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Assignment 1 petroleum

Petroleum imp question

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2 views

Assignment 1 petroleum

Petroleum imp question

Uploaded by

rosie991172
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Petroleum waxes are solid hydrocarbons derived during the refining of crude oil.

These waxes are primarily obtained from the lubricating oil fractions and have a
wide range of industrial and commercial applications. They are categorized based on
their composition and properties into paraffin wax and microcrystalline wax.
1. Paraffin Wax
Source: Extracted from the lighter fractions of crude oil through dewaxing
processes.

Properties:

White, odorless, tasteless solid.


Straight-chain saturated hydrocarbons (C20–C40).
Melting point: 48°C to 65°C.
Brittle at room temperature and less sticky.
Soluble in organic solvents like benzene and ether but insoluble in water.

Applications:

Manufacturing candles, polishes, and wax paper.


Coatings for food and pharmaceutical products.
Used in cosmetics and crayons.
Examples:

Fully refined paraffin wax (used in cosmetics).


Semi-refined paraffin wax (used for industrial applications).

2. Microcrystalline Wax
Source: Obtained from heavier fractions like residual oil during petroleum
refining.

Properties:

Contains branched and cyclic hydrocarbons.


Higher melting point (65°C to 90°C) than paraffin wax.
Softer, more flexible, and tackier compared to paraffin wax.
Better adhesive and cohesive properties.

Applications:

Used in rubber and tire manufacturing.


Adhesives, sealants, and laminates.
Rust prevention coatings and waterproofing.
Base material for chewing gum.
Examples:

Waxes for industrial sealants and rust-proofing applications.


Petroleum coke:

Petroleum Coke (Pet Coke)


Petroleum coke is a carbon-rich solid material obtained as a by-product during the
thermal processing of heavy petroleum fractions. It is produced in processes like
delayed coking and fluid coking, which aim to convert residual crude oil fractions
into lighter, more valuable products.
Types of Petroleum Coke
Fuel-Grade Coke:

High sulfur and metal content.


Used as fuel in power plants, cement kilns, and other industrial applications.
Calcined Petroleum Coke (CPC):

Produced by heating green coke to remove volatile matter.


High purity with low sulfur content.
Used in the production of anodes for aluminum smelting and in graphite electrodes
for steel production.

Characteristics of Petroleum Coke


Composed primarily of carbon (~90–95%) with minor impurities like sulfur, nitrogen,
and metals (e.g., vanadium, nickel).
High calorific value, making it an efficient fuel source.
Low reactivity and a dense structure.
Can be classified as sponge coke (porous structure) or needle coke (used in
specialty applications like graphite electrodes).

Coking??

Coking in Petroleum Refining


Coking is a thermal cracking process used to break down heavier fractions of crude
oil into lighter, more valuable products like gasoline and diesel. During this
process, high-temperature treatment leads to the formation of solid carbon-rich
material known as petroleum coke. The coking process is primarily employed to
upgrade heavy residual oils, which are otherwise difficult to refine into usable
products.

There are three main types of coking processes used in petroleum refineries:
. Delayed Coking
Delayed coking is the most common coking method used in refineries. It involves the
thermal cracking of heavy residual oils in a furnace followed by quenching the
products in a large drum to separate the liquid products from the solid coke.

Process Overview:
Feedstock: Heavy vacuum residuum or tar-like substances from crude oil
distillation.
Heating: The feedstock is heated to temperatures ranging from 480°C to 510°C in a
furnace.
Coking Drums: The heated feed enters a large drum, where the cracking process
continues as the temperature drops, resulting in the formation of coke.
Product Separation: The lighter products, such as naphtha and gas oil, are
separated and sent for further refining. The coke accumulates at the bottom of the
drum.
Coke Removal: Once the coke builds up to a certain level, the drum is
depressurized, and the solid coke is removed.
2. Fluid Coking
Fluid coking is a continuous coking process in which feedstock is heated and then
introduced into a fluidized bed of hot coke particles. The process is more
continuous than delayed coking and operates at lower temperatures, typically around
480°C to 510°C.

Process Overview:
Feedstock: Heavier residual oils, vacuum residuum, or tar.
Heating: The feedstock is introduced into a fluidized bed of hot coke particles
(usually produced from previous cycles).
Cracking: The feedstock undergoes thermal cracking in the fluidized bed, breaking
down the heavy hydrocarbons into lighter products.
Coke Formation: Solid coke forms as a by-product and is continuously removed from
the reactor.
Product Separation: The gaseous and liquid products (like naphtha, gas oil) are
separated, while the coke is continuously removed from the system.

. Flexi Coking
Flexi coking is an advanced coking process that combines the features of both fluid
coking and gasification. It allows for flexible operations, producing petroleum
coke, as well as additional products like syngas (synthesis gas) that can be used
for power generation or further chemical processes.

Process Overview:
Feedstock: Similar to other coking processes, flexi coking uses heavy feedstocks,
such as vacuum residue or tar.
Fluidized Bed Reactor: The feedstock is heated and cracked in a fluidized bed,
forming petroleum coke.
Coke Gasification: A portion of the coke is gasified in a gasifier to produce
syngas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The syngas can be used for power
generation or as a feedstock for chemical processes.
Coke Removal: The coke is continuously removed from the reactor and can be used as
a fuel or for other applications.

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