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SCIENCE FLASHCARD QUESTION (12)

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1. Based on the graph, about how many Chinook salmon were reported in the Salish Sea for the year 1993?
Chinook Salmon in the Salish Sea

The Salish Sea is home to seven different species of Pacific Salmonids,

including the Chinook. Chinook are the largest salmon and play a critical role
in supporting and maintaining ecological health.

Salmon provide food for a variety of wildlife, from bald eagles to killer
whales to grizzly bears. Because salmon die after spawning, their carcasses
also provide abundant food and nutrients to plants and animals, including tiny
aquatic insects and other invertebrates that in turn provide food for other
animals.

During their life cycle, salmon transfer energy and nutrients between the
Pacific Ocean and freshwater and land habitats. Since Chinook are the largest
salmonid, they contribute the largest amount of biomass (organic matter) per
fish to the ecosystem. In fact, in areas that have experienced dramatic declines
in salmon, there is a measurable deficit of nutrients to help support the
ecosystem.

Source: https://www.epa.gov/salish-sea/chinook-salmon

A. 400,000

B. 500,000

C. 600,000

D. 700,000

2. An additional experiment is being conducted to investigate the rates of male and female hatchlings at a higher incubation temperature of 22∘C.
Develop a hypothesis about how this higher incubation temperature will affect gender distribution in hatchlings by choosing the phrase that best completes the statement:

At an incubation temperature of 22∘C there will be _____.

Temperature-dependent Sex Determination

Temperature-dependent sex determination is a type of environmental sex determination in which the temperatures experienced during embryonic/larval development determine the
gender of the offspring. It is only observed in reptiles and teleost fish. The thermosensitive, or temperature-sensitive, period is the period during development when sex is irreversibly
determined. The TSP typically spans the middle third of incubation with the endpoints defined by embryonic stage.

A tuatara is a lizard-like reptile endemic to New Zealand. The sex of a tuatara hatchling depends on the temperature of the egg. In an experiment, 25 tuatara eggs were incubated at
each of four different temperatures to examine how temperature affects gender determination in these reptiles. Data from the experiment are shown in the table below.

Incubation Temperature and Gender of Hatchlings

Incubation Temperature 18∘C 20∘C 21∘C 22∘C

Number of Females 25 21 13 5

Number of Males 0 4 12 20

Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature-dependent_sex_determination
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara

A. approximately the same number of female hatchlings as male hatchlings

B. more female hatchlings than male hatchlings

C. more male hatchlings than female hatchlings

D. only female hatchlings, and no males

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3. Choose the set of words that best completes the following sentence:
When a person’s blood glucose level becomes too low, _____ cells in the pancreas will release _____.

Homeostatic Regulation of Blood Glucose

Homeostasis refers to an organism’s ability to maintain a nearly constant internal environment within a narrow range that supports life. Examples of homeostasis in humans and other
mammals include regulation of: body temperature, blood pH, and concentrations of ions and glucose in the blood. These homeostatic mechanisms actively maintain a stable internal
environment even while there are changes constantly taking place in the organism’s external environment.

One example of homeostasis in humans involves regulation of the blood glucose concentration. After a meal, glucose levels in the blood may rise above the normal set point of about
90 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood plasma. Beta cells within the pancreas detect the rise in blood glucose and respond by secreting insulin into the bloodstream. The insulin acts
as a signal to certain cells, mainly liver, fat, and muscle cells, to increase uptake of glucose. The increased uptake of glucose from the blood lowers the blood glucose level back to the
normal set point. The glucose that has been taken up by cells will be used for energy or converted to glycogen, a storage polysaccharide.

If the level of blood glucose drops too low, such as between meals, pancreatic alpha cells are stimulated to secrete glucagon into the blood. Glucagon is a hormone that signals cells in
the liver to convert glycogen to glucose, which is released back into the bloodstream to return the blood glucose level to the normal set point.

A. alpha; glucagon

B. alpha; insulin

C. beta; glucagon

D. beta; insulin

4. Upper-case letters represent dominant alleles and lower-case letters represent recessive alleles.
Suppose the allele for wrinkled peas is dominant over the alleles for round peas. If a pea plant has a genotype of ww, what would the peas produced look like?

A. Half would appear round and half would appear wrinkled.

B. Some would appear round and some would appear wrinkled, but it may not be exactly half of each.

C. They would all appear round.

D. They would all appear wrinkled.

5. In the 2016-2017 flu season, what was the highest percentage of patient visits due to influenza-like illness in a single week?
Percentage of Visits for Influenza-like Illness (ILI), 2016-2017 and Selected Previous Seasons

Source: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/

A. about 2%

B. about 5%

C. about 6%

D. about 7.5%
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6. Read the following statements about the graph:

• The car has positive acceleration from point 0 to point 1.
• The car has positive acceleration from point 1 to point 2.
• The car has positive acceleration from point 2 to point 3.
• The car has positive acceleration from point 3 to point 4.
Which of the following is/are true?

Acceleration

𝑓𝑡
Acceleration is defined as the change in velocity over a period of time. The units for acceleration will be a unit of length over the square of a unit of time (i.e. ).
𝑚𝑖𝑛2

The acceleration equation is as follows:

𝛥𝑣
a=
𝛥𝑡

in which Δv represents the change in velocity and Δt represents the period of time over which this change occurred.

Car Driving on a Highway

A. only II

B. I and II

C. I, II, and III

D. I, II, and IV

7. A scientist wants to know if human somatic cells and germ cells divide at the same rate. She plans on culturing cells in the laboratory under controlled conditions and recording
division rates over time.

Which of the following best describes what she should consider in designing her scientific investigation?

Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis and meiosis are both forms of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells. Mitosis is a single nuclear division of a non-germ cell (somatic cell) that results in two nuclei partitioned into
two new cells. The nuclei resulting from a mitotic division are genetically identical to the original nucleus, with the same number of sets of chromosomes. In most plants and all animal
species, it is typically diploid cells that undergo mitosis to form new diploid cells. Diploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes, or two of each type of chromosome.

In contrast, meiosis consists of two nuclear divisions of germ cells resulting in four nuclei that are partitioned into four new haploid cells. The nuclei resulting from meiosis are not
genetically identical and they contain only one chromosome set instead of two.

Source: http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]

A. She should consider using canine germ cells in her study as a comparison group.

B. She should consider using multiple replications in her study, so that the results are more reliable.

C. She should consider observing cell division rates for only one generation.

D. She should consider only using one somatic cell and one germ cell in her study, so she can maximize her time to work on other projects.
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8. One of the fastest roller coasters in the world has an average speed of 38 ms38 ms. If the ride lasts for 2 min2 min⁡ and 20 s20 s, how long is the track?
Speed and Velocity

Speed and velocity are often used interchangeably in everyday use. Even though their equations are very similar, there is a distinct difference when using these terms in a physics
context. Speed is based on distance, whereas velocity is based on displacement. Distance is how much ground an object has covered during its motion. Displacement is how far an
object is away from its starting position. The two formulas are given in the following table.

A. 760 m

B. 1,520 m

C. 5,320 m

D. 8,360 m

9. A reactant is a starting material in a chemical reaction, while a product is a material that results from a chemical reaction.
Which of the following illustrations best represents an endergonic chemical reaction?

Energy and the Cell

All organisms require a source of energy. Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. To survive, cells and organisms must perform many kinds of work. For example, cells must
perform chemical work, such as building larger molecules from smaller ones. Cells must perform mechanical work, like the contraction of muscle fibers. Cells must also perform
transport work, like transporting ions across a membrane.

There are two main forms of energy: kinetic energy and potential energy. Kinetic energy is energy in motion, while potential energy is stored energy that an object possesses based on
its location or structure. Chemical energy is the potential energy of molecules and is based on the arrangement and types of atoms within the molecule. When chemical reactions take
place within cells, atoms are rearranged and energy is transferred and transformed, enabling cells to perform work.

Cells are constantly carrying out many chemical reactions. Some chemical reactions require energy and some release energy. Reactions that release energy are called exergonic
reactions. This type of chemical reaction will result in product molecules that possess less potential energy than the reactant molecules. Endergonic reactions, however, require an
input of energy to proceed. Endergonic reactions yield product molecules that are higher in potential energy than the reactant molecules.

A.

B.

C.

D.
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10. Jada is asked to identify a certain material by it’s specific heat capacity. She performs an experiment where she weighs her given sample, then adds a certain amount of
heat and records the temperature change. Her data can be found in the following table:

Which of the following could best be classified as the dependent variable in Jada’s experiment?

Specific Heat Capacity Equation and Table of Metals

Every material has a property known as specific heat capacity. Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat that is required to raise the temperature of that material by a certain
amount. Materials that have a low specific heat capacity heat up very quickly, whereas materials that have a high specific heat capacity heat up more slowly.

It can be calculated by using the following equation:

𝑐=𝑞
𝑚 ⋅ 𝛥𝑇

where q represents the amount of heat (in joules), m represents the mass of the substance (in grams), and ΔT represents the change in temperature.

A. c

B. m

C. q

D. ΔT

11. Which point on the longitudinal wave picture identifies a rarefaction?

Longitudinal Waves

Longitudinal waves occur when particles of matter

compress and separate in periodic patterns. Locations
where the particles are close together are
called compressions, and locations where the
particles are separated are known as rarefactions.
The distance between two compressions (or two
rarefactions) is known as the wavelength.

In order to transfer energy from one point to another,

longitudinal waves require a medium through which
to pass. Examples of such mediums are air, water,
and even stone. Sound waves are a common example
of a longitudinal wave.

A. point A

B. point B

C. point C

D. point D
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12. Type 1 diabetes is a disease that results from the destruction of the beta cells within the pancreas.

Doctors monitored the blood glucose concentration of four patients, beginning immediately after consuming a meal high in sugar. The blood glucose levels of the patients were
monitored for three hours after consuming the meal.

Based on the data in the graph, which individual is most likely to have type 1 diabetes?

Homeostatic Regulation of Blood Glucose

Homeostasis refers to an organism’s ability to maintain a nearly constant internal environment within a narrow range that supports life. Examples of homeostasis in humans and other
mammals include regulation of: body temperature, blood pH, and concentrations of ions and glucose in the blood. These homeostatic mechanisms actively maintain a stable internal
environment even while there are changes constantly taking place in the organism’s external environment.

One example of homeostasis in humans involves regulation of the blood glucose concentration. After a meal, glucose levels in the blood may rise above the normal set point of about
90 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood plasma. Beta cells within the pancreas detect the rise in blood glucose and respond by secreting insulin into the bloodstream. The insulin acts
as a signal to certain cells, mainly liver, fat, and muscle cells, to increase uptake of glucose. The increased uptake of glucose from the blood lowers the blood glucose level back to the
normal set point. The glucose that has been taken up by cells will be used for energy or converted to glycogen, a storage polysaccharide.

If the level of blood glucose drops too low, such as between meals, pancreatic alpha cells are stimulated to secrete glucagon into the blood. Glucagon is a hormone that signals cells in
the liver to convert glycogen to glucose, which is released back into the bloodstream to return the blood glucose level to the normal set point.

A. patient A

B. patient B

C. patient C

D. patient D
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13. If a celestial body is chosen at random from the table, what is the probability that an object located on that body would weigh more than that same object does on Earth?

Celestial Body Gravitational Constant (g)

𝑚
Mercury 3.59
𝑠2

𝑚
Venus 8.87
𝑠2

𝑚
Earth 9.81
𝑠2

𝑚
Mars 3.77
𝑠2

𝑚
Jupiter 25.95
𝑠2

𝑚
Sun 273.13
𝑠2

𝑚
Moon 1.62
𝑠2

2
A.
7

3
B.
7

4
C.
7

5
D.
7
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14. What is the probability that any location chosen at random under one of the sectors listed in the graph are using renewable energy?

US Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2016

This graphic shows US primary energy consumption in 2016.

Energy sources are listed on the left side of the graph and the sectors that use these energy sources are listed on the right side of the graph.

The lines and arrows connecting the two sides of the graphic break down how each source was used by each sector.

Source: https://www.eia.gov/EnergyExplained/index.cfm?page=us_energy_home

A. 10%

B. 19%

C. 25%

D. 28%

15. In which year did the total number of lionfish sightings reported at the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary (FGBNMS) first exceed 500?
Invasive Lionfish

The common name “lionfish” refers to two closely related and nearly indistinguishable species that are invasive in US waters. Lionfish, which are native to the South Pacific and Indian Oceans,
were first detected along Florida coasts in the mid-1980s, but their populations have swelled dramatically in the past 15 years. Lionfish are popular aquarium fish, so it is plausible that
repeated escapes into the wild via aquarium releases are the cause for the invasion. Lionfish now inhabit reefs, wrecks, and other habitat types in the warm marine waters of the greater
Atlantic.

As lionfish populations grow, they put additional stress on coral reefs already struggling from the effects of climate change, pollution, disease, overfishing, sedimentation, and other stressors.
For example, lionfish eat herbivores and herbivores eat algae from coral reefs. Without herbivores, algal growth goes unchecked, which can be detrimental to the health of coral reefs.

Adult lionfish are primarily fish-eaters and have very few predators outside of their home range. Because lionfish feed on prey normally consumed by snappers, groupers, and other
commercially important native species, their presence could negatively affect the well-being of valuable commercial and recreational fisheries.

Lionfish continue to expand at astonishing speeds and are harming native coral reef ecosystems in the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean. The first lionfish recorded in the Western
Atlantic (east coast of the United States, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico) was a specimen captured near Dania, Florida in 1985. No other lionfish sightings were reported until 1992. The
most likely source of these fish was the home aquarium trade.

At first, the spread of the lionfish population was rather gradual, but in 2000 the number of sightings began to increase exponentially. By 2009, lionfish were pretty well established along the
Atlantic coast and throughout the Caribbea

In 2010, sightings were also recorded in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, along the coasts of Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. In July 2011, the first lionfish was observed in the Flower
Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary (FGBNMS). By the end of 2015, over 2,600 lionfish were observed within the sanctuary. About 1,500 of those were successfully removed and
analyzed for important data.

Experts say it is unlikely that we will ever be able to completely eliminate lionfish from the Western Atlantic. So, the objective now is to minimize their impact on sanctuary resources. At this
time, sanctuary policy is to remove any lionfish encountered. Research has shown that targeted removals in localized areas can be an effective control mechanism.

Lionfish Observations in Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary (FGBNMS)

Year Stetson Bank East Flower Garden Bank West Flower Garden Bank

2010 0 0 0

2011 1 4 2

2012 30 40 105

2013 89 172 265

2014 32 232 363

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2015 112 437 720

Total 274 885 1455

Sources: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2014/12/12_01_14impacts_of_invasive_lionfish.html
https://flowergarden.noaa.gov/education/invasivelionfish.html

A. 2012

B. 2013

C. 2014

D. 2015

16. The law of conservation of mass states that matter cannot be created or destroyed. During the course of a reaction, the amount of an element present does NOT change. This
means that for a chemical equation to be balanced, the total number of atoms of each element has to be the same on both sides of the equation.

Which coefficient for KBr makes the given equation balanced?

____KBr + Fe(OH)3→3KOH+FeBr3

A. 1

B. 3

C. 4

D. 6

17. Which part of the atom does the blue particle represent?

Atomic Structure

All matter is made up of elements. The smallest unit of an element that can exist is called an atom. Atoms are made up of three types of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Each element has a certain number of protons associated with it. The number of protons is called the atomic number. A neutral atom has the same number of protons as it does electrons
(this is because electrons have a charge of −1−1 and protons have a charge of +1+1) but the number of neutrons in an atom can vary. The mass number is determined by adding the
number of protons and neutrons, which are both located in the nucleus (core) of the atom.

Assume the atom pictured has an overall neutral charge and that all subatomic particles are visible in the picture.

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atom#/media/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg

A. electron

B. neutron

C. nucleus

D. proton
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18. Of the approximate 48 million people in the United States who contract a foodborne illness in any given year, what is the probability they will be hospitalized?

Foodborne Illnesses Caused by Bacteria

Foodborne illness is often caused by eating food contaminated with bacteria. E. coli, Salmonella, and Listeria are three types of bacteria that commonly cause foodborne illness. While the
American food supply is among the safest in the world, the Federal government estimates that there are about 48 million cases of foodborne illness each year. This estimate is equal to about
1 in 6 Americans becoming sick from consuming food contaminated with bacteria. This results in an estimated 128,000 hospitalizations and 3,000 deaths each year.

Foodborne illness occurs when a person develops an infection after consuming contaminated food. There are several factors that contribute to the symptoms and severity of food poisoning.
People with a weakened immune system, as well as the very old or very young are most vulnerable to foodborne illness.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria normally live in the intestines of people and animals. Most E. coli are harmless and actually are an important part of a healthy human intestinal tract. However,
some E. coli are pathogenic, causing diarrhea or more serious conditions, such as anemia or kidney failure. The types of E. coli that cause illness can be transmitted through contaminated
water or food, or through contact with animals or people.

Salmonella can cause serious and sometimes fatal infections in young children, frail or elderly people, and others with weakened immune systems. Healthy people infected with Salmonella
often experience fever, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. In rare circumstances, infection with Salmonella can result in more severe illnesses if the bacteria enter the patient’s
bloodstream.

Listeria is a harmful bacterium that can be found in refrigerated, ready-to-eat foods like meat, poultry, seafood, and dairy. It may also be found in produce harvested from soil that is
contaminated with Listeria. Listeria is unusual because it can grow at refrigerator temperatures. Most other foodborne bacteria do not grow well at such low temperatures. But since Listeria
can survive at low temperatures, even foods that are properly refrigerated may contain harmful bacteria. People who eat foods contaminated with Listeria may develop listeriosis, an illness
which causes symptoms such as fever, headache, and vomiting. For most people, listeriosis is not a serious illness. However, pregnant women and their unborn children are very susceptible
to a more serious form of the illness. Among pregnant women who develop listeriosis, 22% of their unborn children will not survive.

Source: https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/Bacteria/ucm20081848.htm

A. 0.20%

B. 0.24%

C. 0.27%

D. 0.29%

19. The temperature of the calorimeter would be expected to change the for which of the given reactions?

Calorimetry Experiment Values (Reaction Set A-D)

A. reaction A

B. reaction B

C. reaction C

D. reaction D
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20. If Juliet had not thoroughly mixed the contents of bowl 1 and bowl 2 and the batter had been clumpy instead of uniform, what type of matter would best describe the batter?

How to Describe Matter

Keyword Definition Example

atom smallest unit of matter

molecule consists of two or more atoms bonded together

element consists of only one type of atom

compound consists of only one type of molecule

mixture consists of two or more elements and/or compounds

homogeneous mixture the elements/compounds are evenly distributed throughout

heterogeneous mixture the elements/compounds are not evenly distributed throughout

Baking a Cake

Juliet is making a cake. She first mixes flour, sugar, baking powder, and salt in bowl 1. Then she mixes eggs, milk, melted butter, and vanilla in bowl 2. She poured the contents of bowl 2 into
bowl 1 and stirred until all ingredients made a uniform batter. She makes sure there are no clumps anywhere in the batter. She then puts the cake in the oven at 325°F for 35 minutes. During
baking, heat from the oven causes the baking powder to give off gas bubbles to make the cake light and fluffy. The heat also causes the protein from the eggs to make the cake solidify. When
it comes out of the oven, it is no longer liquid batter but has turned into a solid cake.

A. a compound

B. an element

C. a heterogeneous mixture

D. a homogeneous mixture