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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
17 viewsUnit-2 Maths
I need to get good marks in my semester soo plzz help
Uploaded by
poojithpanabaka162Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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/ 41
APS, rey ‘9
Find the Eigen values and igen vitae of (F =)
Heke, (Bers Be Leon par 2
5 Lotto as sirtage en :
Eigen values — le =)
Characterighic equation CLF A | fis " Lk- A
|A-dT] =0
s u
2) 1 =}
| t EA <5) 26
| Sete)
ON) fO-a 4) fa ei
(2-A) (tee 2a—y) ~ (4 Aa) Hs =A-))=
€24+2N=y-8- y- fe ae cMNIER PSs
Ne Ag por ee mains 0,
RE anaes
~The Cigen volues ame 1, -l y. Cigen Vector:
Take (A-AT Jeo voheres x =
Seen (x) G [
ro cae Wal] [efector 2
Sh ee Dee a
QiSe je If Amy
then, AX <0
PeI@ |
Now we apply elementary rou? transformations +e redu
anto echelon -form as fellows:
Pe [=] (3 RR
ae % Es
Beers en) :] R—SaR ER,
aon oes ae “fof Rye > RR,
oO o ©.
; His tn’ echelon form:
@ta) =2 no: of variables =
ea, .
3-2 =) adwariable Can aasigh with arbitarg
constant
let % 3-4,
By back Substitution ,
St, + 5% = Ri Dy — 2x <0
% =k, Ml=0
ert ;
} Me j fe
% ) a, °
1 3 6-2 m fe] °
Si i
2 6JL%
Be apply elementary Row -transformation to vediuce
above matrix into echelory cform as -follows
1 °
Y a i. R, > RR,
}
Coe beet hl 0} Rs Ret,
tiie ° 2
eee ieee [3] Ra-> Rab Re
aco hs C
HE is in echelon form,
No of variables
Sen) ate e) One vartable ean assign with avbthary
Constant.
lee =k
By back — Substitution
ar at 0) U+42-%=0
4y=-ky Pal-fky bo,
- % = =2ky
Xe alee: poks”
a= | Ka
% aha
K +0
Cases: If A=4 they 4A x H5
== el 4 ‘oF
| 3 2 % |=] 0
Xe 0
at
entory row transformalton +t
Ns ve oppy elementary Yew trans}
fellows
te
© veduee
| i to echelon form
Above matrix iw Ve
Iv
5 S28] fie “0
ce col [mel | ef eee
Bose |My 6J Ray Ra4R,
ie ° A
Oe Sens mm |= 2 aa
= °
tt is tH echelon form:
Qla) =2 no. of variables =3
geo of) ie, one variable Gan assign with abl tary
Constant
lee % =kz
By back Sulstitutfon ,
- SA, — §43=0 1-3 -2%3 = 0
=6%5—Sk3 =O %G+SKR-Dke =O
Ks xy Sky
Ber |
k, #0
the igen Values of given A Gre =11,.y
athe correspon cling Eigen vectors ave
0 wk “he
K {*] y Xa] Re 5
kJ bto ly) er, i Ine qiven matrix,
iGerez
Az! 3
a at
The characteristic
> 6-A 2 fh
Se 3-) =| 0)
3 at 3-y
=e Ivar 26 N32 =O
a laA +36 A —32
eo
wi The figer values ave od, 3,8
°
ov —
igen vet
Case ts If A <2 then,
2» es Siri =
\7 me e
| Oc a=]
A Fi ©
Pad Ne
By using elementary Toro transbrmations we rei
Cigern values and Caen vectors of rcedrt,
root equation |[A-AT| =o
(6- Near] +2 (C6424 42) +2(2-¢+2A)= o
Ca) (4486-1) ® -86 +4A HUA -8 =0
WB+6AL36)-@N-N 4608 480-8 0
rin HARgehdlon ea
a b. 4 Lew ay c
4 5 et SE Waul| a ihe-|) ce eae %
rrertnty L R
é 6 ‘ ay o Ry > ARR,
He ts th abechy echelon -form-
Plaret no. of variables =
B-l=2 te, Q variables can assign with axbifart
constants.
tee =k, ob ES kL n
By batk Substitution,
Gy 2% +2%4%=0
UW — &k, +2k, = 0
ux = 2( ky)
% = Kicks
= ae
Ky-k:
x es kicks
k > Ate
' Ky +0
k,
m Ry ke 40
ky ‘
ee ea ae
ule | 2
re a x,
3 K,
k, Fo = Tk to
(aselz3- ff A=3 hen
eee y
Er -2 2 ay °
2 -s -) Az |i |e)
Ph teas 33 e
°
By une elementary Tow —bran, ormacttens, we
cyeduce obeve matrix Bote echelon form.
Peer ch al one
t By ee il, °. Rr? er,
ace 0 ee ae Kale 6
xe 6 Rye Ret Ri
Dene tts fh echelon ~form.
fla) =2 no. of voriables = 3
aw) er ome variable car aSSion ist
arbitary constant,
ek,
By back substettery B
~3%, -3x,=0 2% 429, 42%, =0
~3K,- 3k, = 0 2%, 4.(- k,)+2 ky=0
= —k = 42k,
< a |
Ka = | % ARs
SNE FE IN ees |
AS ke Inke
Ff tgive mactie
w. The Gigen values “ane 92,2: “then cthe corre
spendin
Ggen vectors ave
pe aoe 2kz
mee, = 2 = ms
= Ky= =/_
8 [* cae K3 ks
Ce are eS
kg e
af Oe the Eigen values and Ergen vectors of
the follersing System Jo Gt 2%2+% = dx,
DH) HOLLY, Hh ye,
Dy +% +10 % = AX;
Given System. wali
ve 4s f equ eee qd ee
DG 4 10% + %z AY
2%, 4 ho Flows de
=> (l0-A)%44 2% +%, =0
2% +(l0- 9) % + %=0
22, +X 5 + (10-2) %,=0 |
@ 10-A 2s ie
2 t wr
then characterichc root eyation 1
[a—Atl =o
to-A 2 |
eo |O=\ie
2 | 1o-)|
oO
(1o-a)[ =e aera) +1 [@-20+3)) = 0
(10-4) (100 4 y20 rf -1) = (18-2) + 1(a48+a d) <0
3
1000 Hon’ = 200) 10 - 100A A“ LOA™+ N= 3EHUA—18+4QA HO 30> 4293d — 936
83, Iss eed, 9 6
=f then
Gk
Be mentary ge
oe eae gy? [A agi "OT é
ee evel | mee RR
oat) De oJ Rs >P3-R
trans formations
HL ts on €chelon form.
pla) = 3 no» ef varables =3
g2 = 1) ee, | One variable assign, with atoaWe capstan
, (
lee x =k,
By back substitution
2% +2I,4%3 =0
ep a0
2%. =#hy ax, =3h,
ae X= =3ki
mS
(Cm ” (34)
oN = Lbs
X
Seca
then ‘1 @chelon -form
no of vanables = x
3- 2=(1)
tee" one variable, can assign with axbitary constar
eb oars ku
By back sulosti Futon
—3%,-%3 =0 ALE QUE tee |= 0
X%+2k)-3k, =O
%-ky =o |
Ay=-3k, % = Ko
yee ey |
% f=] ke
XS eke ta
Cases Ra ab Eas weiyeys
3p ee | %y °
PS iia) eh eG
2 a => Rate _°
Now ue apply elementary ye. Fransdormabong
{ 2 1) aia Pat x
—S3R, +2R
2 nee eS, » )
te is > |=
0 a "
Ob. eat =
Ra—> 3K, + aR, Hts th echelon form
P)=2, No: of variables = 3
B-r2=| hes ene variable Can assign with axbitary
constant .
lek xgeky
By back Substit alton
-S% 45% =0 3X; +RX> +43'= 0
SS = 7S Ks 3% + 3k =0
2 =ky x Given motytx, 8 :
iG
zy st
the charackeriste ’eyation of
JA- az — Bis | ie = 65 yds >
Sa) Uy ON
(8- Seve) ~I6] +6 (1846048) +9 (24-14 42») ~c
t, (#0)(2-42-a.42 0) +6(6d-10) + 2(2a410) =o
(8-9)(S-iortx) 4 6 (6n-10) +2 (2A 410) = 0
4-80 +8N. 5 4 ion 92 + 364-60 4A 420 = 6
PSE aIsAP Ue o
DEIR ausa\l=o
A(N=182-G5) <9
Y=18d=uS 20
v=o
5
A= 3, IS
the Eigen values. are '0,\ 3, 1S
2olaloy
1 dors - f
: Eigen vectors Pridaay
prc ait aces ethen,
i 6 7 my °
ee + + Ba-hcric®
°
ee Ghe ss “3
fo 8 using elementary Tow transformations , we rediabe
fnto echelon form
modrix
Aloove
7 x," 7e0)
R, SUR,+3R,
6
of Ra > 4R3-R,
be ] Ps
° \ | :| Ry +R, Pre variable com aselgn \atbtlary con clog
Lee raa ki
By back Sub stitutfoy
10% — 10k, =o BU) = Os F9'%, <6
Tox, = lok, §X, 4k, =o
eS
Now we apply elementar
Y tow transder mechiong “to reals fe
above rpg into echelon Tonys: J
{ 6 27 Cx%7 o
a } “MR 4
lof tie [= eae eR SR + ER,
Lo Seg Uexe of Rs > SR.~2R,
eff ~§ 2 Pan cy
© ~)6 -8! |) e ‘| PARR
WEG X3 9,
It is fm echelon form
Pla) -2 mo. of vanables — B
with
1 le) One Variable can BSS x arbitery Constant
LEE ny She
By back Substitution
hee x 0
a aN pee rs4ery 7 \
Xe ak
te
tse apply elementary row -transformations, tie Yea
the above matrix trfo echelon qorm
aS, 8 4,°) Fe
20 $0 x © R, > FR -6R,
6 ~20 PS
0 -yo -2 Ls o Ry > FR, F2R,
=to 5
aa sy) pa (ot phate
& fae aol [em = |e 3 3 FAR,
° oO 6 | | Le
14 fs & echelon form
fla) =2 no ef Variable == ;
(A) = .
i ar bitary
Pee ies, One variable can asslon with ax brter y
; ‘ constant
leh Xe
By back sulstt-tudien
- 3%, — 6% +24 = 0
3% ~6 bak.) +.2(k;) r
Ty + tks =<
iL — 20%, —4o%s = 0
ae as
an Le aes ies Seal WES ite) [2
i [28] | [=
X 2 Ky , !
3 ks #0
The eigen values ef given mata A ave & 3, Ig
the cortesponaliing ergen vectors ave
X, rs oh Xo S 2k on
E = kf
6
: tado =
L #0
Oe the Fine, i On le i Model mactrix, pelt 2 2
See tee a:
phan]
ieee
2 | =2
ee |)
Ip] -
= \(t-4) -2 (244) +2 (-4-2)
= 3-4-3012
eae te 1G)
p? will exists.
14)
cofactors 1 = 1) (1-y)=-3
NEN Mary mis6
E en? andy 8
tofactor, 2 = (a) (ary) = -6
pe Wiha 2
LS (eye (-2-4) = 6
atl
cofactor 2 2 C1) Cu) 26
Senet 2=a)= 4
I = Cneeaaieu) eee
( 3
i
Cofactor ao apy 1p ee a es
al
Fae - aan
=e 6 3 ey
| [= -€\ (gary
ea ne ee ae see
Ge Stiles
eee (pon, 0° 80.
Slo -8) o
6 Oo —~yos
yale
0 3°
oo
diag nalizable .
+ Model mabe P. =
Ir] 40
e-F-4
lated 48
yeh
be +R+2 |
ANY
Ytb+3
J \ y;
(s
X verify Cayley Hamilton theovern fr the matrix
Pa +
A. : : -| and hence find ‘ts inverse.
Bisa Te)
The given molrix ,
jgee 3)
Azlo22 4 &
Bos; ¢ (68
by caley Hamiton, theorem, every Suave matrix satisfies
, tt own characteristic toot equation-Thus . we -ffrd
characteristic woot equation.
3x3
14 =rscl =o
Dee Se =)
=o eS
2 Ss €->d
(=>) (tu sye-») - as] i POH) LON
-2(12-2A-15) +3 (10-1243) =0
(- )(eyeta-6r=as) — 5. (-2a-3) a 3(3 Zhe
j1-a) (-1@A+N=1)-2(C2A-3) + 3(3r-2) =o
HQ) +e | LIQ RED EY FOE 6k
NaI pruAcl =o NW-HA 4A + [=
Now we want +o write in caley- Hamilton theorem
pat A= A then
AL WA -yA4T=0
cia Ae aA
ie ee Ee 238
i =[zs us & E Vs
3, Sb Fo. = 4
= 2s 3) ice 8S
as Us Sb = etaoecrs: ae
31 s6 70 Bsa 626 345
a 1a—GA +1205) jst 233 33) Sy 24S HE joo
les3 S10 36) #/ars 498 36 ae fe]
353 636 493) (A) R a6 yj [2° ‘ |
283-29 8+0 353—39H12 +o
636 - 616-20 +0
393 -FH-24+5
[S44 HO
= 1993-236 840 s10— gel +1
353-394240 636-616-200
Oe @
= eee |e
Ome OO
Cay ley. Hamilton theorem was verified:
Now we find atl as -follows
By > Prener_yA + Le °
De -(ayia 2euA)
= -Aypnat+yt
ener ltat ya ~ [TY +144
2S 4.2R+0
—3| + 3340
j
2
Deere > Ss) fh oe
Pusaee ci 2.4 s/t Yi es o
31 6 Fo ae a@or
25 +2440
—Us + Wy + y
—S6+SS5+0
=3), $3340
—SE +55 +0
SRO Oe +4 Tuesday
Phe Cauley ——H arnilton theory
avd tind at g a where A= ~ = |
Tt =_2
pS ee
AeA =}
-| -4-3
rl -y -3
Given ,
The characterishc voet equation
\A-atl = 0
i= eae.
' --rA 2 =
ese)
(-A)(1-9)63-r)4 8] -2 [944 -2{-4 (+9) Hs
Od [B+ A4sr4i}) a-2[-3-at4] = [4-1] = E
| (OP eGA418) — 2(-1-a)-2 (a) = »
| Hey +1- P11) 4242) + IDFAAZO
GF -30423 =o
MrBN FSA +23 =0 2 291 o-£ apart 2: $2
eT oe Mh bel 3
Lr -yafly 4-3 te eit
eS ececiasa =| Sapa
ro at ia 3 Gt 2y
-2 UGaaes) deo as
x ;
A%3443A-232 a] > 20 -8 s a2 12) (a oo
3 i ay [+3] 2 S40] 43/1 1 2 [Jo ae
4-30 93 Pall? hahkeh "say Oa
S4+IG323 30 + 2446-0 B24 -6-0
34+C6)43-0 W- 16-3 23 24 — 30 +6-0
F+€6)-3 -0 —30 + 32. -la-0 2349 -9-23
ufo eo
o 6 o WhO
OOo
Crugley- Hamilton theorem tas vertfied
Now we find Alas follows
230 = a>+ 3A
a xb (424 aa 34]
in. i=
pal-t (434 34 +aa]a !
af a
oot A 3
A bl +3: 7a] | Go
Gia)
Ba4 300
3 36 [ese
ES: 90
‘+
ly 3
os S343 Bt6+0 8-6+0
33 Lang 1-0 SHB Hore re
23-40 ly-RA0 3-943
i a
Bios sea,
AG) ees
= a! A!
ite etye es Hy tw ft 2
ea ag +6 oat em,
ae oS -$ ins
! (eS (122 eH
= 329] >6 3) By
-33 -86 —4 WANG RT TE ae
Pistons et monn Ale ee Soltsfips its aun
2 -1.0
(ilo) a) . |
characteristic ‘root eauodioys and Aue find A
Given matrix,
A: i el
Our
3K
By Cayley Hamilton theove, every Sqtosio mrocurnc
colt sfies (le own characler{stic wot equation This
inet ehayac ea otic Yoot equation
we
[A- ag 0
vA 2 ® 0
2 -(I4A) © =O
¢ © -( 1A)
rnin res Ne) PAIL Aa ay HydAeo
SS hee aes 6
Po Poor de ye
ful A= A — then
Aea-a Rua
efTer) ize \ 20
“Te240|/2-10 =lo4p
2 Ope ee oo-1
pats: © 0° 5S 1 0
ao <0 Faaltion ee
re an °
Mena SA sD S[si0lo\ Peden Pe;
06
lo -5,0+}+].0 S50 |- lo sol
deo * Or or) © O-! coos
<2 ARSE: lo 40-10 #0 © +0-0 o |
loto-tp-0 -S4545-5 940-0-0
0+04040 O+0-0-0 4145-5
fe) (ah to)
Ite leona |) =O,
i
0 0 0
thus verified:
Cayley. Hamilton Hreerem eas Ve f > fee
By Ap oh ST =p “Bturday
Sa = 43 oe
1 aia a
4A +A sal
tat. 1(a%e? =A} al ty Seis
S| Opn
0 +0-0
-,
! ! 2
Ss RB =!
ot
2-0
Sal eS
o4
0-0
hae 7
tla-to|-S
00
/
040-0
0 +0 -0
NA-S pe onaaliiat
do a Sum
Pans
serge t yey
trom od guestion
Eigen values — DeOeya
Gigen vectors 5 x, [| ra
2 2
e
XX, =!40-0-1#0
Ry Xs = 8-240 =0
fi 4h [2]
¥o
Re E ee eee
KX, = &+0-2 = 0
~ 2a-1p+1T
Ky X= %1% = U-St =O
XX = 2-6 -2Is0 ke +4 0? Vé
Model moti = ex eh hgh
det mabrin Pp [ts Bs zs
Bea
-( Ae ks We
60 ° Ug
[ he he ia,
coe
pr cm ‘I Lo |
‘ Ye oN Es
y_
\%e Na Che
; 3 ahaa
Pp Fe Shs, Yes) 6-22)[% Ye Ya
a E at
On gs) Shp | %| — Vm
ee
‘a, he Nag
We Ve Me : :
a Ge Yan | (We ote eg
B ee y= lileenaoy ne ~g
VG Me Neg) \ PN Ys re] iH 2 oO
ror = ye ESE
o og %
2
= A
pene > , Index =2 > 89 nature = 3 )
no. of Variables = 3
a guadrate form is positive definite - ov
@ |
©, the &ger Volues and vectors of A a —¢ ‘]
—¢ + 4
Civen motttx, ee
Az |e > -y4
a et 3
2-4 3
yor
The charactericke x equation Che Al 1S
' [A—azl =o (8 Sf e-000-9 Hid) +6 (1846048) 42 (24-442)
> ($9)(2-91-204221) + 6(6A-10) + 2(an+10) =0
(8-9) (S-10rH2) + 6 (6-10) +2 (24-410) <0
HO 8A +8)54 10x13 + 364-60 +4 490 =o
B+ 18074 4 = 0
De aBA= aso
2 (18) ~45) - °
°
d=0 Puen ue so
A=B,Ie
the Eigen values are 0,3, 1S
J 2oldoy
Eigen vectors - f
k gee Ce Friday
© as, ) ee oe
fire Ee a a OF
eee aati
6
at. Silica
By using elementary tow transformations , we reduc
above matrix fnto echelon form
BPX ale ne
S62 '
if Gal |, |, Baseuaeear,
0 10 7 >
13 0p 'RS SOR; -R, Pre variable com aselgn \atbtlary con clog
Lee raa ki
By back Sub stitutfoy
10% — 10k, =o BU) = Os F9'%, <6
Tox, = lok, §X, 4k, =o
eS
Now we apply elementar
Y tow transder mechiong “to reals fe
above rpg into echelon Tonys: J
{ 6 27 Cx%7 o
a } “MR 4
lof tie [= eae eR SR + ER,
Lo Seg Uexe of Rs > SR.~2R,
eff ~§ 2 Pan cy
© ~)6 -8! |) e ‘| PARR
WEG X3 9,
It is fm echelon form
Pla) -2 mo. of vanables — B
with
1 le) One Variable can BSS x arbitery Constant
LEE ny She
By back Substitution
hee x 0
a aN pee rs4ery 7 \
Xe ak
te
tse apply elementary row -transformations, tie Yea
the above matrix trfo echelon qorm
aS, 8 4,°) Fe
20 $0 x © R, > FR -6R,
6 ~20 PS
0 -yo -2 Ls o Ry > FR, F2R,
=to 5
aa sy) pa (ot phate
& fae aol [em = |e 3 3 FAR,
° oO 6 | | Le
14 fs & echelon form
fla) =2 no ef Variable == ;
(A) = .
i ar bitary
Pee ies, One variable can asslon with ax brter y
; ‘ constant
leh Xe
By back sulstt-tudien
- 3%, — 6% +24 = 0
3% ~6 bak.) +.2(k;) r
Ty + tks =<
iL — 20%, —4o%s = 0
ae as
an Le aes ies Seal WES ite) [2
i [28] | [=
X 2 Ky , !
3 ks #0
The eigen values ef given mata A ave & 3, Ig
the cortesponaliing ergen vectors ave
X, rs oh Xo S 2k on
E = kf
6
: tado =
L #0
Oe the Fine, i On le i By Coisley- Hanlon —theovern,
the chawadertstic wot’ eaiuatfon
[A enen ea
= a]
Neen <2 |Pen gl
mete at
(2-a[Cr-at-q} -1 [i->-4]-(- cry) 0
GA) (14 X= an-4) ~ fra) -(-1+a) <0
(2) (X-aa-s) 14 At1+a =0
Qk ur 6- By uaa HMI TA=0
> ay eo
A= 5) ae
trom 1S© quuydfon- elgen values ee YI]
“ae vectors are (7) (336)
Model node, O(t-1)e2(141) 1 (1-1)
= O+ 442
=6 +0
spt will extcts.
Bee Gai) Se.
cofactor
=| = meek =e
et = (NeR (1) par
Cofactor al = oe = 3
1 = fe Oe te
aia (0 + 2) Boe
ee
!
Peer 6 =f) 4 etl) =e
