CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY

EDUCATION
PHYSICS PROJECT

TRANSFORMER

SUBMITTED BY:- SUBMITTED TO:

VANSH MR. BRAJ KISHOR
CHAUDHARY SHUKLA
CLASS:-XII-PCMP
 CERTIFICATE
This is hereby to certify that, the original and
genuine investigation work has been carried out
to investigate about the subject matter and the
related data collection and investigation has
been completed solely, sincerely and
satisfactorily by Vansh Chaudhary of CLASS
XII - PCMP, Nehru World School, Ghaziabad
regarding his project titled:

“Transformer"

Mr. Braj Kishor Shukla

PGT PHYSICS
NEHRU WORLD SCHOOL

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I am greatly indebted towards the principal for
giving me an opportunity in elaborating my
knowledge towards the subject (physics) by
completing this project work.

I express my heartiest gratitude to my beloved

school for the guidance and providing the
required apparatus to perform my project work.

I would also thank my parents and my physics

teacher (Mr. Braj Kishor Shukla) for giving me
their co-operation in completing this project.

SUBMITTED BY:-
Vansh Chaudhary
CLASS:-XII-PCMP

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 TOPIC

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
ON TRANSFORMER

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 INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting
a low alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage or a high alternating voltage into a low
alternating voltage. It is a static electrical device
that transfers energy by inductive coupling
between its winding circuits.
Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-
sized coupling transformer hidden inside a
stage microphone to huge units weighing
hundreds of tons used in power plant
substations or to interconnect portions of the
power grid.
All operate on the same basic principles,
although the range of designs is wide. While
new technologies have eliminated the need for
transformers in some electronic circuits,
transformers are still found in many electronic
devices.
Transformers are essential for high-voltage
electric power transmission, which makes long-
distance transmission economically practical. A
transformer is most widely used device in both
low and high current circuit

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In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another circuit takes place
without the use of moving parts.

A transformer which increases the voltages is

called a step-up transformer. A transformer which
decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down
transformer. Transformer is, therefore, an
essential piece of apparatus both for high and low
current circuits. .

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 PRINCIPLE
The electric transformer works on the
fundamental principle of electromagnetic
induction, a concept first discovered by Michael
Faraday in the 19th century. The transformer
consists of two coils of wire, known as the
primary and secondary windings, which are
usually wound around a common magnetic core.
When an alternating current (AC) flows through
the primary winding, it generates a changing
magnetic field around the coil. According to
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, this
changing magnetic field induces an
electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the
secondary winding. The key principle here is
that the transformer relies on the mutual
induction between the primary and secondary
windings through the magnetic flux linkage.

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 CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft
iron core made of laminated sheets, well
insulated from one another. Two coils & and &
are wound on the same core, but are well
insulated with each other. Note that the both the
coils are insulated from the core, the source of
alternating e.m.f is connected to, the primary coil
and a load resistance R is connected to, the
secondary coil through an open switch S. thus
there can be no current through the sec. coil so
long as the switch is open.
For an ideal transformer, we assume that the
resistance of the primary & secondary winding
is negligible. Further, the energy loses due to
magnetic the iron core is also negligible. For
operation at low frequency, we may have a soft
iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining
thin iron strips coated with varnish to insulate
them to reduce energy losses by eddy currents.
The input circuit is called primary. And the
output circuit is called secondary.

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 Main Constructional Parts of Transformer
. The three main parts of a transformer are:
• Primary Winding of transformer- which
produces magnetic flux when it is connected to
electrical source.
• Magnetic Core of transformer - the magnetic
flux produced by the primary winding, that will
pass through this low reluctance path linked
with secondary winding and create a closed
magnetic circuit.
• Secondary Winding of transformer - the flux,
produced by primary winding, passes through
the core, will link with the secondary winding.
This winding also wounds on the same core and
gives the desired output of the transformer.

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 PRIMARY WINDING
Winding Works

CORE OF TRANSFORMER
View of core structure
(after completion of core lamination)

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 Coil insertion works

View of Core and Coil Assemble works

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Drying work in Vacuum Vaporisation
Facility

Completion of Core and Coil Assembly

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 THEORY
When an altering e.m.f is supplied to the primary coil P1
P2 , an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering
current in the primary produces a changing magnetic
flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as
well as in the secondary. In a good- transformer, whole
of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked
with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f induced
in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary. Thus, if E1 and E2 be the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f induced in the
primary and the secondary coil and N1 und N2 are the
no. of turns of the primary and secondary cols of the
transformer and,
dΦb/dt = rate of change of this in each turn of the coil at
this instant,
we have
Ep= -Np dΦb/dt ---------------------- (1)
Es= -Ns dΦb/dt -----------------------(2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant,
so by dividing 2 by 1 we get
Es/Ep = -Ns/Np ---------------------- (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in
the primary coil pl, so the instantaneous current in
primary coil is due to the difference (E-Ep) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f
further if Rp is the resistance of p₁ p2 cod, then the
instantaneous current I, in the primary coil is given by:
Ip = E-Ep/Rp
E-Ep = IpRp

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 When the resistance of the primary is small,
IpRp can be neglected so therefore,
. E-Ep= 0 or E = Ep
Thus, Back e.m.f = Input e.m.f
Hence equation (3) can be written as,
Es/Ep = Es/E = Output e.m.f = Ns/Np= K.
Input e.m.f
Where K is constant, called turn or
transformation ratio .
• STEP-UP TRANSFORMER
A step-up transformer is a device that increases
the voltage while decreasing the current from
its primary to its secondary side.
In a step-up transformer -
Es > E so K > 1, hence NS > NP

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 • STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
. A step-down transformer is a type of
transformer that converts the high voltage (HV)
and low current from the primary side of the
transformer to the low voltage (LV) and high
current value on the secondary side of the
transformer. The reverse of this is known as a
step up transformer.
In a step-down transformer
Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

Ip=Value of primary current at the same instant t

Is=Value of secondary current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant t = Eplp and
Output power at the same instant t= Esls
If there are no losses of power in the transformer,
then
Input power = output power or
Eplp = Esls or Es/Ep = Ip/Is = K

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 WORKING
A Transformer based on the Principle of
mutual induction according to this principle,
the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring
coil that is if a varying current is set-up in a
circuit induced e.m.f is produced in the
neighboring circuit. The varying current in a
circuit produce varying magnetic flux which
induces e.m.f in the neighboring circuit.
The transformer consists of two coils. They are
insulated with each other by insulated material
and wound on a common core. For operation at
low frequency, we may have a soft iron. The
soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron
strips coated with varnish to insulate them to
reduce energy losses by eddy currents. The
input circuit is called primary. And the output
circuit is called secondary.

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 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio
of output power to the input power i.e.
η = Output Power/Input Power = EsIs/EpIp
Thus, in an ideal transformer, where there is no
power losses, η = 1.
But in actual practice, there are many power
losses; therefore, the efficiency of transformer is
less than one.

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 MATERIAL REQUIRED
• Iron Rod

• Voltmeter

• Ammeter

• Copper wire

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 PROCEDURE
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick
paper and wind a large number of turns of
thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This
constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper
and wound relatively smaller number of
turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This
constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step-
down transformer.
3. Connect p1,p2 to A.C main and measure the
input voltage and current using A.C voltmeter
and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and
current through s1 and s2
5. Now connect s1 and s2 to A.C main and again
measure voltage and current through primary
and secondary coil of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self-made
transformers by changing number of turns in
primary and secondary coil.

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 OBSERVATION
1. We will find that ratio of and across the two
coils is equal to the ratio of number of turns
in the coil P to that in the coil S. i.e.,
Vp/Vs = Np/Ns —————- (1)
2. The coil P (to which AC voltage is applied) is
called the primary and coil S (in which AC is
induced) is called the secondary.
3. Since coil S is placed very close to the coil P,
the power in the primary is transferred into
the secondary through mutual induction.
4. It is clear from equation 1, that by
appropriate choice of the turn ratio i.e., Np/Ns,
we can obtain a higher voltage or lower
voltage in S compared to that in P.

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 ENERGY LOSS
➢ In practice, the output energy of a transformer is
always less than the input energy, because energy
losses occur due to a number of reasons as
explained below.

• Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the

coils is seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic
flux produced by the primary coil is not linked up
with the secondary coil. .

• Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination,

Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy
current may, however be small. And a part of energy
is lost as the heat produced in the iron core.

• Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the

transformer possess resistance. So, a part of the
energy is lost due to the heat produced in the
resistance of the coil.

• Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil

tapes the iron core through complete cycle of
magnetization. So, Energy is lost due to hysteresis.

• Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the

Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and
sound may be produced. It is called humming. Thus,
a part of energy may be lost due to humming.

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 Application of
Transformer
• Electric Power Transmission: Transformers
are crucial in power transmission networks to
step up voltage for efficient long-distance
transmission and step-down voltage for
distribution to end-users.
• Voltage Regulation: Transformers help
maintain a stable voltage level by adjusting
the voltage as needed, ensuring consistent and
reliable electrical supply.
• Power Distribution: They are used in power
distribution systems to provide various
voltage levels suitable for residential,
commercial, and industrial applications.
• Power Supply Units: Transformers are
employed in power supply units of electronic
devices, converting AC power from outlets to
the DC power needed by devices like
computers and chargers.
• Voltage Transformation: Transformers
change the voltage levels, allowing electricity
to be transmitted at high voltages to reduce
energy losses and then be distributed at lower
voltages for use.

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 • Industrial Applications: Transformers
power various industrial machinery and
. equipment by adapting electrical voltage to
meet specific operational requirements.
• Electrical Appliances: Many electronic
devices and appliances use transformers to
convert electricity to the required voltage for
their operation.

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 CONCLUSION
• The output voltage of the transformer across
the secondary coil depends upon the ratio
(Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage .

• The output voltage of the transformer across

the secondary coil depends upon the ratio
(Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage .

• There is a loss of power between input and

output coil of a transformer.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Ncert Physics

2. Google

3. Knowledge cycle

4. Wikipedia

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