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Lecture 10 - Coagulation and Flocculation

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Lecture 10 - Coagulation and Flocculation

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albertcat12345
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Water Treatment Technology

Dr. Jyoti Sahu


The Department of Chemical Engineering
NIT Trichy, Tamil Nadu

1
Lecture - 10

Coagulation and Flocculation

Dr. Jyoti Sahu (CLPE24) 2


Coagulation and Flocculation
Impurities of water → size → Six order magnitude

Colloidal particles → Sedimentation is not effective

Aggregation of particles into large settleable aggregates.

Plain sedimentation → effective diameter of particle > 50 µm

Dr. Jyoti Sahu (CLPE24) 3


Settling velocities of various size particles
Particle Type of Settling velocity
diameter (mm) particle
10 Pebble 0.73 𝑚Τ𝑠𝑒𝑐
1 Coarse sand 0.23 𝑚Τ𝑠𝑒𝑐
0.1 Fine sand 1.0 × 10−3 𝑚Τ𝑠𝑒𝑐 0.6 𝑚Τ𝑚𝑖𝑛
0.01 Silt 1.0 × 10−4 𝑚Τ𝑠𝑒𝑐 5.6 𝑚Τ𝑑𝑎𝑦
0.0001 Large colloid 1.0 × 10−8 𝑚Τ𝑠𝑒𝑐 0.3 𝑚Τ𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
0.000001 Small colloid 1.0 × 10−13 𝑚Τ𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑚Τ𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
Dr. Jyoti Sahu (CLPE24) 4
Colloidal Stability
Stable Suspension: Colloidal

▪ Reason: Large surface to volume ratio

▪ Surface phenomena predominates over mass phenomena

Accumulation of electrical charge on particle surface


Surface water, mostly colloidal particles are negatively charged

Dr. Jyoti Sahu (CLPE24) 5


Charge system in a colloidal suspension
Charge system in a colloidal suspension

No. of ions
Counter-ions

𝒏𝟎
Co-ions Bulk Solution

0 1Τ𝜅 Diffused Layer


Surface waters, mostly colloidal
particles are negatively charged Distance from Particles 7
Force acting on colloids in suspension
▪ Electrostatic potential created by the ‘halo’ of counter ion, surrounding
each colloid → repulsive force

▪ Vander Waals force → Attractive, inversely proportional to the distance,


1Τ𝑑6

Dr. Jyoti Sahu (CLPE24) 8


Energy barrier – Net attractive force

Potential
Zeta

Energy
Barrier
Distance
0 between
colloids
Walls Force

Net Force (zeta-vander Waals)


Van der

Force fields between colloids of like charge


Dr. Jyoti Sahu (CLPE24) 9
Agglomeration → occurs only after overcoming the energy barrier
mechanisms

▪ Brownian movement – Perikinetic

▪ Mechanical agitation - Orthokinetic

Dr. Jyoti Sahu (CLPE24) 10


Coagulation Theory

No. of ions
Counter-ions

𝒏𝟎
Co-ions Bulk Solution

0 1Τ𝜅 Diffused Layer


Distance from Particles
Dr. Jyoti Sahu (CLPE24) 11
Coagulation Theory

Zeta Potential
Forces
0
Distance between particles

Van der Waals


Net force

Dr. Jyoti Sahu (CLPE24) 12


Water treatment
→ Coagulates 𝐴𝑙2 𝑆𝑂4 3

→ Trivalent metal ions

Four Mechanisms

1. Ionic layer compression

2. Adsorption and charge neutralization

3. Entrapment in a flocculent mass

4. Adsorption and inter-particle bridging


Dr. Jyoti Sahu (CLPE24) 13
Ionic Layer Compression

▪ Ions surrounding a particle – fn of electrostatic potential

▪ High ionic concentration compresses the counter ions layer

▪ If the layer is sufficiently compressed, Vander Waals force predominates

▪ Particle get attracted

Dr. Jyoti Sahu (CLPE24) 14


Example

Turbid stream flows into ocean – delta formation due to coagulation and
settling

In water treatment, ionic layer compression is insignificant as the


concentration of alum and ferric chloride used will be very less

Dr. Jyoti Sahu (CLPE24) 15


Adsorption and charge neutralization
Nature of chemical rather than concentration is important
𝐴𝑙2 𝑆𝑂4 3 → 2𝐴𝑙 3+ + 3𝑆𝑂42−

𝐴𝑙 3+ reacts with water


𝐴𝑙 3+ + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐴𝑙𝑂𝐻 2+ + 𝐻 +
𝐴𝑙 3+ + 2𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐴𝑙 𝑂𝐻 2+ + 2𝐻 +
+
7𝐴𝑙 3+ + 17𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐴𝑙7 𝑂𝐻 17 + 17𝐻 +
𝐴𝑙 3+ + 3𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐴𝑙 𝑂𝐻 3 + 3𝐻 +

Dr. Jyoti Sahu (CLPE24) 16


These aqua metallic ions having high affinity to colloidal particles get
attracted to colloidal particles get attached to them and neutralize the surface
charge.

Ionic cloud disappears

Overdosing – charge reversal and restabilization


Dr. Jyoti Sahu (CLPE24) 17
Sweep Coagulation

Addition of metal salts 𝐴𝑙2 𝑆𝑂4 3 , 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 , 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑎 𝑂𝐻 2 at high


concentration → Rapid precipitation of metal hydroxide.

Rate of precipitation

▪ Concentration of salts

𝐴𝑙 𝑂𝐻 3 = 𝐴𝑙 3+ + 3 𝑂𝐻 −
3+
𝐾𝑠𝑝 = 𝐴𝑙 𝑂𝐻− 3
Water Alkalinity
Dr. Jyoti Sahu (CLPE24) 18
Concentration of anions

Concentration of colloids (colloids act as a nucleus for precipitation)

Optimum coagulant dose → inversely proportional to the colloidal


concentration

Dr. Jyoti Sahu (CLPE24) 19


Adsorption and inter-particle bridging

Synthetic organic polymers. Anionic polymers are more effective (Muringa


olifera - drumstick)

These polymers, may be linear or branched with highly reactive (surface)


nature.

Several colloids may become attracted to one polymer.

Dr. Jyoti Sahu (CLPE24) 20


Adsorption and inter-particle bridging

Several of the polymer – colloidal group may become enmeshed → improve,


settling.

High coagulant dose – destabilization

Low concentration → insufficient

Optimum dosage is essential

Dr. Jyoti Sahu (CLPE24) 23


Jar test optimum coagulant dosage

Coagulation – not an exact science.

Selection of optimum coagulant dose → laboratory experiment.

Jar test

Rapid mixing – 1 min

Slow mixing – 15 to 20 min

Settling – 30 min
Dr. Jyoti Sahu (CLPE24) 24
Jar test apparatus

Dr. Jyoti Sahu (CLPE24) 25


Coagulation Mechanism

Four different turbidity


𝑆1 < 𝑆2 < 𝑆3 < 𝑆4

Zone 1 – Insufficient colloids are present to form settleable mass.

Zone 2 – Destabilization by adsorption and charge neutralization

Zone 3 – Charge reversal and restabilization

Zone 4 – Sweep coagulation


Dr. Jyoti Sahu (CLPE24) 26
Coagulation Mechanism

(d)

(c)

(b)

(a)
C1 = Optimum coagulant Dosage to
Produce “Sweep Floc”

C3 = Optimum coagulant Dosage in


Stoichiometric Destabilation

Colloid Concentration, Expressed as concentration of surface (S)


Alkalinity – Coagulation Relationship

Metallic salts → Hydrated metal ions.

Weak cationic acids

Acid → Release of 𝐻 + ions

1 mole of 𝐻 + ions needs ½ m alkalinity

If initial alkalinity is low, Reduction of pH takes place.

pH → above 7.0 → for hydroxide flocculent formation

Buffering the system → 𝐶𝑎 𝑂𝐻 2 , 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3


Dr. Jyoti Sahu (CLPE24) 29
Important Links

https://basicmedicalkey.com/emulsions-suspensions-and-related-colloidal-systems/
Thank you

Dr. Jyoti Sahu (CLPE24) 31

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