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Nanomaterial 1

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Nanomaterial 1

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Na noTech no logy

• Nano-science which deals with building up complex materials and


machines using fine control on the matter at the nano meter scale.
• Study of materials and their properties at the length scale of few nano
meters is called nano science.
NanoTechnology
The techniques involved in the preparation, characterization
and use of the properties of nano materials in different
applications are collectively called as nanotechnology.

I.: I. ! . Ii

Ele~trgn Mi~roscope ~_Human eye


Optical Microscope
NanoTechnology
ISurface area to Volume Ratio I
• Nanoparticles of a material show different properties compared to larger particles ofthe
same material.
• Forces of attraction between surfaces can appear to be weak on a larger scale, but on a
nanoscale they are strong.
2 cm
4 cm
One reason fur this is the sorfa~e area
to volume ratio.
In nanoparticles this is very large. Atoms
on the surface of a material are often
more reactive than those in the centre, so
a larger surface area means the material
Surface arH =(4 cm x 4 cm x 6 facH) =96 cm 1
is more reactive.
Surface -a= (2 cm x 2 cm x 6 faces• 8 cubes)= 192 cm'
Volume• (4 cm• 4 cm x 4 cm)• 64 cm>
Volume= (4 cm• 4 cm x 4 cm) = 64 cm 1
Quantum commement
The effect achieved by reducing the volume of a solid so that the energy levels within
it become disaetc is called quantum confinem.ent. ie~ if we decrease the particle to nano size.
the decrease in confining size creates the energy level disaete and the band gap energy
inaeases and the disaete energy levm also inaeases. Due to this significant changes occur
in electrical and optical materials.
Quantum structures
\Vhen a bulk material is reduced in its size at least one of its dimensions in the order
offcw nanometers, then it is known as Quantum structure.
Based on the confinement direction, a quantum confined stIUcture will be classified as
follows.
+
STRUCTURE Qu.~,.tJ-Y c o ~ , - ~O OF DDJE5.""SIO~S
Bulle 0 3(x, y, z)
Quantum well l (z) 2(x. y)
Quantum wire 2(x, y) l (z)
Quantum dot 3(x. y, z) 0
u
Nanomaterua[s Classification

One Dimension (1 D)
"'
Difference
OD Vs 1D Vs 2D and 3D
Zero-dimensional (OD) nanomaterials: Those materials that
all dimensions are below than a nanoscale (1- 100 nm) i.e.,
not a single dimension is larger than 100 nm.
e.g., Nanoparticle and Quantum dots etc.
OD Vs 1D Vs 2D and 3D
One dimensional (1 D) nanomaterials : Those materials that
one dimension is outside the range of a nanoscale (1 - 100 nm).

e.g., Nanowires, Nanotubes and nanorods

JO
Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials:

Those materials where two dimensions are outside the


Nanoscale range (1- 100 nm).

e.g., graphene nanosheet, nanofilms and Thin films

ll
Three-dimensional (3D) nanomaterials: Those
materials that are not bound to the nanoscale ( 1-
100 nm) range in any dimension. All dimensions
are beyond the nanoscale (1- 100 nm)
OD ID 2D JD

L Sb

Fullerene Carbon Nanotube Graphene Graphite

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