Dorothea Orem THREE RELATED THEORIES:

SELF CARE DEFICIT THEORY OF NUSRING THE THEORY OF SELF CARE

HUMAN BEINGS
 distinguished from other living things THEORY OF SELF - CARE
Describes how people care for themselves.
Reasons why human is unique: self – care
Human can symbolize what we experience self – care agency
and feel. self – care requisites
Humans can reflect upon ourselves and to our  universal
environment.  development
Human can communicate with others. (uses  health deviation
symbols and words)
Theory of self-care
 have the potential for learning and self – care  activities that individuals
carry out on their own
developing (IMPORTANT FOR OREM)
behalf.
 integrated human functioning
 Deliberate, have pattern
and sequence, developed
human functioning: physical, psychological, from day – to day living.
interpersonal and social  Can do this by themselves
(voluntary)
SOCIETY/ENVIRONMENT  Part of activities of daily
an external source of influence in the living (ADL) no help from
internal interaction of a person’s different aspects. others.
Self – care agency  Acquired ability or power to
engage in self – care.
HEALTH
(cannot do its own because
 “a state of physical, mental, and social well-
of condition)
being and not merely the absence of
 This type of self – care is
disease or infirmity”. depending on the age and
 “The physical, psychological, interpersonal state of health.
and social aspects of health are self – care  The reasons for which self –
inseparable in the individual.” requisites care is undertaken.
 concept of preventive health care.  Express the intended or
desired results.
NURSING  Environmental cautions
 helping clients to establish or identify ways (everyday life)
to perform self-care activities  Applying after medications
 nursing actions: geared towards care
independence of the client
Self – care requisites
for clients, nurses are aiming the patient to be Universal  The maintenance of a
independent again and establishing the self-care sufficient intake of air.
activities.  The maintenance of a
sufficient intake of water.
 The maintenance of a
 a distinguished human service sufficient intake of food.
 based on values  The provision of care
associated with elimination.
 The maintenance of balance
between activity and rest.
 The maintenance of a
balance solitude and social
interaction.
 The prevention of hazards to
human life, human
 functioning, and human well- THE THEORY OF NURSING SYSTEMS
being.  Designed by the nurse, is based on the
 The promotion of human assessment of an individual’s self-care needs
functioning and and on the assessment of the abilities of the
development. patient to perform self-care activities.
Developmental actions to be undertaken that will
provide developmental growth:  describes how the patient’s self-care needs
 Provision of conditions that
will be met by the nurse, the patient, or both
promote development
 Engagement in self-
development Describes and explains relationship that must be
 Prevention of the effects of brought about and maintained for nursing to be
human conditions that produced. (dine by the nurse for the patient)
threatens life Nursing Agency
Health  required in illness or injury or as Nursing Systems
Deviation a result of medical tests or  Wholly compensatory
treatments to correct a  Partly compensatory
condition  Supportive – educative

THE THEORY OF DEPENDENT CARE NURSING AGENCY – complex properly or attribute

of people educated and trained as nurses that
Explains how family members and/or friends provide enable them to act, to know, and to help others
dependent care for a person who is socially meet their therapeutic self – care demands by
dependent. exercising or developing their own self – acre
Care that is provided to a person who, because of agency.
age or related factors, is unable to perform that self
– care needed. NURSING SYSTEMS
- Series and sequences of deliberate
THE THEORY OF SELF CARE DEFICIT practical actions of nurses performed at
times in coordination with the actions of
 Describes and explains why people can their patients.
be helped through nursing. - To know and meet components of
patient’s therapeutic self – care
 When therapeutic self – care demand demands.
exceeds self – care agency, a self – care - To protect and regulate the exercise of
deficit exists and nursing is needed. patient’s self – care agency.

 the basic element of Orem’s (2001)

Nursing agency vs. Self-care agency
general theory of nursing because it
delineates when nursing is needed o Nursing agency – carried out for the benefit and
well-being of others
 Nursing is required when adults (or in the o Self-care agency – is employed for one’s own
case of a dependent, the parent or benefit
guardian) are incapable of or limited in
their ability to provide continuous effective
self-care.

5 methods:
1. acting for or doing for another. (providing
care from the expert)
2. Guiding and directing.
3. Providing physical or psychological support.
4. Providing and maintaining an environment
that supports personal development.
(guidance)
5. Teaching
Wholly compensatory - The nurse gives total care “The nurse is temporarily the consciousness of the
to meet all needs unconscious, the love of life for the suicidal, the
leg of the amputee, the eyes of the newly blind, a
means of locomotion for the infant, knowledge
and confidence for the mother, the mouthpiece
for those too weak or withdrawn to speak and so
on.”

PERSON
a complete and independent being with
biological, sociological and spiritual components

person is more on client centered.

HEALTH
the ability to perform independently the 14 basic
needs.

Health is basic to human functioning and that

Partly compensatory - Both nurse and patient promotion of health is more important than care of
perform care measures or other actions. the sick.

She also stated that it is the “quality of health rather

than life itself, that margin of mental physical vigor
that allows a person to work most effectively and
to reach his highest potential level of satisfaction in
life.” (Henderson and Nite, 1978).

ENVIRONMENT
the effects of 7 components (light, temperature,
air movement, atmospheric pressure, proper
waste disposal, absence of injurious chemicals,
cleanliness of surroundings) on the life and
development of a person

Supportive-Educative
 The person can carry out self- care NURSING
activities but requires assistance.  The unique function of the nurse is to assist the
individual, sick or well, in the performance of
 This is also known as supportive-
activities contributing to health or its recovery.
developmentalsystem

 The “patient’s requirements for help are  Henderson defined nursing in functional
confined to decision making, behavior terms. To her, the unique function of the nurse
control, and acquiring knowledge and is “to assist the individual, sick or well, in the
skills”. performance of those activities contributing
to health or its recovery (or to a peaceful
 The nurse’s role, then, is to promote the death), that he would perform unaided if he
patient as a self-care agent had the necessary strength, will or
knowledge.
Virginia Henderson
14 FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS
14 FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS THEORY (client- 1. Breathe normally
centered). 2. Eat and drink adequately
3. Eliminate body wastes
4. Move and maintain desirable postures.
5. Sleep and rest
6. Select suitable clothes.
7. Keep the body clean and well groomed;
protect the integument
8. Maintain body temperature.
9. Avoid dangers in the environment and
avoid injuring others.
10. Communication with others.
11. Worship according to one’s faith
12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of
accomplishment
13. play or participate in various forms of
recreation
14. Learn, discover, satisfy curiosity. Health &
development.