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LAVANYA 12A

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5 views15 pages

LAVANYA 12A

Uploaded by

hassansvhari
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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VELAMMAL VIDHYASHRAM

SURAPET

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

ON

To study the earth's magnetic field using a compass needle - bar


magnet by plotting magnetic field lines and tangent
galvanometer.

NAME : LAVANYA

CLASS : 12

ROLL :
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Physics investigatory project on the


topic “To study the earth's magnetic field using a compass
needle - bar magnet by plotting magnetic field lines and tangent
galvanometer” has been successfully completed by LAVANYA, a
student of class XII , in partial fulfillment of SSCE, CBSE, New
Delhi for the academic year 2024 – 2025

Teacher in-charge. Signature of External Examiner

Signature of Internal Examiner. Signature of the Principal


Acknowledgement

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my


Physics teacher, Balaji, for providing me with this
wonderful opportunity to work on the investigatory
project titled “To study the earth's magnetic field using
a compass needle - bar magnet by plotting magnetic
field lines and tangent galvanometer”.

I am sincerely grateful for their valuable guidance,


constructive feedback, and constant encouragement
throughout the course of this project. I also extend
my thanks to my classmates and friends for their
support and helpful discussions. Lastly, I wish to
thank my family for their motivation and belief in
me.
Table of Contents

Aim

Objectives

Introduction and Theoretical Background

Required

Experimental Procedure Part A: Plotting Magnetic


Field Lines of a Bar Magnet

Part B: Using a Tangent Galvanometer to Measure


Magnetic Field Observations

Calculations

Results and Conclusion

Precautions

Bibliography
Aim

To study the Earth’s magnetic field by plotting magnetic field

lines around a bar magnet and measuring the Earth’s

magnetic field component using a tangent galvanometer.


Objectives

•To explore the properties of the Earth’s magnetic field.

•To study the magnetic field lines generated by a bar


magnet.

•To measure the horizontal component of the


Earth’s magnetic field using a tangent galvanometer
Introduction and Theoretical Background Earth’s Magnetic Field :

The Earth behaves like a large bar magnet due to the flow of molten iron in its
outer core, generating a magnetic field that extends from the magnetic south pole
to the magnetic north pole. This field influences compass needles and other
magnetic materials to align along the north-south direction, aligning with the
Earth’s magnetic meridian.

Magnetic Field Lines :

Magnetic field lines are visual representations of the direction and strength of a
magnetic field. The density of lines indicates the field’s strength, which is highest
near the poles of a magnet and weakens as distance from the poles increases.
Tangent Galvanometer :

A tangent galvanometer is used to measure electric currents based on the


magnetic field generated around a circular coil. According to the tangent law:

where:
•B is the magnetic field at the center of the coil,

• (magnetic permeability of
free space),

•n is the number of turns in the coil,

•I is the current, and

•R is the radius of the coil.

The Earth’s magnetic field component ( ) is determined using the tangent


law as:

where θ is the deflection angle of the compass needle in the galvanometer.


Materials Required

•Bar magnet

•Compass needle

•Sheet of white paper and drawing board

•Tangent galvanometer

•DC power supply

•Connecting wires

•Protractor and ruler

•Graph paper for plotting results


Experimental Procedure

Part A:

Plotting Magnetic Field Lines of a Bar Magnet

1.Setup: Place a bar magnet at the center of a large sheet of white paper
on a drawing board. Mark the outline of the magnet and label the north (N)
and south (S) poles.

2.Tracing Field Lines: Position a compass near the north pole of


the magnet and mark the direction indicated by the compass needle.

3.Drawing Field Lines: Move the compass around the magnet,


marking points along the direction indicated by the needle. Join these
points to create smooth, curved lines representing the magnetic field.

4.Observation: Note how field lines are denser near the poles,
indicating a stronger magnetic field, and spread out as they move away
Part B:

Using a Tangent Galvanometer to Measure Magnetic Field

1.Setup: Align the tangent galvanometer along the Earth’s


magnetic meridian to ensure accurate measurements.

2.Circuit Connection: Connect the galvanometer in series with a DC


power supply.

3.Adjusting Current: Vary the current through the galvanometer and


record the deflection angle θ of the compass needle.

4.Calculating BHB_HBH: For each current value, use the tangent


law to calculate the horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field
BHB_HBH
Observations

Current (I) Deflectio Magnetic Eartha magnetic


n Angle field (B) field component
(θ) (BH)

0.2 10

0.4 20

0.6 30
0.8 40

1.0 50

Example Calculation of B:

•Using I=0.4 A, R=0.1 m, n =20 and

Calculation of BHB_HBH (Earth’s Field Component):

•For θ=20
RESULTS AND CONCLUTION

•Magnetic Field Lines:

•The magnetic field lines around the bar magnet are densest near
the poles, gradually spreading out as they move away. This
demonstrates the magnetic field’s strength and direction around
a bar magnet.

•Earth’s Magnetic Field Component:

•Based on the average of calculated values, the horizontal


component of the Earth’s magnetic field is approximately:

Precautions

•Ensure the tangent galvanometer is correctly aligned along the


Earth’s magnetic meridian.

•Avoid external magnetic interference from other magnets or


electronic devices.

•Take multiple readings for accuracy and minimize parallax error


when reading deflections.
Bibliography

1.Halliday, D., Resnick, R., & Walker, J. (2013). Fundamentals of


Physics. Wiley.

2.Gupta, S.L., & Kumar, V. (2009). Practical Physics. Pragati Prakashan.

3.Young, H.D., & Freedman, R.A. (2015). University Physics with


Modern Physics. Pearson.

4.Sears, F.W., Zemansky, M.W., & Young, H.D. (2012). College Physics.
Addison-Wesley.

5.Serway, R.A., & Jewett, J.W. (2018). Physics for Scientists and
Engineers. Cengage Learning.

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