100% found this document useful (2 votes)
15 views

Delphi Quick Syntax Reference: A Pocket Guide to the Delphi and Object Pascal Language 1st Edition John Kouraklis all chapter instant download

Delphi

Uploaded by

boundohsung
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
100% found this document useful (2 votes)
15 views

Delphi Quick Syntax Reference: A Pocket Guide to the Delphi and Object Pascal Language 1st Edition John Kouraklis all chapter instant download

Delphi

Uploaded by

boundohsung
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 46

Get ebook downloads in full at ebookmeta.

com

Delphi Quick Syntax Reference: A Pocket Guide to


the Delphi and Object Pascal Language 1st Edition
John Kouraklis

https://ebookmeta.com/product/delphi-quick-syntax-reference-
a-pocket-guide-to-the-delphi-and-object-pascal-language-1st-
edition-john-kouraklis/

OR CLICK BUTTON

DOWNLOAD NOW

Explore and download more ebook at https://ebookmeta.com


Recommended digital products (PDF, EPUB, MOBI) that
you can download immediately if you are interested.

C# 10 Quick Syntax Reference: A Pocket Guide to the


Language, APIs, and Library Mikael Olsson

https://ebookmeta.com/product/c-10-quick-syntax-reference-a-pocket-
guide-to-the-language-apis-and-library-mikael-olsson/

ebookmeta.com

R Quick Syntax Reference, 2nd Edition: A Pocket Guide to


the Language, APIs and Library Margot Tollefson

https://ebookmeta.com/product/r-quick-syntax-reference-2nd-edition-a-
pocket-guide-to-the-language-apis-and-library-margot-tollefson/

ebookmeta.com

CSS3 Quick Syntax Reference, 2nd Edition: A Pocket Guide


to the Cascading Style Sheets Language Mikael Olsson

https://ebookmeta.com/product/css3-quick-syntax-reference-2nd-edition-
a-pocket-guide-to-the-cascading-style-sheets-language-mikael-olsson/

ebookmeta.com

Power of Love 1st Edition Piper Cook

https://ebookmeta.com/product/power-of-love-1st-edition-piper-cook/

ebookmeta.com
Stealing Atlanta Cary Allen Stone

https://ebookmeta.com/product/stealing-atlanta-cary-allen-stone/

ebookmeta.com

Tempest Tide Avalar Explored 03 1st Edition Deacon Frost

https://ebookmeta.com/product/tempest-tide-avalar-explored-03-1st-
edition-deacon-frost-2/

ebookmeta.com

English Fiction of the Romantic Period 1789 1830 1st


Edition Gary Kelly

https://ebookmeta.com/product/english-fiction-of-the-romantic-
period-1789-1830-1st-edition-gary-kelly/

ebookmeta.com

Scientific American Mind Scientific American

https://ebookmeta.com/product/scientific-american-mind-scientific-
american/

ebookmeta.com

Rick Steves Berlin 4th Edition Rick Steves

https://ebookmeta.com/product/rick-steves-berlin-4th-edition-rick-
steves/

ebookmeta.com
Occupational Safety and Health in the Emergency Services
5th Edition James Angle

https://ebookmeta.com/product/occupational-safety-and-health-in-the-
emergency-services-5th-edition-james-angle/

ebookmeta.com
Delphi
Quick Syntax
Reference
A Pocket Guide to the Delphi and
Object Pascal Language

John Kouraklis

www.allitebooks.com
Delphi Quick Syntax
Reference
A Pocket Guide to the Delphi
and Object Pascal Language

John Kouraklis

www.allitebooks.com
Delphi Quick Syntax Reference: A Pocket Guide to the Delphi and Object
Pascal Language
John Kouraklis
London, UK

ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-6111-8 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-6112-5


https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6112-5

Copyright © 2020 by John Kouraklis


This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,
and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,
or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
Trademarked names, logos, and images may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark
symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos,
and images only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no
intention of infringement of the trademark.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if
they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not
they are subject to proprietary rights.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of
publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal
responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty,
express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
Managing Director, Apress Media LLC: Welmoed Spahr
Acquisitions Editor: Steve Anglin
Development Editor: Matthew Moodie
Coordinating Editor: Mark Powers
Cover designed by eStudioCalamar
Cover image by Victor Malyushev on Unsplash (www.unsplash.com)
Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Apress Media, LLC, 1 New York Plaza, New York,
NY 10004, U.S.A. Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax (201) 348-4505, e-mail orders-ny@springer-sbm.
com, or visit www.springeronline.com. Apress Media, LLC is a California LLC and the sole
member (owner) is Springer Science + Business Media Finance Inc (SSBM Finance Inc). SSBM
Finance Inc is a Delaware corporation.
For information on translations, please e-mail [email protected]; for reprint, paperback, or
audio rights, please email [email protected].
Apress titles may be purchased in bulk for academic, corporate, or promotional use. eBook
versions and licenses are also available for most titles. For more information, reference our Print
and eBook Bulk Sales web page at http://www.apress.com/bulk-sales.
Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the author in this book is available
to readers on GitHub via the book’s product page, located at www.apress.com/9781484261118.
For more detailed information, please visit http://www.apress.com/source-code.
Printed on acid-free paper

www.allitebooks.com
Table of Contents
About the Author��������������������������������������������������������������������������������vii
About the Technical Reviewer�������������������������������������������������������������ix
Introduction�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xi

Chapter 1: Delphi Pascal�����������������������������������������������������������������������1


Delphi As a Programming Language���������������������������������������������������������������������1
Syntax��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1
Programming Paradigms���������������������������������������������������������������������������������2
Compilation to Native Code�����������������������������������������������������������������������������3
Visual Applications������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3
One Code Base for Multiple Platforms�������������������������������������������������������������3
Anatomy of a Delphi Program�������������������������������������������������������������������������������4
Project Files�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4
Units����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5
Forms and Frames������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6
Delphi As Integrated Development Environment (IDE)������������������������������������������7
A Simple Application (Console)�����������������������������������������������������������������������������9
A Simple Application (Graphical)�������������������������������������������������������������������������11
Alternative IDEs���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������14
Delphi Style Guide�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������15
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������15
References����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������15

iii

www.allitebooks.com
Table of Contents

Chapter 2: Basics�������������������������������������������������������������������������������17
Variables�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17
Data Types�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������20
Integer�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������20
Char���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������21
Boolean����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������22
Enumerated Types�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������22
Subrange�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23
Real���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23
Strings�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25
Sets���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������27
Arrays������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������28
Records���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������31
Pointers���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������35
Variant�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������36
Generics��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������37
Constants������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������40
Comments�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������41
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������42
References����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������42

Chapter 3: Looping, Conditional and Jump Statements���������������������43


Loops������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������43
While Statement��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������43
Repeat Statement������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������45
For Statement������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������46
Conditional Statements���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������48
If Statement���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������48
Case Statement���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������50

iv

www.allitebooks.com
Table of Contents

Jump Statements������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������51
Exit Statement�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������51
Break Statement��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������52
Continue Statement���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������52
Goto Statement����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������53
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������54

Chapter 4: Procedures and Functions������������������������������������������������55


Declaration����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������55
Parameters���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������57
The Nature of Parameters�����������������������������������������������������������������������������59
Default Values of Parameters������������������������������������������������������������������������62
Interrupting the Normal Execution����������������������������������������������������������������������64
Nested Methods��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������64
Typed Methods����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������65
Anonymous Methods������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������68
Method Overloading��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������71
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������72
References����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������72

Chapter 5: Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)��������������������������������73


Declaration����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������73
Object State (Fields)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������75
Object Functionality (Methods)���������������������������������������������������������������������������78
Object State (Properties)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������82
Class Members and Methods������������������������������������������������������������������������������86
Inheritance����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������87
Interfaces������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������93

v
Table of Contents

Cross-Platform Memory Management����������������������������������������������������������������97


Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������101
References��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������102

Index�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������103

vi
About the Author
John Kouraklis started exploring computers when he was 16 and since
then has followed all the way from Turbo Pascal to the latest Delphi
versions as a hobby initially and as a profession for most of his adult life.
He has developed a wide range of applications, from financial software
to reverse engineering tools, including an application for professional
gamblers.
He is part of the Delphi community and participates in online
communities, forums, and many other events. For example, he is active
on Delphi-PRAXiS, which is perhaps the biggest English-speaking online
forum about Delphi. John also has a personal website where he posts
articles regularly. Lastly, he has written two more books about Delphi
published by Apress.

vii
About the Technical Reviewer
Dr. Holger Flick studied computer science at the Technical University
of Dortmund and received his doctorate from the Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering at the Ruhr-University Bochum. He has been programming
with Delphi since 1996 and has always been active in the community.
During and after his studies, he worked as a freelancer on numerous
projects for Borland and was able to exchange ideas directly with many
Delphi experts from Scotts Valley, CA. Mainly, he tested Delphi for the
QA department, but also programmed database applications and web
applications for the Borland Developer Network. Holger has also presented
at conferences and seminars on various Delphi topics. His commitment
and extensive knowledge of Delphi programming, gained through years of
theoretical and practical work in the area of object-oriented programming
with Delphi and other programming languages (e.g., C#, Objective-C), led
to his appointment as the Embarcadero Delphi MVP in 2016. From 2013 to
2018, Dr. Holger Flick was responsible for the entire software and hardware
architecture of a medium-sized business in Witten, Germany.
Among other things, he developed company-specific software
solutions with Delphi. Since 2017, he presents products and solutions
of TMS software as Chief Evangelist in the form of numerous technical
articles, bilingual video tutorials, and leads through seminars. In 2019,
he founded FlixEngineering LLC in the United States and is available for
Delphi contracting of any kind. The next year, he self-published several
books himself for web and desktop software development with Delphi.

ix
Introduction
Delphi is a modern general-purpose programming language which
enhances and supersedes Object Pascal. It is in the market for more
than two decades now, and it is used in a wide range of applications.
The language is maintained by Embarcadero and is backed by a large
community of developers.
The language is versatile, it supports different programming
paradigms, and it exhibits quick learning curve. It is easy to grasp the
main and fundamental concepts and start coding straightaway. Naturally,
as in every language, there is complexity down the line especially when
advanced libraries are utilized.
This book offers a guide to the fundamentals. It takes people with no
knowledge of the language all the way to what they need to know to start
their journey in Delphi. By the end of this book, you will have enough
knowledge to be able to read articles about Delphi and understand code
of intermediate complexity. In short, this book offers a fast-track induction
course to the language.

Who This Book Is For


The typical reader of this book is the newcomer to Delphi with basic
knowledge of computer programming. The book offers all the necessary
knowledge to get you started with Delphi and provides a wide range of
references to allow you expand your knowledge.

xi
Introduction

After reading this book, you will be able to

• Discuss the fundamental elements of the language

• Appreciate the different programming paradigms that


can be used in Delphi

• Write code to demonstrate the basic concepts of the


language

Although the newcomer is in the center of this book, the experienced


developer will benefit every time they are unsure or need a refresher on
topics around the fundamentals of the language.

The Development Environment


The code in this book is written using the following environment:

• Embarcadero Delphi 10 Sydney (10.4)

• Microsoft Windows 10 Professional

I use the Professional edition, but there is nothing I do that exploits any
features specific to this edition. The code can be tested using even the free
Community Edition of Delphi. In fact, most of the code can be executed in
other editions of Object Pascal.
There are some topics that utilize features found in specific versions of
Delphi. Whenever this happens, I clearly flag the topics.

The Book’s Structure


The book has five chapters. It starts with basic syntactical elements of
the language and gradually introduces how core concepts of modern
programming are managed in Delphi. Each chapter is independent to
previous chapters, which means you can start reading the most suitable
subject to your situation.

xii
Introduction

C
 hapter 1: Delphi Pascal
This chapter looks at Delphi as a programming language. It discusses the
syntax and structure of the code, and it introduces the basic development
workflow Delphi developers follow.

C
 hapter 2: Basics
The second chapter provides the fundamental knowledge a newcomer
needs to get an understanding of how basic concepts in programming
work in Delphi. Variables, data types, and generics are introduced.

C
 hapter 3: Looping, Conditional and Jump
Statements
Managing the execution flow of code in Delphi is the topic of this chapter.
Common structures like loops, conditional statements, and code jumps
are covered to provide to the reader different ways to control logic in code.

C
 hapter 4: Procedures and Functions
In this chapter, we move to modular programming. We visit procedures
and functions and investigate the way they are implemented and used in
Delphi.

C
 hapter 5: Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
OOP is one of the most fundamental and widespread paradigms in
modern software development. In this chapter, we look at how OOP is
done in Delphi and expand the discussion to cover interfaces, another core
concept of contemporary programming.

xiii
Introduction

C
 ode Files
This book includes source code files that can be accessed via the
Download Source Code link located at www.apress.com/9781484261118.
The projects are named after the number of the chapter (ChapterXX) they
refer to. There is also a dedicated project group which loads all the projects
for all chapters. You can find it under the name ­DelphiQuickReference.
groupproj.

xiv
CHAPTER 1

Delphi Pascal
Delphi Pascal or, simply, Delphi is the most popular version of Object Pascal
which, in turn, is an extension of the classic Pascal programming language
(Cantu, 2016). This chapter introduces the basic concepts of the language.

Delphi As a Programming Language


Delphi is a general-purpose programming language. As a Pascal
descendent, it draws its strong typing and syntactical characteristics from
the original Pascal language developed by Niklaus Wirth in the early 1970s,
but it, loosely, relates to the ISO standard Pascal (i.e., it is not a superset).
Over the past decades, Delphi has evolved, and now it has features that
makes it a modern programming language capable of building professional
software in multiple platforms.

S
 yntax
If you look at Delphi source code, you will notice that it is dominated by
words rather than symbols. Code appears inside a begin...end block
rather than inside symbols like curly brackets ({..}) as in other languages.
Typically, code flows from top to bottom and from left to right. This
implies that variables, objects, constants, and other elements need
first to be declared before they are used (with the exception of forward
declaration of classes).

© John Kouraklis 2020 1


J. Kouraklis, Delphi Quick Syntax Reference, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6112-5_1
Chapter 1 Delphi Pascal

Delphi is case insensitive, meaning that coding elements like variables,


objects, methods, and the like can be declared in small or capital letters or
in a combination of both. For example, the following declarations are all
valid in Delphi: delphiBook, delphi_Book, DelphiBook, DELPHIBOOK,
delphiBOOK. There are naming rules which prohibit the use of specific
characters (e.g., an identifier cannot start with a number, etc.), but the
limitations are very few, and, practically, when you code in Delphi, it is not
common to come across them.
A notable difference with other languages is the operator to assign
values to variables. In Delphi, a colon followed by the equal sign (:=) is
used for this purpose, and the simple equal sign (=) is used to test equality
in expressions.
Lastly, a convention that survived from the classic Pascal is the way the
end of code line is declared in Delphi. Most of the lines of code end with a
semicolon (;) with the exception of keywords (e.g., begin...end, if...then,
while...do, etc.) and the last keyword in a code file. Every code file ends
with the keyword end followed by a period (end.)

Programming Paradigms
Delphi is a fully developed object-oriented programming (OOP) language
but does not force any specific development paradigm. You are free to
use the OOP approach, but if, for some reasons, you prefer to use pure
procedural programming, Delphi can fully support you. In fact, a huge part
of the native libraries in Delphi come as procedures rather than embedded
in objects and classes. This stands for Windows API calls, but, as the
language is moving to cross-platform code, more libraries come in classes
and records.

2
Other documents randomly have
different content
53. Quoted by Roscoe Pound in Col. Law Rev. 8, 616.

54. Statutes limiting the hours of labor were held unconstitutional, railway
corporations were held not to be required to furnish discharged employees
with a cause for dismissal, etc.

55. Harlan, J., in Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U. S. 623. Taken from Roscoe Pound,
Liberty of Contract, Yale Law Journal, 18, 468.

56. The End of Law as Developed in Legal Rules and Doctrine, Harv. Law Rev. 27,
195–234.

57. “Statutes ... have taken many features of the subject out of the domain of
agreement and the tendency of judicial decision has been in effect to attach
rights and liabilities to the relation of insurer and insured and thus to remove
insurance from the category of contract.”

58. The old idea of “contributory negligence” is seen in the following decision:
“We must remember that the injury complained of is due to the negligence of
a fellow workman, for which the master is responsible neither in law nor
morals.” Durkin v. Coal Co. 171, Pa. St. 193, 205. Quoted by Roscoe Pound in
Yale Law Journal, 18, 467.

59. This is the “new natural law” of which Mr. Pound speaks as “the revival of the
idealist interpretation which is the enduring possession of philosophical
jurisprudence.” Formerly, we are told, “equity imposed moral limitations. The
law to-day is beginning to impose social limitations.” Harv. Law Rev. 27, 227.

60. “The Constitutional Opinions of Justice Holmes,” by Felix Frankfurter, Harv.


Law Rev. 29, 683–702.

61. Quoted by Roscoe Pound in Harv. Law Rev. 25, 505.

62. It has been proposed that we should have trained business men on the
benches of our supreme courts as well as lawyers. I should think it would be
better for our lawyers to be so conversant with social facts that this need not
be necessary.

63. See ch. XXIX for the theory of “objective rights” now held by many as the
basis of the new state.

64. This is a hoary quarrel. From the beginning of our government it was seen
that the equal rights doctrine was a sword which could cut both ways. Both
Federalists and Republicans believed in equal rights: the Federalists,
therefore, wanted to protect individuals with a strong government; the
Republicans wanted a weak government so that individuals could be let alone
in the exercise of their equal rights.

65. This view of democracy was well satirized by some one, I think Lord Morley,
who said, “I do not care who does the voting as long as I do the counting.”

66. Proportional representation is interesting to the view put forward in this book
because it is a method to bring out all the differences.

67. Arcos, Romains and Vildrac are the chief of these. Romains, who has written
“La Vie Unanime,” is the most interesting for our present purpose, for his
togetherness is so plainly that of the herd:
... “quelle joie
De fondre dans ton corps [le ville] immense
oú l’on a chaud!”

Here is our old friend, the wild ox, in the mask of the most civilized (perhaps)
portion of our most civilised (perhaps) nation. Again
“Nous sommes indistincts: chacun de nous est mort;
Et la vie unanime est notre sépulture.”

68. Other results of the increased reading of newspapers and magazines are that
large questions are driving out trivial interests (I find this very marked in the
country), and the enormous amount of publicity now given everything finds a
channel to the public through the press. The reports of commissions, like the
Industrial Relations Commission, the surveys, like the Pittsburgh Survey, the
reports of foundations, like the Russell Sage, the reports of the rapidly
increasing bureaus of research, like the New York Municipal Bureau, all find
their way to us through the columns of our daily or weekly or monthly.
Therefore we have more material on which to found individual thinking.

69. Also the development of the relation of individualistic theories to the rise and
decline of the doctrines regarding the national state.

70. I do not wish, however, to minimize the truly democratic nature of our local
institutions.

71. While it is true that there were undemocratic elements in the mental
equipment and psychological bent of our forefathers, and it is these which I
have emphasized because from them came our immediate development, it is
equally true that there were also sound democratic elements to which we can
trace our present ideas of democracy. Such tracing even in briefest form
there is not space for here.
72. It became at once evident that a government whose chief function was to
see that individual rights, property rights, state rights, were not invaded, was
hardly adequate to unite our colonies with all their separatist instincts, or to
meet the needs of a rapidly developing continent. Our national government
at once adopted a constructive policy. Guided by Hamilton it assumed
constructive powers authority for which could be found in the constitution
only by a most liberal construction of its terms. When Jefferson, an
antinationalist, acquired Louisiana in 1803, it seemed plain that no such
restricted national government as was at first conceived could possibly work.

73. These English writers to whom our debt is so large are not responsible for
this, but their misinterpreters.

74. With the executive and legislative limited in their powers, the decisions of the
courts gradually came, especially as they developed constructive powers, to
be a body of law which guided the American people.

75. For ways of doing this see Part III.

76. We used to think frequent elections democratic. Now we know that they
mean simply an increase of party influence and a decrease of official
responsibility.

77. See ch. XXX, “Political Pluralism and Functionalism.”

78. Laissez-faire was popular when there were great numbers of individual
producers. When the large-scale business system made wage-earners of
these, there was the beginning of the break-down of laissez-faire.

79. Besides the more obvious one of “universal suffrage.”

80. This movement to form societies based on our occupations is of course,


although usually unconscious, part of the whole syndicalist movement, and
as such has real advantages which will be taken up later.

81. Since April, 1917, with the rapidly extending use of the schoolhouse as a
centre for war services, these numbers have probably greatly increased.

82. See Appendix, The Training for the New Democracy.

83. That it is also in many instances leading the way to real community
organization makes it one of the most valuable movements of our time.

84. Public opinion in a true democracy is a potential will. Therefore for practical
purposes they are identical and I use them synonymously.
85. Our federal system of checks and balances thwarted the will of the people.
The party system thwarted the will of the people. Our state governments
were never designed to get at the will of the people.

86. The war has shown us that our national agricultural program can best be
done on a coöperative neighborhood basis: through the establishment of
community agricultural conferences, community labor, seed and implement
exchanges, community canning centres, community markets, etc.

87. I do not mean to imply that I think it is easy to learn how to identify
ourselves with our city, especially for those who live in large cities. The men
of a small town know that if they have a new town-hall they will have to pay
for it. In a large city men ask for a ward building because they will not have
to pay for it, they think. It is all this which neighborhood organization and the
integration of neighborhoods, of which I shall speak later, must remedy.

88. The plan of Mr. and Mrs. Wilbur Phillips for community organization and for
the connection with it of expert service is too comprehensive to describe
here, but based as it is on their actual experience, and planning as it does for
the training of whole neighborhoods and the arousing of them to
responsibility and action, it should be studied by every one, for such plans
are, I believe, the best signs we have that democracy is yet possible for
America.

89. How much we are all indebted to the settlements as the pioneer
neighborhood movement I do not stop to consider here.

90. This point will be taken up in ch. XXXIII.

91. Or perhaps the Senate might represent the occupational group (see ch.
XXXIII). Or perhaps the experts mentioned above might be representatives
from occupational groups.

92. In North Carolina the recently organized State Bureau of Community Service
—made up of the administrators of the Department of Agriculture, the Board
of Health, the Normal and Industrial College and the Farmers’ Union, with the
State Superintendent of Public Instruction as its central executive—is making
its immediate work the development of local community organization which
shall be directly articulated with a unified state organization.

93. The Community Council, however, is not to duplicate other organizations but
first to coördinate all existing agencies before planning new activities.
94. And spontaneously many towns and villages turned to the schoolhouse as the
natural centre of its war services.

95. For the moment I ignore the occupational group to be considered later.

96. I have taken this account from the official report. I have been told by New
York people that these commissions have shown few signs of life. This does
not, however, seem to me to detract from the value of the plan as a
suggestion, or as indication of what is seen to be advisable if not yet wholly
practicable. The New York charter provides for Local Improvement Boards as
connecting links with the central government, but these I am told have
shown no life whatever.

97. Léon Duguit, Graham Wallis, Arthur Christensen, Norman Angell, etc.

98. The fatal flaw of guild socialism is this separation of economics and politics.
First, the interests of citizenship and guild-membership are not distinct;
secondly, in any proper system of occupational representation every one
should be included—vocational representation should not be trade
representation; third, as long as you call the affairs of the guilds “material,”
and say that the politics of the state should be purified of financial interests,
you burn every bridge which might make a unity of financial interests and
sound state policy. Guild socialism, however, because it is a carefully worked
out plan for the control of industry by those who take part in it, is one of the
most well worth considering of the proposals at present before us.

99. See G. D. H. Cole, “The World of Labor,” for the relation of trade unionism to
guild socialism.

100.
See especially “Churches in the Modern State” and “Studies in Political
Thought from Gerson to Grotius.”

101.
See also Mr. Laski’s articles: “The Personality of Associations,” Harv. Law Rev.
29, 404–426, and “Early History of the Corporation in England,” Harv. Law
Rev.: 30, 561–588. This is the kind of work which is breaking the way for a
new conception of politics.

102.
It must be understood that all I say does not apply to all the pluralists. For
the sake of brevity I consider them as a school although they differ widely.
Moreover, for convenience I am using the word pluralist roughly and in a
sense inaccurately to include all those who are advocating a multiple group
organization as the basis of a new state. Most of these agree in making the
group rather than the individual the unit of politics, in their support of group
“rights,” the “consent” of the group, the “balance” of groups, and in their
belief that “rights” should be based on function. But syndicalists and guild
socialists are not strictly pluralists since they build up a system based on the
occupational group; yet the name is not wholly inapplicable, for, since the
guild socialists base their state on balancing groups, that state cannot be
called a unified state. It is too early yet to speak of this school with entire
accuracy, and in fact there is no “school.”

103.
From this was taken, Gierke tells us, modern German “fellowship.”

104.
And the individual was certainly as prominent in medieval theory as the
community of individuals, a fact which the vigorous corporate life of the
Middle Ages may lead us to forget.

105.
See writings of Ramiro de Maeztu in New Age and his book mentioned above.

106.
See “Traité de Droit Constitutionnel” and “Études de Droit Public”: I, L’État, Le
Droit Objectif et La Loi Positive; II, L’État, Les Gouvernants and Les Agents.
As in French droit may be either law or a right, Duguit, in order to distinguish
between these meanings, follows the German distinction of objektives Recht
and subjektives Recht, and speaks of le droit objectif and le droit subjectif,
thus meaning by le droit objectif merely law. But because he at the same
time writes of power as resting on function in contradistinction to the classical
theory of the abstract “rights” of man, rights apart from law and only
declared by law, political writers sometimes speak of Duguit’s “objective”
theory of law, as opposed to a “subjective” theory of law, when jurists would
tell us that law is objective, and that subjective right is always merely a right,
my right. This matter of terminology must be made much clearer than it is at
present.

107. Although how far Duguit had in mind merely the solidarity of French and
Roman law has been questioned.

108.
I have just read in a work on sociology, “Men surrender their individual wills
to the collective will.” No, the true social process is not when they surrender
but when they contribute their wills to the collective will. See chs. II-VI, “The
Group Process.”

109.
See p. 130.

110.
De Maeztu tells us, “Rights do not arise from personality. This idea is mystic
and unnecessary. Rights arise primarily from the relation of the associated
with the thing which associates them....” Authority, Liberty, and Function, p.
250.
Mr. Barker substitutes purpose for personality and will as the unifying bond of
associations, and says that we thus get rid of “murder in the air” when it is a
question of the “competition of ideas, not of real collective personalities.”
(See “The Discredited State,” in The Political Quarterly, February, 1915.) This
seems a curiously anthropomorphic, so to speak, idea of personality for a
twentieth-century writer. The article is, however, an interesting and valuable
one.
See also Pollock and Maitland, History of English Law, I, 472.

111.
See “Underlying Principles of Legislation.”

112.
The teleological school of sociology is interesting just here. While it marked a
long advance on older theories, the true place of selection of ends is to-day
more clearly seen. We were told: “Men have wants, therefore they come
together to seek means to satisfy those wants.” When do men “come
together”? When were they ever separated? But it is not necessary to push
this further.

113.
I have tried not to jump the track from legal right to ethical right but
occasionally one can speak of them together, if it is understood that one is
not thereby merging them.

114.
The old consent theory assumes that some make the laws and others obey
them. In the true democracy we shall obey the laws we have ourselves
made. To find the methods by which we can be approaching the true
democracy is now our task; we can never rest satisfied with “consent.”
115.
Although I do not agree with the form individualism takes in his doctrine.

116.
Some of the pluralists are concerned, I recognize, with the fact rather than
the right of sovereignty.

117. The trouble with the pluralists is that their emphasis is not on the fact that
the group creates its own personality, but on the fact that the state does not
create it. When they change this emphasis, their thinking will be unchained, I
believe, and leap ahead to the constructive work which we eagerly await and
expect from them.

118.
It is also necessary to an understanding of the new international law. See ch.
XXXV, “The World State.”

119.
No one has yet given us a satisfactory account of the history of the notion of
sovereignty: just how and in what degree it has been affected by history, by
philosophy, by jurisprudence, etc., and how all these have interacted. We
have not only to disentangle many strands to trace each to its source, but we
have, moreover, just not to disentangle them, but to understand the constant
interweaving of all. To watch the interplay of legal theory and political
philosophy from the Middle Ages down to the present day is one of the most
interesting parts of our reading, but perhaps nowhere is it more fruitful than
in the idea of sovereignty. We see the corporation long ignored and the idea
of legal partnership influencing the development of the social contract theory,
which in its turn reacted on legal theory. We find the juristic conception of
group personality, clearly seen as early as Althusius (1557–1638), and
revived and expanded by Gierke, influencing the whole German school of
“group sociologists.” But to-day are not many of us agreed that however
interesting such historical tracing, our present notion of sovereignty must rest
on what we learn from group psychology?

120.
The French syndicalists avowedly do not want democracy because it “mixes
the classes,” because, as they say, interests and aims mingle in one great
mass in which all true significance is lost.

121.
See p. 184.
122.
This is the basis of Duguit’s international law—the place of a state in an
international league is to be determined directly by services rendered.

123.
Quoted by Duguit.

124.
It must be remembered, however, that while in the Civil War we definitely
gave up the compact theory held by us since the Mayflower compact, yet we
did not adopt the organism theory. The federal state we have tried and are
trying to work out in America is based on the principles of psychic unity
described in chapter X. The giving up of the “consent” theory does not bring
us necessarily to the organic theory of society.

125.
Duguit says that the United States confers the rights of a state on a territory.
No, it recognizes that which already exists.

126.
“The word ‘and’ trails along after every sentence. Something always
escapes.... The pluralistic world is thus more like a federal republic than like
an empire or a kingdom.” “A Pluralistic Universe,” 321–322.

127. When they say that the passion for unity is the urge for a dominant One,
they think of the dominant One as outside.

128.
One of the pluralists says, “I cannot see that ... sovereignty is the unique
property of any one association.” No, not sovereignty over “others,” but
sovereignty always belongs to any genuine group; as groups join to form
another real group, the sovereignty of the more inclusive group is evolved—
that is the only kind of state sovereignty which we can recognize as
legitimate. (See ch. XXIX on “Political Pluralism and Sovereignty.”)

129.
See ch. XV.

130.
Mr. Laski is an exception to many writers on “consent.” When he speaks of
consent he is referring only to the actual facts of to-day. Denying the
sovereignty postulated by the lawyers (he says you can never find in a
community any one will which is certain of obedience), he shows that as a
matter of fact the state sovereignty we have now rests on consent. I do not
wish to confuse the issue between facts of the present and hopes for the
future, but I wish to make a distinction between the “sovereignty” of the
present end the sovereignty which I hope we can grow. This distinction is
implicit in Mr. Laski’s book, but it is lacking in much of the writing on the
“consent of the governed.”

131.
Wherever you have the social contract theory in any form, and assent as the
foundation of power, there is no social process going on; the state is an
arbitrary creation of men. Group organization to-day must give up any taint
whatever of the social contract and rest squarely and fully on its legitimate
psychological basis.

132.
This is perhaps a remnant of the nineteenth-century myth that competition is
the mode of progress.

133.
See p. 39, note.

134.
Mr. Laski, I think.

135.
It does not matter in the terms of which branch of study you express it—
philosophy, sociology, or political science—it is always the same problem.

136.
See pp. 199–201.

137. Some writers talk of trade representation vs. party organization as if in the
trade group you are rid of party. Have they studied the politics of trade
unionism? In neither the trade group nor the neighborhood group do you
automatically get rid of the party spirit. That will be a slow growth indeed.

138.
Yet perhaps the trade-union has been one of the truest groups, one of the
most effective teachers of genuine group lessons which we have yet seen.
Increased wages, improved conditions, are always for the group. The trade-
unionist feels group-wants; he seeks to satisfy these through group action.
Moreover the terms of a collective bargain cannot be enforced without a
certain amount of group solidarity. In strikes workmen often sacrifice their
own interests for what will benefit the union: the individual—I may prefer his
present wages to the privations of a strike; the group-I wants to raise the
wages of the whole union.

139.
I have not in this brief statement distinguished between government
“ownership,” “control,” “regulation,” etc. See “War-Time Control of Industry”
by Howard L. Gray.

140.
“Representative Government in British Industry” by J. A. Hobson, in New
Republic, September 1, 1917.

141.
See p. 120.

142.
Following the precedent of England which provided, under the Munitions of
War act and other legislation, machinery (joint boards representing
employers and employed) for the prevention and adjustment of labor
disputes.

143.
Christensen, “Politics and Crowd Morality,” p. 238.

144.
See pp. 58–59.

145.
It has usually been supposed that wars have been the all-important element
in consolidating nations; I do not want to disregard this element, I want only
to warn against its over emphasis. Moreover, the way in which wars have had
a real and permanent influence in the consolidation of nations is by the
pressure which they have exerted upon them in showing them that efficiency
is obtained by the closest coöperation and coördination of all our activities, by
a high degree of internal organization.

146.
The western states feel that they are training members of society and not
individuals and that is why it seems proper to them to take public money to
found state universities.

147. A little girl I know said, “Mother, if women get the vote, shall I have to be
President?”
148 See pp. 208–212.

149.
Also men have less opportunity for discussion at work than formerly.
Transcriber’s Notes
Hyphenation has not been regularized, and remains as printed.

New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.

Archaic and non-standard spelling has been retained. Instances of what seem to
be obvious printer’s errors have been corrected. Changes made are listed
below:

Pg. 20: Corrected typo: ‘Social Psycology’ to ‘Psychology’

Pg. 34: Changed comma for period at end of sentence: ‘a collective will,’ to ‘will.’

Pg. 43: Corrected typo: ‘rather perhaps indentified’ to ‘identified’

Pg. 98: Added umlaut for consistency: ‘compatible with cooperation’ to


‘coöperation’

Pg. 123: Added accent as in other instances: ‘L’Etat, Le Droit Objectif’ to ‘L’État’

Pg. 205: Corrected typo: ‘these inner forces most’ to ‘must’

Pg. 234: Added missing punctuation after abbreviation: ‘education, sanitation etc,’
to ‘etc.,’

Pg. 255: Corrected typo: ‘only shall we undersand’ to ‘understand’

Pg. 273: Corrected typo: ‘either law or a rigat’ to ‘right’

Pg. 274: Added missing accent: ‘métaphysique ou religieux’ to ‘oú’

Pg. 278: Corrected typo: ‘through the varous’ to ‘various’

Pg. 311: Corrected typo: ‘we are to be constitutent’ to ‘constituent’

Pg. 334: Added umlaut for consistency: ‘pre-eminently the opportunity’ to


‘preëminently’

Pg. 336: Corrected typo: ‘city is not analagous’ to ‘analogous’

Pg. 347: Corrected typo: ‘a nation is a crowd, partiotism’ to ‘patriotism’


Pg. 353: Corrected typo: ‘consider themeslves’ to ‘themselves’
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NEW STATE
***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions


will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.


copyright law means that no one owns a United States
copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy
and distribute it in the United States without permission and
without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the
General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and
distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the
PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if
you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the
trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the
Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such
as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and
printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in
the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright
law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially
commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE


T H E F U L L P R OJ E C T G U T E N B E R G L I C E N S E
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the


free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this
work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase
“Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of
the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or
online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing


Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™


electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand,
agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual
property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree
to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease
using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for
obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™
electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms
of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only


be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by
people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.
There are a few things that you can do with most Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the
full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There
are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™
electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and
help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the


Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright
law in the United States and you are located in the United
States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying,
distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works
based on the work as long as all references to Project
Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will
support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free
access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for
keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the
work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement
by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full
Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge
with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside
the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to
the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying,
displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works
based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The
Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright
status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project


Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other


immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project
Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed,
viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United


States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it
away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg
License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United
States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is


derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of
the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to
anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges.
If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of
paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use
of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth
in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is


posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and
distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder.
Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™
License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright
holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project


Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files
containing a part of this work or any other work associated with
Project Gutenberg™.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute
this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the
Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if
you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project
Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other format used in the official version posted on the official
Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must,
at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy,
a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy
upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project
Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,


performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™
works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or


providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive
from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who


notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt
that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project
Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of


any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project


Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different
terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain
permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3
below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend


considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on,
transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright
law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these
efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium
on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as,
but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data,
transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property
infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be
read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except


for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in
paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic
work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for
damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE
THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT
EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE
THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you


discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of
receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you
paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you
received the work from. If you received the work on a physical
medium, you must return the medium with your written
explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the
defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu
of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.
If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund
in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set
forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’,
WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied


warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this
agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this
agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the
maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable
state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of
this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the


Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless
from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that
arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you
do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project
Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or
deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect
you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project


Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of


electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new
computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of
volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project
Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™
collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In
2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was
created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project
Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your
efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the
Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg


Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-


profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the
laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status
by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or
federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions
to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax
deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and
your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500


West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact
links and up to date contact information can be found at the
Foundation’s website and official page at
www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project


Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without


widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission
of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works
that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form
accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated
equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly
important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws


regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of
the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform
and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many
fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not
solicit donations in locations where we have not received written
confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine
the status of compliance for any particular state visit
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states


where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know
of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from
donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot


make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations
received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp
our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current


donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a
number of other ways including checks, online payments and
credit card donations. To donate, please visit:
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project


Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project


Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could
be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose
network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several


printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by
copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus,
we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any
particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,


including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new
eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear
about new eBooks.

You might also like