - 42.80 3,022.4 3,022.4 441.5 441.5 2,580.9 1,024.1
4.50% 2.634 0.380 2033 Year 22 72,593 - 44.80 3,252.2 3,252.2 461.4 461.4 2,790.8 1,059.7
4.50% 2.752 0.363 2034 Year 23 74,640 - 46.80 3,493.2 3,493.2 482.1 482.1 3,011.0 1,094.1
4.50% 2.876 0.348 2035 Year 24 76,650 - 48.90 3,748.2 3,748.2 503.8 - 503.8 3,244.4 1,128.1
4.50% 3.005 0.333 2036 Year 25 76,924 - 51.10 3,930.8 3,930.8 526.5 - 526.5 3,404.3 1,132.7

Financial Internal Rate of Return #NUM!

NPV using Disc. Factor of 1.40% (14,458)

App 4-49
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 4

Table A4.4-4 Cash flow in Scenario 2 Dauis

Cash Flow Projection
In 1,000 PHP

Revenue Parameters Cash Inflow Net Net

Cash Outflow
Domestic Domestic Conversion Revenue (1000 Peso) Costs (1000 PHP) Cash Cash
Sewerage Tariff
Inflation Escalation factor to Year
H2O Sewerage Tariff Gov't
Rate Factor real prices Connection fee Replace Inflow
Consumption 50% of water Domestic Subsidy Project Cost O&M Cost Total Inflow (Real)
(5000 peso/HC) ment Cost (Nominal)
supply (90%) Total
3.00% 2010 Year -1 8.50 1.5%of WWTP
5.14% 1.000 1.000 2011 Year 0 - - -
4.50% 1.045 0.957 2012 Year 1 - -
4.50% 1.092 0.916 2013 Year 2 - - -
4.50% 1.141 0.876 2014 Year 3 1,227 56,095.9 57,322.7 62,328.8 62,328.8 (5,006.1) (4,386.9)
4.50% 1.193 0.839 2015 Year 4 37,134 10.10 375.1 375.1 - 208.9 208.9 166.1 139.3
4.50% 1.246 0.802 2016 Year 5 39,200 - 10.60 415.5 415.5 218.3 218.3 197.2 158.2
4.50% 1.302 0.768 2017 Year 6 41,348 - 11.10 459.0 459.0 228.1 228.1 230.8 177.3
4.50% 1.361 0.735 2018 Year 7 43,513 - 11.60 504.8 504.8 238.4 238.4 266.3 195.7
4.50% 1.422 0.703 2019 Year 8 45,763 - 12.10 553.7 553.7 249.1 249.1 304.6 214.2
4.50% 1.486 0.673 2020 Year 9 48,027 - 12.60 605.1 320 924.7 260.3 260.3 664.3 447.0
4.50% 1.553 0.644 2021 Year 10 49,802 - 13.20 657.4 657.4 272.1 272.1 385.3 248.1
4.50% 1.623 0.616 2022 Year 11 51,634 - 13.80 712.5 712.5 284.3 284.3 428.2 263.9
4.50% 1.696 0.590 2023 Year 12 53,443 - 14.40 769.6 769.6 297.1 297.1 472.5 278.6
4.50% 1.772 0.564 2024 Year 13 55,269 - 15.10 834.6 834.6 310.5 310.5 524.1 295.7
4.50% 1.852 0.540 2025 Year 14 57,154 - 15.70 897.3 204 1,101.0 324.4 324.4 776.6 419.3
4.50% 1.935 0.517 2026 Year 15 59,013 - 16.40 967.8 967.8 339.0 339.0 628.8 324.9
4.50% 2.022 0.494 2027 Year 16 60,889 - 17.20 1,047.3 1,047.3 354.3 354.3 693.0 342.7
4.50% 2.113 0.473 2028 Year 17 62,828 - 18.00 1,130.9 1,130.9 370.2 370.2 760.7 359.9
4.50% 2.208 0.453 2029 Year 18 64,738 - 18.80 1,217.1 1,217.1 386.9 9,904.4 10,291.3 (9,074.3) (4,108.8)
4.50% 2.308 0.433 2030 Year 19 66,664 - 19.60 1,306.6 1,306.6 404.3 404.3 902.3 391.0
4.50% 2.412 0.415 2031 Year 20 68,657 - 20.50 1,407.5 - 1,407.5 422.5 - 422.5 985.0 408.4
4.50% 2.520 0.397 2032 Year 21 70,617 - 21.40 1,511.2 1,511.2 441.5 441.5 1,069.7 424.4
4.50% 2.634 0.380 2033 Year 22 72,593 - 22.40 1,626.1 1,626.1 461.4 461.4 1,164.7 442.2
4.50% 2.752 0.363 2034 Year 23 74,640 - 23.40 1,746.6 1,746.6 482.1 482.1 1,264.4 459.4
4.50% 2.876 0.348 2035 Year 24 76,650 - 24.40 1,870.3 1,870.3 503.8 - 503.8 1,366.4 475.1
4.50% 3.005 0.333 2036 Year 25 76,924 - 25.50 1,961.6 1,961.6 526.5 - 526.5 1,435.1 477.5

Financial Internal Rate of Return -3.5%

NPV using Disc. Factor of 1.40% (1,897)

App 4-50
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 4

Table A4.4-5 Cash flow in Scenario 3 Dauis

Cash Flow Projection
In 1,000 PHP

Revenue Parameters Cash Inflow

Cash Outflow Net Net
Domestic Domestic Conversion Revenue (1000 Peso) Costs (1000 PHP)
Sewerage Tariff Cash Cash
Inflation Escalation factor to Year
H2O Sewerage Tariff
Rate Factor real prices Connection fee Gov't Replace
Consumption 340% of water Domestic Project Cost O&M Cost Total Inflow
(5000 peso/HC) Subsidy ment Cost
supply Total (Nominal) Inflow (Real)
3.00% 2010 Year -1 57.80 1.5%of WWTP
5.14% 1.000 1.000 2011 Year 0 - - -
4.50% 1.045 0.957 2012 Year 1 - -
4.50% 1.092 0.916 2013 Year 2 - - -
4.50% 1.141 0.876 2014 Year 3 1,227 1,226.8 62,328.8 62,328.8 (61,102.1) (53,543.5)
4.50% 1.193 0.839 2015 Year 4 37,134 68.90 2,558.5 2,558.5 - 208.9 208.9 2,349.6 1,970.3
4.50% 1.246 0.802 2016 Year 5 39,200 - 72.00 2,822.4 2,822.4 218.3 218.3 2,604.1 2,089.7
4.50% 1.302 0.768 2017 Year 6 41,348 - 75.30 3,113.5 3,113.5 228.1 228.1 2,885.4 2,215.7
4.50% 1.361 0.735 2018 Year 7 43,513 - 78.70 3,424.5 3,424.5 238.4 238.4 3,186.1 2,341.2
4.50% 1.422 0.703 2019 Year 8 45,763 - 82.20 3,761.7 3,761.7 249.1 249.1 3,512.6 2,470.0
4.50% 1.486 0.673 2020 Year 9 48,027 - 85.90 4,125.5 320 4,445.0 260.3 260.3 4,184.7 2,815.9
4.50% 1.553 0.644 2021 Year 10 49,802 - 89.80 4,472.2 4,472.2 272.1 272.1 4,200.2 2,704.6
4.50% 1.623 0.616 2022 Year 11 51,634 - 93.80 4,843.3 4,843.3 284.3 284.3 4,559.0 2,809.2
4.50% 1.696 0.590 2023 Year 12 53,443 - 98.00 5,237.4 5,237.4 297.1 297.1 4,940.3 2,913.1
4.50% 1.772 0.564 2024 Year 13 55,269 - 102.40 5,659.5 5,659.5 310.5 310.5 5,349.1 3,018.3
4.50% 1.852 0.540 2025 Year 14 57,154 - 107.00 6,115.5 204 6,319.2 324.4 324.4 5,994.8 3,237.0
4.50% 1.935 0.517 2026 Year 15 59,013 - 111.90 6,603.6 6,603.6 339.0 339.0 6,264.5 3,237.0
4.50% 2.022 0.494 2027 Year 16 60,889 - 116.90 7,117.9 7,117.9 354.3 354.3 6,763.6 3,344.4
4.50% 2.113 0.473 2028 Year 17 62,828 - 122.20 7,677.6 7,677.6 370.2 370.2 7,307.3 3,457.7
4.50% 2.208 0.453 2029 Year 18 64,738 - 127.70 8,267.0 8,267.0 386.9 9,904.4 10,291.3 (2,024.3) (916.6)
4.50% 2.308 0.433 2030 Year 19 66,664 - 133.40 8,893.0 8,893.0 404.3 404.3 8,488.7 3,678.2
4.50% 2.412 0.415 2031 Year 20 68,657 - 139.40 9,570.8 9,570.8 422.5 - 422.5 9,148.3 3,793.3
4.50% 2.520 0.397 2032 Year 21 70,617 - 145.70 10,288.9 10,288.9 441.5 441.5 9,847.4 3,907.3
4.50% 2.634 0.380 2033 Year 22 72,593 - 152.20 11,048.7 11,048.7 461.4 461.4 10,587.3 4,020.0
4.50% 2.752 0.363 2034 Year 23 74,640 - 159.10 11,875.2 11,875.2 482.1 482.1 11,393.1 4,139.7
4.50% 2.876 0.348 2035 Year 24 76,650 - 166.20 12,739.2 12,739.2 503.8 - 503.8 12,235.4 4,254.3
4.50% 3.005 0.333 2036 Year 25 76,924 - 173.70 13,361.7 13,361.7 526.5 - 526.5 12,835.2 4,270.7

Financial Internal Rate of Return 1.7%

NPV using Disc. Factor of 1.40% 1,743

App 4-51
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 4

Table A4.4-6 Cash flow in Scenario 1 Panglao

Cash Flow Projection
In PHP1000

Revenue Parameters Cash Inflow Cash Outflow Net Net

Sewerage Tariff
Domestic Domestic Conversion
H2O Consumption 100% of water supply Revenue (1000 Peso) Costs (1000 Peso) Cash Cash
Inflation Escalation factor to Year
Rate Factor real prices Connection Gov't
Project Replace
Domestic fee (5000 Subsidy Total O&M Cost
Commercial Cost ment Cost Inflow
Domestic Commercial Domestic Commercial peso/HC) (50%) Total (Nominal) Inflow (Real)
3.00% 2010 Year -1 4.80 9.30 1.5%of WWTP
5.14% 1.000 1.000 2011 Year 0 Alona 412 -
4.50% 1.045 0.957 2012 Year 1 Doljo=pob 818
4.50% 1.092 0.916 2013 Year 2 - - -
4.50% 1.141 0.876 2014 Year 3 1649 55,009.8 56,658.8 110,020 110,019.6 (53,360.8) (46,759.9)
4.50% 1.193 0.839 2015 Year 4 17,520 95,453 5.70 11.10 99.9 1,059.5 1,159.4 491.3 491.3 668.1 560.2
4.50% 1.246 0.802 2016 Year 5 18,688 100,452 6.00 11.60 112.1 1,165.2 1,277.3 513.4 513.4 763.9 613.0
4.50% 1.302 0.768 2017 Year 6 19,856 105,452 6.30 12.10 125.1 1,276.0 1,401.1 536.5 536.5 864.6 663.9
4.50% 1.361 0.735 2018 Year 7 21,024 110,451 6.50 12.70 136.7 1,402.7 1,539.4 560.7 560.7 978.7 719.2
4.50% 1.422 0.703 2019 Year 8 22,192 115,451 6.80 13.20 150.9 1,523.9 1,674.8 585.9 585.9 1,088.9 765.7
4.50% 1.486 0.673 2020 Year 9 269,735 166,075 7.10 13.80 1,915.1 2,291.8 12,468 164,039.9 180,715.2 328,080 1,827.9 329,907.7 (149,192.6) (100,392.3)
4.50% 1.553 0.644 2021 Year 10 278,957 170,504 7.50 14.40 2,092.2 2,455.3 4,547.5 1,910.2 1,910.2 2,637.3 1,698.3
4.50% 1.623 0.616 2022 Year 11 288,180 174,932 7.80 15.10 2,247.8 2,641.5 4,889.3 1,996.1 1,996.1 2,893.2 1,782.8
4.50% 1.696 0.590 2023 Year 12 297,402 179,361 8.10 15.80 2,409.0 2,833.9 5,242.9 2,085.9 2,085.9 3,157.0 1,861.5
4.50% 1.772 0.564 2024 Year 13 306,624 183,790 8.50 16.50 2,606.3 3,032.5 5,638.8 2,179.8 2,179.8 3,459.0 1,951.8
4.50% 1.852 0.540 2025 Year 14 315,847 188,218 8.90 17.20 2,811.0 3,237.3 6,048.3 2,277.9 2,277.9 3,770.4 2,035.9
4.50% 1.935 0.517 2026 Year 15 325,069 192,647 9.30 18.00 3,023.1 3,467.6 6,490.7 2,380.4 2,380.4 4,110.3 2,123.9
4.50% 2.022 0.494 2027 Year 16 334,291 197,076 9.70 18.80 3,242.6 3,705.0 6,947.6 2,487.5 2,487.5 4,460.1 2,205.4
4.50% 2.113 0.473 2028 Year 17 343,514 201,504 10.10 19.70 3,469.5 3,969.6 7,439.1 2,599.5 29,705.7 32,305.2 (24,866.1) (11,766.0)
4.50% 2.208 0.453 2029 Year 18 352,736 205,933 10.60 20.50 3,739.0 4,221.6 7,960.6 2,716.4 2,716.4 5,244.2 2,374.6
4.50% 2.308 0.433 2030 Year 19 361,958 210,362 11.10 21.50 4,017.7 4,522.8 8,540.5 2,838.7 2,838.7 5,701.8 2,470.6
4.50% 2.412 0.415 2031 Year 20 371,181 214,790 11.60 22.40 4,305.7 4,811.3 9,117.0 2,966.4 - 2,966.4 6,150.6 2,550.3
4.50% 2.520 0.397 2032 Year 21 380,403 219,219 12.10 23.40 4,602.9 5,129.7 9,732.6 3,099.9 3,099.9 6,632.7 2,631.8
4.50% 2.634 0.380 2033 Year 22 389,625 223,648 12.60 24.50 4,909.3 5,479.4 10,388.7 3,239.4 3,239.4 7,149.3 2,714.6
4.50% 2.752 0.363 2034 Year 23 398,848 228,076 13.20 25.60 5,264.8 5,838.7 11,103.5 3,385.2 61,185.3 64,570.4 (53,466.9) (19,427.2)
4.50% 2.876 0.348 2035 Year 24 408,070 232,505 13.80 26.70 5,631.4 6,207.9 11,839.3 3,537.5 - 3,537.5 8,301.8 2,886.6
4.50% 3.005 0.333 2036 Year 25 408,070 232,505 14.40 28.00 5,876.2 6,510.1 12,386.3 3,696.7 - 3,696.7 8,689.6 2,891.3

Financial Internal Rate of Return #DIV/0!

NPV using Disc. Factor of 1.40% (132,282)

App 4-52
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 4

Table A4.4-7 Cash flow in Scenario 2 Panglao

Cash Flow Projection
In PHP1000

Revenue Parameters Cash Inflow Cash Outflow Net Net

Domestic Domestic Conversion Sewerage Tariff
Revenue (1000 Peso) Costs (1000 peso)
Inflation Escalation factor to Year H2O Consumption 50% of water supply Cash Cash
Rate Factor real prices Connection Gov't
Project Replace
Domestic fee (5000 Subsidy Total O&M Cost Total Inflow
Commercial Cost ment Cost
Domestic Commercial Domestic Commercial peso/HC) (95%) (Nominal) Inflow (Real)
3.00% 2010 Year -1 2.40 4.65 1.5%of WWTP
5.14% 1.000 1.000 2011 Year 0 Alona 412 -
4.50% 1.045 0.957 2012 Year 1 Doljo=pob 818
4.50% 1.092 0.916 2013 Year 2 - - -
4.50% 1.141 0.876 2014 Year 3 1649 104,518.6 106,167.6 110,020 110,019.6 (3,852.0) (3,375.5)
4.50% 1.193 0.839 2015 Year 4 17,520 95,453 2.90 5.50 50.8 525.0 575.8 491.3 491.3 84.5 70.8
4.50% 1.246 0.802 2016 Year 5 18,688 100,452 3.00 5.80 56.1 582.6 638.7 513.4 513.4 125.3 100.5
4.50% 1.302 0.768 2017 Year 6 19,856 105,452 3.10 6.10 61.6 643.3 704.9 536.5 536.5 168.4 129.3
4.50% 1.361 0.735 2018 Year 7 21,024 110,451 3.30 6.30 69.4 695.8 765.2 560.7 560.7 204.5 150.3
4.50% 1.422 0.703 2019 Year 8 22,192 115,451 3.40 6.60 75.5 762.0 837.5 585.9 585.9 251.6 176.9
4.50% 1.486 0.673 2020 Year 9 269,735 166,075 3.60 6.90 971.0 1,145.9 12,468 311,675.9 326,261.1 328,080 1,827.9 329,907.7 (3,646.7) (2,453.8)
4.50% 1.553 0.644 2021 Year 10 278,957 170,504 3.70 7.20 1,032.1 1,227.6 2,259.7 1,910.2 1,910.2 349.5 225.1
4.50% 1.623 0.616 2022 Year 11 288,180 174,932 3.90 7.50 1,123.9 1,312.0 2,435.9 1,996.1 1,996.1 439.8 271.0
4.50% 1.696 0.590 2023 Year 12 297,402 179,361 4.10 7.90 1,219.3 1,417.0 2,636.3 2,085.9 2,085.9 550.4 324.5
4.50% 1.772 0.564 2024 Year 13 306,624 183,790 4.30 8.20 1,318.5 1,507.1 2,825.6 2,179.8 2,179.8 645.8 364.4
4.50% 1.852 0.540 2025 Year 14 315,847 188,218 4.40 8.60 1,389.7 1,618.7 3,008.4 2,277.9 2,277.9 730.5 394.5
4.50% 1.935 0.517 2026 Year 15 325,069 192,647 4.60 9.00 1,495.3 1,733.8 3,229.1 2,380.4 2,380.4 848.7 438.5
4.50% 2.022 0.494 2027 Year 16 334,291 197,076 4.90 9.40 1,638.0 1,852.5 3,490.5 2,487.5 2,487.5 1,003.0 495.9
4.50% 2.113 0.473 2028 Year 17 343,514 201,504 5.10 9.80 1,751.9 1,974.7 28,220.4 31,947.0 2,599.5 29,705.7 32,305.2 (358.1) (169.5)
4.50% 2.208 0.453 2029 Year 18 352,736 205,933 5.30 10.30 1,869.5 2,121.1 3,990.6 2,716.4 2,716.4 1,274.2 576.9
4.50% 2.308 0.433 2030 Year 19 361,958 210,362 5.50 10.70 1,990.8 2,250.9 4,241.7 2,838.7 2,838.7 1,403.0 607.9
4.50% 2.412 0.415 2031 Year 20 371,181 214,790 5.80 11.20 2,152.8 2,405.6 4,558.4 2,966.4 - 2,966.4 1,592.0 660.1
4.50% 2.520 0.397 2032 Year 21 380,403 219,219 6.00 11.70 2,282.4 2,564.9 4,847.3 3,099.9 3,099.9 1,747.4 693.3
4.50% 2.634 0.380 2033 Year 22 389,625 223,648 6.30 12.20 2,454.6 2,728.5 5,183.1 3,239.4 3,239.4 1,943.7 738.0
4.50% 2.752 0.363 2034 Year 23 398,848 228,076 6.60 12.80 2,632.4 2,919.4 58,126.0 63,677.8 3,385.2 61,185.3 64,570.4 (892.6) (324.3)
4.50% 2.876 0.348 2035 Year 24 408,070 232,505 6.90 13.40 2,815.7 3,115.6 5,931.3 3,537.5 - 3,537.5 2,393.8 832.3
4.50% 3.005 0.333 2036 Year 25 408,070 232,505 7.20 14.00 2,938.1 3,255.1 6,193.2 3,696.7 - 3,696.7 2,496.5 830.7

Financial Internal Rate of Return 2.2%

NPV using Disc. Factor of 1.40% 563

App 4-53
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 4

Table A4.4-8 Cash flow in Scenario 3 Panglao

Cash Flow Projection
In PHP1000

Revenue Parameters Cash Inflow Cash Outflow Net Net

Sewerage Tariff
Revenue (1000 Peso) Costs (1000peso)
Year H2O Consumption 100% of water supply Cash Cash
Connection Gov't
Project Replace
Domestic Commercial fee (5000 Subsidy Total O&M Cost Total Inflow
Cost ment Cost
Domestic Commercial Domestic Commercial peso/HC) (87%) (Nominal) Inflow (Real)
2010 Year -1 4.80 9.30 1.5%of WWTP
2011 Year 0 Alona 412 -
2012 Year 1 Doljo=pob 818
2013 Year 2 - - -
2014 Year 3 1649 95,717.0 97,366.0 110,020 110,019.6 (12,653.6) (11,088.3)
2015 Year 4 17,520 95,453 5.70 11.10 99.9 1,059.5 1,159.4 491.3 491.3 668.1 560.2
2016 Year 5 18,688 100,452 6.00 11.60 112.1 1,165.2 1,277.3 513.4 513.4 763.9 613.0
2017 Year 6 19,856 105,452 6.30 12.10 125.1 1,276.0 1,401.1 536.5 536.5 864.6 663.9
2018 Year 7 21,024 110,451 6.50 12.70 136.7 1,402.7 1,539.4 560.7 560.7 978.7 719.2
2019 Year 8 22,192 115,451 6.80 13.20 150.9 1,523.9 1,674.8 585.9 585.9 1,088.9 765.7
2020 Year 9 269,735 166,075 7.10 13.80 1,915.1 2,291.8 12,468 285,429.5 302,104.7 328,080 1,827.9 329,907.7 (27,803.0) (18,708.8)
2021 Year 10 278,957 170,504 7.50 14.40 2,092.2 2,455.3 4,547.5 1,910.2 1,910.2 2,637.3 1,698.3
2022 Year 11 288,180 174,932 7.80 15.10 2,247.8 2,641.5 4,889.3 1,996.1 1,996.1 2,893.2 1,782.8
2023 Year 12 297,402 179,361 8.10 15.80 2,409.0 2,833.9 5,242.9 2,085.9 2,085.9 3,157.0 1,861.5
2024 Year 13 306,624 183,790 8.50 16.50 2,606.3 3,032.5 5,638.8 2,179.8 2,179.8 3,459.0 1,951.8
2025 Year 14 315,847 188,218 8.90 17.20 2,811.0 3,237.3 6,048.3 2,277.9 2,277.9 3,770.4 2,035.9
2026 Year 15 325,069 192,647 9.30 18.00 3,023.1 3,467.6 6,490.7 2,380.4 2,380.4 4,110.3 2,123.9
2027 Year 16 334,291 197,076 9.70 18.80 3,242.6 3,705.0 6,947.6 2,487.5 2,487.5 4,460.1 2,205.4
2028 Year 17 343,514 201,504 10.10 19.70 3,469.5 3,969.6 25,844.0 33,283.1 2,599.5 29,705.7 32,305.2 977.9 462.7
2029 Year 18 352,736 205,933 10.60 20.50 3,739.0 4,221.6 7,960.6 2,716.4 2,716.4 5,244.2 2,374.6
2030 Year 19 361,958 210,362 11.10 21.50 4,017.7 4,522.8 8,540.5 2,838.7 2,838.7 5,701.8 2,470.6
2031 Year 20 371,181 214,790 11.60 22.40 4,305.7 4,811.3 9,117.0 2,966.4 - 2,966.4 6,150.6 2,550.3
2032 Year 21 380,403 219,219 12.10 23.40 4,602.9 5,129.7 9,732.6 3,099.9 3,099.9 6,632.7 2,631.8
2033 Year 22 389,625 223,648 12.60 24.50 4,909.3 5,479.4 10,388.7 3,239.4 3,239.4 7,149.3 2,714.6
2034 Year 23 398,848 228,076 13.20 25.60 5,264.8 5,838.7 53,231.2 64,334.7 3,385.2 61,185.3 64,570.4 (235.8) (85.7)
2035 Year 24 408,070 232,505 13.80 26.70 5,631.4 6,207.9 11,839.3 3,537.5 - 3,537.5 8,301.8 2,886.6
2036 Year 25 408,070 232,505 14.40 28.00 5,876.2 6,510.1 12,386.3 3,696.7 - 3,696.7 8,689.6 2,891.3

Financial Internal Rate of Return 1.9%

NPV using Disc. Factor of 1.40% 1,377

App 4-54
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 4

Table A4.4-9 Cash flow in Scenario 4 Panglao

Cash Flow Projection
In 1000 PHP

Revenue Parameters Cash Inflow Cash Outflow Net Net

Sewerage Tariff
Year Revenue (1000 Peso) Costs (1000peso) Cash Cash
H2O Consumption 630% of water supply
Connection Gov't Project Replace Inflow
Domestic Commercial Total O&M Cost Total Inflow (Real)
Domestic Commercial Domestic Commercial fee (5000 Subsidy Cost ment Cost (Nominal)
2010 Year -1 30.24 58.59 1.5%of WWTP
2011 Year 0 Alona 412 -
2012 Year 1 Doljo=pob 818
2013 Year 2 - - -
2014 Year 3 1649 1,649.0 110,020 110,019.6 (108,370.6) (94,964.8)
2015 Year 4 17,520 95,453 36.10 69.90 632.5 6,672.1 7,304.6 491.3 491.3 6,813.3 5,713.4
2016 Year 5 18,688 100,452 37.70 73.00 704.5 7,333.0 8,037.5 513.4 513.4 7,524.1 6,037.7
2017 Year 6 19,856 105,452 39.40 76.30 782.3 8,045.9 8,828.2 536.5 536.5 8,291.7 6,367.1
2018 Year 7 21,024 110,451 41.20 79.70 866.2 8,802.9 9,669.1 560.7 560.7 9,108.4 6,693.1
2019 Year 8 22,192 115,451 43.00 83.30 954.3 9,617.0 10,571.3 585.9 585.9 9,985.4 7,021.6
2020 Year 9 269,735 166,075 44.90 87.10 12,111.1 14,465.1 12,468 39,044.5 328,080 1,827.9 329,907.7 (290,863.2) (195,723.1)
2021 Year 10 278,957 170,504 47.00 91.00 13,111.0 15,515.9 28,626.9 1,910.2 1,910.2 26,716.7 17,203.7
2022 Year 11 288,180 174,932 49.10 95.10 14,149.6 16,636.0 30,785.6 1,996.1 1,996.1 28,789.5 17,740.0
2023 Year 12 297,402 179,361 51.30 99.40 15,256.7 17,828.5 33,085.2 2,085.9 2,085.9 30,999.3 18,279.1
2024 Year 13 306,624 183,790 53.60 103.80 16,435.0 19,077.4 35,512.4 2,179.8 2,179.8 33,332.6 18,808.6
2025 Year 14 315,847 188,218 56.00 108.50 17,687.4 20,421.7 38,109.1 2,277.9 2,277.9 35,831.2 19,347.9
2026 Year 15 325,069 192,647 58.50 113.40 19,016.5 21,846.2 40,862.7 2,380.4 2,380.4 38,482.3 19,884.6
2027 Year 16 334,291 197,076 61.20 118.50 20,458.6 23,353.5 43,812.1 2,487.5 2,487.5 41,324.6 20,433.7
2028 Year 17 343,514 201,504 63.90 123.80 21,950.5 24,946.2 46,896.7 2,599.5 29,705.7 32,305.2 14,591.5 6,904.4
2029 Year 18 352,736 205,933 66.80 129.40 23,562.8 26,647.7 50,210.5 2,716.4 2,716.4 47,494.1 21,505.3
2030 Year 19 361,958 210,362 69.80 135.20 25,264.7 28,440.9 53,705.6 2,838.7 2,838.7 50,866.9 22,040.7
2031 Year 20 371,181 214,790 72.90 141.30 27,059.1 30,349.8 57,408.9 2,966.4 - 2,966.4 54,442.5 22,574.2
2032 Year 21 380,403 219,219 76.20 147.70 28,986.7 32,378.6 61,365.3 3,099.9 3,099.9 58,265.4 23,119.0
2033 Year 22 389,625 223,648 79.60 154.30 31,014.2 34,508.9 65,523.1 3,239.4 3,239.4 62,283.7 23,649.2
2034 Year 23 398,848 228,076 83.20 161.20 33,184.2 36,765.9 69,950.1 3,385.2 61,185.3 64,570.4 5,379.7 1,954.7
2035 Year 24 408,070 232,505 87.00 168.50 35,502.1 39,177.1 74,679.2 3,537.5 - 3,537.5 71,141.7 24,736.2
2036 Year 25 408,070 232,505 90.90 176.10 37,093.6 40,944.1 78,037.7 3,696.7 - 3,696.7 74,341.0 24,735.5

Financial Internal Rate of Return 1.5%

NPV using Disc. Factor of 1.40% 2,835

App 4-55
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment

Appendix

Chapter 5

Table of Contents

5.1. Results of Questionnaire Survey ·················································· App 5-1

5.2. Reeds Bed System ····································································· App 5-3

5.3. Inspection/Certifications ····························································· App 5-4

5.4. Operation and Maintenance Record ············································· App 5-6

5.5. Estimation of Statistical Values Used for Calculation of Drying Bed

Facility Size ··············································································· App 5-7
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 5

Appendix Chapter 5
5.1. Results of Questionnaire Survey

Table A 5.1-1 Results of Questionnaire to the Tourist Accommodation Facilities (1/2)

Facilities Occupacy Rate Type of Water Source*1 Water consumption*2
Room Water
Const- Official Estimated Pay
rate per Swim No. of consump
No. Name of hotel Barangy ruction Dive Resta Avera High data volume in Amount
night ming rooms Drinking Cooking Others tion
Year shop urant ge season Averag high (Peso/m
(Peso) Pool 3
(m /mon
e season onth)
th)
Dauis Municipality
Ladaga Inn & Public
1 Totolan 2005 <1,000 28 25% 25% 17% Bottle Public WS 44 92.4 1,500
Restaurant WS
Own well,
2 French Kiss San Isdro 2010 2,500 Yes 4 15% 89% Bottle Own well 5 46.992 150
Public WS
Public WS,
3 Bohol Plaza Mayacalbac 1999 1,200< Yes Yes 94 60% 90% 40% Bottle Bottle 1,631 1,117 80,790
Own well

Bohol Bee 3,000-

4 Dao 2002 Yes Yes Yes 40 50% 80% 6% Bottle Bottle Own well 3,000 422.4 -
Farm 8,000
Public
5 Coco Grove Poblacion 2005 1,000 13 70% 90% 30% Bottle Public WS 62 154.44 2,350
WS
Panglao Municipality
Alona Kew
4,100- Water
1 White Beach Tawala 2010 Yes Yes 63 80% 100% 33% Bottle Bottle 1,560 831.6 -
15,600 truck
Resort
Charts Resort Filipinas Filipinas
2 Tawala 2008 4000< Yes 9 35% 60% Bottle 125 71.28 3,751
& Art Café WS WS
Linaw Beach 3,400- Water Water
3 Danao 2008 Yes Yes 14 30% 50% 16% Bottle 120 92.4 20,400
Resort 5,800 truck truck
5,800- Water Water
4 Amarela Libang 2006 Yes Yes 25 43% 43% Bottle 470 141.9 58,750
20,000 truck truck
Sea Corals Public Public WS,
5 Doljo 1998? 1,000< Yes 17 80% 90% 46% Bottle 30 201.96 -
Hotel WS, well well
Muro Ami Public,
900-
6 Seaside Inn & Doljo 2007 Yes Yes 16 30% 50% 16% Bottle Water 103 105.6 -
2,500
Restaruant truck
Public
Public WS,
Ananyana WS,
7 Doljo 2000 7,600< Yes Yes Yes 12 60% 80% 45% Bottle Water 158 126.72 -
Beach Rsort Water
truck
truck
8 Aquatica Tawala 1992 1,000 Yes 16 48% 55% Bottle Bottle Public 76 116.16 2,270
2,000- Mactan
9 ISIS Bangalows Danao 2005 Yes 12 30% 80% Bottle Bottle 300 126.72 18,000
3,000 WS
Mactan
10 Tierra Azul Danao 1998 1,500 11 50% 60% Bottle Bottle 199 87.12 7,910
WS
Filipinas
Alona Charlotte
11 Danao 2002 2500< 6 50% 80% Bottle WS, Water 138 63.36 7,538
Resort
truck
Mactan
Bananaland Mactan
12 Tawala 1992 1500 4 10% 10% Bottle WS, Own 133 5.28 4,000
Cotages WS
well
1,600- Mactan
13 Flower Garden Tawala 1997 Yes 6 80% 90% 170 Bottle Bottle 127 71.28 3,800
1,900 WS
14 Cherry Home 1 Tawala 2006 1000 6 45% 80% Bottle Bottle Own well - 63.36 -
Unkno Filipinas
15 Oasis Resort Tawala 1998 3300< Yes Yes Yes 22 - Bottle Public 500 - 14,000
wn WS
Filipinas
16 Genesis Divers Tawala 2006 1000 Yes Yes 4 70% 80% Bottle Public 367 42.24 11,000
WS
Citadel Alona 750-
17 Tawala 2005 12 60% 80% Bottle Bottle Own well - 126.72 -
Inn 2,400
1,000-
18 Evelyn Resort Danao 2007 Yes 6 20% 30% Bottle Bottle Own well - 23.76 -
1,400
Jas'z Bar & Public
19 Tawala 2007 1,500 Yes Yes 4 40% 50% Bottle Public WS 100 26.4 4,000
Restaurant WS
Mactan
20 One 4 the Road Tawala 2008 800 Yes 4 40% 60% Bottle Bottle 50 31.68 1,500
WS
Alona Tropical Mactan
21 Tawala 2007 2,980 Yes Yes Yes 62 60% 70% Bottle Bottle 433 572.88 13,000
Beach Resort WS
Mactan
22 Hennan Resort Tawa;a 1999 12,320 Yes Yes 12 30% 50% Bottle Bottle WS, Own 167 79.2 5,000
well
Vila Belza
23 Danao 2008 1,000 Yes Yes 9 50% 80% Bottle Own well Own well - 95.04 -
Resort
Water
24 Alona Studio Tawala 2005 Yes 38 50% 80% Bottle Bottle supply&O 153 401.28 -
wn well
Lost Horizon
25 Danao 1998 2,695 Yes Yes Yes 30 85% 85% Bottle Own well Own well - 336.6 -
Hotel
Bita-ug Beach Water
26 Danao 2005 1,800 Yes Yes 7 50% 70% Bottle Bottle 67 64.68 10,070
Resort truck
*1: WS stands for Water Supply System. There is two private water supply company named Philippians water and Mactan rack in Panglao..
*2: Estimated water consumption volume is calculated by: (No. of rooms) x (Occupancy rate in high season) x (2 persons/room) x (0.22
m3/day/person) x 30 days.

App 5-1
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 5

Table A 5.1-1 Results of Questionnaire to the Tourist Accommodation Facilities (2/2)

Wastewater Disposal Structure of Treatment Maintenance
Riquired
Const- Tank tank
No. Name of hotel Barangy ruction Kitchen No. of No. of size in volume*3 Desludging Last Remarks
Year Toilet Waste
Others
chamber ST total 3
Frequency/ desludgiｎg
3 (m ) reason date
(m )
Dauis Municipality
Ladaga Inn &
1 Totolan 2005 ST ST ST 4 1 28.2 33.6 Tank full Jan.2011
Restaurant
2 French Kiss San Isdro 2010 ST ST ST 3 1 28 4.8 None -
ST effluent is
3 Bohol Plaza Mayacalbac 1999 ST ST ST 3 1 56.7 124.08 None - dicahrged into own
open yard
Hotel grows many
Bohol Bee
4 Dao 2002 ST ST ST 3 3 148.4 52.8 Tank full 2011 vegetables and
Farm
flowers
5 Coco Grove Poblacion 2005 ST ST ST 3 1 13.7 15.6 None -
Panglao Municipality
Alona Kew
1 White Beach Tawala 2010 ST ST ST 4 2 80 83.16 None -
Resort
Charts Resort Every 6
2 Tawala 2008 ST ST ST 3 2 40 10.8 Oct. 2011
& Art Café month
Linaw Beach Don't Overflow was
3 Danao 2008 ST ST ST 3 3 56.4 18.48 Tank full
Resort remember observed
ST effluent be
4 Amarela Libang 2006 ST ST ST 3 2 32 33 None - treated by Reed
Bed System*
Sea Corals
5 Doljo 1998? ST ST ST 3 2 64 22.44 Tank full 2001
Hotel
Muro Ami
3ST: 3 Every Using unlined pit
6 Seaside Inn & Doljo 2007 ST ST ST 1 or 3 64.1 21.12 Dec. 2011
Pit: 2 7month for toilet
Restaruant

Ananyana
7 Doljo 2000 ST ST ST 3 2 62.5 15.84 Tank full Feb. 2011
Beach Rsort

Every 1
8 Aquatica Tawala 1992 ST ST ST 2 3 51.7 21.12 Mar. 2012
years
3ST: 1 Every 2
9 ISIS Bangalows Danao 2005 ST ST ST 1 or 3 69.1 15.84 Apr. 2012
1ST: 3 month
10 Tierra Azul Danao 1998 ST ST ST 3 1 13.9 13.2 Tank full Feb. 2011

Alona Charlotte
11 Danao 2002 ST ST ST 3 1 19 7.2 Tank full Aug. 2011
Resort
ST was renovated.
Bananaland
12 Tawala 1992 ST ST ST 3 2 52.8 4.8 None - Cost P150,00 per
Cotages
unit.
3ST: 3
ST in each room. 1
13 Flower Garden Tawala 1997 ST ST ST 1,2 or 3 2ST: 1 51.4 7.2 Tank full Jan. 2012
unlined pit for toilet
Pit: 1
14 Cherry Home 1 Tawala 2006 ST ST ST 3 1 26.4 7.2 Tank full 2012
Tank full, Desludge by their
3ST: 8
15 Oasis Resort Tawala 1998 ST ST ST 2 or 3 309.8 29.04 Twice a Apr. 2012 own, dump into
2ST: 8
month cave
16 Genesis Divers Tawala 2006 ST ST ST 3 1 39 5.28 Tank full Feb. 2011
Citadel Alona Every 2 has Self-cook
17 Tawala 2005 ST ST ST 3 1 33.5 14.4 Jan. 2011
Inn years kitchen
18 Evelyn Resort Danao 2007 ST ST ST 3 2 20.7 7.2 None -
Jas'z Bar &
19 Tawala 2007 ST ST ST 3 2 32 5.28 Tank full 2010
Restaurant
20 One 4 the Road Tawala 2008 ST ST ST 3 3 63 5.28 None -
Alona Tropical 6ST: 2
21 Tawala 2007 ST ST ST 3 or 6 239 81.84 Tank full Nov. 2011
Beach Resort 3ST: 2
4ST: 4
22 Hennan Resort Tawa;a 1999 ST ST ST 3 or 4 444.9 15.84 Tank full Mar. 2009
3ST: 1
Vila Belza
23 Danao 2008 ST ST ST 3 1 96.2 11.88 Tank full Feb. 2012
Resort
3ST: 3 Pit for kitchen
24 Alona Studio Tawala 2005 ST ST ST 1 or 3 71.2 45.6 Tank full Apr, 2012
Pit: 1 waste
Lost Horizon
25 Danao 1998 ST ST ST 3 5 175 39.6 Tank full Sep. 2011
Hotel
Bita-ug Beach 3ST: 2 Unline pit for
26 Danao 2005 ST ST ST 1 or 3 17.8 9.24 None -
Resort Pit: 1 shower

Table A 5.1-2 Results of Questionnaire to Households

App 5-2
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 5

Water Source Water consumption Wastewater Disposal Structure of Treatment

Pay
Water Estimat
Constru- Monthly No. of Amount Tank Required
Barang consum ed Desludging
No. ction Income living per Kitchen No. of size in volume Remarks
y Frequency
Year (Peso) person Drinking Cooking Others ption volume
month
Toilet
Waste
Others
chamber
Unit No. total m3
(m3/mo (m3/mo 3
(Peso/m (m )
nth) nth)
onth)
Dauis
Public 2nd 2nd
Poblaci Public
1 2011 90,000 2 Bottle water 18 12 300 ST chamber chamber 2 1 6.6 1.2 None
on water
supply of the ST of the ST
Public Seep to
Water Unlined Unlined
2 Totolan 2003 38,000 5 Bottle water 32 30 589 undergro 1 1 32.1 3 None
Truck Pit Pit
supply und
Public Public
Retired Bottle, Seep to
water, water,
3 Totolan 2001 Japanese 2 Rainwate 13.6 12 230 ST undergro ST 2 1 18.9 1.2 None
Rainwate Rainwate
house r und
r r
Public Public
Poblaci
4 2011 50,000 2 Bottle water water 17.5 12 300 ST ST ST 2 1 16.6 1.2 None No manhole.
on
supply supply
Public One a year Two unlined pits were
Poblaci Unlined Unlined Unlined
5 2000 30,000 6 Bottle Bottle water 23.1 36 400 1 3 10.0 3.6 for kitchen newly constructed in
on Pit Pit Pit
supply waste pit 2004 and 2002.

Public Seep to Tank full Construct new ST.

Poblaci
6 2000 40,000 9 Bottle Bottle water 27.8 54 485 ST undergro ST 2 2 49.0 5.4 more than Overflow of first ST flows
on
supply und 5 years ago into nes 2nd ST.
Public Public More than
Poblaci Aqua Aqua Aqua ST is built under
7 1973 50,000 6 Bottle water water 28.6 36 500 1 1 21.1 3.6 10 years
on Privy Privy Privy building. No manhole.
supply supply ago
Renovat Less Public Seep to
Poblaci Aqua Aqua Use many water when
8 ed in than 4 Bottle Bottle water 11.9 24 200 undergro 1 1 9.0 2.4 None
on Privy Privy the blockage occurred.
1999 10,000 supply und
Public Public Seep to Seep to
Poblaci Aqua
9 1998 10,000 5 Bottle water water 72 30 1,000 undergro undergro 1 1 8.0 3 None
on Privy
supply supply und und
Seep to Seep to
Public Public
Poblaci Aqua undergro undergro Half of the ST is
10 2007 90,000 6 Bottle water water 17.5 36 300 1 1 32.4 3.6 None
on Privy und→ und→ under building.
supply supply
Sea Sea
Panglao
Public Public Seep to
10,001- ST/Unlin ST: 1 Unline pit for outside
1 Danao 1997 2 Bottle water water 16.7 12 150 ST undergro 1 20 1.2 None
20,000 e pit Pit: 1 toilet
supply supply und
Less Unlined Seep to Seep to Unline pit for outside
2 Tawala 1980 15 Own well Own well Own well 9 90 - 1 1 3 9 None
than Pit undergro undergro toilet
Less Purchase Unlined Seep to Unlined
3 Danao 1993 8 Bottle Bottle 2 48 - 1 1 12 4.8 None
than public Pit undergro Pit
Less Purchase Purchase Unlined Seep to Seep to Unline pit was
4 Danao 1992 4 Bottle 1 24 - 1 2 18 2.4 None
than public public Pit undergro undergro renovated in 2006
Own
well, Unline pit for kitchen
Poblaci 30,001- Unlined Unlined Unlined
5 1980 6 Bottle Own well Public 13 36 150 1 2 43 3.6 None waste was renovated
on 40,000 Pit Pit Pit
water in 2007
supply
Poblaci 50,001-
6 2009 2 Bottle Bottle Well - 12 - ST ST ST 3 1 30 1.2 None
on 60,000
Water
supply
system,
Water Own
Poblaci 30,001-
7 2006 4 Bottle supply Driling 3 24 70 ST ST ST 3 1 41 2.4 None
on 40,000
system water
(well
with
pump)
Less Top of the ST was
Poblaci
8 2010 than 2 Own well Own well Own well - 12 - ST ST ST 2 1 36 1.2 None 95cm above the
on
10,000 ground level
Poblaci 10,001- Water Water Unlined Seep to Seep to
9 2010 4 Bottle 3 24 70 1 1 9 2.4 None
on 20,000 supply supply Pit undergro undergro
Poblaci 10,001- Water Water Unlined Seep to Seep to
10 2005 7 Bottle 23 42 200 1 1 6 4.2 None Renovated in 2008
on 20,000 supply supply Pit undergro undergro

*2: Water consumption per month is only by public water supply (m3/month)
Estimated water consumption volume is calculated by (No. of living people) x (0.2 m3/day/person) x 30 days.

5.2. Reeds Bed System

Reed beds system is an option for the secondary treatment of wastewater from a septic tank. A reed
bed system is essentially a channel, lined with an impermeable membrane, which is filled with gravel
and planted with macrophytes. The most notable of which is the common reed or other plants
species used are iris, typha, sparganium, carex, schoenoplectus and acorus. As the ST effluent flows
through the wetland, the micro-organisms that are attached to the root system of the reeds purify the
wastewater.
Reeds bed system can be sub divided depending on their media and flow type:
・ Sand based Vertical Reeds bed

App 5-3
 Prep
paratory Survey for New Bohool Airport Consttruction and
Susstainable Enviroonmental Protecction Project
Finall Report Volumee 2: Tourism, Water
W Supply, Se
ewerage and Inndividual Sewagee Treatment
Appendix:: Chapter 5

・ Graavel based Veertical Reedss bed

・ Graavel based Hoorizontal Reeeds beds

Tow typiical drawinggs of reeds beed systems arre shown bellow.

Reference: Code of practice Wastewater Treaatment Systems foor single housed, U.S. EPA, 2007

Figurre A 5.2-1 Typical

Ty Draw
wing of Re eds Bed Sy
ystem (Upp
per: Verticaal flow reed
d bed,
Down: Sub-surfac
ce Horizon
ntal flow ree
ed bed)

5.3. In
nspection/C
Certifications
The engineer or stafff engineers of
o contractorr are requireed to perform
m inspectionss during all phases
p of
construcction. Furthhermore, a Certificate
C oof Completio
on must be filled out bby the engiineer and
submitteed to administrative authorities suchh as MBO or PIWWM
M. Once thee MBO or PIWWM
receivedd the Certificcate of Comp mmended to send to the engineer
pletion, writtten verificattion is recom
and perm
mitte for theirr records. A sample of form of a Ceertificate of Completion
C iis shown below.

App 5-4
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 5

On site Sewage Treatment Facility

Certificate of Completion

Project Name:

Project Site Address:

This certificate is to be completed by the engineer who constructed the on site sewage
treatment facility and submitted to following administrative after construction complete.

Municipal Building Office Division of Panglao municipality

or PIWWM
Address:*********
Contact number:********

Engineer’s Certification
I certify that the on site sewage treatment facility has been constructed in accordance with
the approved plans and specifications and that the onsite sewage disposal system is complete
and ready for operation. I also certify that a copy of the as-built plans and specification and
Operation and Maintenance Manual has been given to the permittee/owner for their use.

Print name:
Signature:
Date:
License number:

Reference: Guidance manual (1.0) On site sewage disposal system for commercial applications, State of Nevada division of
environmental protection bureau of water pollution control, 2008.

Figure A 5.3-1 A sample of a Certificate of Completion form

App 5-5
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 5

5.4. Operation and Maintenance Record

Check list for inspection of Septic Tank and the maintenance record

Inspection Date:
Item Guide for desludging Results
Sludge level Note(1) when it exceeds 30% of the tank capacity
Floating solid (scum) level when the bottom of the scum mat is within
10cm of the bottom of the inlet device
Structural soundness and When the water level of the tank is below or
watertightness Note(2) above the outlet invert
Clean effluent filters -

Note (1). The depth of sludge can checked using following technique:

Use a 2m pole and wrap the bottom 1.2m with a white rag.

Lower the pole to the bottom of the tank and hold there for several minutes to allow the sludge layer to penetrate the rag.

Remove the pole and note the sludge line, which will be darker coloration caused by the liquid waste.

Note (2). Watertightness can be checked by observing the liquid level, observing joints, and listening for running or

dripping water. The liquid level of the tank should be at the outlet invert level. If the liquid level is below the outlet

invert, leaking is occurring. If it is above, outlet is obstructed of percolation area is flooded.

Inspection/Desludgning Records:
Date Implementer/Service Cost Notes*
provider

*State the contents of maintenance that you have done.

Ex. Inspection, Cleaning, Desludging, Repair the leakage etc.

Reference: Code of practice Wastewater Treatment Systems for single housed, U.S. EPA, 2007

Figure A 5.4-1 A Sample of Check List for Inspection of Septic Tank

and the Maintenance Record

App 5-6
 Preparatory Survey for New Bohol Airport Construction and
Sustainable Environmental Protection Project
Final Report Volume 2: Tourism, Water Supply, Sewerage and Individual Sewage Treatment
Appendix: Chapter 5

5.5. Estimation of Statistical Values Used for Calculation of Drying Bed Facility Size
 Estimation of numbers of household and population in 2011

Table A 5.5-1 Estimation of the Number of Household and Population in 2011

Tagbilaran Dauis Panglao
No. household in 2007 [1] 18,045 7,305 4,481 NSC2007
No. population in 2007 [2] 92,297 36,525 25,558 NSC2007
No. building permit for [3] 313 572 445 Data provided by MBO
residence since 2008 to 2011
No. household in 2011 [4] 18,358 7,832 4,926 [4]=[1]+[3]
No. population in 2011 [5] 93,898 39,160 28,096 [5]=[4]x[2]/[1]

 Estimation of the number of households which has their own ST

Table A 5.5-2 Estimation of the Number of Households which has their own ST in 2011

Dauis Panglao
Total Incresing No. Total Incresing No.
2000 3,448 - 2,550 -
2001 3,598 150 2,630 80
2002 3,745 147 2,710 80
2003 3,982 237 2,790 80
2004 4,185 203 2,870 80
2005 4,378 193 2,960 90
2006 4,540 162 3,044 84
2007 4,691 151 3,151 107
2008 4,820 129 3,288 137
2009 4,968 148 3,376 88
2010 5,078 110 3,485 109
2011 5,21 8 140 3,5 96 111
*Source of number of households which has their own ST in 2000: National Statistic Office data in 2000
*Source of increasing number: Data of the number of building permit for residence provided by MBO of Dauis and Panglao municipalities.
However, the data in hatching year is assumption value since the data was not available.

App 5-7