Bulacan State University

Hagonoy Campus

(Capstone Research and Project CAP 301)

Hagonoy Flood Guard: An Automated

Early Warning Notification System

Submitted by:

Alvarado, Jhay Rhed

Atienza, Mark Ryan

Cervantes, Al Owen

Sandaga, Allysa Denice

Simangan, John Russel

 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE/SYSTEMS

The finished thesis or research, concepts, and methodologies are included in this chapter.

This chapter reviews relevant material and discusses systems that have been implemented both

locally and internationally that are relevant to the researchers' present study. The information

acquired here will guide the researchers through their current study.

RELATED LITERATURE

Foreign Literature

Early Warning Systems: An Alert to Flood. A 2020 study by Haritharaj et. al. emphasized

how timely and reliable information can help people at risk prepare and respond effectively

(UNEP-DEWA, 2006). Effective early warning systems have four key components: risk

awareness, monitoring, communication, and response capabilities (Grasso & Singh, 2011).

Examples of flood early warning systems include Flash Flood Guidance Systems, Numerical

Weather Prediction models, Community-based systems, the European Flood Awareness System,

the Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System, and Urban flood warning systems. In

today's changing climate, these systems are crucial for protecting communities from floods.

The study consists of four components such as risk awareness, monitoring, communication, and

response capabilities. By delivering early and reliable information about the flood, communities
will be able to stay safe, alert, prepared and respond effectively. According to Grasso and Singh

(2011), a successful system should not only detect and monitor upcoming floods, but also

guarantee that the information reaches people who are in danger so that they may respond. The

system is essential as the times goes by the climate change continues to impact weather patterns.

With the help of this system it may reduce the damage caused by flood and stay prepared for the

future floods.

Evaluation of Early Waning Flood Monitoring System in Uttakarakhand: A Case Study.

Bahuguna et al. (2020 The study's purpose was to analyze the effectiveness of Uttarakhand's

flood warning system. Uttarakhand is the hardest hit by extreme weather and the natural

environment, with an increase in human settlements along perennial streams. As a result,

catastrophic risk management is necessary, and the Early Warning System plays an important

role. The suggested assignment comprises an assessment of early warning systems installed in a

given location prior to the arrival of floods. The primary goal of the research is to gather

substantial data on how information is delivered in Uttarakhand's hilly regions prior to the arrival

of flooding. This initiative also raises public awareness of warnings sent in the event of

significant precipitation prior to the advent of floods. This awareness has been evaluated across

multiple age groups and is hence quite useful in this quest. The study looks into how people will

take in these warnings, particularly when heavy rain is expected ahead of a flood. The study

sheds light on how efficient the warning system is and how the community prepares for floods.

This work has the potential to lessen flood damage in high-risk areas.
Ultrasonic Flood Sensor: A Proposed Alarm Device to Flood Prone Areas. The aim of this

study is to create a prototype flood alarm that will notify the local community when a flood is

approaching. The deployment of the ultrasonic flood sensor will enable automatic flood

detection and maximum flood safety. By conducting a combined survey at Barangay Apolonio

Samson in accordance with ISO 9162, the researchers hope to ascertain the efficacy of the alert.

The research adviser has reviewed the questionnaires. The respondents' genuine opinions and

perceptions aid in determining the alarm's efficacy in flood-prone areas. This study also attempts

to determine whether the device can be used for flood evacuation drills. (Salor et al., 2020)

The goal of the researcher is to address the urgent need for effective flood warning systems in

flood-prone areas. Floods pose a significant threat to public safety, causing property damage and

putting lives in danger. The researchers want to increase early warning capabilities by

developing a flood alarm system that can automatically detect rising water levels and notify the

local community, allowing for faster evacuations and preparedness. The study will also look at

whether the alarm system can be effectively integrated into flood evacuation drills, thereby

boosting the safety and preparedness of flood-prone communities. The study aims to mitigate the

effects of floods and enhance community resilience to such disasters.

Application of GSM Communication System on Flood Alarm Systems. As stated by the

researcher Satria et al. (2019) a prototype flood alarm system that can set off when the water

level rises above five centimeters was created. The prototype is anticipated to have the potential

to support government initiatives related to disaster relief. The Indonesian government now
ranks flood disasters as one of the major disaster categories. It was stressed to all parties

involved that offering disaster mitigation options in the form of both short- and long-term

programs will help lower the number of flood victims. This project is to develop a flood alarm

system using GSM communication between wireless flood alarm systems and flood detection

systems for short-term disaster mitigation programs. An Arduino Uno microcontroller serves as

the data processor in the construction of the flood detector system, which also uses an ultrasonic

sensor to detect water levels. A GSM SIM900 receiver module, an Arduino microcontroller, and

an electric alarm complete the system.

Floods are becoming more frequent and severe in disaster-prone areas such as Indonesia, The

researchers have concentrated on finding new methods to improve the effectiveness of disaster

mitigation efforts. Among these is the development of a prototype flood alarm system that would

initiate when water levels increase above five millimeters. This system seeks not only to provide

early warnings to at-risk populations, but it also serves as an important instrument in aiding

government disaster relief activities. This flood alarm system is a promising breakthrough in

disaster management, especially when used to short-term mitigation measures. The system is

both cost-effective and efficient, making it an appropriate choice. Since the prototype evolves, it

has the potential to become an important component in the larger framework of disaster

preparedness, ultimately helping to protect communities and reduce the extensive damage caused

by flooding.
Flash Flood Early Warning System in Colima, Mexico. As stated by the researchers, a system

of sensors used in flash flood prediction that offers critical real-time information used to provide

early warnings that can provide the minutes needed for persons to evacuate before imminent

events. Flooding is one of the most serious natural disasters humans confront in terms of loss of

life and results in long-term effects, which often have severely adverse social consequences.

However, flash floods are potentially more dangerous to life because there is often little or no

forewarning of the impending disaster. The Emergency Water Information Network (EWIN)

offers a solution that integrates an early warning system, notifications, and real-time monitoring

of flash flood risks. The platform has been implemented in Colima, Mexico covering the Colima

and Villa de Alvarez metropolitan area. This platform consists of eight fixed riverside

hydrological monitoring stations, eight meteorological stations, nomadic mobile monitoring

stations called “drifters” used in the flow, and a sniffer with data muling capability. The results

show that this platform effectively compiles and forwards information to decision-makers,

government officials, and the general public, potentially providing valuable minutes for people to

evacuate dangerous areas.

The goal on the study is to demonstrate that Emergency Water Information Network(EWIN) and

to be effective solution for flood prediction and management. They can help because its

integration of real-time data collection and dissemination plays a crucial role in enhancing early

warning systems and improving public safety during flash floods. Future research could focus on

optimizing sensor technologies, expanding coverage areas, and integrating additional data

sources to further improve the accuracy and reliability of flash flood warnings.
A Flood Prediction System Developed Using Various Machine Learning Algorithms

Previous research study by Kunverji et al., (2021) states that floods have become the most well-

known and lethal cataclysmic events of this century. Absence of a successful flood forecasting

framework has brought about grave loss of human existence and infrastructure. This has

reiterated on the importance of having in place a flood prediction system. This paper looks at

developing the most effective flood determining model. AI calculations and a hearty, productive

and precise flood expectation framework will give all the fundamental aid and assistance needed

to the residents and government. Hence, the Decision Tree Model is being built. This model

actualizes various calculations on datasets with a scope of accuracy. The model utilizes an AI

calculation which predicts floods, sending alerts to the local and government authorities using an

Android Application. Decision Tree, Random Forest, and Gradient Boost are the three machine

learning algorithms employed in this comparison. This approach focuses on increasing prediction

rates by using more complex information and a high-level algorithm. The primary goal on this

studies, aims to develop a robust flood prediction model using artificial intelligence (AI) to

enhance forecasting accuracy and provide timely alerts. The Decision Tree Model is central to

this approach, utilizing various AI algorithms to analyze data and predict floods. The model

incorporates Decision Tree, Random Forest, and Gradient Boost algorithms to compare their

effectiveness in flood prediction. By integrating these machine learning techniques, the study

seeks to improve prediction rates and support both residents and authorities through a dedicated

Android application for real-time alerts.

Local Literature

Rainfall measurement and flood warning systems. A review Edward B Panganiban

International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research 9 (03), 244-254, (2020) Flood is

regarded as a chaotic natural disaster that threatens people's lives and properties. Flood warning

and rainfall measuring systems dealing with different processes and multiple methodologies,

providing data and information to maintain flood warning transportation and alternatives to

crises for people around the world. To provide comparatively accurate and reliable flood

prediction, prediction models are essential to be propelled by data input and further controlled by

historical data and real-time observations are processed through the various algorithms. Flood

prediction techniques traditionally include the use of rain gage for rainfall measurement and a

simple flood warning system circuit. Emerging flood warning systems technologies and

development have the potential to provide alternative solutions to allow timely and reliable flood

calculations. It has shown a growing interest in investigating the use of more technological

methods to anticipate floods through this. This paper reviews, therefore, from traditional flood

forecasting to recent progress with the integration of emerging technologies for a more reliable

and accurate flood warning system. This paper discussed patented flood warning systems,

rainfall measuring systems, and published papers on flood warning systems. The result ended up

with an idea that will be proposed for better accuracy and timely applications

The goal on this studies is how to discuss how floods, as unpredictable and dangerous so to be

aware we have an early warning and measurement system to be aware the students. Traditional

methods, such as rain gauges and basic warning systems, are being enhanced by new
technologies and algorithms that integrate historical and real-time data for more accurate

predictions. The paper evaluates both established and emerging flood forecasting techniques,

including patented systems and recent research, and suggests improvements for more timely and

precise flood warnings.

Real time flood detection, alarm and monitoring system using image processing and

multiple linear regression. In the Philippines, flooding, which is typically produced by

excessive rainfall and strong seas, is one of the most prevalent natural occurrences. This natural

calamity cannot be avoided but the good thing is, we can practice ourselves to be prepared for it.

After conducting an analysis regarding the needs of people residing in Barangay Frances,

Calumpit, Bulacan, it was then decided to develop a project that can help lessen the difficulty

they are experiencing when they evacuate. The system uses image processing as its flood

detection method. It also uses several sensors for different purposes to make it more reliable to

the users. These sensors used are the rain gauge, float switch, and flow rate meter sensor. It

measures two of the important parameters in flood detection namely precipitation rate (mm/hr),

flood level (ft), and the flow rate (L/hr). The data accumulated by the sensors are sent

immediately to the Android application so it can be used by people living in the area to monitor

the flood levels in real time. To measure the reliability of the system, the flood level taken from

the automated system and conventional method were compared. A small mean squared error

(MSE) of these 2 data which is 0.125 was achieved.

The goal on this study is where flooding due to heavy rain, a new project was developed to

improve evacuation for residents of Barangay Frances, Calumpit, Bulacan. The project employs
image processing for flood detection and utilizes several sensors, including a rain gauge, float

switch, and flow rate meter, to measure key parameters like precipitation, flood level, and water

flow rate. Data from these sensors is sent to an Android application, allowing real-time

monitoring of flood conditions. The system's accuracy was validated by comparing its flood

level measurements to those from traditional methods, resulting in a low mean squared error of

0.125. This demonstrates the system's reliability and effectiveness in providing timely and

accurate flood information.

Disaster and Crime Reporting and Monitoring System for Hagonoy Bulacan with Decision

Support Mechanism. According by V. John B., et.al (2022). The study is how important it is to

have access to fast information during disasters and how the system enables locals to report

incidents and get crucial updates. This is in line with the goals of the systems, which is to

improve student safety and knowledge by giving them real-time flood notifications. These

approaches center on using technology to speed up communication and decision-making in

emergency situations, which eventually increases community resilience to natural disasters.

The purpose of the students about flood conditions that may impede their travel routes. The

students who use a linked app can prevent flooding-related interruptions and make educated

travel decisions by using timely information about flood levels. Floods may get worse quickly,

making it difficult for students to attend classes and affecting their academic performance. This

solution responds to the urgent desire for information that is current. The aim of the suggested
automated warning system is to increase security and lessen the disruption that unexpected

flooding incidents in Hagonoy generate.

Flood Preparedness and Utilization of Early Warning Systems among Households in

Selected Flood-prone Areas in Tagum City, Davao Del Norte. According to Pelone, B. and

A. Arellano. (2024). The study focused on if Barangay San Miguel's early warning systems are

successful and whether households are prepared for flooding. It draws attention to floods as a

serious worldwide concern, especially in weaker areas. A survey of 99 families was conducted as

part of the research to evaluate readiness indicators such as the availability of first aid kits,

evacuation plans, food supplies, and training participation. The utilization of instructional

materials such as flyers (mean score of 2.06) and training (mean score of 2.74) was found to

have considerable gaps, despite the high overall preparedness level (mean score of 3.75).

Due to the study, in order to improve early warning systems, officials can increase community

understanding through focused training and enhance flyer distribution. The goal of this strategy

is to increase community resilience to flooding in Barangay San Miguel and surrounding areas.

is presented as a remedy to the comparable flood-related issues that students are experiencing.

Like the Tagum City project, the systems evaluates the efficacy of early warning systems and

seeks to notify students of approaching floods at the right time so they may plan their travels

accordingly. This comprehensive approach is in line with the conclusions of the Tagum City

research, which highlights the necessity of early warning systems that are beneficial in

empowering communities and enhancing their readiness for disasters.

Local wisdom-based flood early warning system: a case study on Glintung Water Street

(CWS) Malang City. According to Sedyowati, L; et. al, (2023). The study aims to integrate ICT

and local knowledge to create a flood early warning system specifically designed for the

Glintung Water Street community in Malang City. The descriptive qualitative method was

employed to collect data via observations and interviews. To improve community readiness, the

system uses ultrasonic sensors and an SMS alert mechanism to inform households of changes in

water levels (0–50 cm). The results show that this strategy successfully promotes timely flood

knowledge and risk management while aligning with local values. By giving real-time data on

flood conditions, the system also seeks to improve students' safety and travel efficiency by

addressing the issues associated with flooding.

According by Ali, H. J. H., & Jacksi, K. (2021). The significant loss of people who have died as

a result of natural disasters in recent decades highlights the critical need for efficient early

warning systems. Many nations still lack real-time alarm systems for a variety of natural

disasters, despite technological developments. The authors point out that while many regions use

various disaster risk reduction (DRR) measures, there is still a deficiency in the timely warning

of populations. Due to the analysis, contemporary mobile applications can improve early

warning systems, enabling authorities to more effectively reduce the dangers connected to

catastrophes caused by nature.

The study is to promptly notify pupils when there will be flooding. The strategy helps achieve

the larger objective of disaster preparedness in addition to meeting the urgent requirement for

information about transportation accessibility during floods. The study aims to reduce flooding-

related interruptions by using technology to convey alerts, improving student safety and

continuing education in the process.

Natural hazards are one of the destructive phenomena that pose a significant hazard to humans,

property, and the economy, among others. One of the most recurring natural hazards is flooding,

which is caused by typhoons, monsoons, and heavy rainfall and has been one of the main

concerns of the Philippines in recent years. After analyzing the data, it was revealed that 56.2%

of female respondents were said to be more disaster resilient compared to males. This is the first

study to determine the perceived prevention of disaster preparedness and mitigation in flood-

prone areas in the Philippines. The results will be beneficial to academicians and government

officials in developing determining factors that affect flood disaster preparedness. Lastly, a

deeper understanding of how AB is the most significant variable may be further researched to

improve the paper.

There for the study shows that natural hazards such as flooding has been the main unwanted

occurrence of the society for the past years. And mostly are likely to be prepared in natural

hazards based on the study the effects of this phenomena affect not just the humans but also the

economy itself. And also, the study shows that natural hazards like floods not cause discomfort

to human but also can be prone and cause major accidents this study show the damage that
natural hazards can be caused. Kurata, Y. B., Ong, A. K. S., Ang, R. Y. B., Angeles, J. K. F.,

Bornilla, B. D. C., & Fabia, J. L. P. (2023).

Awareness, compliance and implementation of disaster risk reduction and management in

flood-prone public. According to the researchers, elementary schools in Butuan city,

Philippines. International Journal of Educational Policy Research and ReviewThe paper’s

primary intention was to identify the level of awareness, compliance, and implementation of the

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) of the flood-prone public elementary schools

in the division of Butuan City, Philippines in the school year 2019-2020. Moreover, it also aimed

to determine the relationship between the level of awareness and the level of compliance of the

teachers in the DRRM program, particularly in flood disasters, and its consistency in the level of

implementation as a basis for a localized intervention plan by utilizing mixed method design.

Survey questionnaires were administered among the randomly selected 562 participants to obtain

information on the study. The numerical data were analyzed using the descriptive-correlational

method through the weighted mean and Pearson Product Moment Correlation and an inductive

type of thematic analysis for the qualitative part. The results revealed that the participants have

very satisfactory awareness in the fields of enabling environment, safe learning facilities, disaster

risk management, and risk reduction and resilience education and have shown satisfactory

compliance in the same fields. The implementation of the flood DRRM was satisfactory.

The study mainly concern is schools experience annual hazards like floods, cyclones, and

evacuation center use. How students suffer on education due to the experience of floods and

different kinds of hazards. It may cause the students to lose the willingness to learn if flooded
classrooms can be seen by the students. Floods and any hazards affect the students in ways that

the place they learn is been corrupted by these natural hazards. Children in some places in the

Philippines that are vulnerable to disasters experience adverse health and education effects. The

study can support man relatable study about natural hazard due to its information that is distinct

with some information.

Disaster Preparedness, Awareness, and Practices of Residents within Riverine flooding –

affected areas in Davao, City, Philippines. Avelino et al. (2024), Awareness and preparedness

of residents living in accident-prone areas is imperative to avoid losing lives and properties. This

is the case for the people living in riverine frequented by flood; they must be well-informed,

prepared, and quick to repair the damages after the incident. It is the main reason the study was

conducted, particularly about the levels of disaster preparedness, awareness adaptation, and

mitigation practices of residents within riverine flooding-affected areas in Davao City. Four

hundred residents along the riverine in Davao City were surveyed, and the data gathered were

treated using statistical tools such as Mean, Pearson r, and Multiple Regressions. The result of

the study disclosed that the residents of riverine flood-affected areas in Davao City rated their

disaster preparedness as very high, as well as their disaster awareness, indicating that they are

prepared and well-informed about the effects of floods. They also rated their adapting behavior

and mitigation high, showing they knew how to adjust to their situation. Disaster preparedness is

correlated to adaptation and mitigation; also, disaster awareness is correlated with adaptation and

mitigation. The indicator of disaster awareness, namely flooding risk, strongly influences
adaptation and mitigation. The implication of the study concerns the city government's action of

relocating the people living in the area to avoid disastrous events.

The study main focus is disaster preparedness to the residents of Davao City on riverine flooding

that affects different areas of Davao. The residence practices different type of preparation when

encountering disasters. It is simple to state that the residents are fully aware of the potential

disaster. That can have a favorable impact on Davao City residents’ floods are not to be taken

carelessly due to they have the potential to inflict serious catastrophes. Through implementing

these measures, possible risks and dangers may be avoided.

Web-Based solution for flood warning decision support in the province of Leyte,

Philippines. As stated by the researchers (2021, October 9), floods are one of the most damaging

disaster events in the province of Leyte; their occurrence and strength are increasing in the last

decade. The most common reasons for flooding in Leyte are unpredictable and heavy monsoon

rainfalls, resulting in massive live losses, a large amount of internally displace persons (IDPs),

damages of agricultural land and crops, and live stocks. The proposed Automated Flood Warning

System for the Province of Leyte is an online-based system that tends to help the communities. It

measures rain and water level by positioning the reading device with measuring sensors to the

strategic location and generating real-time readings. The data will be transmitted to the web

system and convert to readable, easy-to-understand reports.

The system is well thought out a well executed for the sake of the community experiencing

different hazards. Through the system's visual representation, the flooding condition is
successfully monitored by the system. In order to inform them of the alert level determined by

the system, the authorities additionally got alert messages. Additionally, it helps the management

monitor a local area that is prone to flooding, identify early warning problems, and plan flood

control utilizing decision support.

RELATED STUDIES

Foreign Studies

Smart water quality monitoring system with cost-effective using IoT. Pasika and Gandla

(2020), Wireless communication developments are leading in new sensor capabilities. Current

sensor network technologies are essential for environmental applications. The Internet of Things

(IoT) connects various gadgets that may communicate and acquire data. By leveraging industry

4.0, IoT broadens its possibilities beyond the automation industry to include environmental

concerns. Water is one of the most essential needs for human survival, hence some method of

monitoring water quality must be developed. Water pollution is responsible for around 40% of

all deaths globally. As a result, it is vital that people in cities and villages have access to safe

drinking water.

Water Quality Monitoring (WQM) is a low-cost, high-efficiency system for measuring drinking

water quality that utilizes Internet of Things (IoT) technology. In this study, the proposed system

consists of many sensors that monitor various parameters such as pH, turbidity in the water, tank

level, temperature, and humidity. Furthermore, the Microcontroller Unit (MCU) is linked to

these sensors, and additional processing is carried out on a personal computer. The collected data
is sent to the cloud using the IoT-based ThinkSpeak application to monitor the water's status.

Application for monitoring the quality of water.

A Real Time Solution to Flood Monitoring System using IoT and Wireless Sensor

Networks. The researchers (Patil et al., 2019), stated that some areas are more prone to flooding

than other places, deploying flood alert systems near any significant water region or body of

water gives important information that can protect property and save lives. Of fact, the most

effective flood warning methods are quite expensive and require extensive maintenance, as well

as highly qualified employees to run them. Nowadays, no one knows when a flood will come,

therefore individuals who live near the flooded area should be prepared. As a result, we are

designing this system to notify individuals of the impending flood via notification and alarm

messages. For this aim, we will employ some sensors that will assist in providing information

about the flood.

Also, the researchers provide all safe locations around the user's location from which the user can

relocate. We always use maps to find safe locations. This system provides actual

implementation for businesses, communities, and individuals interested in creating and operating

flood monitoring and warning systems.

Flash Flood Early Warning System in Colima, Mexico. (Ibarreche et al., 2020). Based on the

researchers, this study describes a sensor system used in flash flood prediction that provides

important real-time information utilized to deliver early warnings, allowing people to escape in

time. Flooding is one of the most significant natural disasters that humanity face in terms of loss

of life and long-term repercussions, which frequently have severe social ramifications. However,
because there is typically little or no notice of the impending tragedy, flash floods pose a greater

risk to human life. The Emergency Water Information Network (EWIN) provides a solution that

includes an early warning system, notifications, and real-time monitoring of flash flood threats.

The platform has been installed in Colima, Mexico, serving the Colima and Villa de Alvarez

metropolitan areas. This platform is made up of eight permanent riverside hydrological

monitoring stations, eight meteorological stations, nomadic mobile monitoring stations known as

"drifters" employed in the flow, and a sniffer with data muling capacity. The findings indicate

that this platform effectively aggregates and distributes information to decision-makers,

government authorities, and the general public, perhaps offering critical minutes for people to

flee unsafe places. This is connected to the Researchers study, offering updates if there is a high

tide and the area's condition, including if vehicles can pass. Notifications will be sent to users

accordingly.

Design of Automatic Water Flood Control and Monitoring Systems in Reservoirs Based on

Internet of Things (IoT). According to the researchers, uncontrolled water levels can cause a

reservoir to overflow due to insufficient information reaching the flood gate supervisor, a

problem linked to the current flood gate control system. One emerging technology is the Internet

of Things (IoT), which is applied in this prototype for real-time monitoring and control of water

levels via a web server interface. The system includes an ESP 32 microcontroller, ultrasonic

sensors to measure water levels, and stepper motor actuators to operate the sluice gates based on

three water level conditions: low, medium, and high. Testing and analysis of the IoT-based
sensor readings showed a 0% error rate and a 2-second delay in data transmission, based on 20

experiments.

Design and Implementation of IoT based flood alert monitoring system using

microcontroller 8051. As the researchers Chaduvula et al. (2023) stated that in the Internet of

Things (IoT), physical objects are connected via sensors and software to share data over the

internet. Floods cause significant loss of life and property, and the lack of flood alert systems in

some developed countries worsens the impact. This paper aims to monitor flood situations and

send SMS alerts when river levels rise, allowing authorities to take action. The system uses

sensors, 8051 microcontrollers, GSM modules, and other components like float switches, LEDs,

and LCDs to detect and communicate early flood warnings.

It is related to the Researchers project because it utilizes the Internet of Things (IoT) to create

and provide notifications, as well as the hardware used in the process. The hardware they used to

build the system and successfully provide information to inform students.

Designing Early Warning Flood Detection and Monitoring System via IoT. (Hadi et al.,

2020), Flooding is a serious, often sudden disaster causing extensive damage and danger. To

address this, an early detection and monitoring system using IoT and GPS is proposed. The

system provides real-time water level updates in drains and sends alerts when levels reach safe,

warning, or critical thresholds. It includes an ultrasonic sensor for measurement, allows phone-

based monitoring, and features flood prevention tools like a solenoid valve and water pump.
This system is related to the Researchers project. The hardware and notifications are related to

the system, which provides real-time updates for the affected area. Notifications are linked to the

system, which delivers real-time updates for the impacted area.

Implementation of SMS Gateway in the Flood Notification System using Raspberry Pi.

(Satria et al., 2020), Floods are a common issue worldwide, with Indonesia heavily impacted.

Often caused by environmental neglect, floods can be mitigated with effective systems. This

study developed an SMS-based flood alert system using ultrasonic and rain sensors, a Raspberry

Pi, and a GSM modem. The prototype successfully sends SMS alerts when water levels reach 5

cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm. Testing confirmed the system's reliability in flood notifications,

offering a new method for disaster management using GSM and Raspberry Pi technology.

Wireless sensor network for AI-based flood disaster detection. According to Qundus et al.

(2020) In recent years, floods have caused major damage, highlighting the need for timely

evacuation and early warning systems. This study introduces a wireless sensor network model

that detects floods by comparing current weather data with historical records. Sensors collected

data like air pressure, wind speed, water level, and precipitation, while sea level pressure and

rainfall were obtained from Google API. The data was sent via LoRaWAN using Raspberry Pi

and Arduino. The support vector machine (SVM) model predicts floods with 98% accuracy,

helping monitoring rooms make quick decisions.

Local Studies

Real-time and automated flood detection &early warning systems for the municipality of

san leonardo, nueva ecija: a case study. According to the Talplacido, E. E. P., et.al., (2021),

the crucial need for enhanced disaster preparedness and response coordination in the face of

climate change-induced flooding. It underlines the limitations of current disaster management

systems and calls for a collaborative structure incorporating diverse stakeholders to boost

responsiveness and efficiency in flood emergencies. The researchers adopted a quantitative

analytic method to assess community awareness of automated flood detection systems,

essentially concluding that such systems considerably aid local disaster management attempts.

The systems provides real-time flood alerts to students, enabling them to travel flooded routes

effectively and prevent transit interruptions. By raising awareness of flood conditions, the

systems ntends to promote student safety and attendance, thereby addressing a critical problem

for educational institutions.

Langkiwa River Water Detection System Implementing Internet of Everything. According

by Rapada, R., et.al., (2021), with the help of the Internet of Everything (IoE), the Langkiwa

River Water Detection System seeks to improve community safety by disseminating information

and issuing early flood alerts, especially for Biñan City, Laguna. Manual monitoring methods are

replaced bthis system, which uses an Arduino microcontroller and ultrasonic sensors to monitor

water levels and deliver alarms via GSM modem. It is also a resource for upcoming research on

rainfall patterns and the effects of global warming.

The systems is giving real-time information regarding water levels, an automated warning

system seeks to reduce traffic interruptions and improve student safety and attendance. While the

systems focuses on student comfort and safety, the Langkiwa system emphasizes community-

wide notifications. Also, can greatly help local people navigate flood-prone areas with more

efficiency by combining IoE technology.

An inference approach of flood level detection and alert system: Flood-induced simulated

environment. According to Alon, A. S., et.al., (2020), the systems has the same goal and uses a

flood detection device with a camera to monitor water levels and give alarms based on color-

coded indicators. With an overall accuracy of 85.46%, it focuses on flood detection in urban

areas and uses a camera to sound alerts when water levels increase. The importance of real-time

information is emphasized in this study as a means of improving community knowledge and

readiness for flooding.

The aim of the systems is to directly meet the requirements of the students by giving them the

knowledge they need to navigate safely during floods. Also, to lessen the effects of floods via

early detection and communication, using systems developed especially to support Hagonoy

students' safety and mobility.

A Nover Cost – Effective Pressure Sensor Based Flood Monitoring System with IOT.

According to Dublin, A. C., (2024), the systems makes use of a pressure sensor, which is

essential for disaster preparedness, to monitor flood levels and issue early alerts. For data

processing and storage, this system incorporates a microcontroller and establishes a connection

with an Internet of Things (IoT) cloud service. With an average inaccuracy of only 4.08% in

flood level detection, it achieves accurate real-time flood readings. This novel strategy lessens

the impact of such natural disasters by improving the capacity to react quickly to flooding. The

systems addressed a crucial Issue raised In the Introduction by offering real-time alerts, which

can greatly minimize travel disruptions and improve student safety.

The development of a real time, interactive water level monitoring system through SMS

with AC load control. According to the Buhion, J., et.al., (2022), the frequent flood problems in

the Philippines, especially during the rainy season, are addressed by the invention of an

interactive, real-time SMS water level monitoring system with AC load control. Through text

messages, users may get real-time updates on the water levels in different bodies of water, like

rivers and lakes, thanks to this GSM-based technology. The system allows users to retrieve the
current water level, which is given in feet and inches, on demand or on a regular basis. In

addition to analyzing patterns in water level, the device has anti-theft protection and 2000 watts

of AC load regulation.

The system purposed to fulfill a similar function for students, with the timely flood alerts. It is

now possible to design and use the SMS-based monitoring system. Considering a priority on

safety and delay avoiding problems, it specifically addresses the needs of students traveling

flooded areas.

Identifying societal challenges in flood early warning systems. According to the Perera, D.,

et.al., (2020), the system focuses awareness on the global shortcomings of Flood Early Warning

Systems (FEWS) in terms of effectively converting alerts into community reactions. It highlights

several major issues, such as inadequate preparedness, a lack of community involvement, poor

communication, and a lack of integration of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies. It

emphasizes the importance of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), which offer customized

solutions through improved communication methods and educational initiatives to boost

community engagement and resilience.

The systems focus is to increase community resilience against flooding. Their emphasis on

societal issues and workable solutions mesh well. Also, highlight the preventative steps required

to help learners and local residents, filling in the gaps described in the article.