Relation between two sets

A relation from set A to set B is a linking of elements of A with elements of B.

Description of relation.
A relation can be described
1. in words (verbal statements),
2. by drawing an arrow diagram,
3. by a set of ordered pairs,
4. by drawing a graph,
5. using a table.

Example
Let A = { 1 , 2 } and B = { 10, 20 }. The relation from A to B is “ is one-fifth of ”.
Describe this relation (i) by an arrow diagram (ii) by a graph and (iii) by a set of
ordered pairs.
Solution A = { 1, 2 } , B = { 10 , 20 }
The relation from A to B is “ is one fifth of ” .
(i) Arrow diagram

1 10

2 20

A B
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 B
(ii)
20

15

10

A
1 2

(iii) { ( 2 , 10 ) }
Note : A relation can be one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one and
many-to-many.

Exercise 6.1
1. Two sets of numbers, S and T, are shown in the figure. Copy and complete
the arrow diagram to show the relation ‘ is greater than’ from set S to set T.

S T

9
8
5
4
3
2
1

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2. Using the same sets S and T in Question 1, draw an arrow diagram to show
the relation ‘ is less than ‘ from set S to set T.

3. What relation from set A to set B is illustrated in the figure?

A B

2 4
3 6
4 8
5 10

4. A is the father of P, B is the father of Q, R and S. C is the father of T and U.

{ Children }

{ Fathers }
P
Q
A
R
B
S
C
T
U

Copy the figure and complete the arrow diagram to show the relation ‘ is the
father of ‘ from the set of fathers to the set of children.

5. Using the same sets as in Question 4, draw an arrow diagram to show the
relation ‘ is the child of ‘ from the set of children to the set of fathers.

6. Construct an arrow diagram to show the relation ‘is a factor of ‘ from set
A = { 2, 5, 7, 13 } to set B = { 1, 4, 15, 35, 40 }.

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7. The given figure shows the relation ‘play’ for the two sets indicated.
(a) Express the relation as a set of ordered pairs. (Use suitable initial
letters.)
(b) Draw a cartesian graph for the relation.

A B
'plays'

Peter
Football
Samy
Badminton
Hassan

Ke Tennis

8. A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } and B = { 2, 3, 5 }
(a) Show the relation ‘ is a multiple of ‘ from A to B by an arrow diagram.
(b) Write down the relation as a set of ordered pairs.

9. A relation between two sets is defined by the set of ordered pairs,

{ (–1, 2), (1, 4), (3, 6), (5, 8), (7, 10) }.
List the elements of the two sets, and describe in words a possible relation
between the first set and the second set.

10. X = { 2, 4, 6, 8 } and Y = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
(a) If x  X and y  Y , list the set of ordered pairs in the relation ‘x is
double of y ’.
(b) Illustrate the relation by means of a cartesian graph.

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 A B
' is a factor of '

1 1

2 2

3 3

6 6

11. It is given that A = B = { 1, 2, 3, 6 }.

(a) Copy and complete the figure for the relation ‘ is a factor of ‘ from set A
to B .
(b) Express the relation as a set of ordered pairs.
(c) Illustrate the relation by means of a cartesian graph.

Function or mapping
A function from a set A to a set B is a special relation in which each and
every member of A is related to one and only one member of B.
A function is also known as a mapping.

Note : Every function is a relation but every relation cannot be a function.

Examples
A B
(1) Not a function
p

c  A has related to more

a
q
b
r
c
s
than one member  B.

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 A B
(2) Not a function
a p

b q b  A has not related to any

c r

d s one member  B.

(3) A B A B

p
a a p
q
b b q
r
c c r
s

A function from A to B A function from A to B.

Domain
If a function is from a set A to a set B, A is known as the domain.

Notations
Functions are denoted by f, g, h, ..........
Example

f:A B
f is a function from A to B.

Image
In a function f from A to B , if x  A is related to y  B, then y is the image
of x under f .

f:x y
Read : The function f maps x onto y (symbolical).
Read : The image of x under f is y (meaning).

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 f(x)=y
Read : f of x is y (symbolically).
Read : The image of x under f is y (meaning).

Example f : x  x+2
f(x)= x+2

Example
Given that f : x  x + 2 , find the image of –3 under f .
Solution
f : x  x+2
f(x)= x+2
f (–3)= –3 + 2 = –1
 The image of –3 under f is –1.
[ Find the image of –3 under f (or) find f (-3) (or) find the value of
f at x = –3]

Range
In a function ‘f ‘ from A to B, the set of all the images in B is the range of the
function f. Range is a subset of B.
Example
A B

1 1 Range

2 8
3 27
4 64
125

Range of f = { 1, 8, 27, 64 }
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Exercise 6.2

1. If f is the operation which maps any number x onto the number 2x + 1, find
the image under the mapping f of each of the following:
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) –1.

2. If f : x  2x + 3 , find
1
(a) f ( 0 ) (b) f ( 1 ) (c) f (–2) (d) f ( ).
2

3. If g : x  3 ( x – 1) , find
1
(a) g( 1 ) (b) g( 3 ) (c) g(–1) (d) g( ).
2

4. Find the image of (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) –2 (d) – 1 under the mapping

x x – 1.
2

5. Given f : x  sin x° .Find

(a) f (30) (b) f (45) (c) f (90) (d) f (50).

6. Given f : x  cos 2x° . Find

(a) f (30) (b) f ( 0 ) (c) f (45) (d) f (10).

7. For the function f (x) = x2 – 3x + 5 , find

(a) f ( 0 ) (b) f ( 1 ) (c) f ( 2 ) (d) f (–2).

8. If g : x  x – 4x + 2x + 8, find the image of each of the following

3 2

under the mapping g :

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 2

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Composite Function
f g

x f (x) g( f (x))

A B C

gf

g ( f ( x )) is the image of x after first applying function f followed by g.

g ( f ( x )) can be written as g f ( x ).
The final function g f ( x ) is known as a composite function or a function of
function.

f g
1. A B C
A C
gf

g f ( x ) = g( f ( x ))

g f
2. A B C
A C
fg

f g ( x ) = f ( g( x ))

Note f followed by g followed by h is denoted by hgf.

It is common to express f f ( x ) as f 2 ( x ) and fff ( x ) as f 3 ( x ) .

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Example

If f : x x 2
and g : x  x – 2 , find g f and f g . Hence find the values
of g f ( 3 ) and f g ( 3 ) .

Solution f: xx 2
g: x x–2
 f ( x ) = x2  g(x)=x–2
g f ( x ) = g( f ( x )) = g ( x2 ) = x2 – 2
 g f ( x ) = x2 – 2  g f ( 3 ) = 32 – 2 = 7
f g ( x ) = f ( g( x )) = f ( x–2) = ( x–2)2
 f g ( x ) = ( x–2)2  f g ( 3 ) = (3 – 2)2 = 1

Example

If f : x  2x and g : x  sin x , find g f (25) and f g(25) . Find also the

formulae for g f and f g .

Solution f: x  2x g: x  sin x
 f ( x ) = 2x  g ( x ) = sin x
g f (25) = g( f (25)) = g(2 × 25) = sin 50°
f g (25) = f ( g(25)) = f ( sin 25 ) = 2 sin 25°.

g f (x) = g( f (x)) = g(2x) = sin 2x

 g f ( x ) = sin 2x
f g (x) = f ( g(x)) = f (sin x) = 2 sin x
 f g ( x ) = 2 sin x.

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Exercise 6.3
1. If f : x  x + 4 and g : x  2x – 3, find
(a) (i) g f ( x ) (ii) g f (3) (iii) g f (–3)
(b) (i) f g ( x ) (ii) f g (3) (iii) f g (–3)

2. If f : x  2x + 5 and g : x  3x – 2, find
(a) (i) g f ( x ) (ii) g f (2) (iii) g f (0) (iv) g f ( 21 )
(b) (i) f g ( x ) (ii) f g (2) (iii) f g (0) (iv) f g ( 21 )

3. If f : x x 2
and g : x  x + 1, find
(a) (i) g f ( x ) (ii) g f (4) (iii) g f (– 4)
(b) (i) f g ( x ) (ii) f g (4) (iii) f g (– 4)

4. If f : x  x – 1, find
(a) f 2 ( x ) (b) f 3 ( x ) (c) f 4 ( x ) (d) f 30 ( x )

5. If f : x  2x and g : x  cos x°, find

(a) (i) f g ( x ) (ii) f g (20) (iii) f g (0)
(b) (i) g f ( x ) (ii) g f (20) (iii) g f (45)

6. If f : x  21 x and g : x  sin x°, find

(a) (i) g f ( x ) (ii) g f (90) (iii) g f (60) (iv) g f (0)
(b) (i) f g ( x ) (ii) f g (90) (iii) f g (60) (iv) f g (0)

7. A function f is defined by f : x  x + 2 . Another function g is such that

gf: x  x + 4x + 5. Find the function g .
2

90
8. A function is defined by f : x  x + 3. Another function g is such that
gf: x  x – 8x + 13 . Find the function g.
2

9.  x + 2 , find another function g such that

If f : x 2

f g: x  x – 2x + 3.
2

10. A function is defined by h : x  x + 2. Another function k is such that

2

hk : x  x + 6x + 11 . Find the function k.

2

1 x
11. The function f is defined by f : x  2
, find f and f . 3
1 x
 x  1 when x  1 
12. f is a function defined by f (x) =  x  1 when x  1
 x when  1  x  1

Find f (0) , f (2) , f (–2) and f (8)

13. g is a function difined by g (x) = x2 when x 0
= (x2 + 1)2 when x < 0
Find g (0), g (–2) and g (5)

14. f is a linear function defined by f (x) = px + q when p and q are constants.

If f (2) = 1 and f (–1) = –5 find p and q .

1 1 1 1
15. Given that f (x) = ( +1) ( x 0) and g (x) = , (x  )
2 x 2x 1 2
show that gf (x) = x and fg (x) = x

16. Let the function h : R  R be given by h(x) = 2 x+3

, Find the images of
1
–2, –1, 0, 1, 2 and 3. Find a R such that (i) h (a) = 64 (ii) h (a) = .
8

91