Delphi Quick Syntax Reference: A Pocket Guide to the Delphi and Object Pascal Language 1st Edition John Kouraklis all chapter instant download
Delphi Quick Syntax Reference: A Pocket Guide to the Delphi and Object Pascal Language 1st Edition John Kouraklis all chapter instant download
com
https://ebookmeta.com/product/delphi-quick-syntax-reference-
a-pocket-guide-to-the-delphi-and-object-pascal-language-1st-
edition-john-kouraklis/
OR CLICK BUTTON
DOWNLOAD NOW
https://ebookmeta.com/product/c-10-quick-syntax-reference-a-pocket-
guide-to-the-language-apis-and-library-mikael-olsson/
ebookmeta.com
https://ebookmeta.com/product/r-quick-syntax-reference-2nd-edition-a-
pocket-guide-to-the-language-apis-and-library-margot-tollefson/
ebookmeta.com
https://ebookmeta.com/product/css3-quick-syntax-reference-2nd-edition-
a-pocket-guide-to-the-cascading-style-sheets-language-mikael-olsson/
ebookmeta.com
https://ebookmeta.com/product/power-of-love-1st-edition-piper-cook/
ebookmeta.com
Stealing Atlanta Cary Allen Stone
https://ebookmeta.com/product/stealing-atlanta-cary-allen-stone/
ebookmeta.com
https://ebookmeta.com/product/tempest-tide-avalar-explored-03-1st-
edition-deacon-frost-2/
ebookmeta.com
https://ebookmeta.com/product/english-fiction-of-the-romantic-
period-1789-1830-1st-edition-gary-kelly/
ebookmeta.com
https://ebookmeta.com/product/scientific-american-mind-scientific-
american/
ebookmeta.com
https://ebookmeta.com/product/rick-steves-berlin-4th-edition-rick-
steves/
ebookmeta.com
Occupational Safety and Health in the Emergency Services
5th Edition James Angle
https://ebookmeta.com/product/occupational-safety-and-health-in-the-
emergency-services-5th-edition-james-angle/
ebookmeta.com
Delphi
Quick Syntax
Reference
A Pocket Guide to the Delphi and
Object Pascal Language
—
John Kouraklis
www.allitebooks.com
Delphi Quick Syntax
Reference
A Pocket Guide to the Delphi
and Object Pascal Language
John Kouraklis
www.allitebooks.com
Delphi Quick Syntax Reference: A Pocket Guide to the Delphi and Object
Pascal Language
John Kouraklis
London, UK
www.allitebooks.com
Table of Contents
About the Author��������������������������������������������������������������������������������vii
About the Technical Reviewer�������������������������������������������������������������ix
Introduction�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xi
iii
www.allitebooks.com
Table of Contents
Chapter 2: Basics�������������������������������������������������������������������������������17
Variables�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17
Data Types�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������20
Integer�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������20
Char���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������21
Boolean����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������22
Enumerated Types�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������22
Subrange�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23
Real���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23
Strings�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25
Sets���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������27
Arrays������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������28
Records���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������31
Pointers���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������35
Variant�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������36
Generics��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������37
Constants������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������40
Comments�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������41
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������42
References����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������42
iv
www.allitebooks.com
Table of Contents
Jump Statements������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������51
Exit Statement�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������51
Break Statement��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������52
Continue Statement���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������52
Goto Statement����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������53
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������54
v
Table of Contents
Index�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������103
vi
About the Author
John Kouraklis started exploring computers when he was 16 and since
then has followed all the way from Turbo Pascal to the latest Delphi
versions as a hobby initially and as a profession for most of his adult life.
He has developed a wide range of applications, from financial software
to reverse engineering tools, including an application for professional
gamblers.
He is part of the Delphi community and participates in online
communities, forums, and many other events. For example, he is active
on Delphi-PRAXiS, which is perhaps the biggest English-speaking online
forum about Delphi. John also has a personal website where he posts
articles regularly. Lastly, he has written two more books about Delphi
published by Apress.
vii
About the Technical Reviewer
Dr. Holger Flick studied computer science at the Technical University
of Dortmund and received his doctorate from the Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering at the Ruhr-University Bochum. He has been programming
with Delphi since 1996 and has always been active in the community.
During and after his studies, he worked as a freelancer on numerous
projects for Borland and was able to exchange ideas directly with many
Delphi experts from Scotts Valley, CA. Mainly, he tested Delphi for the
QA department, but also programmed database applications and web
applications for the Borland Developer Network. Holger has also presented
at conferences and seminars on various Delphi topics. His commitment
and extensive knowledge of Delphi programming, gained through years of
theoretical and practical work in the area of object-oriented programming
with Delphi and other programming languages (e.g., C#, Objective-C), led
to his appointment as the Embarcadero Delphi MVP in 2016. From 2013 to
2018, Dr. Holger Flick was responsible for the entire software and hardware
architecture of a medium-sized business in Witten, Germany.
Among other things, he developed company-specific software
solutions with Delphi. Since 2017, he presents products and solutions
of TMS software as Chief Evangelist in the form of numerous technical
articles, bilingual video tutorials, and leads through seminars. In 2019,
he founded FlixEngineering LLC in the United States and is available for
Delphi contracting of any kind. The next year, he self-published several
books himself for web and desktop software development with Delphi.
ix
Introduction
Delphi is a modern general-purpose programming language which
enhances and supersedes Object Pascal. It is in the market for more
than two decades now, and it is used in a wide range of applications.
The language is maintained by Embarcadero and is backed by a large
community of developers.
The language is versatile, it supports different programming
paradigms, and it exhibits quick learning curve. It is easy to grasp the
main and fundamental concepts and start coding straightaway. Naturally,
as in every language, there is complexity down the line especially when
advanced libraries are utilized.
This book offers a guide to the fundamentals. It takes people with no
knowledge of the language all the way to what they need to know to start
their journey in Delphi. By the end of this book, you will have enough
knowledge to be able to read articles about Delphi and understand code
of intermediate complexity. In short, this book offers a fast-track induction
course to the language.
xi
Introduction
I use the Professional edition, but there is nothing I do that exploits any
features specific to this edition. The code can be tested using even the free
Community Edition of Delphi. In fact, most of the code can be executed in
other editions of Object Pascal.
There are some topics that utilize features found in specific versions of
Delphi. Whenever this happens, I clearly flag the topics.
xii
Introduction
C
hapter 1: Delphi Pascal
This chapter looks at Delphi as a programming language. It discusses the
syntax and structure of the code, and it introduces the basic development
workflow Delphi developers follow.
C
hapter 2: Basics
The second chapter provides the fundamental knowledge a newcomer
needs to get an understanding of how basic concepts in programming
work in Delphi. Variables, data types, and generics are introduced.
C
hapter 3: Looping, Conditional and Jump
Statements
Managing the execution flow of code in Delphi is the topic of this chapter.
Common structures like loops, conditional statements, and code jumps
are covered to provide to the reader different ways to control logic in code.
C
hapter 4: Procedures and Functions
In this chapter, we move to modular programming. We visit procedures
and functions and investigate the way they are implemented and used in
Delphi.
C
hapter 5: Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
OOP is one of the most fundamental and widespread paradigms in
modern software development. In this chapter, we look at how OOP is
done in Delphi and expand the discussion to cover interfaces, another core
concept of contemporary programming.
xiii
Introduction
C
ode Files
This book includes source code files that can be accessed via the
Download Source Code link located at www.apress.com/9781484261118.
The projects are named after the number of the chapter (ChapterXX) they
refer to. There is also a dedicated project group which loads all the projects
for all chapters. You can find it under the name DelphiQuickReference.
groupproj.
xiv
CHAPTER 1
Delphi Pascal
Delphi Pascal or, simply, Delphi is the most popular version of Object Pascal
which, in turn, is an extension of the classic Pascal programming language
(Cantu, 2016). This chapter introduces the basic concepts of the language.
S
yntax
If you look at Delphi source code, you will notice that it is dominated by
words rather than symbols. Code appears inside a begin...end block
rather than inside symbols like curly brackets ({..}) as in other languages.
Typically, code flows from top to bottom and from left to right. This
implies that variables, objects, constants, and other elements need
first to be declared before they are used (with the exception of forward
declaration of classes).
Programming Paradigms
Delphi is a fully developed object-oriented programming (OOP) language
but does not force any specific development paradigm. You are free to
use the OOP approach, but if, for some reasons, you prefer to use pure
procedural programming, Delphi can fully support you. In fact, a huge part
of the native libraries in Delphi come as procedures rather than embedded
in objects and classes. This stands for Windows API calls, but, as the
language is moving to cross-platform code, more libraries come in classes
and records.
2
Other documents randomly have
different content
53. Quoted by Roscoe Pound in Col. Law Rev. 8, 616.
54. Statutes limiting the hours of labor were held unconstitutional, railway
corporations were held not to be required to furnish discharged employees
with a cause for dismissal, etc.
55. Harlan, J., in Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U. S. 623. Taken from Roscoe Pound,
Liberty of Contract, Yale Law Journal, 18, 468.
56. The End of Law as Developed in Legal Rules and Doctrine, Harv. Law Rev. 27,
195–234.
57. “Statutes ... have taken many features of the subject out of the domain of
agreement and the tendency of judicial decision has been in effect to attach
rights and liabilities to the relation of insurer and insured and thus to remove
insurance from the category of contract.”
58. The old idea of “contributory negligence” is seen in the following decision:
“We must remember that the injury complained of is due to the negligence of
a fellow workman, for which the master is responsible neither in law nor
morals.” Durkin v. Coal Co. 171, Pa. St. 193, 205. Quoted by Roscoe Pound in
Yale Law Journal, 18, 467.
59. This is the “new natural law” of which Mr. Pound speaks as “the revival of the
idealist interpretation which is the enduring possession of philosophical
jurisprudence.” Formerly, we are told, “equity imposed moral limitations. The
law to-day is beginning to impose social limitations.” Harv. Law Rev. 27, 227.
62. It has been proposed that we should have trained business men on the
benches of our supreme courts as well as lawyers. I should think it would be
better for our lawyers to be so conversant with social facts that this need not
be necessary.
63. See ch. XXIX for the theory of “objective rights” now held by many as the
basis of the new state.
64. This is a hoary quarrel. From the beginning of our government it was seen
that the equal rights doctrine was a sword which could cut both ways. Both
Federalists and Republicans believed in equal rights: the Federalists,
therefore, wanted to protect individuals with a strong government; the
Republicans wanted a weak government so that individuals could be let alone
in the exercise of their equal rights.
65. This view of democracy was well satirized by some one, I think Lord Morley,
who said, “I do not care who does the voting as long as I do the counting.”
66. Proportional representation is interesting to the view put forward in this book
because it is a method to bring out all the differences.
67. Arcos, Romains and Vildrac are the chief of these. Romains, who has written
“La Vie Unanime,” is the most interesting for our present purpose, for his
togetherness is so plainly that of the herd:
... “quelle joie
De fondre dans ton corps [le ville] immense
oú l’on a chaud!”
Here is our old friend, the wild ox, in the mask of the most civilized (perhaps)
portion of our most civilised (perhaps) nation. Again
“Nous sommes indistincts: chacun de nous est mort;
Et la vie unanime est notre sépulture.”
68. Other results of the increased reading of newspapers and magazines are that
large questions are driving out trivial interests (I find this very marked in the
country), and the enormous amount of publicity now given everything finds a
channel to the public through the press. The reports of commissions, like the
Industrial Relations Commission, the surveys, like the Pittsburgh Survey, the
reports of foundations, like the Russell Sage, the reports of the rapidly
increasing bureaus of research, like the New York Municipal Bureau, all find
their way to us through the columns of our daily or weekly or monthly.
Therefore we have more material on which to found individual thinking.
69. Also the development of the relation of individualistic theories to the rise and
decline of the doctrines regarding the national state.
70. I do not wish, however, to minimize the truly democratic nature of our local
institutions.
71. While it is true that there were undemocratic elements in the mental
equipment and psychological bent of our forefathers, and it is these which I
have emphasized because from them came our immediate development, it is
equally true that there were also sound democratic elements to which we can
trace our present ideas of democracy. Such tracing even in briefest form
there is not space for here.
72. It became at once evident that a government whose chief function was to
see that individual rights, property rights, state rights, were not invaded, was
hardly adequate to unite our colonies with all their separatist instincts, or to
meet the needs of a rapidly developing continent. Our national government
at once adopted a constructive policy. Guided by Hamilton it assumed
constructive powers authority for which could be found in the constitution
only by a most liberal construction of its terms. When Jefferson, an
antinationalist, acquired Louisiana in 1803, it seemed plain that no such
restricted national government as was at first conceived could possibly work.
73. These English writers to whom our debt is so large are not responsible for
this, but their misinterpreters.
74. With the executive and legislative limited in their powers, the decisions of the
courts gradually came, especially as they developed constructive powers, to
be a body of law which guided the American people.
76. We used to think frequent elections democratic. Now we know that they
mean simply an increase of party influence and a decrease of official
responsibility.
78. Laissez-faire was popular when there were great numbers of individual
producers. When the large-scale business system made wage-earners of
these, there was the beginning of the break-down of laissez-faire.
81. Since April, 1917, with the rapidly extending use of the schoolhouse as a
centre for war services, these numbers have probably greatly increased.
83. That it is also in many instances leading the way to real community
organization makes it one of the most valuable movements of our time.
84. Public opinion in a true democracy is a potential will. Therefore for practical
purposes they are identical and I use them synonymously.
85. Our federal system of checks and balances thwarted the will of the people.
The party system thwarted the will of the people. Our state governments
were never designed to get at the will of the people.
86. The war has shown us that our national agricultural program can best be
done on a coöperative neighborhood basis: through the establishment of
community agricultural conferences, community labor, seed and implement
exchanges, community canning centres, community markets, etc.
87. I do not mean to imply that I think it is easy to learn how to identify
ourselves with our city, especially for those who live in large cities. The men
of a small town know that if they have a new town-hall they will have to pay
for it. In a large city men ask for a ward building because they will not have
to pay for it, they think. It is all this which neighborhood organization and the
integration of neighborhoods, of which I shall speak later, must remedy.
88. The plan of Mr. and Mrs. Wilbur Phillips for community organization and for
the connection with it of expert service is too comprehensive to describe
here, but based as it is on their actual experience, and planning as it does for
the training of whole neighborhoods and the arousing of them to
responsibility and action, it should be studied by every one, for such plans
are, I believe, the best signs we have that democracy is yet possible for
America.
89. How much we are all indebted to the settlements as the pioneer
neighborhood movement I do not stop to consider here.
91. Or perhaps the Senate might represent the occupational group (see ch.
XXXIII). Or perhaps the experts mentioned above might be representatives
from occupational groups.
92. In North Carolina the recently organized State Bureau of Community Service
—made up of the administrators of the Department of Agriculture, the Board
of Health, the Normal and Industrial College and the Farmers’ Union, with the
State Superintendent of Public Instruction as its central executive—is making
its immediate work the development of local community organization which
shall be directly articulated with a unified state organization.
93. The Community Council, however, is not to duplicate other organizations but
first to coördinate all existing agencies before planning new activities.
94. And spontaneously many towns and villages turned to the schoolhouse as the
natural centre of its war services.
95. For the moment I ignore the occupational group to be considered later.
96. I have taken this account from the official report. I have been told by New
York people that these commissions have shown few signs of life. This does
not, however, seem to me to detract from the value of the plan as a
suggestion, or as indication of what is seen to be advisable if not yet wholly
practicable. The New York charter provides for Local Improvement Boards as
connecting links with the central government, but these I am told have
shown no life whatever.
97. Léon Duguit, Graham Wallis, Arthur Christensen, Norman Angell, etc.
98. The fatal flaw of guild socialism is this separation of economics and politics.
First, the interests of citizenship and guild-membership are not distinct;
secondly, in any proper system of occupational representation every one
should be included—vocational representation should not be trade
representation; third, as long as you call the affairs of the guilds “material,”
and say that the politics of the state should be purified of financial interests,
you burn every bridge which might make a unity of financial interests and
sound state policy. Guild socialism, however, because it is a carefully worked
out plan for the control of industry by those who take part in it, is one of the
most well worth considering of the proposals at present before us.
99. See G. D. H. Cole, “The World of Labor,” for the relation of trade unionism to
guild socialism.
100.
See especially “Churches in the Modern State” and “Studies in Political
Thought from Gerson to Grotius.”
101.
See also Mr. Laski’s articles: “The Personality of Associations,” Harv. Law Rev.
29, 404–426, and “Early History of the Corporation in England,” Harv. Law
Rev.: 30, 561–588. This is the kind of work which is breaking the way for a
new conception of politics.
102.
It must be understood that all I say does not apply to all the pluralists. For
the sake of brevity I consider them as a school although they differ widely.
Moreover, for convenience I am using the word pluralist roughly and in a
sense inaccurately to include all those who are advocating a multiple group
organization as the basis of a new state. Most of these agree in making the
group rather than the individual the unit of politics, in their support of group
“rights,” the “consent” of the group, the “balance” of groups, and in their
belief that “rights” should be based on function. But syndicalists and guild
socialists are not strictly pluralists since they build up a system based on the
occupational group; yet the name is not wholly inapplicable, for, since the
guild socialists base their state on balancing groups, that state cannot be
called a unified state. It is too early yet to speak of this school with entire
accuracy, and in fact there is no “school.”
103.
From this was taken, Gierke tells us, modern German “fellowship.”
104.
And the individual was certainly as prominent in medieval theory as the
community of individuals, a fact which the vigorous corporate life of the
Middle Ages may lead us to forget.
105.
See writings of Ramiro de Maeztu in New Age and his book mentioned above.
106.
See “Traité de Droit Constitutionnel” and “Études de Droit Public”: I, L’État, Le
Droit Objectif et La Loi Positive; II, L’État, Les Gouvernants and Les Agents.
As in French droit may be either law or a right, Duguit, in order to distinguish
between these meanings, follows the German distinction of objektives Recht
and subjektives Recht, and speaks of le droit objectif and le droit subjectif,
thus meaning by le droit objectif merely law. But because he at the same
time writes of power as resting on function in contradistinction to the classical
theory of the abstract “rights” of man, rights apart from law and only
declared by law, political writers sometimes speak of Duguit’s “objective”
theory of law, as opposed to a “subjective” theory of law, when jurists would
tell us that law is objective, and that subjective right is always merely a right,
my right. This matter of terminology must be made much clearer than it is at
present.
107. Although how far Duguit had in mind merely the solidarity of French and
Roman law has been questioned.
108.
I have just read in a work on sociology, “Men surrender their individual wills
to the collective will.” No, the true social process is not when they surrender
but when they contribute their wills to the collective will. See chs. II-VI, “The
Group Process.”
109.
See p. 130.
110.
De Maeztu tells us, “Rights do not arise from personality. This idea is mystic
and unnecessary. Rights arise primarily from the relation of the associated
with the thing which associates them....” Authority, Liberty, and Function, p.
250.
Mr. Barker substitutes purpose for personality and will as the unifying bond of
associations, and says that we thus get rid of “murder in the air” when it is a
question of the “competition of ideas, not of real collective personalities.”
(See “The Discredited State,” in The Political Quarterly, February, 1915.) This
seems a curiously anthropomorphic, so to speak, idea of personality for a
twentieth-century writer. The article is, however, an interesting and valuable
one.
See also Pollock and Maitland, History of English Law, I, 472.
111.
See “Underlying Principles of Legislation.”
112.
The teleological school of sociology is interesting just here. While it marked a
long advance on older theories, the true place of selection of ends is to-day
more clearly seen. We were told: “Men have wants, therefore they come
together to seek means to satisfy those wants.” When do men “come
together”? When were they ever separated? But it is not necessary to push
this further.
113.
I have tried not to jump the track from legal right to ethical right but
occasionally one can speak of them together, if it is understood that one is
not thereby merging them.
114.
The old consent theory assumes that some make the laws and others obey
them. In the true democracy we shall obey the laws we have ourselves
made. To find the methods by which we can be approaching the true
democracy is now our task; we can never rest satisfied with “consent.”
115.
Although I do not agree with the form individualism takes in his doctrine.
116.
Some of the pluralists are concerned, I recognize, with the fact rather than
the right of sovereignty.
117. The trouble with the pluralists is that their emphasis is not on the fact that
the group creates its own personality, but on the fact that the state does not
create it. When they change this emphasis, their thinking will be unchained, I
believe, and leap ahead to the constructive work which we eagerly await and
expect from them.
118.
It is also necessary to an understanding of the new international law. See ch.
XXXV, “The World State.”
119.
No one has yet given us a satisfactory account of the history of the notion of
sovereignty: just how and in what degree it has been affected by history, by
philosophy, by jurisprudence, etc., and how all these have interacted. We
have not only to disentangle many strands to trace each to its source, but we
have, moreover, just not to disentangle them, but to understand the constant
interweaving of all. To watch the interplay of legal theory and political
philosophy from the Middle Ages down to the present day is one of the most
interesting parts of our reading, but perhaps nowhere is it more fruitful than
in the idea of sovereignty. We see the corporation long ignored and the idea
of legal partnership influencing the development of the social contract theory,
which in its turn reacted on legal theory. We find the juristic conception of
group personality, clearly seen as early as Althusius (1557–1638), and
revived and expanded by Gierke, influencing the whole German school of
“group sociologists.” But to-day are not many of us agreed that however
interesting such historical tracing, our present notion of sovereignty must rest
on what we learn from group psychology?
120.
The French syndicalists avowedly do not want democracy because it “mixes
the classes,” because, as they say, interests and aims mingle in one great
mass in which all true significance is lost.
121.
See p. 184.
122.
This is the basis of Duguit’s international law—the place of a state in an
international league is to be determined directly by services rendered.
123.
Quoted by Duguit.
124.
It must be remembered, however, that while in the Civil War we definitely
gave up the compact theory held by us since the Mayflower compact, yet we
did not adopt the organism theory. The federal state we have tried and are
trying to work out in America is based on the principles of psychic unity
described in chapter X. The giving up of the “consent” theory does not bring
us necessarily to the organic theory of society.
125.
Duguit says that the United States confers the rights of a state on a territory.
No, it recognizes that which already exists.
126.
“The word ‘and’ trails along after every sentence. Something always
escapes.... The pluralistic world is thus more like a federal republic than like
an empire or a kingdom.” “A Pluralistic Universe,” 321–322.
127. When they say that the passion for unity is the urge for a dominant One,
they think of the dominant One as outside.
128.
One of the pluralists says, “I cannot see that ... sovereignty is the unique
property of any one association.” No, not sovereignty over “others,” but
sovereignty always belongs to any genuine group; as groups join to form
another real group, the sovereignty of the more inclusive group is evolved—
that is the only kind of state sovereignty which we can recognize as
legitimate. (See ch. XXIX on “Political Pluralism and Sovereignty.”)
129.
See ch. XV.
130.
Mr. Laski is an exception to many writers on “consent.” When he speaks of
consent he is referring only to the actual facts of to-day. Denying the
sovereignty postulated by the lawyers (he says you can never find in a
community any one will which is certain of obedience), he shows that as a
matter of fact the state sovereignty we have now rests on consent. I do not
wish to confuse the issue between facts of the present and hopes for the
future, but I wish to make a distinction between the “sovereignty” of the
present end the sovereignty which I hope we can grow. This distinction is
implicit in Mr. Laski’s book, but it is lacking in much of the writing on the
“consent of the governed.”
131.
Wherever you have the social contract theory in any form, and assent as the
foundation of power, there is no social process going on; the state is an
arbitrary creation of men. Group organization to-day must give up any taint
whatever of the social contract and rest squarely and fully on its legitimate
psychological basis.
132.
This is perhaps a remnant of the nineteenth-century myth that competition is
the mode of progress.
133.
See p. 39, note.
134.
Mr. Laski, I think.
135.
It does not matter in the terms of which branch of study you express it—
philosophy, sociology, or political science—it is always the same problem.
136.
See pp. 199–201.
137. Some writers talk of trade representation vs. party organization as if in the
trade group you are rid of party. Have they studied the politics of trade
unionism? In neither the trade group nor the neighborhood group do you
automatically get rid of the party spirit. That will be a slow growth indeed.
138.
Yet perhaps the trade-union has been one of the truest groups, one of the
most effective teachers of genuine group lessons which we have yet seen.
Increased wages, improved conditions, are always for the group. The trade-
unionist feels group-wants; he seeks to satisfy these through group action.
Moreover the terms of a collective bargain cannot be enforced without a
certain amount of group solidarity. In strikes workmen often sacrifice their
own interests for what will benefit the union: the individual—I may prefer his
present wages to the privations of a strike; the group-I wants to raise the
wages of the whole union.
139.
I have not in this brief statement distinguished between government
“ownership,” “control,” “regulation,” etc. See “War-Time Control of Industry”
by Howard L. Gray.
140.
“Representative Government in British Industry” by J. A. Hobson, in New
Republic, September 1, 1917.
141.
See p. 120.
142.
Following the precedent of England which provided, under the Munitions of
War act and other legislation, machinery (joint boards representing
employers and employed) for the prevention and adjustment of labor
disputes.
143.
Christensen, “Politics and Crowd Morality,” p. 238.
144.
See pp. 58–59.
145.
It has usually been supposed that wars have been the all-important element
in consolidating nations; I do not want to disregard this element, I want only
to warn against its over emphasis. Moreover, the way in which wars have had
a real and permanent influence in the consolidation of nations is by the
pressure which they have exerted upon them in showing them that efficiency
is obtained by the closest coöperation and coördination of all our activities, by
a high degree of internal organization.
146.
The western states feel that they are training members of society and not
individuals and that is why it seems proper to them to take public money to
found state universities.
147. A little girl I know said, “Mother, if women get the vote, shall I have to be
President?”
148 See pp. 208–212.
149.
Also men have less opportunity for discussion at work than formerly.
Transcriber’s Notes
Hyphenation has not been regularized, and remains as printed.
New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.
Archaic and non-standard spelling has been retained. Instances of what seem to
be obvious printer’s errors have been corrected. Changes made are listed
below:
Pg. 34: Changed comma for period at end of sentence: ‘a collective will,’ to ‘will.’
Pg. 123: Added accent as in other instances: ‘L’Etat, Le Droit Objectif’ to ‘L’État’
Pg. 234: Added missing punctuation after abbreviation: ‘education, sanitation etc,’
to ‘etc.,’
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside
the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to
the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying,
displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works
based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The
Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright
status of any work in any country other than the United States.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if
you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project
Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other format used in the official version posted on the official
Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must,
at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy,
a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy
upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project
Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive
from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”
• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
1.F.
Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.