A Mini Project Report

On

PREPARATION OF COST ESTIMATION OF BUILDING

Submitted to

BANSAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

LUCKNOW

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

CIVIL ENGINEERING

By

PAWAN KUMAR

(2104220000037)

BANSAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

1
 DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the mini project report
entitled “PREPARATION OF COST ESTIMATION OF BUILDING” by
“PAWAN KUMAR” in partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of degree
“B.Tech(Civil Engineering)” Submitted in the department of “Civil Engineering”
at “Bansal Institute of Engineering & Technology” under “Dr. A.P.J Abdul
Kalam Technical University”, Lucknow is an authentic record of my own work.

By
PAWAN KUMAR
Roll-No. (2104220000037)

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Assistant Professor
Mr. Shakti Kumar “Department of civil engineering, Bansal Institute of
Engineering & Technology Lucknow (U.P.) India for his generous guidance, help
and useful suggestions.

I express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Mohd Wasiq, Head of Department of Civil

Engineering, BIET, Lucknow, for his stimulating guidance, continuous
encouragement and supervision throughout the course of present work.

PAWAN KUMAR

(2104220000037)

iii
 ABSTRACT

Cost estimation is completed before to construction, and cost control is carried out during the
building phase. This study aims to create a system that can combine the processes of cost
estimation and coast control, as the organizations that prepare the coast estimation and
control costs may be different. The automatic transfer of cost estimation data to the cost
control procedure is made possible by this integration. In this project, a residential building in
Kushinagar is laid out, designed, analyzed, planned, and its cost is estimated.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter 1 Introduction.............................................................................................6
1.1 WHAT IS AN ESTIMATE.........................................................................................................6
1.2 KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ESTIMATE:.....................................................................7
1.3 PURPOSE OF ESTIMATING:-..................................................................................................7
1.4 TYPES OF ESTIMATES............................................................................................................8

Chapter2...................................................................................................................10

Literature Review....................................................................................................10

Chapter3...................................................................................................................13
3.1 METHOD OF ESTIMATION...................................................................................................13
3.1.1 LONG WALL-SHORT WALL METHOD:...........................................................................13
3.1.2 CENTRE LINE METHOD:....................................................................................................13

Chapter 4 Calculation.............................................................................................14
4.1 HOW TO PREPARE A DETAILED ESTIMATE....................................................................14
4.2 FUNCTIONS OF AN ABSTRACT OF ESTIMATE.............................................................................14

4.3 FACTORS CONSIDERED DURING DETAILED ESTIMATION......................................................15

4.4 PRINCIPLE OF UNITS FOR VARIOUS ITEMS OF WORKS-...........................................................15

Chapter5...................................................................................................................26

Details of Measurement and Calculation of Quantities.......................................26

Chapter 6..................................................................................................................30

References................................................................................................................31

v
Chapter 1
Introduction

1. Cost estimation is a critical process in the construction industry that involves determining
the financial resources required to complete a building project. It serves as a blueprint for
the budget, ensuring that the construction process remains financially viable while
maintaining quality standards. Proper cost estimation helps in managing project scope,
ensuring that funds are allocated efficiently, and minimizing the risk of cost overruns.

2. In the preparation of cost estimation for a building, a detailed and structured approach is
essential. Importance of correct estimating is obvious. Under-estimating may result in the
client getting an unpleasant shock when tenders are opened and drastically modifying or
abandoning the work at that stage. Over-estimating may lose the engineer or estimate or
his client or his job, or in any case his confidence.

3. Estimating is the most important of the practical aspects of construction management, and
the subject deserves the closest attention of one aspiring to a career in the profession. It is
acomparativelysimplesubjecttounderstand;however,asitbringsoneupagainstpractical work,
methods and procedure, knowledge of it cannot be acquired without close application.

4. The cost estimate includes the direct and indirect costs involved in the construction,
ranging from materials, labor, and equipment to overhead costs, taxes, and contingency
funds. The estimation process can vary in terms of accuracy, ranging from preliminary
rough estimates to detailed and comprehensive final estimates.

1.1 WHAT IS AN ESTIMATE

An estimate is a calculated approximation of the cost, time, or resources required to

complete a project or task. In the context of construction, an estimate refers to the process
of predicting the costs associated with building a structure, including materials, labor,
equipment, overhead, and other relevant expenses. The purpose of an estimate is to
provide a project owner or contractor with an informed, realistic financial forecast to
6
 guide the planning, budgeting, and execution phases of the construction process. Before
taking up any work for its execution, the owner or builder should have a thorough
knowledge about the volume of work that can be completed within the limits of his funds
or the probable cost that may be required to complete the proposed work.

1.2 KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ESTIMATE:

1. Approximation: An estimate is not an exact figure but rather an educated guess based
on available data, previous experiences, or standardized methods.

2. Preliminary or Detailed: Estimates can range from rough approximations made at the
early stages of a project (preliminary estimate) to detailed calculations based on exact
measurements and specifications (detailed estimate).

3. Basis for Decision-Making: Estimates help stakeholders make informed decisions

regarding project feasibility, scope, and budgeting.

4. Subject to Change: Estimates are not fixed and may evolve as the project progresses,
based on changes in design, material costs, or unforeseen challenges.

1.3 PURPOSE OF ESTIMATING:-

The purpose of estimating in construction is to provide an informed prediction of the costs,

resources, and time required to complete a project. Key purposes include:
1. Budgeting and Financial Planning: Helps allocate funds and resources effectively.
2. Project Feasibility: Assesses if the project is financially viable.
3. Planning and Scheduling: Ensures efficient use of time and resources.
4. Cost Control: Provides a baseline for monitoring and preventing cost overruns.
5. Bidding and Tendering: Assists contractors in preparing competitive bids.
6. Resource Optimization: Helps reduce waste and improve efficiency.
7. Client Communication: Aligns expectations between all stakeholders.
8. Legal Compliance: Ensures the project meets regulatory requirements.

7
1.4 TYPES OF ESTIMATES
In construction, various types of estimates are used based on the stage of the project, the
level of detail required, and the purpose of the estimate. The main types of estimates
include:

1. Preliminary Estimate

o Purpose: Provides a rough estimate of the total project cost at the early stages.

o Accuracy: Low accuracy, based on limited information such as conceptual plans or

historical data.

o Use: Often used for feasibility studies and to help decide whether to move forward with
the project.

2. Detailed Estimate

o Purpose: A comprehensive and accurate estimate based on detailed architectural and

engineering plans.

o Accuracy: High accuracy, covering quantities, materials, labor, overheads, and other
costs.

o Use: Used for finalizing budgets, tendering, and project planning.

3. Quantity Surveying Estimate

o Purpose: Prepared by a quantity surveyor, this estimate quantifies all the materials, labor,
and resources required for the project.

o Accuracy: Very high, as it involves measuring and calculating specific quantities from
detailed plans.

o Use: Often used for large projects and to calculate unit costs for each construction
activity.

4. Unit Rate Estimate

o Purpose: Calculates costs based on unit rates for each activity or construction element

8
 (e.g., cost per square meter).

o Accuracy: Medium, as it depends on accurate unit rates and quantities.

o Use: Commonly used for projects where unit rates are well-established, such as in the
construction of roads or simple buildings.

5. Approximate Estimate

o Purpose: Offers a quick estimate with minimal data, based on rough approximations of
costs or by applying an average cost per unit.

o Accuracy: Low, with a higher degree of uncertainty.

o Use: Typically used for small projects, early planning, or quick budget assessments.

6. Ballpark Estimate

o Purpose: Provides a very rough cost estimate based on minimal project details, typically
a broad range.

o Accuracy: Very low, providing a general idea rather than specific cost breakdowns.

o Use: Used for initial discussions or when only rough figures are needed.

7. Detailed Itemized Estimate

o Purpose: Breaks down the project into specific items, listing each individual cost (e.g.,
materials, labor, and equipment).

o Accuracy: High, as it considers each item separately.

o Use: Common for projects requiring detailed tracking and financial oversight.

Each type of estimate serves a unique purpose in different stages of a construction

project, helping stakeholders make informed decisions regarding cost, resources, and
planning.

9
Chapter2

Literature Review

A literature review on cost estimation in construction explores existing research, methods,

tools, and best practices surrounding the prediction of costs in building projects. Cost estimation
is a crucial aspect of construction management, providing a financial foundation for planning,
budgeting, and controlling the expenses of a project.
1. Importance of Cost Estimation
Cost estimation in construction is widely acknowledged for its role in determining the financial
feasibility and scope of a project. According to Smith (2018), accurate cost estimates ensure that
a construction project is completed within its budget while maintaining quality and timeliness.
The estimation process involves assessing material costs, labor, equipment, and overheads,
among other factors, and aims to reduce financial risks. Bajaj and Goyal (2016) emphasize that
improper estimation can lead to project delays, cost overruns, or even failure.
2. Methods of Cost Estimation
Several methods of cost estimation are prevalent in construction, each with varying degrees of
accuracy:
 Preliminary Estimates: Often based on past projects or rough conceptual designs, these
estimates provide initial insights into a project's potential costs. Koskela and Ballard
(2016) suggest that such estimates are useful in early decision-making stages.
 Detailed Estimates: These are more precise and involve comprehensive calculations, as
outlined by Chitkara (2014). They typically use detailed project plans and are essential for
finalizing budgets and securing funding.
 Unit Rate and Bill of Quantities (BoQ) Estimates: As per Murray and Lang (2017), unit
rate methods are based on known rates per unit of measurement (e.g., cost per square meter).
The Bill of Quantities method breaks down the costs into individual tasks, allowing
contractors to price specific work items.
 Monte Carlo Simulation: According to Olsson and Hagström (2018), Monte Carlo
methods use probability and statistical models to account for uncertainties in cost
estimation, offering more refined projections in complex or large-scale projects.

10
3. Technological Advancements in Estimation
Recent advancements in technology have significantly improved the accuracy and efficiency of
cost estimation. Building Information Modeling (BIM), as discussed by Eastman et al.
(2018), enables the integration of design and cost data, allowing for dynamic and real-time
estimation. BIM provides a 3D visual model that can be used to calculate material quantities and
estimate costs with higher precision.
Another technological advancement, Artificial Intelligence (AI), is explored by Zhao et al.
(2020), who found that AI can enhance cost estimation by analyzing large datasets to predict cost
trends and identify potential risks. Machine learning algorithms can process historical data to
produce highly accurate estimates for similar projects.
4. Factors Influencing Estimation Accuracy
Several factors influence the accuracy of cost estimates:
 Project Complexity: Complex projects with unique designs tend to have less accurate
estimates compared to simpler ones. Kiani and Ghafarian (2015) state that complexity
increases the uncertainty of both material and labor costs.
 Data Availability and Quality: Estimates rely heavily on the quality and availability of
data. Poor or outdated data can lead to inaccurate projections. Hanna and Kaka (2014)
highlight the importance of up-to-date cost databases for reliable estimates.
 Market Conditions: Fluctuations in material costs, labor rates, and supply chain disruptions
can cause variance in estimates. Egan (1998) notes that the economic environment can
significantly affect project costs, especially in the construction industry.
5. Challenges in Cost Estimation
Despite its importance, cost estimation in construction is prone to challenges:
 Uncertainty and Risk: As noted by Luu and Xie (2017), the inherent uncertainty in
construction projects makes accurate cost estimation difficult. External factors like weather
conditions, labor shortages, or material price volatility can lead to unexpected cost increases.
 Human Error: Estimating costs is a complex process, and human error can lead to
miscalculations. Chau and Walker (2007) argue that a systematic approach, including the
use of software tools, can help reduce human error in manual estimations.
 Scope Changes: Frequent changes to the project scope or design can render earlier
estimates inaccurate. Levin (2016) highlights the challenge of scope creep, where alterations

11
 to project requirements during construction lead to increased costs and extended timelines.
6. Recent Trends in Cost Estimation
 Green Building and Sustainability: With the growing emphasis on sustainable
construction, cost estimation methods are increasingly incorporating environmental factors.
Kibert (2016) discusses how estimates now account for green technologies, renewable
materials, and energy-efficient systems.
 Collaborative Estimation: Modern project delivery methods, such as Integrated Project
Delivery (IPD), emphasize collaboration among stakeholders. Adrian and Malek (2017)
explain how collaborative estimation allows for better integration of costs across various
project stages, reducing disputes and improving accuracy.

12
Chapter3

Methodology
3.1 METHOD OF ESTIMATION

The quantities like earth work, foundation concrete, brickwork in plinth and super structure etc.,
can be workout by any of following two methods:

o Long wall-short wall method

o Centre line method.

3.1.1 LONG WALL-SHORT WALL METHOD:

According to this system, a wall that runs the length of the room is referred to as a
long wall, and a wall that runs perpendicular to a long wall is referred to as a short
wall. Determine the length of each wall's center line before determining the length of a
long or short wall. After adding half the width at each end to the length of the center
line, the length of the long wall (out to out) can then be determined. Therefore, the
length of the short wall measured into in can be calculated by subtracting half of its
width from the length of its center line at either end. When moving from earth to brick
construction in a superstructure, the length of the long wall often reduces while the
length of the short wall grows. These lengths are multiplied by bread than depth to get
quantities.

3.1.2 CENTRE LINE METHOD:

For walls with comparable cross sections, this technique works well. Here, the total
quantity at a time is obtained by multiplying the total center line length by the width
and depth of the corresponding item. The center line length is cut in half for each
junction where cross walls, partitions, or veranda walls connect the main wall. When
determining the entire center line length, these junctions or joints are carefully
examined. This strategy produces the most accurate and timely estimates.
13
Chapter 4

Calculation

4.1 HOW TO PREPARE A DETAILED ESTIMATE

The procedure forth preparation of a detailed estimate is divided into 2 parts:

DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF QUANTITIES.

MEASUREMENT FORM
Item no Description -No length Breadth -Height Content Remark
or Or Depth or

particulars quantity

Table-1

ABSTRACT OF ESTIMATE FORM

Sl Description or Quantity Unit Rate Unit of Amount

.no particulars Rs. rate Rs.

Table-2

4.2 FUNCTIONS OF AN ABSTRACT OF ESTIMATE

The main functions of an abstract of estimate are:

 The total estimated cost and the different items of works required to
complete project can be known.

 Basis on which % rate tenders are called after excluding the amount
for contingency and work-charged establishment.
 A part of tender document and a contractor can arrive at his own
rates from the schedule of work described in the description column.

 This is the basis on which bills are prepared for payment.

14
4.3 FACTORS CONSIDERED DURING DETAILED ESTIMATION

(a)Quantity of materials
(b)Availability of materials

(c) Transportation of materials

(d)Location of site

(e)Local labour charges

4.4 Principle of Units for Various Items of Works-

The units of different works depend on their nature, size and shape. In general, the units of
different items of work are based on the following principle: -

o Mass, voluminous and thick works shall be taken in square unit or

volume. measurement of length and breadth or height shall be taken to
compute the volume or cubic contents.

o Shallow, thin and surface works shall be taken in square units or in

area. The measurement of length and breadth or height shall be taken
to compute the area.

o Long and thin work shall be taken in linear or running unit,and

linear measurement shall be taken.

o Piece work, job work, etc., shall be taken in number.

o The units of payments and measurement of various items of work in

metric system are same except for earthwork. Earthwork is

o measurement in cu m but payment is made per 100 cum (per % cu

m).

15
 THE UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS AND PAYMENTS FOR VARIOUS
ITEMS OF WORK AND MATERIALS

SL. Particulars of Items Units of Units Unit of

NO. measurements Payment in Payment in FPS
in
MKS MKS
1. Earthwork-
Earth work in excavation
in ordinary soil, earthwork cum Per% cum % cu ft
in mixed soil with kankar
bajri, etc. earthwork in
hard soil.
2. Rock excavation cum Per% cum % cu ft
3. Earth filling in excavation cum
in foundation. Per% cum % cu ft
4. Earth filling in foundation cum Per% cum
Trenches % cu ft
5. Earth filling in plinth cum Per% cum % cu ft
6. Earthwork in banking, cum Per% cum % cu ft
cutting, in road and
irrigation channel.
7. Surface dressing and
levelling, cleaning, etc. sq.m Per sq.m %sq. ft
8. Cutting of trees (Girth
specified) no. Per no. Per no.
9. Pudding, puddle clay core cum Per% cum % cu ft
10. Sand filling cum Per cum % cu ft
11. Quarrying of stone or cum Per cum % cu ft
Boulder
12. Blasting of rock(blasted cum Per cum % cu ft
stone stacked and then
measured)

1. Concrete- cum Per cum % cu ft

Lime concrete (L.C)in
foundation
2. Lime concrete (L.C) in roof sq.m Per sq. m %sq. ft
terracing, thickness
specified
3. Cement concrete (C.C) cum per cum Per cuft

16
4. Reinforced cement concrete cum per cum Per cuft
(R.C.C.)
5. C.C.or R.C.C.Chujja, sun cum per cum Per cuft
Shade
6. Precast C.C.or R.C.C. cum per cum Per cuft
7. Jali work or Jafri work or sqm Per sqm Per sqft
C.C. tracery
panels(Thickness
specified)
8. Cement concrete bed cum per cum Per cuft

1. D.P.C.-
Damp proof course-
sqm Per sqm %sq ft
Cement concrete, rich
cement mortar, asphalt,
etc. (Thickness specified)

1. Brickwork-
Brickwork in foundation cum per cum % cu ft
and plinth in super
structure,
In arches, etc.,in cement,
lime or mud mortar
2. Sundried brick work cum per cum % cu ft
3. Honey-comb brick sqm Per sqm %sq ft
work, thickness
specified
4. Brickwork in jack arches, if cum per cum % cu ft
Measured separately
5. Jack arch roofing including sqm Per sqm %sq ft
top finishing
6. Brickwork in well staining cum per cum % cu ft
7. Half-brick work with or sqm Per sqm %sq ft
Without reinforcement
8. Thin partition wall sqm Per sqm %sq ft
9. Reinforced brickwork (R.B. cum per cum % cu ft
WORK)
10. String course, drip meter per m per r ft
course, weather course,
coping
etc.(Projection specified)
11. Cornice (Projection and meter per m per r ft
type specified)

17
12. Brickwork in Fireplace, cum per cum % cu ft
Challah, Chimney
13. Pargetting Chimney, fire meter per m per r ft
Place flue
14. Brick edging (by road side) meter per m per r ft
STONE WORK-

1. Stone masonry, Random cum per cum % cu ft

Rubble masonry ,Coursed
Rubble masonry, Ashlar
masonry in walls, in
arches, etc.
2. Cut stone work in lintel cum per cum Per cuft
Beamed.
3. Stones lab in roof, shelve, sqm Per sqm %sq ft
etc. stone chujjas, stone
Sunshed etc.
4. Stone work in wall facing sqm Per sqm Per sqft
or lining (Thickness
specified)

Wood Work
1. Wood work, door and cum per cum Per cuft
window frame or
chowkhat, rafter beams,
roof trusses, etc.
2. Door and window shutter
or leaves, panelled,
Sqm Per sqm Per sqft
battened, glazed, partly
panelled and partly
glazed, wire gauged, etc.
(Thickness specified)
3. Door and window fittings No. per no. per no.
as hinges tower bolts,
Sliding bolts, handles,etc.
4. Timbering, boarding sqm Per sqm Per sqft
(Thickness specified)
5. Timbering of trenches sqm Per sqm Per sqft
(Area of face supported)
6. Sawing of timber sqm Per sqm Per sqft
7. Wood work in partition, ply sqm Per sqm Per sqft
wood,etc.
18
8. Ballies (Diameter meter per m per r ft
specified)

1. Steel work- Rolled per cwt

steel joists, channel, quintal per q
angles, T-irons, flats,
squares, rounds, etc.

2. Steel reinforcement bars, quintal per q per cwt

etc. ,in R.C.C., R.B work

3. Bending, binding of steel quintal per q per cwt

Reinforcement

4.Fabrication and hoisting of steel

Work……. quintal Perq Percwt
5.Expended metal(X,P.M), size
Specified….. sqm Persqm Persqft
6.Fabric reinforcement, wire
netting………. sqm Persqm Persqft
7.Iron work in stress… quintal Perq Percwt
8.Gusset plate(Minimum rectangular
size from which cut) …. quintal Perq Percwt
9.Cutting of iron Joists & channel…. cm Percm Perinch
10.Cutting Angles,Tees & Plate…. sqm Persqm Persqinch
11.Threading in iron…. cm Percm Perinch
12.Welding, solder of sheets, plates
(Welding of rails, steel, trusses, rods per cm Percm Perinch

no.) no.
13.Boring holes in iron Perno. Perno.
14.Cast iron (C.I)pipe, Dia.specified metre Perm Perft.
15.Rivets,Bolts and nuts ,Anchor
bolts, Lewis bolts, holding down bolts, quintal Perq Percwt
etc.
16.Barbed wire fencing metre Perm % r ft
17.Iron gate
(mayals obe by weight,quintal) sqm Persqm Persqft

19
 18.Iron hold fast
(mayalsobe byno.) quintal Perq Percwt
19.Iron railing (height and types metre Perm Perr ft
specified)

Roofing-
1.Tiledroof------Allahabadtile,
Faizabadtile,Mangal oretile,
etc. including battens sqm Persqm %sq ft
2.Country tilero of including
bamboo Jafri…
sqm Persqm %sq ft
3.Corrugatediron(G.C.I)roof, sqm Persqm %sq ft
Asbestos cement (A.C)sheet
roof

4.Slateroofing,timber roofing Sqm Persqm %sq ft

5.Thatchroofingincluding
bamboo jaffri (Thickness
specified)
Sqm PerSqm %sq ft
6.Eaveboard(Thickness specified) Sqm Persqm %sq ft

7.R.C.C.,R.B.slabroof (excluding
steel) Cum Percum Percuft
8.Limeconcreteroofoverand
inclusive of tiles, or bricks, or
stones slabs, etc, (Thickness
Sqm Persqm %sq ft
specified)
9. Mud roof over and inclusive of
tiles, or bricks, or stone slab,
Sqm Persqm %sq ft
etc, (Thickness and type
specified)10.Ridges,valleys,
gutters, (Girth specified)
Metre Perm Perr ft
11.Tarfelting,Bituminous painting
Sqm Persqm %sq ft
12.Insulating layer in roof of sand
and clay, asphalt, etc. Sqm Persqm %sqft.
13.Expansion,contractionor
construction joint… Metre Perm Perr ft

20
 14.Ceiling---Timber, A.C. Sheet
plain, cloth, Cement plaster on
XPM, Paste board, etc…
Sqm Persqm Persqft.

Plastering-
sqm
1. Plastering–Cement mortar, persqm
lime mortar, mud, etc. %sq ft
(Thickness, proportion
specified).

2. Pointing–Struck, fluch, sqm persqm %sq ft

weather, etc.
3. Dado(Thickness and types sqm persqm %sq ft
specified)
4. Skirting(Thickness type and metre per m per r ft
Height specified)
5. Cement mortar lime mortar persqm
sqm %sq ft

6. White washing, colour sqm persqm %sq ft

washing, cement washing
(number of coats specified)
7. Distempering
sqm persqm %sq ft
8. Snow cement washing or sqm persqm %sq ft
finishing(number of coats
specified) sqm persqm %sq ft
9. Painting, varnishing (number
of coats specified) sqm persqm %sq ft
10.Polishingofwoodwork no. per no. per no.
(number of coats specified)
11.Paintingletters and figures
(height specified) sqm persqm %sq ft
12.Oiling and clearing of door
and windows sqm persqm %sq ft
13.Coaltarring(number of coats
specified) sqm persqm %sq ft
14.Removing of paint or varnish sqm persqm
15.Gobrilepping (powder wash) %sq ft

21
22
Flooring---
1.2.5cm(1”)C.Cover7.5cm Sqm Persqm %sq ft

(3”)L.C. Floor (Including L.C.)

2.Conglomerate floor, artificial
Patent stone Floor2.5 cm
Sqm Persqm %sq ft
(1”)
C.C.over7.5cm(3”)L.C.
(including L.C)
3.4cm (1½“) thick stone floor
Sqm Persqm %sq ft
over7.5cm(3”)L.C.(including L.C)
4.2.5cm(1”)marble flooring
Over
Sqm Persqm Persqft
7.5cm(3”)L.C.(including L.C.
5.Mosaic or terrazzo or Sqm Persqm Persqft
Granolithicflo or over7.5cm(3”)
L.C.(including
6.Brickflat floor over7.5cm (3”) Sqm Persqm %sqft

L.C.(including L.C .)
7.Brick on edge floor over7.5cm Sqm Persqm %sq ft
(3”)L.C.(in cludingL.C.)
8.2.5cm(1”)or4cm(1/2”)C.C. Sqm Persqm %sq ft
floor
9.Mud flooring finished gobri Sqm Persqm %sq ft
lepping
10.Apronorplinth protection Sqm Persqm %sq ft
(may be of C.C., L.C.,
brick,etc.)11.Door and window Sqm Persqm %sq ft
sill (C.C or cement mortar
plastered)

23
Miscellaneous Items-
1. Ornamental cornicemetre perm per rft
(projection, type specified)
2. Molding string course, drip
course, beading, throating, etc. Metre per m per rft
3. Ornamental pillar caps, pillar base, flowers, brackets,etc.
no. per no. per no.
4. Railing(Height and type specified)metreper mperrft
5. Surface drain
large(item wise)-
(i) Masonry cum per cum% cu ft
(ii) Plastering sqm per sqm %sq ft
6.Surfacedrainsmall(size, Metre per m perrft material, etc.
Specified)
7. Pipe–rainwater ,sanitary, Metre per m perrft
water pipe, etc. (Dia,
Specified)
8. Laying pipe line – sanitary,metreper sqm per r ft
water pipe, etc.(Dia, depth, bedding etc. Specified)
9. Jungle clear an cesqmor hectareperhectare %sq ft or per acre

10.Silte clearance in irrigation cumper%cum% cu ft

channels (similar to earthwork)
11.Trestlecrate (size, type, etc.no.perno.per no. specified)
12. Cleaning flues no. per no. per no.
13. Cotton cords in skylight no.perno.perno.
14. Easing doors and windows no.perno.per no. 15. Fixingdoors
and windows no.per no .per no.
16. Supply and fixing of hinges,tower bolts, haspand staples,
handles and hardwares, etc. perno.perno.
no. sqft
17. GlazingsqmpersqmPer
persqmPersqft
18. Glasspanels (supply) sqm
cleaningno.perno. Perno.
no.perno.perno.
19. Fixing of glass panes or
tubewell)metre per m per r ft
20. Renewing of glass panes
Metrepermperrft
21. Wellsinkling (masonary or
etc.no.perno.per no.
22. Piledrivingor sinking
23. Furnitures–chairs,tables,

24
Wire:-
16.Supply of bare electric wire Perno. Perno.Perno.
17.Tents, sholdaries No. Perno.
18.SupplyofW.C. no. Perno. Perno.

19. Supply of wash hand

basin (size specified) no. Per no. Per no.
20. Supply of cowl, mica no. Per no. Per no.
valve,itersepting trap,etc.
(size specified) no. Perno. Perno
21. Supply of bibcock, Metre Perm. Perrft
stopcock,ballcock,etc.(size
specified)

25
Chapter5

Details of Measurement and Calculation of Quantities

Plan of the building

The single storeyed building plan is taken for the cost estimation
which is having the plot of Area 183.12 (M2).

26
 (All Dimensions are in metre)
Wall = 0.30m
D =3.00mx2.60m NOTE: SS = Super Structure , BW = Brick Work

D1=1.00mx2.60m

D2=1.00mx2.50m
27
 W1=

1.20mx1.80m

W2=

1.00mx1.60m

NOTE = All dimensions are in meters

CENTRE LINE METHOD OF ESTIMATION FOR GIVEN PLAN

Total centre length = (3*10.6)+(3*16.5)+3+(2*4)

= 92.3m

Net centre length = Total centre length-(1/2 * width* no of junctions)

= 92.3 - (1/2*1.2*13)

= 84.5m

Detailed measurement and calculations for quantities

SR ITEMS NO LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT QUANTITY
NO. (M) (M) (M) (M3)

1.0 Earthwork in excavation for 1.0 84.5 1.2 1.1 111.54M3

foundation

2.0 Base Concreting(1:3:6) in 1.0 84.5 1.2 2 M3

foundation 0.28
0.2
3.0 Brickwork in foundation
i. 1st Brickwork 1.0 86.45 0.90 0.3 23.34M3

ii. 2nd Brickwork 1.0 87.75 0.7 0.3 18.42M3

28
iii. 3rd Brickwork 1.0 89.05 0.5 0.3 13.35M3

Total brickwork in = 55.11M3

Foundation
5.0 4CM Thick DPC. 1.0 90.35 0.30 27.10M2

6.0 Brickwork in superstructure 1.0 90.35 0.30 3.00 81.31M3

Deductions for Door’s &

Windows
i. D 1.0 3.00 0.30 2.60 2.34M3

ii. D1 4.0 1.00 0.30 2.60 3.12M3

iii. D2 2.0 1.00 0.30 2.50 1.50M3

iv. W1 6.0 1.2 0.30 1.80 3.88M3

v. W2 2.0 1.0 0.30 1.60 0.96M3

TOTAL = -11.80M3

Deductions for Lintels

i. D 1.0 3.24 0.30 0.12 0.1166M3

ii. D1 4.0 1.24 0.30 0.12 0.1785M3

iii. D2 2.0 1.24 0.30 0.12 0.0892M3

iv. W1 6.0 1.44 0.30 0.12 0.3110M3

v. W2 2.0 1.24 0.30 0.12 0.0892M3

TOTAL = -0.7845M3

29
 =123.84M
Net quantity of Brickwork 3
=(55.11+81.31) -
(11.80+0.7845)
7.0 Cement concrete in RCC slab 1.0 16.8 10.9 0.12 21.97M3
120mm thick (1:1.5:3)

8.0 Cement concrete in lintel (1:3

:6)

i. D 1.0 3.24 0.30 0.12 0.1166M3

ii. D1 4.0 1.24 0.30 0.12 0.1785M3

iii. D2 2.0 1.24 0.30 0.12 0.0892M3

iv. W1 6.0 1.44 0.30 0.12 0.3110M3

v. W2 2.0 1.24 0.30 0.12 0.0892M3

TOTAL = 0.7845M3

9.0 Cement concrete in chhajja

(1:3:6)
i. D 1.0 3.24 0.60 0.10 0.20M3

ii. D1 4.0 1.24 0.60 0.10 0.30M3

iii. D2 2.0 1.24 0.60 0.10 0.15M3

iv. W1 6.0 1.44 0.60 0.10 0.518M3

v. W2 2.0 1.24 0.60 0.10 0.149M3

TOTAL = 1.317M3

NET TOTAL CEMENT = 2.102M3

CONCRETE(1:3:6)

30
10. PLASTER WORK
Inside Plaster 12mm thick
i. Kitchen 2.0 4.0 3.0 24.00M2

3.0 3.0 3.0 27.00M2

ii. Bedroom 4.0 5.0 3.0 60.00M2

9.0 4.0 3.0 108.00M2

iii. Toilet 2.0 3.0 3.0 18.00M2

3.0 2.0 3.0 18.00M2

iv. Bathroom 2.0 3.0 3.0 18.00M2

3.0 2.0 3.0 18.00M2

v. Other 1.0 7.6 3.0 22.80M2

2.0 2.5 3.0 15.00M2

NET QUANTITY OF = 328.8-54.73 = 274.07M2

PLASTER WORK(Inside)

11. PLASTER WORK 2.0 10.9 3.0 65.40M2

Outside plaster 16mm thick
2.0 16.8 3.0 100.8M2

NET QUANTITY =166.2- =142.10M2

24.10
OF PLASTER
WORK(Outside)

31
 Estimated cost
SR ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT RATE AMOUNT (Rs)
NO.
1.0 Earthwork in excavation 111.54 cum 200 22308.00Rs

2.0 Cement concrete in 20.28 cum 4200 85176.00Rs

foundation(1:3:6)
3.0 Brickwork in foundation 55.11 cum 5150 283816.50Rs

4.0 4cm thick DPC 27.10 sqm 400 10840.00Rs

5.0 Brickwork in superstructure 68.72 cum 5500 377960.00Rs

6.0 RCC Slab (120mm) thick 21.97 cum 15000 329550.00Rs

(1:1.5:3)
7.0 Plaster work (inside) 274.07 sqm 45 12333.15 Rs

8.0 Plaster work (outside) 142.10 sqm 60 8526.00 Rs

9.0 C.C. in Lintels and Chhajja 2.102 cum 4200 8828.40Rs

TOTAL = 1139377.65 Rs

Add for electrification (including fans, sanitary) etc.

Of 12% =136725.32 Rs

Total
Amount=1139377.65+136725.32
Grand Total= 1276102.97 Rs

32
Chapter 6

Conclusion

The initial view stated in the preface of this guide was that the objectives of an estimate was to
provide the most realistic prediction of cost and time, no matter at what stage the estimate was
undertaken. To realize this objective there is a fundamental need for relevant data. The main
problem areas in estimate relate to difficulties with access to data and with the methodology for
the manipulation of data, particularly at the early stages of a project. This is important because
early estimate tend to shape the partition of a project.

This guide shows that, with a few exceptions, there are three main factors which could leads to
significant project under estimates. The 1st is the in appropriate assessment of risk with in an
estimate; this factor along could account for significant variation in actual performance.2 nd is the
use of in appropriate contract strategy ,and 3 rdthe human characteristics of the individual
estimate. This emphasizes a wider view of estimating, which should take into consideration not
just the physical project elements, but also the source of risk and the methodology used to
execute the project.

• Joint definition of the estimate

• Activity schedule
• The use of tender mark-ups
• Information technology

33
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