Jose Sanchez

Belkes Stambouli
9/4/2024
Experiment 0: Periodic Trends

Graph 1. Atomic radius of period 2 elements

vs. atomic number
1.8
1.6
Atomic Radius Å

1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Atomic Number

Figure 1. As the atomic number of the period 2 elements increase, their atomic radius decreases. As you
increase atomic number, there are a higher number of protons pulling on the electrons. While there are also
more electrons as you go up atomic number, they sort themselves into subshells as they get more valence
electrons, so while they have more electrons, they are still in the same subshell, meaning those with more
protons pull in the electrons more, making the radius smaller.

Graph 2. Atomic radius of period 4 elements vs.

atomic number
2.6
2.4
2.2
2
Atomic Radius

1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Atomic Number

Figure 2. Similar to figure 1, as the atomic number continues to increase, it has a negative correlation with the
atomic radius. Whie having a larger radius than the period 2 elements due to higher subshells, the trend is
decreasing due to the addition of valence electrons being on the same shell, and therefore with more protons
in the increased number, the attraction between the electrons and protons gets stronger, making the radius
smaller.
 Graph 4. Ionization Energy of Period 2
Elements vs. Atomic Number
25
Ionization energy eV

20

15

10

0
2 4 6 8 10 12
Atomic Number

Figure 3. Ionization energy generally increases from right to left in the periodic table and the periods
themselves. The two exceptions are Boron and Oxygen as they have lower first ionization energies
than the preceding elements due to them having more 2p electrons. In Boron this 2p electron is
less bound to the nucleus, lowering the ionization energy and in Oxygen, there is a pair of 2p
electrons, lowering the ionization energy again.

Graph 10. Electronegativity of period 2

elements vs. atomic number
Electronegativity (EN)

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Atomic Number

Figure 4. The trend shown of electronegativity is a positive correlation until you reach the last element,
Neon. Electronegativity increases with the atomic number as the atomic radius also decreases, making the
nucleus have a greater effect on valence electrons. This is seen the most with fluorine as it is the most
reactive, needing only 1 electron and having a small radius. The trend breaks with Neon due it having all
its subshells filled , therefore no longer wanting any extra electrons, making it nonreactive/stable.
 Melting Boiling Ionization Electron
Atomic Point Point Melting Boiling Density Density Radius Energy Electronegativity Affinity
Element Number (℃) (℃) Point (K) Point (K) (kg/m3) (g/mL) (Å) (IE)(eV) (EN) ((EA)kJ/mol))
Li 3 180.5 1342 453.65 1615.15 535 0.535 1.67 5.3 0.98 59.6
Be 4 1286.85 2470 1560 2743.15 1848 1.848 1.12 9.323 1.57 0
B 5 2074.85 4000 2348 4273.15 2460 2.46 0.87 8.3 2.04 26.7
C 6 3549.85 3642 3823 3915.15 2260 2.26 0.67 11.26 2.55 153.9
N 7 -210 -195.8 63.15 77.35 1.251 0.001251 0.56 14.5 3.04 7
O 8 -218.79 -183 54.36 90.15 1.429 0.001429 0.48 13.62 3.44 141
F 9 -219.62 -188.1 53.53 85.05 1.696 0.001696 0.42 17.4 3.98 328
Ne 10 -248.59 -246.1 24.56 27.05 0.9 0.0009 0.38 21.6 0 0
Na 11 97.8 882.9 370.95 1156.05 968 0.968 1.9 5.14 0.93 52.8
Cl 17 -101.5 -34.04 171.65 239.11 3.214 0.003214 0.79 12.97 3.16 249
K 19 63.38 758.9 336.53 1032.05 856 0.856 2.43 4.34 0.82 48.4
Ca 20 841.85 1484 1115 1757.15 1550 1.55 1.94 6.11 1 2.37
Sc 21 1540.85 2830 1814 3103.15 2985 2.985 1.84 6.56 1.36 18.1
Ti 22 1667.85 3297 1941 3570.15 4507 4.507 1.76 6.83 1.54 7.6
V 23 1909.85 3407 2183 3680.15 6110 6.11 1.71 6.75 1.63 50.6
Cr 24 1906.85 2671 2180 2944.15 7470 7.47 1.66 6.77 1.66 64.3
Mn 25 1245.85 2061 1519 2334.15 7470 7.47 1.61 7.43 1.55 0
Fe 26 1537.85 2861 1811 3134.15 7874 7.874 1.56 7.9 1.83 15.7
Co 27 1494.85 2900 1768 3173.15 8900 8.9 1.52 7.88 1.88 63.7
Ni 28 1454.85 2913 1728 3186.15 8908 8.908 1.49 7.64 1.91 112
Cu 29 1084.62 2562 1357.77 2835.15 8960 8.96 1.45 7.73 1.9 118.4
Zn 30 419.53 906.9 692.68 1180.05 7140 7.14 1.42 9.39 1.65 0
Ga 31 29.76 2204 302.91 2477.15 5904 5.904 1.36 5.99 1.81 28.9
Ge 32 938.25 2820 1211.4 3093.15 5323 5.323 1.25 7.9 2.01 119
As 33 816.85 614 1090 887.15 5727 5.727 1.14 9.8 2.18 78
Se 34 220.5 685 493.65 958.15 4819 4.819 1.03 9.75 2.55 195
Br 35 -7.5 58.9 265.65 332.05 3120 3.12 0.94 11.81 2.96 324.6
Kr 36 -157.36 -153.22 115.79 119.93 3.75 0.00375 0.88 14 3 0
Rb 37 39.31 688 312.46 961.15 1532 1.532 2.65 4.17 0.82 46.9
I 53 113.7 184.3 386.85 457.45 4940 4.94 1.15 10.451 2.66 295.2
Cs 55 1355.85 671 1629 944.15 1879 1.879 2.98 3.89 0.79 45.5
Figure 5. Data table
References
(1) Lide, D. R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics; Internet Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL,
2018.
(2) Silberberg, M. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 8th ed.; McGraw-Hill: New
York, NY, 2018.
(3) Chemistry LibreTexts, Electron Affinity,
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemn
tal_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molec
ular_Properties/Electron_Affinity.