Relativity Dynamics HW2

Yishai Kohn

1.
In one frame of reference both energy and momentum are conserved

Energy:
2
Total 𝐸0 at rest of particle 𝑚0 = 𝑚0 𝑐 = 100 𝑀𝑒𝑉
2 2
𝑚1𝑐 𝑚2𝑐
Total energy of the two particles after the collision + = 100 𝑀𝑒𝑉
2 2
1−β1 1−β2

Momentum:
Total momentum 𝑃0 of stationary particle = 0
𝑚1(β1𝑐) 𝑚2 (β2𝑐)
Total momentum of the two particles after the collision =−
2 2
1−β1 1−β2

We can use these equations to solve for a systems of equations, Given that we know 𝑚1 and 𝑚2

45 25 2 45 45 2
+ = 100 𝑀𝑒𝑉 → 1 − β1 = 25 → β1 = 1−( 25 )
2 2 100 − 100 −
1−β1 1−β2 1−β2
2
1−β2
2

Substituting that into the second equation through a system of equations of Mathematica
β1 = . 61378𝑐 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 β2 = . 81372𝑐

Which means that the energies of these particles are

45 𝑀𝑒𝑉
𝐸1 = 2
= 57. 00 𝑀𝑒𝑉
1−.61378
25 𝑀𝑒𝑉
𝐸2 = 2
= 43. 01 𝑀𝑒𝑉
1−.81372
Which equals the total original energy of 100 MeV

(b)
𝑚1(β1𝑐) 2
45𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐 (.61378 𝑐)
𝑃1 = = 2
= 34. 985 𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐
2
1−β1 1−.61378
𝑚2 (β2𝑐)
𝑃2 = = 34. 9982 𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐
2
1−β2

Which accounting for rounding errors confirms the conservation of momentum above

(c)
As above, β1 = . 61378𝑐 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 β2 = . 81372𝑐
2.
(a)
𝑓 𝐺𝑀
𝑓0
=. 92 = 1 − 2
𝑐𝑅
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ, 𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘
𝐺𝑀
. 08 = 2
𝑐𝑅
𝐺𝑀
𝑅= 2 = 18435. 13𝑚
.08𝑐
𝑀𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑚𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑛

(b)
G of Earth is 9.8 m/s^2
And our mean density is 5513 kg/m^3
On this star
30
𝑀 1.99*10 𝑘𝑔 16 3
𝑉
= 4 3 = 7. 58 * 10 𝑘𝑔/𝑚
3
π*(17601.4𝑚)
16
This is less dense than a Neutron star of 8. 4 * 10 so it must be a white dwarf star or
something in between these two

−11 30
𝐺𝑀 6.67*10 *1.99*10 11 2
𝑔𝑥 = 2 = 2 = 3. 9 * 10 𝑚/𝑠
𝑅 18435.13

(c)
2
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑛 = 𝐼ω = (2/5)𝑀 * 𝑅 ω
30 8 2 2π 1 42
= (2/5) * 1. 99 * 10 * (6. 96 * 10 ) * ( 26.5 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 * 24*3600
) = 1. 058 * 10
41
(online it says Eggleton calculated it to be 1. 88 * 10 )
Conservation of momentum says, assuming that the supernova is condensed into this more
dense star, that the momentum should be conserved

42
𝐿 1.058*10
2 = 30 2 = ω = 3910. 9 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
(2/5)𝑀*𝑅 (2/5)1.99*10 *(18435.13)
And the units make sense

2π
Period is 3910.9
= 1. 60𝑚𝑠
Pulsars period is between 1.4mn and 8.5ms
Yay!

3.
(a)
Find masses of all, convert to energy, find the missing energy:
Masses found online:
U-235 mass = 235.04393 amu
neutron mass = 1.00867 amu
Ba-141 mass = 140.91441 amu
Kr-92 mass = 91.92616 amu

Find difference in mass then multiply 931.48 MeV(/c^2 and solve m*c^2 where the c^2s
cancel out) per unit mass above

173.273MeV

(b)
“1Kg of Uranium-235 contains about 2.55x10^24 atoms”

24 22
2.55*10 11,000 𝑀𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠−ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 2.2469*10 𝑀𝑒𝑉 365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑥 * 1𝑘𝑔
* 173. 273𝑀𝑒𝑉 = 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
* 1 𝑚𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡−ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
* 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

22
11,000 𝑀𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠−ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 2.2469*10 𝑀𝑒𝑉 365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 1
𝑥 = 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
* 1 𝑚𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡−ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
* 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
* 24
2.55*10
1𝑘𝑔
* 173.273𝑀𝑒𝑉
22
11,000 2.2469*10 365 1
𝑥 = 1
* 1
* 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
* 24
2.55*10
1𝑘𝑔
* 173.273

= 204.173 Kg/year

4.
(a) For the minimal speed to achieve a rotational orbit

2
𝑚𝑣 𝐺 𝑀𝑚 𝐺𝑀
𝐹= (𝑟+ℎ)
= 2 → 𝑣=
(𝑟+ℎ) (𝑟+ℎ)

𝑡
𝑡' =
𝑣 2
1−( 𝑐 )
 𝑣 2 𝐺𝑀
∆𝑡' = ∆𝑡 1 − (𝑐) = ∆𝑡 1−( 2 )
(𝑟+ℎ)*𝑐

Where G, M and r are given by our planet and c is known.

It will lose time, it will go slower than its ground counterpart

(((
One might be able to use this equation:
∆𝑣 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎 𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡
𝑣 = 𝑟ω
𝑣(𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒) = (𝑟 + ℎ)ω
∆𝑣 = (𝑟 + ℎ)ω - 𝑟ω = ℎω

ℎω 2
∆𝑡' = ∆𝑡 1−( 𝑐
)
)))

(b)
Due to general relativity
Use Keeton’s equation, with the Schwartzchild radius

2𝐺𝑀
3 𝑟𝑠 3 2
𝑐
𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 𝑡𝑓 1− 2
* 𝑟
= 𝑡𝑓 1 − (2 * (𝑟)
)
2𝐺𝑀
3 𝑟𝑠 3 𝑐
2

𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 𝑡𝑓 1− 2
* 𝑟
= 𝑡𝑓 1 − (2 * (𝑟+ℎ)
)

2𝐺𝑀 2𝐺𝑀
3 𝑐
2
3 𝑐
2

∆𝑡 = 𝑡𝑓 1−( 2
* (𝑟)
) − 𝑡𝑓 1−( 2
* (𝑟+ℎ)
)

2𝐺𝑀 2𝐺𝑀 2𝐺𝑀

2 3 𝑐
2
3 𝑐
2
3 2
𝑐
𝑡𝑓 1 1
(𝑡𝑓) * ( ( 2
* (𝑟)
)+( 2
* (𝑟)
+ 2 (ℎ)
) → 𝑐
6𝐺𝑀 * ( ( (𝑟) ) + ( 2(ℎ) ))

This does not seem to be easy to solve. Let’s try another method.

According to the book the change due to gravitational time dilation is

∆𝑓 𝑔ℎ
𝑓0
= 2 where the satellite has less gravity and whose clock is thus going faster
𝑐

(c)
−11 3 24
𝐺𝑀 6.6743*10 𝑚 *5.972*10 𝑘𝑔
∆𝑡' = ∆𝑡 1−( 2 ) = ∆𝑡 1−( 8 2 2 ) =
(𝑟+ℎ)*𝑐 (7371𝑚)*(3*10 𝑚/𝑠) 𝑘𝑔 𝑠
 −11 24
6.6743*10 *5.972*10
1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 1−( 8 2 ) = 0. 9999996996 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
(7371)*(3*10 )

For general:
2 3
∆𝑓 𝑔ℎ 9.8𝑚/𝑠 *1000*10 𝑚 −10
𝑓0
= 2 = 8 2 = 1. 0889 * 10
𝑐 (3*10 𝑚/𝑠)
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ ℎ𝑎𝑠 31536000 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠, 𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑑𝑑 0. 00343392 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
−10
Or other words 1 + (1. 0889 * 10 ) 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

(d)
Equate the two and solve for h, since they are rations without units you can just equate them
like this even though they use different units since they cancel out:

3 −11 24
9.8 *(ℎ*10 ) 6.6743*10 *5.972*10
8 2 = 1−( 8 2 )
(3*10 ) (6371+ℎ)*(3*10 )

12
ℎ = 9. 18367 * 10

5.
(a)
The two particles move outward along the +y and the –y axes when S’ is moving at
𝑉𝑥 =. 8 * 𝑐𝑜𝑠(30) = . 69𝑐

(b)
Since it’s moving now only perpendicular to the direction of motion, where 𝑉𝑥 = 0, 𝑉𝑦 needs a
𝑣𝑦 .8𝑐*𝑠𝑖𝑛(30) 𝑣𝑥−𝑉
transformation of velocity 𝑣𝑥𝑉 = 1 .8𝑐*𝑐𝑜𝑠(30)*.69𝑐 =. 5547𝑐 (Check that 𝑣𝑥𝑉 is very
γ(1− ) 2
(1− 2 ) 1−
𝑐
2
1−(.69𝑐) 𝑐 𝑐
2

near 0, and it is)

(c)
2 2
𝑚𝑐 𝑐
𝐸 = 𝐸1 + 𝐸2 = 2 2
= 𝑚(2 2
)
1−.8 1−.8
(d)
The momentum is only in the x direction, since momentum in the y cancels out
𝑚𝑣𝑥 .8𝑐*𝑐𝑜𝑠(30)
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃1𝑥 + 𝑃2𝑥 = 2 2
= 𝑚(2 2
)
1−.8 1−.8

(e)
2 2
𝑐 .8𝑐*𝑐𝑜𝑠(30) 2
2 2 (𝑚(2 )) − (𝑚(2 )*𝑐)
2 2 2 2 𝐸 − (𝑝𝑐) 1−.8
2
1−.8
2

𝐸 − (𝑝𝑐) = (𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑐 ) → 2 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 2

𝑐 𝑐
2
2𝑚𝑐 2
( ) 1 − (.8*𝑐𝑜𝑠(30)) 2
1−.8
2
1 − (.8*𝑐𝑜𝑠(30))
2 = 2𝑚 2
𝑐 1−.8
(f)
2 2
𝑚𝑐 𝑐
𝐸 = 𝐸1 + 𝐸2 = 2 2
= 𝑚(2 2
)
1−.5547 1−.5547
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0
2
𝑐 2
(𝑚(2 ))
1−.5547
2
2𝑚
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 2 = 2
𝑐 1−.5547

6.
(a)
Proton with total energy 2.2 GeV
2 2
2 𝑚𝑐 𝑚𝑐 2 938.27 𝑀𝑒𝑉 2
𝐸 = γ𝑚𝑐 = 2
→ β= 1−( 𝐸
) = 1−( 3 ) =. 9045𝑐
1−β 2.2*10 𝑀𝑒𝑉

𝑀𝑒𝑉 −27 8𝑚
938.27 * .9045𝑐 1.672*10 𝑘𝑔 *.9045 *3*10
𝑚𝑣 2

(𝐵 = 𝑞𝑟
= 𝑐
−19 = −19
𝑠
= 0. 708 𝑇 )
1.602*10 𝐶 *4𝑚 1.602*10 𝐶 *4𝑚

With relativistic corrections (Eq 2-37 in the book):

−27 8𝑚
γ𝑚𝑣 1.672*10 𝑘𝑔 *.9045 *3*10 𝑠
𝐵= 𝑞𝑟
= −19 2
= 1. 66 𝑇
1.602*10 𝐶 *4𝑚 * 1−(.9045)
𝑘𝑔
(Checked that has equivalent units T for B)
𝐶 𝑠

Verify with mixed units equation from book

 938.27*.9045
𝑚 γ𝑢 (𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐) 1−.9045
2

300 *4(𝑚) (𝑒/𝑒)

= 𝐵(𝑇) → 300 *4
= 1. 658 ≈ 1. 66𝑇

(b)
𝑀𝑒𝑉
Rest Mass of proton = 938. 27 2
𝑐
𝑚
Relativistic mass of proton = 2
1−β
938.27
2
= 𝑥 * 938. 27 → 𝑥 = 2. 345
1−.9045
By a factor of 2.345

(c)
Mass of alpha particle in MeV/c^2 = 3727.379 MeV/c^2
q of alpha particle 2e
𝐵 = 1. 66 𝑇

We can use
𝑝 = 𝑚γ𝑢 (𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐) = 300 𝐵(𝑇) 𝑅(𝑚) (𝑞/𝑒)

Thus
𝑝 = 300 * 1. 66(𝑇) * 4(𝑚) * (2𝑒/𝑒) = 3984 𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐

(c)
β 3984 𝑀𝑒𝑣/𝑐 β
𝑝 = 𝑚 2
→ 2 = 2
𝑐 → β = 0. 730234𝑐
1−β 3727.379 𝑀𝑒𝑣/𝑐 1−β

2 1 𝑀𝑒𝑉 2
𝐾𝐸 = (γ − 1)𝑚𝑐 = ( 2
− 1) * 3727. 379 2 𝑐 = 1728. 4 𝑀𝑒𝑉
1−.730234 𝑐

7.
(a)
2
γ𝑚𝑐 = 𝐸
2 2 6
γ(938. 27 𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐 )𝑐 = 6. 8 * 10 𝑀𝑒𝑉
1
6
6.8 *10 𝑀𝑒𝑉 2 938.27 2 938.27 2
2
= 938.27 𝑀𝑒𝑉
→ (1 − β ) = ( 6 ) → 1−( 6 ) = β = 0. 9999999905𝑐
1−β 6.8 *10 6.8 *10

(b)
For an exterior observer (unlike the .8c in last homework’s 2 spaceships in opposite directions
problem, which we calculated relative to one of their frames of reference) there should be no
conversions for the particles’ speeds for each other

2 2𝑣 2*0.9999999905𝑐 299792 𝑘𝑚/𝑠

2𝑓 = 𝑇
= 2π𝑅
= 27.3𝑘𝑚
* 𝑐
= 21962. 78 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
(c)
1 1
𝐿' 2
= 𝐿 → 10𝑐𝑚 2
= 𝐿' = 72547. 62𝑐𝑚 = . 7254762𝑘𝑚
1−β 1−0.9999999905

(d)
Since CERN will be contracting in the direction of the particle’s motion while staying the same in
the perpendicular axis to its motion, the circle should form an ellipse in the perspective of the
particle.

27.3𝑘𝑚
π
= 𝑟 = 𝑎 = 8. 68986 𝑘𝑚
27.3𝑘𝑚 2
π
* 1 − 0. 9999999905 = 𝑏 = 0. 001198 𝑘𝑚
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 * 2 ≈ 17. 38 𝑘𝑚

8.68986
.7254762
= 23. 96 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠

(e)

Given their starting point and opposite direction, when they are traveling in the same direction
(green circles (or uncircled components as well after they travel over and around)) it will be the
same 10cm, and when they are moving in opposite directions the size will be a length
contraction through the velocity addition formula:

𝑢' +𝑉 2*.9999999905𝑐 −16

𝑢 = 𝑉 = 2
(.9999999905)
= (1 − (1. 11 * 10 ))𝑐
1+𝑢' * 2 1+
𝑐 1

−16 2 −8
Where L = . 7254762 𝑘𝑚 * 1 − (1 − (1. 11 * 10 )) = 1. 081 * 10 𝑘𝑚

(f)
Given this maximum velocity when they are going to collide
2
𝑚𝑐 938.27 𝑀𝑒𝑉 10
𝐸= 2
= 2
= 6. 296 * 10
1−β 1−(1− (1.11*10
−16
))

(g)

Same as above, with v changing from 0, and u above when about to collide
 𝑚𝑣 2
938.27 𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐 *(1− (1.11*10
−16
))𝑐 10
𝑝= 2
= 2
= 6. 296 * 10 *𝑐
1−β 1−(1− (1.11*10
−16
))

(It is possible that one could relate the additive velocity of the antiprotons in the frame of
reference of the protons to the sine of the location of the proton with its original position, such
that when that distance is 90 degrees, v=0, as we saw above, and when it is 0 or 180, ie when
particle is crossing v=u above, and in between you add the perpendicular component)

8.

Energy after the collision is

𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 𝑝𝑐 = 300𝑀𝑒𝑉
2
𝐸𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 𝑚𝑐 = 938. 27 𝑀𝑒𝑉

𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐸𝐵
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝐸𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 300 + 938. 27 = 1238. 27 𝑀𝑒𝑉

Test using the following equation:

𝑀𝑒𝑉
938.27 2 (β*𝑐)*𝑐
𝑐
First find v of the proton 𝑝𝑐 = 300𝑀𝑒𝑉 = 2
→ β = 0. 30455𝑐
1−β
Now
2 2 2 2
𝐸 = (𝑝𝑐) + (𝑚𝑐 )
938.27 2 2 2
( 2
) = (300) + (938. 27)
1−0.304549

Yay!

9.
(a)
Velocities of pions

2
γ𝑚𝑣
𝑞𝑣𝐵 = 𝑟
 2 −19
β𝑐 𝑞𝐵𝑟 1.602*10 𝐶 * 2𝑇 * .35𝑚
2
= 𝑚
= −28
1−β .9955*10 𝑘𝑔

Let’s try this easier equation:

𝐵𝑞𝑅 = 𝑚γ𝑢 = 𝑝
𝑝 (𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐) = 300 𝐵(𝑇) 𝑅(𝑚) (𝑞/𝑒)
where 𝑚γ𝑢 = 𝑝

Thus
β
𝑚γ𝑢 (𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐) = 140 2
(𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐) = 300 * 2(𝑇) * . 35(𝑚) * (𝑒/𝑒)
1−β
β𝑐 1
2
𝑐 = 300 * 2(𝑇) * . 35(𝑚) * 140
1−β
β = 0. 83205𝑐

(b)
Momenta of pions

Momentum is conserved, so momentum has to equal zero, insofar as the collision is concerned,
though the magnetic field can affect the particles.

𝑚 β𝑐 140 𝑀𝑒𝑉*0.83205𝑐
𝑝 = 2
= 2
= 210. 00 𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐
1−β 1−0.83205
Where both particles have this momentum in opposite directions and net momentum = 0

(c)
𝑜
Mass of the 𝐾
In the same system

2
𝑚𝑐 140 𝑀𝑒𝑉
2𝐸 = 2 2
= 2
= 504. 83𝑀𝑒𝑉
1−β 1−0.83209

Given 497.611±0.013 is what I found online, and that the Pions have smaller masses in
actuality, this is a reasonable solution

10.
(a)
If rest energy = 100 MeV an total energy = 120 MeV then
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝐸 = (𝑝𝑐) + (𝑚𝑐 ) → 120 = (𝑝𝑐) + (100) → 𝑝𝑐 = 120 − 100 = 66. 33
Which ≠ 𝑃 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 20𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐

(b)
 2 2 2 2
120 = (𝑝𝑐) + (𝑚𝑐 )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
120 − (20) = (𝑚𝑐 ) → 120 − (20) = (𝑚𝑐 ) → 𝑚 = 118. 32 𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐

𝑚 (β 𝑐) 118.32 (β 𝑐)
𝑃 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 20𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐 = 𝑃 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = → 20 = → β =. 166669𝑐
2 2
1−β 1−β
2 118.32
𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝐸 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝐸 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 → 120𝑀𝑒𝑉 = γ𝑚𝑐 = 2
= 120 𝑀𝑒𝑉
1−1.66669
(c)
Invariant Mass
2 2 2 2
𝐸 − (𝑝𝑐) = (𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑐 )
2 2 2 2
(100 + 20) − (20) = (𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑐 )
2
118. 32 𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐

(d)
In framework S’ where the final atom is stationary β =. 166669𝑐

𝑣𝑥−𝑉
𝑢= 𝑣𝑥𝑉 =. 166669𝑐 −. 166669𝑐 = 0
1− 2
𝑐
𝑣−𝑉
𝑝' = γ 𝑚 = 0 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑣 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑣 2
1−( 𝑐 )
(𝐸−𝑝𝑉) (120 𝑀𝑒𝑉−20 𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐*.166669𝑐)
𝐸' = 2
= 2
= 118. 3216 𝑀𝑒𝑉
1−.166669 1−.166669

Which is okay, since energy does not have to be conserved in different frames of reference (and
will prove to work out in the invariant mass below as well.

2 2
Thus in both 𝑝𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑝𝑐𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 0 and 𝑚𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
= 𝑚𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
=1 18. 3216 𝑀𝑒𝑉

(e)
We can use this to find the invariant mass
2 𝐸 2 2 2 𝐸' 2 2
𝑐( 2 ) −𝑝 = 𝑐 ( 2 ) − 𝑝'
𝑐 𝑐

2 𝐸 2 1 2 2
𝑐 ( 2 ) − 2 (𝑝 − 𝑝' ) = 𝐸'
𝑐 𝑐

2
14400 𝑀𝑒𝑉 2 2 2
1
− (400𝑀𝑒𝑉 ) = 𝐸' = 𝑚𝑐 ( 𝑖𝑛 𝐸' 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙, 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒) = 118. 321 𝑀𝑒𝑉 → 𝑚 = 118. 32 𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐

This is the invariant mass that we saw in the other frame of reference
Personal Problems:

Problem 13:
(a) Electron with a KE of 2.5 MeV
Electrons have a rest mass of .511 MeV/c^2

2 2.5 𝑀𝑒𝑉 1 1 2 2
𝐾𝐸 = (γ − 1) 𝑚𝑐 → 𝑀𝑒𝑉 2 +1 = → ( 2.5 ) = 1 −β
.511 2 *𝑐 1−β
2
.511
+1
𝑐

1 2
1− ( 2.5 ) = β → 𝑣 =. 9855𝑐
.511
+1

𝑀𝑒𝑉
𝑚𝑣 .511 *.9855𝑐
2
.511 *.9855 𝑀𝑒𝑉 𝑀𝑒𝑉
(b) Relativistic Momentum = 2
= 𝑐
2
= 2 𝑐
= 2. 968 𝑐
1−β 1−.9855 1−.9855

(c) If you want its total energy to be twice the rest energy
2
𝐸 = 2 (𝑚𝑐 )
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝐸 = 4(𝑚𝑐 ) = (𝑝𝑐) + (𝑚𝑐 )
2 2 2
(𝑝𝑐) = 3(𝑚𝑐 )

2
2 2 3 *(𝑚𝑐 )
(𝑝𝑐) = 3 * (𝑚𝑐 ) → 𝑝 = 𝑐
= 3 𝑚𝑐

𝑚𝑣 β 3
3 𝑚𝑐 = 𝑝 = 2
→ 3= 2
→ β = 2
𝑐 =. 8660𝑐
1−β 1−β

Problem 19:
𝑜
𝑝 + 𝑝 →𝑝 + 𝑝 +π

Threshold of Energy for this equation relativistically

Minimum energy when they are rest after the collision, in frame of reference v’
2 2
𝐸𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 2𝑚𝑝𝑐 + 𝑚 𝑜 𝑐
π
2 2
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 2𝑚𝑝𝑐 + 𝑚 𝑜 𝑐
π
2 1 2
𝑚𝑝𝑐 + 2 𝑚 𝑜 𝑐
2 2 1 2 π
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 = γ𝑚𝑝𝑐 = 𝑚𝑝𝑐 + 2
𝑚 𝑜𝑐 → γ = 2
π 𝑚𝑝𝑐
2 1 2
𝑚𝑝𝑐 𝑚 𝑜𝑐 𝑚
1 2
π
𝑜
π 1 2
2
= 2 + 2 =1+ 2 𝑚𝑝
→β = 1−( 𝑚 𝑜
) = 𝑣'
1−β 𝑚𝑝𝑐 𝑚𝑝𝑐 1+
1 π
2 𝑚𝑝
 𝑀𝑒𝑉
𝑚 𝑜 134.9766 2

Solve for π
𝑚𝑝
= 𝑐
𝑀𝑒𝑉 = 0. 14386
938.28 2
𝑐

𝑣' = . 3601𝑐 which seems to be very small for a collision of this sort, relative to our solution for
the antiproton - but then again we are creating a smaller mass with the ratio given above. And
the given equation works with replacements for that problem giving the same results as in the
notes.

𝑣'+𝑉 2* .3601𝑐
Therefore in the system of the lab 𝑣 = 𝑣' 𝑉 = (.3601𝑐)
2 = 0. 6375𝑐
1+ 2 1+ 2
𝑐 𝑐
2 2
𝑚𝑝𝑐 𝑚𝑝𝑐 2
Where 𝐸𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 2
= 2
= 1. 298 𝑚𝑝𝑐
1−β 1−(.6375)
This also looks smaller than one would expect, but given the ratio of mass created, and the
squaring in the denominator, it seems reasonable.

Problem 20:

We can use conservation of momentum, with relativistic corrections

In a frame where it is initially at rest, neglecting the mass change
1
(𝑚𝑣)𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 (𝑚𝑣)𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 (9900*β𝑐)𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 (100*− 2 𝑐)
𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝑝1 = 𝑝2 → 0 = 2
+ 2
= 2
+ )=0
1−β 1−β 1−β 1 2
1−( 2
)
1
β (100* 2 )
→ 2
= → 𝑣 =. 0058372𝑐
1−β 1 2
9900* 1−( 2 )

(b)
Energy is conserved within this reference frame

2 2 2
10000𝑐 9900𝑐 100𝑐
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝐸𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 → 2
= 2
+ + 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
1−0 1−.0058372 1 2
1−( 2 )
10000 9900 100 2 2
→ 2
−( 2
+ ) = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦/𝑐 =− 15. 638/𝑐
1−0 1−.0058372 1 2
1−( 2
)
2
𝐸/𝑐 = 𝑚 → 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 15. 638𝑘𝑔

Without relativistic corrections:

1
(𝑚𝑣)𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 = − (𝑚𝑣)𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 → 9900 * 𝑣 = 100 * 2
𝑐 → 𝑣 = 0. 0050505𝑐

Therefore the relative error of the results is

𝑣 𝑛𝑜𝑛−𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 0.0050505
1− 𝑣 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐
= 0.0058372
= 0. 1348 → 13. 48% 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟