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 Psychological Testing
Principles, Applications, & Issues

Ninth Edition

Robert M. Kaplan Dennis P. Saccuzzo

Stanford University San Diego State University

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

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Psychological Testing: Principles, © 2018, 2013 Cengage Learning
­Applications, and Issues, Ninth Edition
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Brief Contents

PA R T I PRINCIPLES
1 Introduction 1
2 Norms and Basic Statistics for Testing 23
3 Correlation and Regression 63
4 Reliability 99
5 Validity 133
6 Writing and Evaluating Test Items 159
7 Test Administration 187

PA R T I I APPLICATIONS
8 Interviewing Techniques 203
9 Theories of Intelligence and the Binet Scales 225
10 The Wechsler Intelligence Scales: WAIS-IV, WISC-V, and WPPSI-IV 247
11 Tests for Infants, Disabilities, and Special Populations 267
12 Standardized Tests in Education, Civil Service, and the Military 299
13 Applications in Clinical and Counseling Settings 329
14 Projective Personality Tests 371
15 Computers and Basic Psychological Science in Testing 401
16 Testing in Counseling Psychology 425
17 Testing in Health Psychology and Health Care 443
18 Testing in Industrial and Business Settings 483

PA R T I I I ISSUES
19 Test Bias 513
20 Testing and the Law 547
21 The Future of Psychological Testing 587

iii

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Contents

P art I Principles
1 Introduction 1
Basic Concepts 6
What a Test Is 6
Types of Tests 7
Overview of the Book 9
Principles of Psychological Testing 10
Applications of Psychological Testing 10
Issues of Psychological Testing 11
Historical Perspective 11
Early Antecedents 11
Charles Darwin and Individual Differences 12
Experimental Psychology and Psychophysical Measurement 13
The Evolution of Intelligence and Standardized Achievement Tests 14
Personality Tests: 1920–1940 16
The Emergence of New Approaches to Personality Testing 18
The Period of Rapid Changes in the Status of Testing 20
The Current Environment 21
Summary 21

2 Norms and Basic Statistics for Testing 23

Why We Need Statistics 24
Scales of Measurement 25
Properties of Scales 25
Types of Scales 27
Permissible Operations 28
Frequency Distributions 29
Percentile Ranks 32
Percentiles 36
Describing Distributions 37
Mean 37
Standard Deviation 38
iv

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 Contents v

Z Score 40
Standard Normal Distribution 41
McCall’s T 48
Quartiles and Deciles 50
Norms 51
Age-Related Norms 54
Tracking 54
Criterion-Referenced Tests 58
Summary 61

3 Correlation and Regression 63

The Scatter Diagram 64
Correlation 66
Regression 67
The Regression Line 67
The Best-Fitting Line 68
Testing the Statistical Significance of a Correlation Coefficient 74
How to Interpret a Regression Plot 76
Other Correlation Coefficients 80
Terms and Issues in the Use of Correlation 82
Residual 82
Standard Error of Estimate 83
Coefficient of Determination 83
Coefficient of Alienation 83
Shrinkage 84
Cross Validation 84
The Correlation-Causation Problem 84
Third Variable Explanation 85
Restricted Range 86
Multivariate Analysis (Optional) 87
General Approach 87
An Example Using Multiple Regression 87
Discriminant Analysis 88
Factor Analysis 89
Summary 92
APPENDIX 3.1: Calculation of a Regression Equation and a Correlation
Coefficient 93
Calculation of a Regression Equation (Data from Table 3.5) 94

4 Reliability 99
History and Theory of Reliability 100
Conceptualization of Error 100

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vi Contents

Spearman’s Early Studies 101

Basics of Test Score Theory 101
The Domain Sampling Model 103
Item Response Theory 104
Models of Reliability 106
Sources of Error 106
Time Sampling: The Test–Retest Method 107
Item Sampling: Parallel Forms Method 108
Split-Half Method 109
KR20 Formula 111
Coefficient Alpha 112
Reliability of a Difference Score 113
Reliability in Behavioral Observation Studies 115
Connecting Sources of Error with Reliability Assessment Method 119
Using Reliability Information 122
Standard Errors of Measurement and the Rubber Yardstick 122
How Reliable Is Reliable? 123
What to Do about Low Reliability 124
Summary 129
APPENDIX 4.1: Using Coefficient Alpha to Estimate Split-Half
Reliability When the Variances for the Two Halves of the Test Are
Unequal 130
APPENDIX 4.2: The Calculation of Reliability Using KR20 130

5 Validity 133
Defining Validity 135
Aspects of Validity 136
Face Validity 136
Content-Related Evidence for Validity 136
Criterion-Related Evidence for Validity 138
Construct-Related Evidence for Validity 149
Relationship between Reliability and Validity 155
Summary 157

6 Writing and Evaluating Test Items 159

Item Writing 160
Item Formats 161
Guessing 163
Other Possibilities 170
Item Analysis 173
Item Difficulty 173

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 Contents vii

Discriminability 175
Pictures of Item Characteristics 177
Linking Uncommon Measures 182
Items for Criterion-Referenced Tests 184
Limitations of Item Analysis 185
Summary 186

7 Test Administration 187

Why We Changed Our Minds 188
The Examiner and the Subject 188
The Relationship Between Examiner and Test Taker 188
The Race of the Tester 189
Stereotype Threat 190
How Stereotype Threat Does Damage 191
Remedies for Stereotype Threat 192
Language of Test Taker 193
Training of Test Administrators 193
Expectancy Effects 193
Effects of Reinforcing Responses 196
Computer-Assisted Test Administration 197
Mode of Administration 199
Subject Variables 201
Summary 201

PA R T I I APPLICATIONS
8 Interviewing Techniques 203
The Interview as a Test 207
Reciprocal Nature of Interviewing 208
Principles of Effective Interviewing 208
The Proper Attitudes 209
Responses to Avoid 209
Effective Responses 211
Responses to Keep the Interaction Flowing 212
Measuring Understanding 215
Mental Status Examination 217
Developing Interviewing Skills 218
Sources of Error in the Interview 219
Interview Validity 219
Interview Reliability 222
Summary 223

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viii Contents

9 Theories of Intelligence and the Binet Scales 225

The Problem of Defining Intelligence 226
Binet’s Principles of Test Construction 228
Principle 1: Age Differentiation 228
Principle 2: General Mental Ability 229
Spearman’s Model of General Mental Ability 229
Implications of General Mental Intelligence (g) 230
The gf-gc Theory of Intelligence 230
The Early Binet Scales 231
The 1905 Binet-Simon Scale 231
The 1908 Scale 232
Terman’s Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale 234
The 1916 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale 234
The Intelligence Quotient (IQ) 234
The 1937 Scale 235
The 1960 Stanford-Binet Revision and Deviation IQ (SB-LM) 237
The Modern Binet Scale 238
Model for the Fourth and Fifth Editions of the Binet Scale 238
Characteristics of the 1986 Revision 240
Characteristics of the 2003 Fifth Edition 242
Psychometric Properties of the 2003 Fifth Edition 243
Median Validity 244
Summary 244

10 The Wechsler Intelligence Scales: WAIS-IV,

WISC-V, and WPPSI-IV 247
The Wechsler Intelligence Scales 249
Point and Performance Scale Concepts 249
From the Wechsler–Bellevue Intelligence Scale to the WAIS-IV 251
Scales, Subtests, and Indexes 251
A Closer Look at Subtests 252
From Raw Scores to Scaled and Index Scale Scores 257
Index Scores 258
FSIQs 258
Interpretive Features of the Wechsler Tests 259
Index Comparisons 259
Pattern Analysis 260
Hypothetical Case Studies 260
Psychometric Properties of the Wechsler Adult Scale 262
Standardization 262
Reliability 263
Validity 263

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 Contents ix

Evaluation of the Wechsler Adult Scales 263

Downward Extensions of the WAIS-IV: The WISC-V and the WPPSI-IV 264
The WISC-V 264
The WPPSI-IV 265
Summary 266

11 Tests for Infants, Disabilities, and Special

­Populations 267
Alternative Individual Ability Tests Compared With the Binet
and Wechsler Scales 268
Alternatives Compared With One Another 270
Early Tests 272
Infant Scales 272
Major Tests for Young Children 279
General Individual Ability Tests for Handicapped
and Special Populations 284
Testing Learning Disabilities 287
Visiographic Tests 292
Creativity: Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT) 294
Individual Achievement Tests: Wide Range Achievement
Test-4 (WRAT-4) 296
Summary 297

12 Standardized Tests in Education, Civil Service,

and the Military 299
Comparison of Group and Individual Ability Tests 301
Advantages of Individual Tests 302
Advantages of Group Tests 302
Overview of Group Tests 303
Characteristics of Group Tests 303
Selecting Group Tests 303
Using Group Tests 304
Group Tests in the Schools: Kindergarten Through 12th Grade 305
Achievement Tests Versus Aptitude Tests 305
Group Achievement Tests 305
Group Tests of Mental Abilities (Intelligence) 308
College Entrance Tests 312
The New (2016) SAT  312
The American College Test 313
Graduate and Professional School Entrance Tests 314
Graduate Record Examination Aptitude Test 314

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x Contents

Miller Analogies Test 318

The Law School Admission Test 319
Nonverbal Group Ability Tests 321
Raven Progressive Matrices 322
Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test (G-HDT) 324
The Culture Fair Intelligence Test 325
Standardized Tests Used in the U.S. Civil Service System 326
Standardized Tests in the U.S. Military: The Armed Services
Vocational Aptitude Battery 326
Summary 327

13 Applications in Clinical and Counseling

Settings 329
Strategies of Structured Personality Test Construction 331
Deductive Strategies 332
Empirical Strategies 332
Criteria Used in Selecting Tests for Discussion 334
The Logical-Content Strategy 334
Woodworth Personal Data Sheet 334
Early Multidimensional Logical-Content Scales 335
Mooney Problem Checklist 335
Criticisms of the Logical-Content Approach 336
The Criterion-Group Strategy 336
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 336
California Psychological Inventory (CPI)–Third Edition 347
The Factor Analytic Strategy 349
Guilford’s Pioneer Efforts 349
Cattell’s Contribution 350
Problems With the Factor Analytic Strategy 352
The Theoretical Strategy 353
Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) 353
Personality Research Form, Third Edition (PRF-III) and
Jackson Personality Inventory Revised (JPI-R) 355
Self-Concept 357
Combination Strategies 358
Positive Personality Measurement and the NEO Personality
Inventory–Three (NEO-PI-3) 358
The NEO Personality Inventory–Three (NEO PI-R™) 359
Frequently Used Measures of Positive Personality Traits 362
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale 362
General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) 363
Ego Resiliency Scale Revised 363
Dispositional Resilience Scale (DRS) 363
Hope Scale 364

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 Contents xi

Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) 364

Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) 365
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) 365
Coping Intervention for Stressful Situations (CISS) 366
Core Self-Evaluations 366
Future of Positive Personality Research 367
Summary 368

14 Projective Personality Tests 371

The Projective Hypothesis 373
The Rorschach Inkblot Test 374
Historical Antecedents 374
Stimuli, Administration, and Interpretation 375
Psychometric Properties 380
An Alternative Inkblot Test: The Holtzman 389
The Thematic Apperception Test 390
Stimuli, Administration, and Interpretation 391
Psychometric Properties 394
Alternative Apperception Procedures 395
Nonpictorial Projective Procedures 395
Word Association Test 396
Sentence Completion Tasks 396
Figure Drawing Tests 398
Summary 398

15 Computers and Basic Psychological Science

in Testing 401
Cognitive-Behavioral Assessment Procedures Versus the Medical
Model of Assessment 403
The Rationale for Cognitive-Behavioral Assessment 403
Early Procedures Based on Operant Conditioning 405
Self-Report Techniques 407
The Dysfunctional Attitude Scale 411
Irrational Beliefs Test 411
Irrational Beliefs Inventory (IBI) 412
Cognitive Functional Analysis 412
Psychophysiological Procedures 414
Physiological Variables With Treatment Implications 414
Evaluation of Psychophysiological Techniques 415
Computers and Psychological Testing 416
Computer-Assisted Interview 416
Computer-Administered Tests 417
Computer Diagnosis, Scoring, and Reporting of Results 418

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xii Contents

Internet Usage for Psychological Testing 419

The Computerization of Cognitive-Behavioral Assessment 420
Tests Possible Only by Computer 420
Computer-Adaptive Testing 421
Summary 423

16 Testing in Counseling Psychology 425

Measuring Interests 426
The Strong Vocational Interest Blank 427
The Evolution of the Strong Measures 428
The Campbell Interest and Skill Survey 429
The Reemergence of the Strong Interest Inventory 430
The Kuder Occupational Interest Survey 432
The Career Assessment Inventory 436
The Self-Directed Search 436
Eliminating Gender Bias in Interest Measurement 437
Aptitudes and Interests 439
Measuring Personal Characteristics for Job Placement 439
Are There Stable Personality Traits? 440
Other Uses of Interest Matching Methods: The Case
of Internet Dating 440
Summary 441

17 Testing in Health Psychology and Health Care 443

Neuropsychological Assessment 444
Clinical Neuropsychology 444
Developmental Neuropsychology 449
Adult Neuropsychology 453
California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) 459
Automated Neuropsychological Testing 462
Anxiety and Stress Assessment 463
Stress and Anxiety 464
The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory 464
Measures of Coping 466
Ecological Momentary Assessment 466
Depression 467
NIH Toolbox 470
Quality-of-Life Assessment 472
What Is Health-Related Quality of Life? 472
Common Methods for Measuring Quality of Life 473
mHealth and New Mobile Technologies 476
The 2015 Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT) 477
Summary 482

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 Contents xiii

18 Testing in Industrial and Business

Settings 483
Personnel Psychology—The Selection of Employees 484
Employment Interview 484
Base Rates and Hit Rates 486
Taylor-Russell Tables 489
Utility Theory and Decision Analysis 493
Value-Added Employee Assessments 495
Incremental Validity 499
Personnel Psychology From the Employee’s Perspective:
Fitting People to Jobs 501
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 501
Tests for Use in Industry: Wonderlic Personnel Test (WPT) 502
Measuring Characteristics of the Work Setting 503
Classifying Environments 503
Job Analysis 505
Measuring the Person–Situation Interaction 508
Summary 511

PA R T I I I ISSUES
19 Test Bias 513
Why Is Test Bias Controversial? 514
The Traditional Defense of Testing 520
Content-Related Evidence for Validity 521
Criterion-Related Sources of Bias 524
Other Approaches to Testing Minority Group Members 529
Ignorance Versus Stupidity 529
Suggestions for Solutions 531
Ethical Concerns and the Definition of Test Bias 531
Thinking Differently: Finding New Interpretations of Data 535
Developing Different Criteria 535
When Tests Harm 536
Does It Matter? More Testing and Less Testing 537
Changing the Social Environment 540
Summary 544

20 Testing and the Law 547

Laws Governing the Use of Tests 549
Federal Authorities 549
Specific Laws 553

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xiv Contents

Federal Initiatives in Education 555

The Common Core 556
Major Lawsuits That Have Affected ­Psychological Testing 558
Early Desegregation Cases 558
Stell v. Savannah-Chatham County Board of Education 559
Hobson v. Hansen 560
Diana v. State Board of Education 561
Larry P. v. Wilson Riles 561
Parents in Action on Special Education v. Hannon 563
Crawford et al. v. Honig et al. 564
Marchall v. Georgia 568
Debra P. v. Turlington 568
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 571
Golden Rule Insurance Company et al. v. Washburn et al. 571
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña, Secretary of
Transportation, et al. 572
Affirmative Action in Higher Education 572
Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger 573
Parents v. Seattle 575
Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education 576
Fisher v. University of Texas 576
Personnel Cases 577
Cases Relevant to the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) 583
A Critical Look at Lawsuits 584
Summary 585

21 The Future of Psychological Testing 587

Issues Shaping the Field of Testing 588
Professional Issues 588
Moral Issues 591
Social Issues 594
Current Trends 596
The Proliferation of New Tests 596
Higher Standards, Improved Technology, and Increasing
Objectivity 597
Greater Public Awareness and Influence 598
The Computerization of Tests 599
Testing on the Internet 599
Future Trends 599
Future Prospects for Testing Are as Promising as Ever Before 600
Controversy, Disagreement, and Change Will Continue 600
The Integration of Cognitive Science and Computer Science
Will Lead to Several Innovations in Testing 601
Summary 601

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 Contents xv

APPENDIX 1 Areas of a Standard Normal Distribution 603

APPENDIX 2 Critical Values of r for a 5 .05 and a 5 .01
(Two-Tailed Test) 606
APPENDIX 3 Critical Values of t 607
APPENDIX 4 Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education 609

GLOSSARY 614
REFERENCES 618
NAME INDEX 683
SUBJECT INDEX 700

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List of Sample Test Profiles
FIGURE 9.7 Cover page of Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale 239

FIGURE 12.1 Example of a score report for the Stanford Achievement Test 307

FIGURE 12.2 A sample student profile from the ACT 313

FIGURE 12.3 GRE verbal ability sample items 315

FIGURE 12.4 GRE quantitative ability sample items 317

FIGURE 12.5 MAT sample items 319

FIGURE 13.2 An MMPI profile sheet 337

FIGURE 13.3 An MMPI-2 profile sheet 344

FIGURE 13.4 Jackson Personality Inventory profile sheet 356

FIGURE 13.5 NEO Personality Inventory profile sheet 360

TABLE 14.1 Summary of Rorschach scoring 381

Focused Example 14.2 

The danger of basing Rorschach interpretations on insufficient
evidence 386–387

Sentence completion tasks 396

FIGURE 17.5 Profile of a patient tested with the Luria-Nebraska battery 459

FIGURE 18.2 Sample questions from the Wonderlic 503

FIGURE 19.8 Sample SOMPA profile 525

TABLE 20.1 Examples of items from a minimum competence test 569

xvi

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Preface

P
sychology is a broad, exciting field. Psychologists work in settings ranging from
schools and clinics to basic research laboratories, pharmaceutical firms, and pri-
vate international companies. Despite this diversity, all psychologists have at
least two things in common: They all study behavior, and they all depend to some
extent on its measurement. This book concerns a particular type of measurement,
psychological tests, which measure characteristics pertaining to all aspects of behav-
ior in human beings.
Psychological Testing is the result of a long-standing partnership between the
authors. As active participants in the development and use of psychological tests,
we became disheartened because far too many undergraduate college students view
psychological testing courses as boring and unrelated to their goals or career inter-
ests. In contrast, we see psychological testing as an exciting field. It has a solid place
in the history of psychology, yet it is constantly in flux because of challenges, new
developments, and controversies. A book on testing should encourage, not dampen,
a student’s interest. Thus, we provide an overview of the many facets of psychologi-
cal tests and measurement principles in a style that will appeal to the contemporary
college student.
To understand the applications and issues in psychological testing, the student
must learn some basic principles, which requires some knowledge of introductory
statistics. Therefore, some reviewing and a careful reading of Part I will pave the way
for an understanding of the applications of tests discussed in Part II. Part III exam-
ines the issues now shaping the future of testing. Such issues include test anxiety, test
bias, and the interface between testing and the law. The future of applied psychology
may depend on the ability of psychologists to face these challenging issues.
Throughout the book, we present a series of focused discussions and focused
examples. These sections illustrate the material in the book through examples or
provide a more detailed discussion of a particular issue. We also use box features
called “Psychological Testing in Everyday Life” to demonstrate material such as sta-
tistical calculations.

Increased Emphasis on Application

Students today often favor informal discussions and personally relevant exam-
ples. Consequently, we decided to use models from various fields and to write in
an informal style. However, because testing is a serious and complicated field in

xvii

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xviii Preface

which major disagreements exist even among scholars and experts, we have treated
the controversial aspects of testing with more formal discussion and detailed
referencing.
The first edition of Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues was
published in 1982. The world has changed in many ways in the 35 years since the
text was first introduced. For example, personal computers were new in 1982. Most
students and professors had never heard of the Internet, nobody communicated
by e-mail, and the inventor of Facebook had not yet been born. Nobody had even
imagined smart portable phones. The first edition of Psychological Testing was pro-
duced on typewriters, before word processors were commonly used. At the time,
few professors or students had access to private computers. The early editions of the
book offered instruction for preparing the submission of statistical analyses to main-
frame computers. There were far fewer applications of psychological testing than
there are today. On the other hand, principles of psychological testing have remained
relatively constant. Thus, newer editions have included improvements and refine-
ments in the Principles chapters. The later chapters on Applications and Issues have
evolved considerably.
Not only has the field of psychological testing changed, but so have the lives
of the authors. One of us (RMK) spent most of his career as a professor in a school
of medicine, eventually moved to a school of public health, then to the federal gov-
ernment, and back again to a school of medicine. The other (DPS) completed law
school and works extensively with attorneys and the U.S. legal system on many of
the applied issues discussed in this book. While maintaining our central identities
as psychologists, we have also had the opportunity to explore cutting-edge practice
in medicine, public health, government regulation, education, and law. The ninth
edition goes further than any previous edition in spelling out the applications of
psychological testing in a wide variety of applied fields.
In developing this edition, we have organized topics around the application
areas. Chapter 11 considers psychological testing in education and special education.
Chapter 12 looks at the use of standardized tests in education, civil service, and the
military. Chapters 13 and 14 consider the use of psychological tests in clinical and
counseling settings.
The age of computers has completely revolutionized psychological testing. We
deal with some of these issues in the Principles chapters by discussing comput-
er-adaptive testing and item response theory. In Chapter 15, we discuss applications
of psychological science in the computer age. Chapter 16 discusses the use of psy-
chological testing in the field of counseling psychology and focuses primarily on
interest inventories. Chapter 17 explores the rapidly developing fields of psycholog-
ical assessment in health psychology, medicine, and health care. Chapter 18 reviews
psychological testing in industry and business settings. Several of these chapters dis-
cuss the role of new electronic technologies, such as cell phones and sensors, in the
acquisition of information about human behavior.
Over the last 35 years psycholological testing has faced important challenges
related to fairness and to social justice. Chapter 19 takes a careful look at these
controversies and attempts to spell out some of the differering perspectives in these
detates. Chapter 20 focuses on legal challenges to testing practices. Ethical issues
relevant to psychological tests are considered in Chapter 21.

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 Preface xix

Following a trend in our recent editions, the final chapters on issues in psycho-
logical testing have been extensively updated to reflect new developments in social
justice, law, and ethics.

Organization of the Ninth Edition:

A Note to Professors for Planning
Producing nine editions of Psychological Testing over the course of more than 35 years
has been challenging and rewarding. We are honored that hundreds of professors
have adopted our text, and that it is now used in hundreds of colleges and universi-
ties all over the world. However, some professors have suggested that we reorganize
the book to facilitate their approach to the class. To accommodate the large variety
of approaches, we have tried to keep the chapters independent enough for profes-
sors to teach them in whatever order they choose. For example, one approach to the
course is to go systematically through the chapter sequence.
Professors who wish to emphasize psychometric issues, however, might assign
Chapters 1 through 7, followed by Chapters 19 and 20. Then, they might return to
certain chapters from the Applications section. On campuses that require a strong
statistics course as a prerequisite, Chapters 2 and 3 might be dropped. Professors
who emphasize applications might assign Chapters 1 through 5 and then pro-
ceed directly to Part II, with some professors assigning only some of its chapters.
Although Chapters 9 through 13 are most likely to be used in a basic course, we
have found sufficient interest in Chapters 14 through 18 to retain them. Chapters 17
and 18 represent newer areas into which psychological testing is expanding. Finally,
Chapters 19 and 20 were written so that they could be assigned either at the end
of the course or near the beginning. For example, some professors prefer to assign
Chapters 19 and 20 after Chapter 5.

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students to analyze, apply, and improve thinking, allowing instructors to measure
skills and outcomes with ease.
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comprehension to analysis and application.
▶▶ Personalized Teaching: Becomes yours with a Learning Path that is built with
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analytics and reports that provide a snapshot of class progress, time in course,
engagement and completion rates.

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gun and called it the Winchester Repeating Rifle. It is the outcrop of the old
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[221] From the Hartford Evening Post, Tuesday, Feb. 25, 1890.
A PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY ON TOOL BUILDING

Smiles: Industrial Biography. Boston, 1864.

Smiles: Men of Invention and Industry. N. Y., 1885.
Smiles: Boulton and Watt. London, 1904.
Smiles: The Stephensons. London, 1904.
Smiles: Smeaton and Rennie. London, 1904.
Beck: Beiträge zur Geschichte des Maschinenbaues. Berlin,
1900.
Matschoss: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Technik und Industrie.
Berlin, Bände I-V, 1909-1913.
Sargant: “Sir Samuel Bentham,” in “Essays of a Birmingham
Manufacturer.” London, 1869.
Bentham, Mary S.: Memoirs of Brigadier-General Sir Samuel
Bentham, in Papers and Practical Illustrations of Public
Works. London, 1856.
Beamish: Life of Sir Marc Isambard Brunel. London, 1862.
Nasmyth: Autobiography of James Nasmyth, Edited by Smiles.
London, 1883.
Holtzapffel: Turning and Mechanical Manipulation. London,
1847.
Buchanan: Millwork and other Machinery. London, 1841.
Perrigo: Modern American Lathe Practice. N. Y., 1907.
Perrigo: Change Gear Devices. N. Y., 1915.
Camus: Treatise on the Teeth of Wheels (English Translation).
London, 1837.
Willis: Principles of Mechanism. London, 1841.
Fairbairn: Mills and Millwork. London, 1863.
Pole: Life of Sir William Fairbairn. London, 1877.
Memoir of John George Bodmer, in Transactions of the
Institution of Civil Engineers, Vol. XXVIII. London, 1869.
Farey: Treatise on the Steam Engine. London, 1827.
Price: Fire and Thief-proof Depositories, and Locks and Keys.
London, 1856.
Baker: Elements of Mechanism. London, 1858.
Bishop: History of American Manufactures. 3 Vols. Philadelphia,
1868.
Weeden: Economic and Social History of New England. 2 Vols.
Boston, 1890.
Field: State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
Goodrich: History of Pawtucket, R. I. Pawtucket, 1876.
Wilkinson: Memoir of the Wilkinson Family. Jacksonville, Ill.,
1869.
Fitch: Report on Manufactures of Interchangeable Mechanism,
in U. S. Census, 1880. Volume on “Manufactures.”
Durfee: “Development of the Art of Interchangeable
Construction in Mechanism,” in Transactions of the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. XIV, p. 1225.
Olmstead: Memoir of Eli Whitney. New Haven, 1846.
Woodworth: American Tool Making and Interchangeable
Manufacturing. N. Y., 1911.
Blake: History of Hamden, Conn. New Haven, 1888.
Blake: New Haven Colony Historical Papers, Vol. V. New Haven,
1894.
North: Memoir of Simeon North. Concord, 1913.
Washburn: Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries of
Worcester. Philadelphia, 1889.
Iles: Leading American Inventors. N. Y., 1912.
Parton: Captains of Industry. Boston, 1891.
Van Slyck: Representatives of New England. Boston, 1871.
Goddard: Eminent Engineers. N. Y., 1905.
Lathrop: The Brass Industry. Shelton, Conn., 1909.
Anderson: The Town and City of Waterbury. 3 Vols. New Haven,
1896.
Evans: The Young Millwright and Miller’s Guide. Philadelphia,
1826.
Freedley: Philadelphia and its Manufactures. Philadelphia, 1858.
Cist: Cincinnati in 1851. Cincinnati, 1851.
Cist: Cincinnati in 1859. Cincinnati, 1859.
Porter: Engineering Reminiscences. N. Y., 1908.
Transactions of the Institution of Civil Engineers. London.
Transactions of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. London.
Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Journal of the Franklin Institute. Philadelphia.
 Files of “American Machinist,” New York.
Files of “Machinery,” New York.
Files of “Engineering Magazine,” New York.
Files of “Cassier’s Magazine,” New York.
Files of “Engineering News,” London.
Files of “Engineering,” London.
Much of the data in the latter portions of this book is derived from private
correspondence and personal interviews, and is, therefore, not available for
reference.
INDEX
 INDEX

Acme Wire Co.: 160.

Allen, Ethan: 226.
Allen, Walter: 264.
Alvord, J. D.: 192, 197.
American Brass Co.: 236.
American industries:
reasons for delayed development, 109-114;
influence of the cotton gin, 114.
American iron:
results of exportation to England, 110-113;
early production, 115.
American Pin Co.: 234.
American Screw Co.: 125, 198, 226;
pointed screw, 126.
American Steel & Wire Co.: 225-226.
“American system”: see Interchangeable manufacture.
American Tool Works: 269.
American Watch Co.:
interchangeable system, 144, 164.
American Wire Gauge: 205.
Ames Manufacturing Co.:
gun-making machinery, etc., 138, 140, 228-229.
Amoskeag Manufacturing Co.: 123, 124, 216-217, 253.
Andover, Mass.:
scythe mill, 117.
Angell, William G.: 126.
Ansonia Brass & Copper Co.: 234.
Ansonia Clock Co.: 234.
Arkwright, Sir Richard: 6, 64, 121, 150, 161.
Armstrong, Sir William: 105.
Arnold, Asa:
partner of Pitcher, 124.
Arnold, Jeremiah O.: 125.
Arnold, Joseph:
brother of Jeremiah, 125.
Atwood, L. J.: 237.
Babbage, Charles:
calculating machine, 59.
Baldwin, Matthias:
Baldwin Locomotive Works, 256.
Bancroft, Edward:
Bancroft & Sellers, 247.
Barber-Coleman Co.: 274.
Bardons & Oliver: 183, 265.
Barker, William:
partner of Lodge, 269-270.
Barnes, B. F.: 274.
Barnes, W. F. & John, Co.: 273.
Barnes Drill Co.: 274.
Baush Machine Tool Co.:
drilling machines, 230.
Bayley, O. W.: 217.
Beach, H. L.: 165.
Beach, H. B., & Son: 165.
Beale, Oscar J.:
accurate standards, 205.
Beckley, Elias:
gun shop, 162.
Bellows, E. H.: 222.
Bement, Clarence S.: 255.
Bement, William B.: 217, 219, 249, 252-254;
estimate of, 255;
hammer, 255.
Bement & Dougherty: 254.
Bement, Miles & Co.:
 history of, 254-255.
Benedict, Aaron:
brass worker, 232.
Benedict & Burnham: 234.
Benedict & Coe:
brass workers, 232.
Bentham Jeremy: 22, 25.
Bentham, Sir Samuel: 7, 22, 49, 89, 107;
work on Portsmouth block machinery, 8, 9, 18, 22, 26, 28;
in Russia, 23, 24;
in British navy service, 24;
woodworking machinery, 24, 25;
planer, 51;
patent of 1793, 38;
slide-rest, 6, 38;
relations with Maudslay, 89.
Bessemer, Sir Henry: 96.
Besly, Charles H., & Co.: 275.
Bibliography: 295-297.
Bickford, Henry: 272.
Bidwell, Jason A.: 198, 266.
Bilgram Machine Works:
gear cutting, 259.
Billings, Charles E.: 170, 174-175, 201.
Billings & Spencer Co.: 175-176.
Blake, Eli Whitney: 160.
Blake, Philos: 160.
Blaisdell, P., & Co.: 222.
Blanchard, Thomas: 220-221;
lathe for turning gun-stocks, 6, 140, 142, 219, 220-221.
Blenkinsop:
Locomotives, 56.
Block machinery: see Portsmouth block machinery.
Bodmer, John George: 75-80;
estimate of, 79;
diametral pitch, 70 note 66;
interchangeable manufacture, 76, 131;
 firearms, 76;
two patents, 77-79;
traveling crane, 77, 80;
mill machinery, 76.
Bond, George M.:
Rogers-Bond Comparator, 180-182.
Boring machines:
Smeaton’s, 2, 13;
Wilkinson’s, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 60;
in 18th century, 4.
Boston, Mass.:
heavy forge, 117.
Boston & Worcester R. R.: 220.
Boulton, Matthew: 145;
on Wilkinson’s boring machine, 3;
on Wilkinson, 145.
Boulton & Watt: 3, 11, 46, 55;
relations with Wilkinson, 12, 13.
Bow-string truss: 82.
Boye & Emmes Machine Tool Co.: 268, 271.
Bramah, Joseph: 7, 8, 15, 107;
estimate of, 19, 20;
invention of slide-rest, 6, 36;
planer, 50;
hydraulic press, 18;
machine for numbering banknotes, 19;
woodworking machinery, 18, 19, 24;
other inventions, 18;
relations with Maudslay, 17, 19, 33, 34;
with Watt, 18;
with Clement, 19, 58.
Bridgeport Brass Co.:
micrometer, 211-213.
Bridgeport Machine Tool Co.: 184.
British Small Arms Commission: 138, 140, 141.
Brooker, Charles F.: 236.
Brown, David: 126, 202.
Brown, Capt. James S.: 124.
Brown, Joseph R.: 126, 202;
estimate of, 215;
“Universal” miller, 138 note 163, 196, 208-209;
linear dividing engines, 202, 204-205, 206;
vernier caliper, 203;
formed milling cutter, 206, 207;
improvements on turret screw machine, 207;
universal grinder, 214.
Brown, Moses:
textile industry, 120, 121.
Brown, Sylvanus: 124.
inventor of slide-rest, 6;
slide lathe, 120.
Brown Hoisting Machine Co.: 258.
Brown & Elton:
wire and tubing, 233.
Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Co.: 125, Chapter XVI;
J. R. Browne & Sharpe, 202, 204;
“Universal” miller, 138 note 163, 196, 208;
linear dividing engines, 206;
precision gear cutter, 206;
turret screw machines, 207-208;
limit gauges, 210;
micrometer caliper, 211-213;
cylindrical grinder, 213;
automatic gear cutters, 214.
Brunel, Sir Isambard K.: 32.
Brunel, Sir Marc I.: 7, 26, 27, 31, 49, 107;
slide-rest, 6;
inventions, 27;
Portsmouth block machinery, 8, 9, 22, 26, 27, 28.
Bryant, William L.:
chucking grinder, 200.
Buchanan:
English writer, 50.
Builders Iron Foundry or “High Street Furnace”: 125.
Bullard, E. P.: 183-184.
vertical boring and turning mill, 184-185.
Bullard Machine Tool Co.: 184.
Burke, William A.: 253;
Amoskeag Manufacturing Co., 217;
Lowell Machine Shop, 217, 218.
Burleigh, Charles:
rock drill, 228.
Burlingame, L. D.:
history of micrometer, 213.
Burton, James H.:
Enfield gun machinery, 140.
Calipers:
“Lord Chancellor,” 45, 211;
vernier, 203;
micrometer, origin of, 211-213.
Campbell, A. C.: 237.
Camus: 64;
“The Teeth of Wheels,” 64-65, 68.
Carmichaels, of Dundee:
engine makers, 86.
Carron Iron Works: 2, 85.
Change-gear box: 182.
Chase Rolling Mills Co.: 236.
“Chordal’s Letters”: 261.
Cincinnati, Ohio:
tool building in, 266-267.
Cincinnati Bickford Tool Co.: 272.
Cincinnati Milling Machine Co.: 272.
Cincinnati Planer Co.: 271-272.
Cincinnati Screw & Tap Co.: 272.
Clement, Joseph: 7, 8, 9, 57-58, 59, 99, 107;
screw-thread practice, 10, 19, 57, 58-59, 101;
gear practice, 68;
taps and dies, 10, 19, 58;
lathes, 19, 57;
 planers, 19, 50, 52, 54, 59;
relations with Bramah, 19, 58;
with Maudslay & Field, 19, 46, 58.
Cleveland, Ohio: 183.
tool builders in, 261-266;
first multi-spindle automatic screw machines, 265.
Cleveland Twist Drill Co.: 266.
Clock industry in Connecticut: 171-172.
Coe, Israel: 236.
Coe, Lyman: 234, 236.
Coe Brass Co.: 234.
Coes Wrench Co.: 226.
Colby, Gilbert A.: 254.
Collins Co.:
axe makers, 169.
Colt, Samuel: 166-168;
interchangeable system, 137, 168;
Colt revolver, 166, 167;
erection of Armory, 167, 168.
Colt Armory: 165, 166;
erection of, 167, 168;
a “contract shop,” 178.
Conradson, Conrad N.:
turret machine, 276.
Cook, Asa: 174.
Coombs, S. C.: 222.
Corliss Machine Works: 126.
Cotton crop:
growth of, 150-151.
Cotton gin:
invention of, 131, 148 et seq.;
influence, 114, 131, 145, 149, 150-151, 161;
patent rights of, 151-158.
Cowie, Pierson: 221-222.
Cramp Ship Building Co.: 257.
Croft, James:
brass worker, 232.
Crompton, William: 114.
Cup-leather packing: 18.
Currier & Snyder: 222.
Cushman, A. F.: 173.
Darby, Abraham, 3d:
first iron bridge, 15.
Darling, Samuel:
graduating engine, 203, 204.
Davenport, James:
textile machinery, 246.
Davenport, William S.: 214.
da Vinci, Leonardo:
anticipation of modern tools, 6, 36.
Davis, Charles: 269.
Davis, Jefferson:
on Whitney’s steel-barreled muskets, 160.
Davis & Egan: 269.
D’Eichthal, Baron:
partner of Bodmer, 75.
De la Hire:
gear teeth, 63, 64, 67.
DeLeeuw, A. L.: 273, 277.
Dennison, A. L.:
American Watch Co., 144.
de Vaucanson, Jacques:
milling cutter, 206.
Diametral pitch:
“Manchester pitch,” 70 note 66;
Bodmer, 80.
Die forging: 137.
Dietz, Schumacher & Boye Co.: 268.
Dodge, Cyril: 126.
Dodge, Nehemiah:
goldsmith, 126.
Dougherty, James: 254.
Draper Machine Tool Co.: 222.
Dresses, Henry: 271.
Dresses, Mueller & Co.: 271.
Drilling machines:
in 18th century, 4.
Drop hammer:
developed in America, 5, 143, 175.
Dwight, Dr. Timothy:
on Pawtucket, 121.
Eagle Screw Co.: 126.
Earle & Williams: 219.
Eberhardt, Ulrich: 259.
Edgemoor Iron Co.: 249-250.
Egan, Thomas P.: 268, 269.
Eminent Men of Science Living in 1807-1808.
engraving by Walker, 20.
Enfield Armory: 5, 96, 103;
Nasmyth on reorganization of, 140-141;
British Small Arms Commission, 138, 140;
gun-machinery, 138-141;
Robbins & Lawrence, 191-192.
Epicyclic curve: 63, 67, 68.
Essex Machine Shop: 219.
Euler:
gearing, 64.
Evans, Oliver: 239-246;
conveyors for handling materials, 240-241, 246;
steam engine, 241-242, 245;
description of shop, 243;
steamboat, 242;
prediction of railways, 245;
“Engineer’s Guide,” 242;
“Miller’s Guide,” 244.
Fairbairn, Sir Peter: 71, 74, 107.
Fairbairn, Sir William: 62, 107;
on machine tools, 10;
with George Rennie, 54, 71;
 millwork, 71;
on “a good millwright,” 72;
Fairbairn & Lillie, 72-73, 77;
treatise on “Mills and Millwork,” 73;
iron ships, 73-74;
bridge building, 74.
Fairbairn & Co.: 268.
Fairfield, George A.: 170, 174, 176.
Fales & Jenks Machine Co.: 125.
Farrel Foundry & Machine Co.: 237.
Fay, J. A., & Co.:
woodworking machinery, 229-230, 267.
Fay, J. A., & Egan Co.: 230.
Fellows, E. R.: 199.
Fellows Gear Shaper Co.: 199.
Field, Joshua: 35, 89;
relations with Maudslay, 8, 35, 90;
founder of Institution of Civil Engineers, 90.
Fire engine:
first in America, 116.
Fitch, John:
steamboat, 82.
Fitch, Stephen:
horizontal turret, 197.
Fitchburg, Mass.: 219, 227-228.
Fitchburg Machine Works: 228;
Lo-swing lathe, 200.
Flagg, Samuel, & Co.: 221, 222.
Flather Manufacturing Co.: 228.
Flax industry:
Murray’s influence on, 57.
Foote-Burt Co.: 183;
drilling machines, 265.
Forehand & Wadsworth: 226.
Forq, Nicholas:
planer, 50.
Fosdick Machine Tool Co.: 271.
Fosdick & Plucker: 271.
Fox, James: 7, 50, 52, 53, 54.
Fox & Taylor:
manufacturers of blocks, 28.
Fox, Henderson & Co.: 192.
Francis, James B.:
hydraulic engineer, 218.
Franklin Machine Co.: 125.
Fulton, Robert: 150, 151, 161.
Gage, Warner & Whitney: 218, 228.
Gang, William E.: 268, 271.
Gang & Dietz: 271.
Gardner, Frederick M.:
disk grinding machines, 275.
Gardner Machine Co.: 276.
Garvin Machine Co.: 127.
Gascoigne, William:
principle of micrometer, 211.
Gay, Ira: 124, 216-217.
Gay, Zeba: 124, 217.
Gay & Silver Co.: 195, 197, 217;
planer, 53.
Gearing and Millwork: Chapter VI.
Geier, Frederick A.: 272-273.
“Genealogies”:
Early English Tool Builders, Fig. 5;
New England Gun-makers, Fig. 27;
Robbins & Lawrence Shop, Fig. 37;
Worcester Tool Builders, Fig. 45;
Naugatuck Brass Industry, Fig. 50.
Giddings & Lewis Manufacturing Co.: 276.
Gisholt Machine Works: 276.
Gleason Works: 183.
Globe Rolling Mill: 251.
Goddard, Benjamin: 225.
Gorham, Jabez: 127.
Gorham Manufacturing Co.:
founded, 127.
Gould & Eberhardt: 259.
Grant, John J.: 214.
Gray, G. A., Co.: 273.
“Great Eastern,” The: 32.
“Great Western,” The: 32.
Great Western Railway:
steamers, 93.
Greene, Nathaniel:
cannon factory of, 118.
Greene, Mrs. Nathaniel:
friend to Eli Whitney, 147;
connection with cotton-gin, 148-149.
Greene, Timothy: 119, 121.
Greenwood, Miles: 267.
Gridley, George O.:
automatic lathes, 194, 200.
Grilley, Henry:
founder of brass industry, 232.
Grinder:
developed in America, 5;
Brown & Sharpe’s, 213-214;
disc, 275-276.
Hakewessel, Reinholdt: 183;
Acme automatic, 265.
Hamilton, Alexander:
entertains Brunel, 8, 27.
Hamilton, Ohio:
tool builders in, 273.
Hampson, John:
with Maudslay, 98.
Hanks, Alpheus and Truman:
foundry, 165.
Harper’s Ferry Arsenal: 140, 143, 163;
established, 136;
 interchangeable equipment, 137;
rifle, 160.
Harrington & Richardson: 226.
Hartford, Conn.: 127;
manufactories of, 164, 165, 170;
gun makers of, 164, 166.
Hartford Machine Screw Co.: 170, 174, 176.
Hartness, James: 194, 197-198, 266;
designer of machine tools, 198;
flat-turret lathe, 198;
Lo-swing lathe, 200.
Haskell, Co., The William H.: 124.
Hawkins, John Isaac: 69;
on early gear tooth practice, 65-68, 70.
Hayden, Hiram W.: 234, 236.
Hendey Machine Co.:
tool-room lathe, 182.
Henn, E. C.:
Acme automatic, 265.
Herman, William: 271.
Hick, B., & Son: 75.
High Street Furnace: 125.
Hildreth, S. E.: 222.
Hobbs, Alfred C.:
picks Bramah’s lock, 16.
Holmes, Hodgin:
cotton gin, 152, 154, 156, 157.
Holmes, Israel: 232, 233, 234, 236.
Holmes, Joseph:
pioneer iron worker, 117.
Holmes & Hotchkiss: 233.
Holmes, Booth & Haydens: 234, 237.
Holtz, Frederick:
milling machine, 272.
Holtzapffel, Charles: 74, 99;
on Roberts, 60-61;
plane surfaces, 100.
Hovey, P.:
partner of Pitcher, 124.
Howe, Elias:
sewing machine, 144.
Howe, Frederick W.: 195, 196, 209, 217;
milling machines, 138, 196, 208, 209;
profiling machine, 143, 191;
turret-head screw machine, 195-196, 207;
turret lathe, 197, 199.
Howe, Hezekiah: 119.
Humphries:
suggests invention of large hammer, 93.
Hydraulic press:
invented by Bramah, 18, 34.
Industrial conditions:
new elements in 18th century, 1.
Ingersoll Milling Machine Co.: 274.
Institution of Civil Engineers:
founding of, 90.
Interchangeable manufacture:
rise of, Chapter XI;
developed in America, 5, 129;
defined, 128;
abroad, 138, 140;
in France, 129-131;
in Hartford, 164;
tools for, 142-143.
clock, watch and sewing machine industries, 144;
Bodmer, 76;
Colt, 137, 168;
Enfield, 138, 141;
Simeon North, 131, 133, 135-136, 137, 162;
Robbins & Lawrence, 191;
Eli Whitney, 131-133, 136.
International Machine Tool Co.: 275.
Involute gears: 63, 64, 67, 68, 207.