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THE MONGOLS AND THE WEST

The Mongols and the West provides a comprehensive survey of relations

between the Catholic West and the Mongol Empire from the first appearance
of Chinggis (Genghis) Khan’s armies on Europe’s horizons in 1221 to the
battle of Tannenberg in 1410. This book has been designed to provide a
synthesis of previous scholarship on relations between the Mongols and the
Catholic world, as well as to offer new approaches and conclusions on the
subject. It considers the tension between the Western hopes of the Mongols
as allies against the growing Muslim powers and the Mongols’ position as
conquerors with their own agenda, and evaluates the impact of Mongol–
Western contacts on the West’s expanding knowledge of the world.
This second edition takes into account the wealth of scholarly literature
that has emerged in the years since the previous edition and contains
significantly extended chapters on trade and mission. It charts the course
of military confrontation and diplomatic relations between the Mongols
and the West, and re-examines the commercial opportunities offered to
Western merchants by Mongol rule and the failure of Catholic missionaries
to convert the Mongols to Christianity.
Fully revised and containing a range of maps, genealogical tables and
both European and non-European sources throughout, The Mongols and
the West is ideal for students of medieval European history and the Crusades.

Peter Jackson is Emeritus Professor of Medieval History at Keele University

and a Fellow of the British Academy. His publications cover the Mongols,
the Crusades and medieval Islam, and his most recent book is The Mongols
and the Islamic World from Conquest to Conversion (2017).
The Medieval World
Series editors: Warren C. Brown, Caltech, USA, and Piotr
Górecki, University of California, Riverside, USA
For a full list of titles in the series, visit:
www.routledge.com/The-Medieval-World/book-series/PEAMWD

The Mongols and the West

Peter Jackson

The Viking Diaspora

Judith Jesch

The Formation of English Common Law 2ed

John Hudson

Medieval Monasticism 2ed

C. H. Lawrence

The Cistercian Order in Medieval Europe

Emilia Jamroziak

Church and People in the Medieval West, 900–1200

Sarah Hamilton

The Cathars
Malcolm Barber

Disunited Kingdoms
Michael Brown

Christian–Jewish Relations, 1000–1300

Anna Sapir Abulafia

Violence in Medieval Europe

Warren C. Brown

Europe’s Barbarians, AD 200–600

Edward James

The Devil’s World

Andrew Roach
THE MONGOLS AND
THE WEST
1221–1410

Second Edition

Peter Jackson
This edition published 2018
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2018 Peter Jackson
The right of Peter Jackson to be identified as author of this work has
been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
First edition published by Pearson Education Limited 2005
Reprinted by Routledge 2015
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN: 978-1-138-84842-9 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-138-84848-1 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-351-18284-3 (ebk)
Typeset in Sabon
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
For Rebecca
CONTENTS

List of maps ix
Series editor’s preface to the first edition x
Preface to the second edition xii
Preface to the first edition xiii
Abbreviationsxvi
Note on transliteration xxiv
Note on proper names xxv
Note on references xxvi

Introduction1

THE BACKGROUND9
1 Latin Christendom and its neighbours in the early
thirteenth century 11
2 A world-empire in the making 33

THE MONGOL THREAT63

3 The Mongol invasions of 1241–4 65
4 A remedy against the Tartars 92
5 The halting of the Mongol advance 117
6 Images of the enemy 138
7 From confrontation to coexistence: the Golden Horde 165
viii Contents

HOSTILITY SUSPENDED201
8 An ally against Islam? The Mongols in the Near East 203
9 Temür (Tamerlane) and Latin Christendom 235
10 Western traders and adventurers in the Mongol world 255
11 Mission to the infidel 296

EPILOGUE331
12 A new world discovered? 333
Conclusion362

Appendix I: Glossary 367

Appendix II: Genealogical tables and lists of rulers 368
Bibliography372
Index404
MAPS

2.1 Asia in the era of Chinggis Khan 37

3.1 The Mongol invasion of Eastern Europe, 1241–2 70
5.1 The Mongols and the Near East 120
7.1 Eastern Europe and the Golden Horde 177
9.1 Temür’s campaigns in western Asia 236
10.1 The Black Sea region 274
10.2 The Mongol world after 1260 281
SERIES EDITOR’S PREFACE
TO THE FIRST EDITION

In this timely book, Peter Jackson introduces us to the last great pulse of
nomads from the inner Asian steppe to encounter the utterly different world
of sedentary, urbanized European peoples. The military context of this story
is a long front along the eastern fringe of late medieval Christendom, from
Poland to the Crusader strongholds on the Syrian coast. Its cultural context
is one of prejudice and curiosity stretching from Scotland to Japan, for this
narrative of military encounters and diplomatic manoeuvring is set against
a backdrop of fears of the unknown, rumours – frequently apocalyptic –
and the details of everyday life which characterize one culture rather than
another. In a fascinating exploration of the interactions between the Mon-
gols and the Latin West, Professor Jackson invites the reader to follow
Mongol armies west to Germany and to travel east to China with Christian
missionaries, diplomats and traders, stopping at courts and camps at all
points in between. This latest addition to the Longmans Medieval World
series is thus a sustained reflection on what makes one culture, or civiliza-
tion, different from another, and reminds us that the history of the European
Middle Ages has a world historical context.
In the chapters which follow, we meet many famous men, real and imag-
ined, who have excited the European imagination: Chinggis Khan, Temür
(Tamerlane), Marco Polo and Christopher Columbus; Prester John, ‘Sir
John Mandeville’, Gog and Magog. With skilful analysis, sensitive scholar-
ship and wry humour, Jackson locates their actions – or stories about their
actions – in a world characterized by the immense difficulty of long distance
travel. It is a world of challenges: those facing nomads as they sought pas-
turage for their horses in the Syrian desert, the linguistic difficulties to be
surmounted by Italian friars trying to preach Christianity to speakers of
 Series editor’s preface to the first edition xi

Turkish and Mongolian, the efforts of scholars in quiet European libraries

trying to make sense of the limited information and mass of hearsay about
the world beyond their direct experience. This is a story of the adjustments
of reality to imagination – and of imagination to reality – on a vast geo-
graphical canvas, a story Peter Jackson tells with immense learning and deep
humanity. I welcome it for that very reason.
Julia M. H. Smith
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

The bibliography has been extensively updated, and I have made alterations
to the text and notes throughout, to reflect both new editions/translations of
primary sources and relevant secondary literature published since 2004 and,
in addition, the helpful points made by scholars who reviewed the original
edition. I have in some measure restructured the book, transposing Chap-
ters 7 and 8 and Chapters 10 and 11 and inserting subheadings within the
table of contents. Among the most significant changes to the text are those
found in Chapters 8 (formerly 7) and 11 (formerly 10), where it has been
necessary to take into account a considerable corpus of recent research;
in Chapter 10 (formerly 11), where I have been concerned to emphasize
more strongly the Mongols’ contribution to what might be termed an incipi-
ent ‘globalization’; and in Chapter 12, which now gives enhanced atten-
tion to the Asian cultural impact upon Latin Europe. I have also omitted
the Appendix on the authenticity of Marco Polo’s travels, which has been
placed beyond doubt, in my view, by the publication of Stephen G. Haw,
Marco Polo in China (2006), and J. P. Vogel, Marco Polo Was in China
(2013).
Peter Jackson
Madeley, Staffordshire
August 2017
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

Three fortunate circumstances are responsible for the fact that this book
has not taken rather longer to appear in print. The first is the enthusiastic
response in 1997 of Andrew MacLennan, at that time History editor for
Longman, to the information that I was contemplating a book on the Mon-
gols and the Latin West. Andrew’s support at an early stage was instrumen-
tal in persuading me to undertake to write the book. I am also grateful to his
successor, Heather MacCallum, for her sustained interest in the manuscript
and for seeing the finished product into the first stages of publication.
Secondly, the Institute for Advanced Study at the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem offered me a Visiting Fellowship for six months in 2000, when
I participated in a workshop on ‘Turco-Mongolian Nomads and Their Rela-
tions with China and Iran’, jointly chaired by Dr (now Professor) Reuven
Amitai and Dr Professor Michal Biran. The opportunity to work alongside
colleagues in my own and closely related fields was invaluable, and my wife
and I both still recall with warm appreciation the hospitable welcome we
received in a Jerusalem that was then a happier place than it has become in
more recent years.
The third fortunate circumstance was the award of a Leverhulme Major
Research Fellowship for the period from October 2000 to September 2003,
which provided my department with full-time replacement teaching and
was accompanied by a substantial sum for research travel. Nobody who
has worked within a UK university over the past twenty years can have any
illusions about the difficulty of reading, thinking and writing without being
exempt from teaching and administration over a sustained period. It is a
pleasure to be able to express my gratitude to the Leverhulme Trust in this
preface.
xiv Preface to the first edition

I have also accumulated many other debts. Thanks are due to the inter-
library loans section of Keele University Library for obtaining for me
numerous books and articles over the years. I am also grateful for the assis-
tance of the staff of Cambridge University Library and of the Seeley His-
torical Library, Cambridge; The British Library, and the Libraries of the
Institute of Historical Research and of the Warburg Institute, in London;
the National Archives (formerly the Public Record Office), Kew; the Bodle-
ian Library; the John Rylands University Library of Manchester; the Syd-
ney Jones Library, University of Liverpool; the Bibliothèque Nationale and
the Archives Nationales, Paris; the Bibliotheek te Rijksuniversiteit Leiden;
Innsbruck Universitätsbibliothek; Universitätsbibliothek Graz; Magyar
Országos Levéltár (Hungarian National Archives) and Országos Széchényi
Könyvtár (Széchényi National Library), Budapest; and Wrocław University
Library. In addition, I greatly appreciated the promptness and courtesy of
Dr Rudolf Lindpointner, of the Oberösterreichische Landesbibliothek (for-
merly Studentbibliothek), Linz, in sending me a digitized image of the ms.
446, fo. 267vb (the report of the Russian ‘archbishop’ Peter); of Herr Jens
Altena, of the Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttin-
gen, in supplying me with a printout of ms. 4 Hist. 61, pp. 276–301 (Carpi-
ni’s Ystoria Mongalorum); and of Herr Hans Stein, of the Forschungs- und
Landesbibliothek Gotha, for providing a printout of ms. Orient. A1559
(the first section of al-Jazarī’s Ḥawādith al-zamān). I should also like to
acknowledge here the kind permission of the Master and Fellows of Corpus
Christi College, Cambridge, to reproduce an illustration from ms. 16 (Mat-
thew Paris, Chronica Majora) in the Parker Library. For the production of
the maps, I am indebted to my colleague, Andrew Lawrence, in the Keele
University Digital Imaging/Illustration Services.
I have benefited greatly from the opportunity to try out parts of this book
at seminars and conferences. Professor David Cannadine, then Director of
the Institute for Historical Research, invited me to read what proved to
be a remote forebear of Chapter 6 as a plenary lecture at the 68th Anglo-
American Conference of Historians, where the theme was ‘Race and Ethnic-
ity’, in June 1999. Subsequently I was given the chance to experiment with
the material now in Chapter 10 both in Jerusalem in March 2000 and at the
Conference on ‘Conversion: a Medieval and Early Modern Experience’, at
the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, in May 2001. An early draft
of Chapter 12 was read as an inaugural lecture at Keele University in Janu-
ary 2002, and I profited a great deal from the questions and comments of
my colleagues. I am grateful, lastly, to Professor Jonathan Riley-Smith for
inviting me to deliver a version of Chapter 8 to the Seminar on the History
of the Crusades and the Latin East in Cambridge in November 2002.
A number of other historians have helped me in various ways. Profes-
sor Peter Hoppenbrouwers, of the Rijksuniversiteit Leiden, kindly sent
me a number of references to the Mongols in medieval sources from the
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Royal University Clinics, Halle a. S.
Dr. Vogelius, Bacteriologist Laboratory University, Copenhagen.

In use in hospitals throughout all Europe.

Chinosol
DOES NOT INJURE MEMBRANES.
FREE FROM DISAGREEABLE ODOR.
 Every physician approves of the prompt application of a proper
antiseptic to a bruise, cut, wound or burn, thus insuring surgical
cleanliness until he can reach the patient.
CHINOSOL IS PRESENTED IN TABLET FORM. ONE TABLET TO
ONE QUART OF WATER PRODUCES SOLUTION OF PROPER
STRENGTH.
WE ARE INTRODUCING CHINOSOL THROUGH THE DRUG
TRADE OF AMERICA. IF YOU CANNOT OBTAIN IT, REMIT TO US,
IN POSTAGE, AND WE WILL SEND YOU SUFFICIENT CHINOSOL
TO MAKE

3 QUARTS FOR 10 CENTS.

Guaranteed by us to comply with National and State Pure Drug Laws—No. 2335.
CHINOSOL CO.—PARMELE PHARMACAL CO., Selling Agent, 54 South St.,
N. Y.

The Carnahan Press