Homogeneous

functions
FYBTECH SEM-I
MODULE-5
 Homogeneous Functions
Def- u = f(x, y, z) is called homogeneous function
of degree n,
If replacing 𝑋 = 𝑥𝑡, 𝑌 = 𝑦𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍 = 𝑧𝑡 we get
𝑓 𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍 = 𝑡 𝑛 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
i.e. 𝑓 𝑥𝑡, 𝑦𝑡, 𝑧𝑡 = 𝑡 𝑛 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
Alternately, u = f(x, y) is homogeneous if it can be
𝑛 𝑦
expressed as 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑓 (two variable)
𝑥
And u = f(x, y, z) is homogeneous if it can be
𝑛 𝑦 𝑧
expressed as 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑓 , (three variable)
𝑥 𝑥

December 24, 2020 MODULE-5 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS 2

 Euler’s Theorem
 If u = f(x, y) is homogeneous function of deg n,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
then 𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
 For u = f(x, y, z) we get 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑛𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 Corollary 1
 If u = f(x, y) is homogeneous function of deg n, then
𝜕 𝑢 2 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢 2
 𝑥2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 2 =𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
 For u = f(x, y, z) we get,
𝜕 𝑢 2 2
𝜕 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢 2 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
 𝑥2 2 + 𝑦2 2 + 𝑧2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑥 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑥
𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑢

December 24, 2020 MODULE-5 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS 3

 EXAMPLE-1
 Verify Euler’s theorem for 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧
𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 1
 Part a) = , = , =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 1
 then 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = + + = 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2 2 2 2
 Part b) consider 𝑓 𝑥𝑡, 𝑦𝑡, 𝑧𝑡 = 𝑥𝑡 + 𝑦𝑡 + 𝑧𝑡
 = 𝑡𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
1
 Hence 𝑥𝑡, 𝑦𝑡, 𝑧𝑡 = 𝑡 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 , 2

 u is homogeneous function of deg ½

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
 Then by Euler’s theorem, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑛𝑢 = 𝑢.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2
Hence Euler’s theorem is verified.

December 24, 2020 MODULE-5 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS 4

 EXAMPLE-2
−1 𝑥 −1 𝑦 𝑧
If 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 then find
𝑦 𝑧 𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Solution: consider 𝑓 𝑥𝑡, 𝑦𝑡, 𝑧𝑡
−1 𝑥𝑡 −1 𝑦𝑡 𝑧𝑡
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑦𝑡 𝑧𝑡 𝑥𝑡
0
= 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑡 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
Hence u is homogeneous function of deg zero.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
By, Euler’s theorem 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑛𝑢 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

December 24, 2020 MODULE-5 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS 5

 EXAMPLE-3
𝑥+ 𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
If 𝑢 = then find 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑥+𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑥𝑡+ 𝑦𝑡
Solution: consider 𝑓 𝑥𝑡, 𝑦𝑡 = =
𝑥𝑡+𝑦𝑡
1
−
𝑡 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦2

Hence u is homogeneous function of deg -1/2.

By, Euler’s theorem,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝑥+ 𝑦
 𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑢 = −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑥+𝑦

December 24, 2020 MODULE-5 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS 6

 EXAMPLE-4
𝑥 3 𝑦+𝑦 3 𝑥 𝜕 2𝑢
If 𝑢 = then prove that 𝑥2 2 +
3𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 2 = 6𝑢
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Solution hint: Check that u is homogeneous
function of deg 3. Therefore By, Euler’s
theorem
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
𝑥 2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 2 =𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑢 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
3.2𝑢 = 6𝑢

December 24, 2020 MODULE-5 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS 7

 EXAMPLE-5
𝑥 2 𝑦3 𝑧 𝑥𝑦+𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
 If 𝑢 = + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 then find value of 𝑥 +𝑦 +
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢
𝑧
𝜕𝑧
 Solution: Here u is not homogeneous, consider u = v + w
𝑥 2𝑦3𝑧 𝑥𝑦+𝑦𝑧
 where 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 𝑦 2 +𝑧 2
𝑥 2 𝑡 2 𝑦 3 𝑡 3 𝑧𝑡 𝑡6
 For v, consider 𝑓 𝑥𝑡, 𝑦𝑡, 𝑧𝑡 = = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 =
𝑥 2 𝑡 2 +𝑦 2 𝑡 2 +𝑧 2 𝑡 2 𝑡2
𝑡 4 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
 v is homogeneous function of deg 4
−1 𝑥𝑦𝑡 2 +𝑦𝑧𝑡 2
 For w, consider 𝑓 𝑥𝑡, 𝑦𝑡, 𝑧𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 𝑡 0 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
𝑦 2 𝑡 2 +𝑧 2 𝑡 2
 w is homogeneous function of deg zero

December 24, 2020 MODULE-5 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS 8

 EXAMPLE-5
By Euler’s theorem,
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4𝑣 (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 =0 (2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Adding (1) and (2)
𝜕(𝑣+𝑤) 𝜕(𝑣+𝑤) 𝜕(𝑣+𝑤)
 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4𝑣
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑥2𝑦3𝑧
Hence proved 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 2 2 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧

December 24, 2020 MODULE-5 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS 9

 EXAMPLE-6
𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑦 1 −1 𝑦 2 −𝑥𝑦 𝜕 𝑢 2
 If 𝑢 = + 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛 then find value of 𝑥2 2 +
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝑢 2
2𝜕 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
 Solution: Here u is not homogeneous, consider u = v + w
𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑦 1 2
−1 𝑦 −𝑥𝑦
 where 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥7 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
1
𝑥 2 𝑡 2 +𝑥𝑦𝑡 2 𝑡2
 For v, consider 𝑓 𝑥𝑡, 𝑦𝑡 = 3 = 3 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑡 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
2
𝑦 𝑥𝑡 2 𝑡2
1
 v is homogeneous function of deg
2
1 −1 𝑦 2 𝑡 2 −𝑥𝑦𝑡 2
 For w, consider 𝑓 𝑥𝑡, 𝑦𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 𝑡 −7 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑥7𝑡 7 𝑥 2 𝑡 2 −𝑦 2 𝑡 2
 w is homogeneous function of deg -7

December 24, 2020 MODULE-5 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS 10

 EXAMPLE-6
 By Euler’s theorem,
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑣 (1) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = −7𝑤 (2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
2 𝜕2 𝑣 2
2𝜕 𝑣 2𝜕 𝑣 1 1 1
 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = −1 𝑣 =− 𝑣 (3)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 2 2 4
𝜕 𝑤 2 𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕 𝑤 2
 and 𝑥2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 2 = −7 −7 − 1 𝑤 = 56𝑤 (4)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
 adding (1), (2), (3) and (4) in proper order
𝜕 𝑢 2
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
 LHS = 𝑥2 2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 1 1
 = 56𝑤 − 7𝑤 − 𝑣 + 𝑣 = 𝑣 + 49𝑤
4 2 4
3 𝜋
 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2, 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 1 =
2 2
3 49
 put in above, LHS = + 𝜋
8 2

December 24, 2020 MODULE-5 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS 11

 Corollary of Euler’s Theorem
 If we have certain functions, say 𝑢 = sin−1 ∅(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑜𝑟 log ∅ 𝑥, 𝑦
 where u is not homogeneous but ∅(𝑥, 𝑦) is homogeneous function.
 In short in above examples sin 𝑢 𝑜𝑟 𝑒 𝑢 will be homogeneous
function. Then for this type of functions also we have corollary of
Euler’s theorem.

 Corollary 1
 If f(u) is homogeneous function of deg n in two variable, then
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑓(𝑢)
𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑛
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑓′(𝑢)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑓(𝑢)
 For three variable function we get 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 =𝑛
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑓′(𝑢)

December 24, 2020 MODULE-5 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS 12

 Corollary of Euler’s Theorem
 Proof: since t = f(u) is homogeneous function of deg n
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
 by Euler’s theorem 𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑡
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑢
 But = 𝑓′ 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑓′(𝑢) ,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
 hence 𝑥𝑓 ′ 𝑢 + 𝑦𝑓′(𝑢) = 𝑛𝑓(𝑢).
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑓(𝑢)
 Dividing by f’(u) we get the result. 𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑛
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑓′(𝑢)

 Corollary 2
 If f(u) is homogeneous function of deg n in two variable, then
𝜕 𝑢 2 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢 2 𝑓(𝑢)
 𝑥2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 2 = 𝑔 𝑢 𝑔′ 𝑢 − 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑔 𝑢 = 𝑛
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑓′(𝑢)

December 24, 2020 MODULE-5 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS 13

 EXAMPLE-7
𝑥2𝑦2𝑧 2 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 𝜕𝑢
 If 𝑢 = 2 2 2 + cos −1 then find 𝑥 +
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 𝑥+ 𝑦+ 𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑦 +𝑧
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 Solution: Here u is not homogeneous, consider u = v + w
𝑥2𝑦2𝑧 2 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
 where 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 = cos −1
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 𝑥+ 𝑦+ 𝑧
𝑥2𝑡 2𝑦2𝑡 2𝑧 2𝑡 2
 For v, consider 𝑓 𝑥𝑡, 𝑦𝑡, 𝑧𝑡 = =
𝑥 2 𝑡 2 +𝑦 2 𝑡 2 +𝑧 2 𝑡 2
𝑡6
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑡 4 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
𝑡2
 v is homogeneous function of deg 4
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
 By Euler’s theorem, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4𝑣 --- (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

December 24, 2020 MODULE-5 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS 14

 EXAMPLE-7
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
 check that w is not homogeneous, Let 𝑓 𝑤 = cos 𝑤 =
𝑥+ 𝑦+ 𝑧
1
𝑥𝑡+𝑦𝑡+𝑧𝑡
 consider ℎ 𝑥𝑡, 𝑦𝑡, 𝑧𝑡 = = 𝑡 ℎ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
2
𝑥𝑡+ 𝑦𝑡+ 𝑧𝑡
 hence f(w) = cos w is homogeneous function of deg ½
 By corollary of Euler’s theorem,
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝑓(𝑤) 1 cos 𝑤 1
 𝑥 +𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑛 = = − cot 𝑤 ---(2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑓′(𝑤) 2 −sin 𝑤 2
 Adding (1) and (2),
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = 4𝑣 − cot 𝑤
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2

𝑥 2𝑦2𝑧 2 1 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
 =4 − cot cos −1
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 2 𝑥+ 𝑦+ 𝑧

December 24, 2020 MODULE-5 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS 15

 EXAMPLE-8
1 1
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
 If 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 1 1 then prove that
𝑥 +𝑦 3
3

𝜕 𝑢 2 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢 2 tan 𝑢
 𝑥2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 2 = (13 + tan2 𝑢)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 144

1 1
𝑥 +𝑦 2
2
 Solution: since u is not homogeneous, consider f(u) = cosec u = 1 1
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3

1 1 1
1
𝑥 +𝑦 2
2 𝑡2
 ℎ 𝑥𝑡, 𝑦𝑡 = 1 1 1 = 𝑡 ℎ 𝑥, 𝑦
12
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 𝑡3
1
 Thus f(u) is homogeneous function of degree
12
𝜕 𝑢2 𝜕2 𝑢 2
𝜕 𝑢
 Then by corollary, 𝑥2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 2 = 𝑔 𝑢 𝑔′ 𝑢 − 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

December 24, 2020 MODULE-5 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS 16

 EXAMPLE-8
𝑓(𝑢) 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 1
 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑔 𝑢 = 𝑛 = = − tan 𝑢
𝑓′(𝑢) 12 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 cot 𝑢) 12

′ 1
 And 𝑔 𝑢 − 1 = − sec 2 𝑢 −1
12
1 2 13 tan2 𝑢
 = − 1 + tan 𝑢 − 1 = − −
12 12 12

𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
 𝑥2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 2 = 𝑔 𝑢 𝑔′ 𝑢 − 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
1 1
= − tan 𝑢 − (13 + tan2 𝑢)
12 12
1
= tan 𝑢 13 + tan2 𝑢
144

December 24, 2020 MODULE-5 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS 17

 EXAMPLE-9
 If 𝑢 = tan−1 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 ) then prove that
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
 (i) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = sin 2𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
 (ii) 𝑥2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 2 = sin 4𝑢 − sin 2𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
 Solution: since u is not homogeneous,
 consider f(u) = tan u = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2
 ℎ 𝑥𝑡, 𝑦𝑡 = 𝑥 2 𝑡 2 + 2𝑦 2 𝑡 2 = 𝑡 2 ℎ 𝑥, 𝑦
 Thus f(u) is homogeneous function of degree 2
 Then by corollary,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑛 =2 = 2 sin 𝑢 cos 𝑢 = sin 2𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑓′(𝑢) sec2 𝑢
 𝑔 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢

December 24, 2020 MODULE-5 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS 18

 EXAMPLE-9
2 𝜕2 𝑢 2
2𝜕 𝑢 2𝜕 𝑢
𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑢 ሾ𝑔′ 𝑢 −
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

December 24, 2020 MODULE-5 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS 19

 EXAMPLE-10
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
 If 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 tan 𝑣 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢 sec 𝑣 then find 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
 Solution: First we have to express u and v as functions of x and y
 Consider 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑒 2𝑢 sec 2 𝑣 − 𝑒 2𝑢 tan2 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑢
1
 thus 𝑢 = log(𝑦 2 − 𝑥2)
2
𝑥 𝑒 𝑢 tan 𝑣 𝑥
 And divide to get = = sin 𝑣 thus 𝑣 = sin−1
𝑦 𝑒 𝑢 sec 𝑣 𝑦
 Now we check for v,
 v is homogeneous function of deg zero.
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
 By Euler’s theorem, 𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑣 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
 Then required product 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

December 24, 2020 MODULE-5 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS 20

 EXAMPLE-11
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
If 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 then find 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑢
Solution: u is not homogeneous but 𝑒 is
homogeneous function of deg 1 (prove!!)
Hence by corollary of Euler’s theorem,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑒𝑢
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑛 = 1 𝑢 =1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑓′(𝑢) 𝑒

December 24, 2020 MODULE-5 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS 21

 EXAMPLE-12
For practice
𝑥
If 𝑢 = 𝑒 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2
𝑦

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 + 𝑥2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Can you guess above expression for any deg
homogeneous function inside log function

December 24, 2020 MODULE-5 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS 22