Solving Systems of

5 Linear Equations
GO DIGITAL

5.1 Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Graphing

5.2 Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Substitution
5.3 Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Elimination
5.4 Solving Special Systems of Linear Equations
5.5 Solving Equations by Graphing
5.6 Graphing Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
5.7 Systems of Linear Inequalities

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER

Corey J. Jaskolski
Corey Jaskolski is an engineer with degrees in physics and mathematics.
He led a team that developed the world’s first pressure-tolerant
lithium-polymer battery pack used by underwater vehicles. The battery
can withstand the crushing pressure of deep-ocean deployments without
needing to be protected inside a pressure vessel.
• What is the deepest that a human has been outside of an underwater
vehicle? inside an underwater vehicle?
• What is the pressure of sea water at a depth of 1000 feet? 2000 feet?
3000 feet? 4000 feet? Graph your results. Is pressure a linear function
of depth?

STEM
The deepest location on
Earth, the Challenger Deep, is
located in the Pacific Ocean.
In the Performance Task, you
will plan an expedition to the
Challenger Deep, including a
dive schedule and goals that
you hope to accomplish.

Deep Ocean Exploration

Algebra 1 Chapter 5.indb 242 5/1/20 10:52 AM

 GO DIGITAL

Preparing for Chapter

Chapter Learning Target
5
Understand solving systems of linear equations.
Chapter Success Criteria I can identify a system of linear equations.
I can describe different methods for solving systems of
linear equations.
I can analyze systems of linear equations and decide what
solution method is most efficient.
I can predict whether a system of linear equations has Surface
one solution, no solution, or infinitely many solutions. Deep

VOCAB Chapter Vocabulary

Work with a partner. Discuss each of the vocabulary terms.

system of linear equations half-planes

linear inequality in two variables system of linear inequalities

Mathematical Practices
Use Appropriate Tools Strategically
Mathematically proficient students use technological tools to explore and deepen their
understanding of concepts.

Work with a partner. A dive center earns $9550 by selling tickets for deep-sea dives to tourists.
The dive center sells a total of 14 tickets: x Basic Adventure tickets and y Extreme Adventure tickets.

BASIC
ADVENTURE

$650 $800

1. Write two equations to represent this situation. Explain your reasoning.

2. Use technology to graph both equations. Explain how you determined an appropriate viewing
window for this situation.

3. Use technology to find the point of intersection of the graphs of the equations. Explain your method.

4. Interpret the point of intersection.

243

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 5
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Prepare WITH

Graphing Linear Functions

Example 1 Graph 3 + y = —12 x.
WATCH

Step 1 Rewrite the equation in slope-intercept form.

1
y = —x − 3
2
y
Step 2 Find the slope and the y-intercept. 2

1 x
m = — and b = −3
2 −4 −2 2 4
−1
Step 3 The y-intercept is −3. So, plot (0, −3).
(0, −3) 1
Step 4 Use the slope to find another point on the line. 2
−4
rise 1
slope = — = —
run 2
Plot the point that is 2 units right and 1 unit up from (0, −3).
Draw a line through the two points

Graph the equation.

1. y + 4 = x 2. 6x − y = −1 3. 4x + 5y = 20 4. −2y + 12 = −3x

Solving and Graphing Linear Inequalities

WATCH
Example 2 Solve 2x − 17 ≤ 8x − 5. Graph the solution.

2x − 17 ≤ 8x − 5 Write the inequality.

+5 +5 Addition Property of Inequality
2x − 12 ≤ 8x Simplify.
− 2x − 2x Subtraction Property of Inequality
−12 ≤ 6x Simplify.
−12 6x
— ≤ — Division Property of Inequality
6 6
−2 ≤ x Simplify.
x ≥ –2
The solution is x ≥ −2.
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

Solve the inequality. Graph the solution.

5. m + 4 > 9 6. 24 ≤ −6t 7. 2a − 5 ≤ 13

1
8. −1.25z + 1 < −14 9. 4k − 16 < —2 k + 5 10. 7w + 9 ≥ 2w − 3

11. REASONING The graphs of the linear functions g and h have different slopes. The value
of both functions when x = a is b. When you graph g and h in the same coordinate plane, what
happens at the point (a, b)?

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 Solving Systems of Linear
5.1 GO DIGITAL

Equations by Graphing
Learning Target Solve linear systems by graphing.

Success Criteria • I can determine whether an ordered pair is a solution

of a system.
• I can graph a linear system.
• I can approximate the solution of a linear system using a graph.

EXPLORE IT Using a System of Linear Equations

Work with a partner. You have a bag of dimes and quarters. You put the
coins in a coin-counting machine and see the following display.

S
Some coins
i may haveh been
ret
returned. Pleasse check
cchec below.

Cash
sh Vou
oucher
ou

coins

DONE Total $15.80

a. You want to know how many dimes and how many quarters you had. Do you
have enough information to find these quantities? Explain your reasoning.

b. Your friend tries to find the numbers of dimes and quarters by creating the
table shown. Did your friend find the solution? If not, find the solution.

Math Practice Dimes 80 60 50 40 43

Maintain Oversight Quarters 6 26 36 46 46
Describe your friend's
approach to creating the Total value (dollars) 9.50 12.50 14.00 15.50 15.80
table. What mistake did
your friend make? c. Write an equation in two variables that represents the number of coins you
had. Then write an equation in two variables that represents the total value
of the coins you had.

d. CHOOSE TOOLS In the same coordinate plane, graph your equations

from part (c). How can you use the graph to find the numbers of dimes and
quarters you had? Explain.

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 Systems of Linear Equations
GO DIGITAL
A system of linear equations is a set of two or more linear equations
Vocabulary in the same variables. An example is shown.
system of linear equations, x+y=7 Equation 1
p. 246
2x − 3y = −11 Equation 2
solution of a system of linear
equations, p. 246 A solution of a system of linear equations in two variables is an ordered pair that
is a solution of each equation in the system.

EXAMPLE 1 Checking Solutions

Tell whether the ordered pair is a solution of the system of linear equations.
x+y=7 Equation 1 y = −2x − 4 Equation 1
a. (2, 5); b. (−2, 0);
2x − 3y = −11 Equation 2 y=x+4 Equation 2

SOLUTION
a. Substitute 2 for x and 5 for y in each equation.
Equation 1 Equation 2
x+y=7 2x − 3y = −11
? ?
2+5= 7 2(2) − 3(5) = −11
READING
A system of linear equations
7=7 ✓ −11 = −11 ✓
is also called a linear system. Because the ordered pair (2, 5) is a solution of each equation, it is a
solution of the linear system.

b. Substitute −2 for x and 0 for y in each equation.

Equation 1 Equation 2
y = −2x − 4 y=x+4
? ?
0 = −2(−2) − 4 0 = −2 + 4

0=0 ✓ 0≠2 ✗
The ordered pair (−2, 0) is a solution of the first equation, but it is not
a solution of the second equation. So, (−2, 0) is not a solution of the
linear system.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Tell whether the ordered pair is a solution of the system of linear equations.
2x + y = 0 y = 3x + 1
1. (0, 0); 2. (1, 4);
−x + 2y = 5 y = −x + 5
y = −2.5x y + x = −3
3. (4, −10); 4. (−2, −0.5);
3x + y = 2 x = 2y − 1
1
5. REASONING One equation in a linear system is —2 x + y = 1. Is it possible for the system
to have a solution of (0, 0)? (100, −49)? Explain your reasoning.

6. OPEN-ENDED Write a system of linear equations that has a solution of (−1, −3).

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 Solving Systems of Linear Equations
by Graphing GO DIGITAL

A solution of a system of linear equations is a point of intersection of the

graphs of the equations.

KEY IDEA
Solving a System of Linear Equations by Graphing
Step 1 Graph each equation in the same coordinate plane.
Step 2 Estimate the point of intersection.
Step 3 Check the point from Step 2 by substituting for x and y in each
equation of the original system.

EXAMPLE 2 Solving a System of Linear Equations by Graphing

Solve the system by graphing.

y = −2x + 5 Equation 1
y = 4x − 1 Equation 2

SOLUTION
Step 1 Graph each equation. y

Step 2 Estimate the point of intersection.

The graphs appear to intersect at (1, 3). y = −2x + 5 y = 4x − 1
Step 3 Check that (1, 3) is a solution of (1,
1 3)
STUDY TIP each equation. 2

Always check that the Equation 1 Equation 2

estimated intersection y = −2x + 5 y = 4x − 1 −4 −2 2 4 x
−1
point is a solution of each ? ?
equation in the system. 3 = −2(1) + 5 3 = 4(1) − 1
3=3 ✓ 3=3 ✓
The solution is (1, 3).

Another Way Use technology

to solve the system.
y = −2x + 5 4
(1, 3)
2
y = 4x − 1
−6 −4 −2 2 4

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Solve the system by graphing.

1
7. y = x − 2 8. y = —2 x + 3 9. 2x + y = −6
3
y = −x + 4 y= −—2 x −5 3x − 0.5y = −7

10. OPEN-ENDED Draw a graph that represents a system of three linear equations with a solution of (0, −2).

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 Solving Real-Life Problems
GO DIGITAL
EXAMPLE 3 Modeling Real Life

A roofing contractor buys 15 bundles of shingles and 8 rolls of roofing paper for
$640. In a second purchase, the contractor buys 8 bundles of shingles and 2 rolls of
roofing paper for $296. Find the price per bundle of shingles and the price per roll
of roofing paper.

SOLUTION
1. Understand the Problem You know the total price of each purchase and how
many of each item were purchased. You are asked to find the price of each item.
2. Make a Plan Use a verbal model to write a system that represents the problem.
Then solve the system.
3. Solve and Check
Price per
⋅ ⋅
Verbal Number of Number Price Total cost
Model bundles bundle + of rolls per roll = of purchase

Variables Let x be the price (in dollars) per bundle and

let y be the price (in dollars) per roll.
System 15x + 8y = 640 Equation 1 (first purchase)
8x + 2y = 296 Equation 2 (second purchase)
y
Graph each equation. Note that only the first quadrant is shown because x and y
8x + 2y = 296
160 must be positive.
120 15x + 8y = 640 The graphs appear to intersect at (32, 20). Check that (32, 20) is a solution of
each equation.
80
Equation 1 Equation 2
40 (32, 20)
15x + 8y = 640 8x + 2y = 296
0 ? ?
0 8 16 24 32 40 x 15(32) + 8(20) = 640 8(32) + 2(20) = 296
640 = 640 ✓ 296 = 296 ✓
The solution is (32, 20). So, the price per bundle of shingles is $32, and the
price per roll of roofing paper is $20.

Another Way Assume the contractor buys 4 times the amounts in the second purchase,
so that each purchase contains 8 rolls of roofing paper. The 32 bundles and 8 rolls
would cost $1184. The extra 17 bundles of shingles cost $1184 − $640 = $544.
So, the price for shingles is $544 ÷ 17 bundles = $32 per bundle.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

11. You have a total of 18 science and history questions for homework. You have six more science
questions than history questions. How many questions do you have in each subject?

12. You order 3 strings of white LED lights and 2 strings of colored LED lights for $66. In a
second order, you buy one string of each type for $27.
a. Which type of LED light is more expensive?
b. Which type of LED light do you spend more money buying? How much more?

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 5.1 Practice WITH AND
GO DIGITAL

In Exercises 1–6, tell whether the ordered pair is a 21. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in
solution of the system of linear equations. solving the linear system.
Example 1

✗
x+y=8 x−y=6
1. (2, 6); 2. (8, 2); y
3x − y = 0 2x − 10y = 4 The solution
4 of the
y = −7x − 4 6x + 3y = 12
3. (−1, 3); 4. (5, −6); 2
linear system
y = 8x + 5 4x + y = 14 y = 2x − 1
and y = x + 1
+ 5y = −7
5. ( —, −2 ); 6x
1
2
2x − 4y = −8
2 4 x
is x = 2.

y = 6x + 11
6. (−2.5, −4);
2x + y = −9
22. COLLEGE PREP You make a total of 16 two-point and
In Exercises 7 and 8, use the graph to solve the system. three-point shots in a basketball game. You score a
Check your solution. total of 35 points. Which system can be used to find
the number p of two-point shots and the number q of
7. x − y = 4 8. 6y + 3x = 18 three-point shots you make? Explain your reasoning.
4x + y = 1 −x + 4y = 24 A p + q = 35 B p + q = 16
y y 2p + 3q = 16 2p + 3q = 35
C p + q = 16 D p + q = 35
2 4 x
4 3p + 2q = 35 16p + 16q = 35
−2
2
23. MODELING REAL LIFE You have 40 minutes to
exercise at the gym, and you want to burn a total of
−6 −4 −2 x
300 calories using both machines. How much time
should you spend on each machine? Example 3
In Exercises 9–16, solve the system by graphing.
Example 2 Elliptical Trainer Stationary Bike

9. y = −x + 7 10. y = −x + 4
y=x+1 y = 2x − 8

11. y = —13 x + 2 3
12. y = —4 x − 4
1
y = —23 x + 5 y = −—2 x + 11

13. 9x + 3y = −3 14. 3y − 9x = 9 8 calories 6 calories

per minute per minute
2x − y = −4 x + 3y = −6
1 24. MODELING REAL LIFE You collect $234 selling small
15. 4x − 4y = 22 16. x − 2y = −—2
and large smoothies. You sell a total of 46 smoothies.
y = −5.5 −4x − 8y = 2 How many of each size did you sell?

USING TOOLS In Exercises 17–20, use technology

to solve the system. Smoothie Prices:
Small: $4
17. 0.2x + 0.4y = 4 18. −1.6x − 3.2y = −24
Large: $6.50
−0.6x + 0.6y = −3 2.6x + 2.6y = 26

19. −7x + 6y = 0 20. 4x − y = 1.5

0.5x + y = 2 2x + y = 1.5

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 25. CONNECTING CONCEPTS Angle X and angle Y are 27. MAKING AN ARGUMENT You and your
complementary angles. The measure of angle Y is 6 friend start at different locations on an GO DIGITAL
less than twice the measure of angle X. What is the 18-mile hiking trail. You start at the
measure of each angle? trailhead and walk
4.5 miles per hour.
26. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Your friend starts you
The graph shows the total costs of ordering x 1.5 miles from the
key chains from three different websites. trailhead and walks
3 miles per hour.
Key Chain Prices
a. Your friend says
y your friend
100
that you will be at
the same location
80 on the trail after
Cost (dollars)

one hour of hiking.

60 Is your friend correct? Explain.
Website C
40 b. Who will reach the end of the trail first? How
Website B
much longer will it take the other person to reach
20 the end of the trail? Explain.
Website A
0
0 10 20 30 40 x
28. THOUGHT PROVOKING
Number of key chains Without graphing, use slopes and intercepts to
determine which quadrant contains the solution of
a. For what numbers of key chains are the costs the system below. Explain your reasoning.
the same at two different websites? Explain.
5x + 13y = 72
b. How do your answers in part (a) relate to
systems of linear equations? 4x + 7y = 65

REVIEW & REFRESH

In Exercises 29 and 30, solve the literal equation for y. 38. Use residuals to determine whether y = 7x − 2.5 is
29. 9x + 18 = 6y − 3x 30. 3
—4 x + 1
—4 y =5 a good fit for the data in the table. Explain.

x 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

31. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS The graph of a
linear function passes through the point (12, −5) y 2.5 5 7 14 15 17 21 27.5
and has a slope of —25. Represent this function in two
other forms.
39. Estimate the y
4
In Exercises 32–35, solve the equation. intercepts of the
graph of the function. 2
r
32. n + 6 = 11 33. — = −4 x
3
2 4 6
k+1
34. 2p − 7 = 9 35. — = 3
8 40. MODELING REAL LIFE A dumpster rental fee is
$350 for the first week and $10 for each additional
36. Determine whether the y (1, 0.2) day or any portion of a day. Write and graph a step
graph represents an
function that represents the cost y (in dollars) to
arithmetic sequence. 1 3 5 x
rent the dumpster for x days.
Explain. (2, −0.1)
−0.4
(3, −0.4) 41. Write an equation in slope intercept form of the
−0.8 (4, −0.7) line that passes through (−4, 5) and (4, −1).

42. Solve −4(3n + 8) ≤ 6(−2n − 5).

37. Solve the system x − 4y = −4 and −3x − 4y = 12
by graphing.

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 Solving Systems of Linear
5.2 GO DIGITAL

Equations by Substitution
Learning Target Solve linear systems by substitution.

Success Criteria • I can solve a system of linear equations by substitution.

• I can solve a linear equation in two variables for either variable.
• I can solve real-life problems using substitution.

EXPLORE IT Solving Systems of Linear Equations

Work with a partner.

Math Practice a. Two students are solving the linear system below. The first portions of their
solutions are shown. Justify each solution step and describe their methods.
Compare Arguments
Are the methods valid? Explain.
How can understanding
different solution x − 6y = −11 Equation 1
methods help you
3x + y = 5 Equation 2
solve systems of
linear equations?
Student 1
x − 6y = −11 Equation 1
x − 6(−3x + 5) = −11 _________________
x + 18x − 30 = −11 _________________
19x − 30 = −11 _________________
19x = 19 _________________
x =1 _________________

Student 2
3x + y = 5 Equation 2
3(6y − 11) + y = 5 _________________
18y − 33 + y = 5 _________________
19y − 33 = 5 _________________
19y = 38 _________________
y=2 _________________

b. What is the solution of the linear system in part (a)?

c. Explain how to solve a linear system using one of the methods above. Then
choose one of the methods to solve each system. Check your solutions.

i. x + 2y = −7 ii. x − 2y = −6 iii. 3x − y = −6
2x − y = −9 2x + y = −2 4x + 5y = 11

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 Solving Linear Systems by Substitution
GO DIGITAL
Another way to solve a system of linear equations is to use substitution
to obtain an equation in one variable.

KEY IDEA
Solving a System of Linear Equations by Substitution
WORDS AND MATH Step 1 Solve one of the equations for one of the variables or terms.
When someone makes a Step 2 Substitute the expression from Step 1 into the other equation and
substitution, they replace solve for the other variable.
one thing with another. Step 3 Substitute the value from Step 2 into one of the original equations
When you solve a system and solve to find the value of the other variable.
of linear equations by
substitution, you make
two substitutions. Solving a System of Linear Equations
EXAMPLE 1
by Substitution
Solve the system by substitution.
y = −2x − 9 Equation 1

6x − 5y = −19 Equation 2

SOLUTION
Step 1 Equation 1 is already solved for y.

Step 2 Substitute −2x − 9 for y in Equation 2 to obtain an equation in one

variable, x. Then solve the equation to find the value of x.
6x − 5y = −19 Equation 2
6x − 5(−2x − 9) = −19 Substitute −2x − 9 for y.
6x + 10x + 45 = −19 Distributive Property
Check 16x + 45 = −19 Combine like terms.
Equation 1 16x = −64 Subtract 45 from each side.
y = −2x − 9
x = −4 Divide each side by 16.
?
−1 = −2(−4) − 9
Step 3 Substitute −4 for x in Equation 1 and solve for y.
−1 = −1 ✓ y = −2x − 9 Equation 1
Equation 2
= −2(−4) − 9 Substitute −4 for x.
6x − 5y = −19
? =8−9 Multiply.
6(−4) − 5(−1) = −19
−19 = −19 ✓ = −1 Subtract.

The solution is (−4, −1).

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

1. WRITING Explain how you can use two equations in a system of linear equations to find
the value of one of the variables.
Solve the system by substitution. Check your solution.
2. y = 3x + 14 3. 3x + 2y = 0 4. x = 6y − 7
1
y = −4x y= —2 x −1 4x + y = −3

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 Solving a System of Linear
EXAMPLE 2
Equations by Substitution GO DIGITAL
Solve the system by substitution.
3x = y + 8 Equation 1
3x + 2y = −1 Equation 2

SOLUTION
Step 1 Notice that both equations have a term of 3x, and Equation 1 is already
ANOTHER WAY solved for 3x.
You can also begin by
Step 2 Substitute y + 8 for 3x in Equation 2 and solve to find the value of y.
solving Equation 1 for y,
then substituting 3x − 8 for 3x + 2y = −1 Equation 2
y in Equation 2 and solving
y + 8 + 2y = −1 Substitute y + 8 for 3x.
to find the value of x.
3y + 8 = −1 Combine like terms.
3y = −9 Subtract 8 from each side.
y = −3 Divide each side by 3.

Step 3 Substitute −3 for y in Equation 1 and solve for x.

3x = y + 8 Equation 1
3x = −3 + 8 Substitute −3 for y.
3x = 5 Add.
5
x= —3 Divide each side by 3.

(
The solution is —53 , −3 . )
Algebraic Check Graphical Check
Equation 1
2
3x = y + 8 y = 3x − 8
5 ?
( )
3 —3 = −3 + 8 −2 2 4 6 8

5=5 ✓ −2
(1.6666667, −3)

Equation 2 −4

3x + 2y = −1
3 1
? y=− x−
3 ( )5
—3 + 2(−3) = −1 2 2

−1 = −1 ✓

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

5. STRUCTURE A system has two equations that are both written in slope-intercept form. Which
method would you use to solve this system, graphing or substitution? Explain your reasoning.
Solve the system by substitution. Check your solution.
6. 4x + 5y = 7 7. 2x = 4y − 5 8. x − 2y = 7 9. −x + y = −4.5
5y = 2x + 19 2x − 3y = 1 3x − 2y = 3 4x − y = 16.5

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 Solving Real-Life Problems
GO DIGITAL
EXAMPLE 3 Modeling Real Life

A comedy club earns $1088 from an opening night performance and $1183
from a second performance. On opening night, the club sells 68 adult tickets and
136 student tickets. For the second performance, the club sells 79 adult tickets
and 140 student tickets. What is the price of each type of ticket?

SOLUTION
1. Understand the Problem You know the amounts earned for each performance,
and the total numbers of adult and student tickets sold for each. You are asked to
find the price of each type of ticket.
2. Make a Plan Use a verbal model to write a system that represents the problem.
Then solve the system.
3. Solve and Check

Number Adult Number Student Total

⋅ ⋅
Verbal
of adult ticket + of student ticket = amount
Model
tickets price tickets price earned

Variables Let x be the price (in dollars) of an adult ticket and let y be the
price (in dollars) of a student ticket.
System 68x + 136y = 1088 Equation 1 (first performance)
79x + 140y = 1183 Equation 2 (second performance)
Step 1 Solve for y in Equation 1.
68x + 136y = 1088 Equation 1
1
y=8− —2 x Solve for y.

Step 2 Substitute 8 − —12 x for y in Equation 2 and solve for x.

79x + 140y = 1183 Equation 2
79x + 140 8 − ( 1
—2 x ) = 1183 Substitute 8 − —12 x for y.
Check 79x + 1120 − 70x = 1183 Distributive Property
Equation 1 x=7 Solve for x.
?
68(7) + 136(4.5) = 1088 Step 3 Substitute 7 for x in Equation 1 and solve for y.
1088 = 1088 ✓ 68x + 136y = 1088 Equation 1
Equation 2 68(7) + 136y = 1088 Substitute 7 for x.
?
79(7) + 140(4.5) = 1183
y = 4.5
✓
Solve for y.
1183 = 1183
The solution is (7, 4.5). So, an adult ticket costs $7 and a student ticket
costs $4.50.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

10. REASONING You are selling tickets at a dance. Individual tickets cost $6 and 2 tickets
for a couple cost $10. After the dance, you count $1075 and 195 tickets. Your friend finds $1
near your table and asks if it belongs with the ticket money. Do you think it does? How many
couples bought tickets for the dance? Explain your reasoning.

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 5.2 Practice WITH AND
GO DIGITAL

In Exercises 1−6, describe how you would obtain 18. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in
an equation in one variable to solve the system by solving for one of the variables in the linear system
substitution. 8x + 2y = −12 and 5x − y = 4.

✗
1. x + 4y = 30 2. y = −8x + 2
5x − y = 4
x = 2y 2x + y = −10
−y = −5x + 4
3. 12y = x − 15 4. 5x + 3y = 11 y = 5x − 4
−3x + 12y = 3 5x = y + 5 5x − (5x − 4) = 4
5. x − y = −3 6. 3x + 5y = 25
5x − 5x + 4 = 4
4x + 3y = −5 x − 2y = −6 4=4

In Exercises 7–16, solve the system by substitution.

Check your solution. Examples 1 and 2 19. MODELING REAL LIFE A test is worth 100 points.
Each problem is worth either 2 points or 5 points.
7. x = 17 − 4y 8. 6x − 9 = y The number of 5-point problems is 22 less than the
y=x−2 y = −3x number of 2-point problems. How many problems of
each type are on the test? Example 3
9. x = 16 − 4y 10. −5x + 3y = 51
3x + 4y = 8 y = 10x − 8 20. MODELING REAL LIFE A group spends $277.50 to
rent a total of 15 tubes. How many off each type of
11. −5x + 6y = −11 12. 8x = 5y + 24 tube does the group rent?

6y = x + 5 −9y = 40 − 8x

13. 2x − 3y = −9 14. 2x − y = 23
x − 5y = −29 x + 4y = −20
1
15. —3 x + y = −1 16. 5x + 2y = 9
1 1 Person Tube: $12.50 2 Person Tube: $20
—3 x + 8y = 13 −0.5x − y = 7.5

17. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error 21. OPEN-ENDED Write a linear system that has the
in solving the linear system 2y = 3x + 4 and ordered pair (15, −25) as its solution. Then solve the
7x − 2y = 12. system by substitution to justify your answer.

✗ 7x − 2y = 12
7x − 3x + 4 = 12
4x + 4 = 12
22. HOW DO YOU SEE IT?
The graphs of two
linear equations
6
y
y=x+1

are shown.
4x = 8
4
x=2
1
y = 6 − 4x
2y = 3x + 4 2

2y = 3(2) + 4
2y = 10 2 4 6 x

y=5 a. At what point do the lines appear to intersect?

The solution is (2, 5). b. Can you solve a system of linear equations by
substitution to check your answer in part (a)?
Explain.

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 23. MAKING AN ARGUMENT To solve the system 27. REASONING Find the values of
−7x − 2y = 21 and −7x = 42 − y by substitution, a and b so that the solution of the linear GO DIGITAL
you begin by solving for y in the second equation. system is (−9, 1).
Your friend says that this step is not necessary. Is
ax + by = −31 Equation 1
your friend correct? Explain.
ax − by = −41 Equation 2
24. COLLEGE PREP For the system shown, what is the
value of y − x? 28. THOUGHT PROVOKING
3 Write a system of linear equations in which (3, −5)
x + = −14—4 y
is a solution of Equation 1 but not a solution of
−4x + 3y = −16 Equation 2, and (−1, 7) is the solution of the system.
A −17 B −7 Then solve the system by substitution to verify that
(−1, 7) is the solution.
C 7 D 17
29. NUMBER SENSE The sum of the digits of a
CONNECTING CONCEPTS In Exercises 25 and 26, find the two-digit number is 11. When the digits are reversed,
values of x and y. the number increases by 27. Find the original number.
25. x + 2 = 3y 26. −2x + y = −35
30. You withdraw $375 from your bank
x° 2x° (y + 10)° account. You receive a stack of 24 bills consisting of
$5, $10, and $20 bills. The number of $5 bills is
y° one-half the number of $10 bills. How many of each
x° y° type of bill do you receive?

REVIEW & REFRESH

In Exercises 31–33, find the sum or difference. 37. REASONING Find the value of a so that the
31. (x − 4) + (2x − 7) 32. (6d + 2) − (3d − 3) line that passes through (−5, a) and (1, −10) has a
slope of −—43 .
33. 2(5v + 6) − 6(−9v + 2)
38. Write an equation for the nth term of the arithmetic
34. Solve the system by substitution. sequence shown. Then find a15.
x − 8y = 7 −14, −5, 4, 13, . . .
5x + 6y = 12
In Exercises 39 and 40, graph the function. Compare
35. The theoretical probability of drawing a red marble the graph to the graph of f(x) = ∣ x ∣. Find the domain
and range.
from a bag is —25 . The bag contains 60 marbles.
39. g(x) = ∣ x + 5 ∣ 40. p(x) = ∣ x ∣ − 8
a. How many red marbles are in the bag?
b. A marble is drawn from the bag and replaced 41. Solve the system by graphing.
80 times. How many times do you expect a red
marble to be drawn? y = —23 x + 4
y = −2x − 4
36. Write a piecewise function represented by the graph.
42. Solve 3∣ 2x − 7 ∣ > 18. Graph the solution.
y

4 43. MODELING REAL LIFE

Stock Price
An investor owns shares of
2 Stock A and Stock B. The A $9.50
investor owns a total of B $27.00
200 shares with a total value
−2 2 4 x of $4000. How many shares
of each stock does the investor own?

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 Solving Systems of Linear
5.3 GO DIGITAL

Equations by Elimination
Learning Target Solve linear systems by elimination.

Success Criteria • I can add or subtract linear equations.

• I can solve a system of linear equations by elimination.
• I can explain why the elimination method produces a valid solution.
• I can solve real-life problems using elimination.

EXPLORE IT Solving Systems of Linear Equations

Work with a partner. You, your friend, and your cousin buy drinks and
sandwiches at a food truck. Each drink has the same price and each sandwich
has the same price.
• You purchase a drink and a sandwich for $4.50.
• Your cousin purchases a drink and three sandwiches for $10.50.

a. How can you use variables to write an equation that represents each
purchase?

b. Your cousin uses a system to determine the price of a drink and the price
of a sandwich. Describe the solution method shown. Is the method valid?
Explain your reasoning.

x + 3y = 10.50 Your cousin

x + y = 4.50 You
2y = 6
So, y = 3 and each sandwich is $3.
Each drink is $4.50 − $3 = $1.50.

c. Your friend purchases two drinks and four sandwiches for $15.00 and
writes the system below to check the answer in part (b). What can you
Math Practice do to one or both equations so that you can use an approach similar to
the approach in part (b)? Solve the system.
Make a Plan
How can you use the
coefficients of the 2x + 4y = 15.00 Your friend
variable terms to decide
on a strategy for solving
x + y = 4.50 You
the system in part (c)?

d. Explain how to solve a system of linear equations algebraically without

using substitution.

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 Solving Linear Systems by Elimination
GO DIGITAL
KEY IDEA
Solving a System of Linear Equations by Elimination
WORDS AND MATH Step 1 Multiply, if necessary, one or both equations by a constant so
Elimination is the process at least one pair of like terms has the same or opposite coefficients.
of removing something. Step 2 Add or subtract the equations to eliminate one of the variables.
When you solve a system
Step 3 Solve the resulting equation.
of linear equations by
elimination, you add Step 4 Substitute the value from Step 3 into one of the original equations
or subtract equations and solve for the other variable.
to remove one of the
variables.
When at least one pair of like terms in a linear system has the same or opposite
coefficients, you can add or subtract the equations to eliminate one of the variables.
System 1 Then use the resulting equation to solve the system.
a=b Equation 1 To justify this approach, consider System 1. In this system, a and c are algebraic
c=d Equation 2 expressions, and b and d are constants. You can rewrite Equation 1 as Equation 3 by
adding c on the left and d on the right by the Addition Property of Equality. You can
System 2
rewrite Equation 3 as Equation 1 by subtracting c on the left and d on the right by the
a+c=b+d Equation 3 Subtraction Property of Equality. Because you can rewrite either system as the other,
c=d Equation 2 System 1 and System 2 have the same solution.

Solving a System of Linear Equations

EXAMPLE 1
by Elimination
ANOTHER WAY Solve the system by elimination.
Because the coefficients of
3x + 2y = 4 Equation 1
the y-terms are opposites,
you can add the equations 3x − 2y = −4 Equation 2
to eliminate the y-terms.
3x + 2y = 4 SOLUTION
3x − 2y = −4 Step 1 Because the coefficients of the x-terms are the same, you do not need to
6x = 0 multiply either equation by a constant.
Step 2 Subtract the equations to eliminate the x-terms.
3x + 2y = 4 Equation 1
3x − 2y = −4 Equation 2
4y = 8 Subtract the equations.
Step 3 Solve for y.
4y = 8 Resulting equation from Step 2
Check
Equation 1 y=2 Divide each side by 4.
?
3(0) + 2(2) = 4 Step 4 Substitute 2 for y in one of the original equations and solve for x.

4=4 ✓ 3x + 2y = 4 Equation 1
3x + 2(2) = 4 Substitute 2 for y.
Equation 2
? 3x = 0 Simplify.
3(0) − 2(2) = −4
x=0
✓
Divide each side by 3.
−4 = −4
The solution is (0, 2).

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 Solving a System of Linear
EXAMPLE 2
Equations by Elimination GO DIGITAL
Solve the system by elimination.
−10x + 3y = 1 Equation 1
ANOTHER WAY −5x − 6y = 23 Equation 2
To use subtraction to
eliminate one of the SOLUTION
variables, multiply
Step 1 Notice that no pairs of like terms have the same or opposite coefficients.
Equation 2 by 2 and
One way to solve by elimination is to multiply Equation 2 by −2 so
subtract the equations.
that the coefficients of the x-terms are opposites.
− 10x + 3y = 1
−10x + 3y = 1 −10x + 3y = 1 Equation 1
−10x − 12y = 46
−5x − 6y = 23 Multiply by −2. 10x + 12y = −46 Revised Equation 2
15y = −45
Step 2 Add the equations to eliminate the x-terms.
−10x + 3y = 1 Equation 1
10x + 12y = −46 Revised Equation 2
15y = −45 Add the equations.
Step 3 Solve for y.
15y = −45 Resulting equation from Step 2
y = −3 Divide each side by 15.

Check Step 4 Substitute −3 for y in one of the original equations and solve for x.

Equation 2 2 −5x − 6y = 23 Equation 2

−5x − 6(−3) = 23 Substitute −3 for y.
−8 −6 −2 2
−5x + 18 = 23 Multiply.

(−1, −3) −5x = 5 Subtract 18 from each side.

−4
Equation 1 x = −1 Divide each side by −5.

The solution is (−1, −3).

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Solve the system by elimination. Check your solution.

1. 2x + y = −4 2. 3x + 2y = 7 3. 4x − 3y = 15
x+y=9 −3x + 4y = 5 −3y − 4x = 6

4. STRUCTURE In the system at the right, for what

1
value of a can you eliminate a variable by adding the —2 x + ay = −15 Equation 1
equations? For what value of b can you eliminate a
bx − —75 y = 1 Equation 2
variable by subtracting the equations?
Solve the system by elimination. Check your solution.
1
5. x − 3y = 24 6. x + 4y = 22 7. −5x + —2 y = 3
3x + y = 12 4x + y = 13 4x − 2y = −8

8. REASONING Your friend says that replacing one equation in a system with the
sum of that equation and a multiple of the other produces a system with the same solution.
Use properties of equality to show that your friend is correct.

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 Solving Real-Life Problems
GO DIGITAL
EXAMPLE 3 Modeling Real Life

A business with two locations buys seven large delivery vans and five small
delivery vans. Location A receives five large vans and two small vans for a total
cost of $235,000. Location B receives two large vans and three small vans for a
total cost of $160,000. What is the cost of each type of van?

SOLUTION
Use a verbal model to write and solve a linear system that represents the problem.

⋅ Cost ⋅ small van

Verbal Number of of Number of Cost of Total cost
+ =
Model large vans large van small vans of vans

Variables Let x be the cost (in dollars) of a large van and let y be the
cost (in dollars) of a small van.
System 5x + 2y = 235,000 Equation 1
2x + 3y = 160,000 Equation 2
Step 1 One way to find the cost of each type of van is to first eliminate the y-terms
STUDY TIP and solve for x. Multiply Equation 1 by 3 and Equation 2 by 2.
In Example 3, both 5x + 2y = 235,000 Multiply by 3. 15x + 6y = 705,000 Revised Equation 1
equations are multiplied
by a constant so that the 2x + 3y = 160,000 Multiply by 2. 4x + 6y = 320,000 Revised Equation 2
coefficients of the y-terms
are the same. Step 2 Subtract the equations to obtain 11x = 385,000.
Step 3 Solving the equation 11x = 385,000 gives x = 35,000.
Step 4 Substitute 35,000 for x in one of the original equations and solve for y.
5(35,000) + 2y = 235,000 Substitute 35,000 for x in Equation 1.
y = 30,000 Solve for y.

The solution is (35,000, 30,000). So, a large van costs $35,000 and
a small van costs $30,000.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

9. WHAT IF? The total cost of the vans for Location A is $228,500. The total cost for
Location B is $153,000. What is the cost of each type of van?

CONCEPT SUMMARY
Methods for Solving Linear Systems

Method When to Use

Graphing (Lesson 5.1) To estimate solutions
When one of the variable terms in one of the equations has a coefficient
Substitution (Lesson 5.2)
of 1 or −1
Elimination (Lesson 5.3) When at least one pair of like terms has the same or opposite coefficients
When one of the variables cannot be eliminated by adding or subtracting
Elimination (Multiply First) (Lesson 5.3)
the equations

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 5.3 Practice WITH AND
GO DIGITAL

In Exercises 1−8, solve the system by elimination. 19. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in
Check your solution. Example 1 solving for one of the variables in the linear system
5x − 7y = 16 and x + 7y = 8.
1. x + 2y = 13 2. 9x + y = 2

✗
−x + y = 5 −4x − y = −17
5x − 7y = 16
x + 7y = 8
3. 5x + 6y = 50 4. −x + y = 4
4x = 24
x − 6y = −26 x + 3y = 4 x=6

5. −3x − 5y = −7 6. 1.5x − 9y = −21

−4x + 5y = 14 −1.5x − 3y = 9
20. WRITING For what values of a can you solve the
linear system ax + 3y = 2 and 4x + 5y = 6 by
7. −y − 10 = 6x 8. 3x − 30 = y
elimination without multiplying first? Explain.
5x + y = −10 7y − 6 = 3x
In Exercises 21–26, solve the system using any method.
In Exercises 9–16, solve the system by elimination. Explain your choice of method.
Check your solution. Example 2
21. 3x + 2y = 4 22. −6y + 2 = −4x
9. x + y = 2 10. 8x − 5y = 11 2y = 8 − 5x y−2=x
2x + 7y = 9 4x − 3y = 5
1
23. y − x = 2 24. 3x + y = —3
11. 11x − 20y = 28 12. 10x − 9y = 46 1
y = −—4 x + 7 2x − 3y = —83
3x + 4y = 36 −2x + 3y = 10
1 2
25. 0.3x − 0.2y = −2.1 26. —3 x + —3 y = 2
13. 4x − 3y = 8 14. −2x − 5y = 9
1 1 3
5x − 2y = −11 3x + 11y = 4 0.6x + 1.3y = 0.9 —2 x − —4 y = −—4

15. 9x + 2y = 39 16. 12x − 7y = −2 27. OPEN-ENDED Write a linear system for which you
6x + 13y = −9 8x + 11y = 30 can add or subtract to eliminate a variable.

17. MODELING REAL LIFE A service center charges a fee 28. HOW DO YOU SEE IT?
of x dollars for an oil change plus y dollars per quart The circle graph shows Favorite Meal
of oil used. Customer A receives 5 quarts of oil and the results of a survey in
pays a total of $37.45. Customer B receives 7 quarts which 50 students were Dinner
of oil and pays a total of $46.45. Find the fee and cost asked about their 25
per quart of oil. Example 3 favorite meal.
Lunch
a. Estimate the Breakfast
18. MODELING REAL LIFE A music website charges numbers of students
x dollars for individual songs and y dollars for who chose breakfast
entire albums. Person A pays $25.92 and lunch.
to download 6 individual songs and
2 albums. Person B pays $33.93 b. The number of students who chose lunch is
to download 4 individual songs 5 more than the number of students who chose
and 3 albums. How much does breakfast. Write a linear system that represents
the website charge to download the numbers of students who chose breakfast
a song? an entire album? and lunch.

c. Explain how you can solve the linear system in

part (b) to check your answers in part (a).

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 29. COLLEGE PREP Which of the following approaches 32. PROBLEM SOLVING A motorboat
result in an equation in one variable? Select all that takes 40 minutes to travel 20 miles GO DIGITAL
apply. Explain your reasoning. downstream. The return trip takes
60 minutes. For both trips, the boat travels
3x + y = 7 Equation 1 through the water at a constant speed.
−x − 2y = 16 Equation 2 What is the speed of the current?

A Add the equations. 33. CRITICAL THINKING Refer to the discussion of

System 1 and System 2 on page 258. Without solving,
B Multiply Equation 2 by 3 and subtract the explain why the systems shown have the same solution.
equations.
System 1 System 2
C Multiply Equation 1 by 2 and add the equations.
3x − 2y = 8 Equation 1 5x = 20 Equation 3
D Solve Equation 1 for y and substitute the result x+y=6 Equation 2 x+y=6 Equation 2
in Equation 2.
34. THOUGHT PROVOKING
30. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend says that any There are three integers. The sums of each distinct
system of equations that can be solved by elimination pair of integers are −13, −4, and 3. What is the
can be solved by substitution in an equal or fewer greatest integer?
number of steps. Is your friend correct? Explain.

31. PROBLEM SOLVING You use bottles of 100% 35. Solve the system of equations
fruit juice and 20% fruit juice to make fruit punch for for x, y, and z. Explain your steps.
a party. How many quarts of each type of juice should x + 7y + 3z = 29 Equation 1
you mix to make 6 quarts of 80% fruit juice? 3z + x − 2y = −7 Equation 2
5y = 10 − 2x Equation 3

REVIEW & REFRESH

In Exercises 36 and 37, solve the equation. 43. Tell whether (−2, 3) is a solution of the system
36. 5d − 8 = 1 + 5d 37. 9 + 4t = 12 − 4t y = —12 x + 4 and 3x − y = 6.

38. WRITING Explain how to solve the system shown

by elimination.
44. Graph y = { −x + 3, if x ≤ 2
2x − 2, if x > 2
. Describe the domain
and range.
2x − 3y = −4 Equation 1
−5x + 9y = 7 Equation 2 45. LOGIC Find the value of each symbol in
the system.
39. Write an equation of the line that passes through
(−5, −2) and is (a) parallel and (b) perpendicular  − „ = −5 Equation 1
to y = —23 x + 1.  +  = 11 − „ Equation 2

In Exercises 40 and 41, solve the system by 46. Evaluate the function d(x) = −2x + 9 when x = 5.
elimination. Check your solution.
In Exercises 47–52, solve the inequality. Graph the
40. 2x − y = 14 41. x + 3y = −6 solution.
−3x + y = −6 3x − 4y = 8 47. c + 15 ≤ −7 48. 9 > −6y
42. Determine whether y 49. 8 − 3z < 5z −16 50. ∣ 7d + 23 ∣ ≥ −10
the graph represents
a function. Explain. 4 1 2
51. −1 < —2 (g − 8) < 9 52. 0 ≥ r + 1 or —3 r ≥ 4

53. Graph f(x) = ∣ x − 4 ∣ + 2. Compare the graph

2

to the graph of g(x) = ∣ x + 1 ∣ + 3.

2 4 6 x

262 Chapter 5 Solving Systems of Linear Equations

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 Solving Special Systems
5.4 GO DIGITAL

of Linear Equations
Learning Target Solve linear systems with different numbers of solutions.

Success Criteria • I can determine the number of solutions of a system.

• I can solve a system of linear equations with any number of solutions.

EXPLORE IT Solving Linear Systems

Work with a partner. You invest $30 on equipment to make skateboards.
The materials for each skateboard cost $20. You have three plans for how
to sell the skateboards.

Plan #1: Sell each skateboard for $20.

Plan #2: Sell each skateboard for $25.

Plan #3: Sell the first skateboard for $50 to make up for your
initial costs, and then sell every other skateboard for $20.

a. Match each plan with one of the following systems. Explain your reasoning.

System 1: y = 20x + 30 Equation 1 (cost)

y = 25x Equation 2 (revenue)

System 2: y = 20x + 30 Equation 1 (cost)

y = 20x + 30 Equation 2 (revenue)

System 3: y = 20x + 30 Equation 1 (cost)

y = 20x + 50 Equation 2 (revenue)

System 4: y = 20x + 30 Equation 1 (cost)

y = 20x Equation 2 (revenue)

b. What does the solution of each system represent?

c. Solve the system for each plan by graphing. Then solve the systems
Math Practice algebraically. What do you notice?
Analyze Relationships
For the system that has
one solution, what does d. Which plan makes the most sense? Explain your reasoning.
the vertical distance
between the lines e. Explain how you can use slopes and y-intercepts to determine the
represent to the left of number of solutions of a system.
the intersection point?
to the right?

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 The Numbers of Solutions of Linear Systems
GO DIGITAL
KEY IDEA
Solutions of Systems of Linear Equations
A system of linear equations can have one solution, no solution, or infinitely
many solutions.
One solution No solution Infinitely many solutions
STUDY TIP y y y
A linear system with
no solution is called an
inconsistent system.
x x x
A linear system with
infinitely many solutions
is called a consistent
dependent system.
The lines intersect. The lines are parallel. The lines are the same.
• different slopes • same slope • same slope
• different y-intercepts • same y-intercept

EXAMPLE 1 Solving a System: No Solution

Solve the system using any method.

y = 2x + 1 Equation 1
y = 2x − 5 Equation 2

SOLUTION
ANOTHER WAY Method 1 Solve by graphing. y

You can solve some linear Graph each equation. 2 2

systems by inspection. In y = 2x + 1
The lines have the same slope, 2, and 1
Example 1, notice you can
different y-intercepts, 1 and −5. −2
2 1 4 x
rewrite the system as
So, the lines are parallel.
−2x + y = 1 −2 y = 2x − 5
Because parallel lines do not intersect,
−2x + y = −5. there is no point that is a solution −4 2
of both equations.
This system has no solution 1
because −2x + y cannot be So, the system has no solution.
equal to both 1 and −5.
Method 2 Because the equations are solved for y, another way to solve is
by substitution.
Substitute 2x − 5 for y in Equation 1.

y = 2x + 1 Equation 1

2x − 5 = 2x + 1 Substitute 2x − 5 for y.

−5 = 1 ✗ Subtract 2x from each side.

The equation −5 = 1 is never true. So, the system has no solution.

264 Chapter 5 Solving Systems of Linear Equations

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 Solving a System: Infinitely
EXAMPLE 2
Many Solutions GO DIGITAL
Solve the system using any method.
−2x + y = 3 Equation 1
−4x + 2y = 6 Equation 2

SOLUTION
Method 1 Solve by graphing. y
6
Graph each equation.
4
The lines have the same slope, 2, and −4x + 2y = 6
the same y-intercept, 3. So, the lines
−2x + y = 3
are the same.
1
Because the lines are the same, the system −4 2 4 x
has infinitely many solutions. The solutions
are all the points on the line −2x + y = 3. −2

Method 2 Another way to solve is by elimination. Multiply Equation 1

by −2 so that the coefficients of the x-terms are opposites.
Step 1 Multiply Equation 1 by −2.

−2x + y = 3 Multiply by −2. 4x − 2y = −6 Revised Equation 1

−4x + 2y = 6 −4x + 2y = 6 Equation 2

Step 2 Add the equations.

4x − 2y = −6 Revised Equation 1
−4x + 2y = 6 Equation 2
0=0 Add the equations.

The equation 0 = 0 is always true. So, the system has infinitely many solutions.
The solutions are all the points on the line −2x + y = 3.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Solve the system. Explain your choice of method.

1. x + y = 3 2. y = −x + 3 3. 5x + y = 4
2x + 2y = 6 2x + 2y = 4 x + 6y = 9.5
5
4. y = −10x + 2 5. —2 x + y = −10 6. x + y = 3
5
10x + y = 10 —2 x = −10 − y x + 2y = 4

7. REASONING Is it possible for a system of linear equations to have exactly

two solutions? Explain.
8. STRUCTURE For what value(s) of a does the system have no solution?
infinitely many solutions? Is it possible for the system to have exactly one solution?

3x − 9y = a Equation 1
−x + 3y = 2 Equation 2

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 Solving Real-Life Problems
GO DIGITAL

EXAMPLE 3 Modeling Real Life

You buy 1 bag of dog food and 2 bags of treats online for a total of $48. A few weeks
later, you buy 2 bags of the same dog food and 4 bags of the same treats for a total of
$96. Find the price of each bag of food and each bag of treats.

SOLUTION
1. Understand the Problem You know the numbers of bags of dog food and treats
you buy in two separate purchases as well as the total cost of each purchase. You
are asked to find the price of each bag of food and each bag of treats.
2. Make a Plan Use a verbal model to write a system that represents the problem.
Then solve the system.
3. Solve and Check

Verbal
Model
Number of
bags of food ⋅ Cost of bag
of food
+
Number of
bags of treats ⋅ Cost of bag
of treats
=
Total
cost

Variables Let x be the cost (in dollars) of a bag of food and let y be the
cost (in dollars) of a bag of treats.
System x + 2y = 48 Equation 1
2x + 4y = 96 Equation 2
One way to find the costs per bag is to first eliminate the x-terms and solve for y.
y
Multiply Equation 1 by 2 and subtract the equations.
x + 2y = 48 Multiply by 2. 2x + 4y = 96 Revised Equation 1
24 x + 2y = 48
2x + 4y = 96 2x + 4y = 96 Equation 2
16 2x + 4y
4 = 96 0=0 Subtract the equations.

8 The equation 0 = 0 is always true. So, the solutions are all the points on the
line x + 2y = 48. In this context, x and y must be positive numbers. There
0 are many points with positive number coordinates on the line, so there is not
0 16 32 48 x
enough information to determine the price of each bag.

Look Back Find ordered pairs (x, y) that are solutions of Equation 1.
You should find that they are also solutions of Equation 2.
Equation 1: Let x = 30. Equation 1: Let x = 40.
30 + 2y = 48 40 + 2y = 48
y=9 y=4
Equation 2: Test (30, 9). Equation 2: Test (40, 4).
? ?
2(30) + 4(9) = 96 2(40) + 4(4) = 96
96 = 96 ✓ 96 = 96 ✓

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

9. WHAT IF? In Example 3, you purchase 2 bags of the same dog food and 1 bag of the same treats
for a total of $81. Do you now have enough information to find the prices? If so, find the prices
and explain why this new information is sufficient to do so. If not, explain why not.

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 5.4 Practice WITH AND
GO DIGITAL

In Exercises 1–10, solve the system. Explain your choice 19. MODELING REAL LIFE A small bag of trail mix
of method. Examples 1 and 2 contains 3 cups of dried fruit and 4 cups of almonds.
A large bag contains 4 —12 cups of dried fruit and 6 cups
1. y = −2x − 4 2. y = −6x − 8 of almonds. Find the price of 1 cup of dried fruit and
y = 2x − 4 y = −6x + 8 1 cup of almonds. Example 3

3. 3x − y = 6 4. −x + 2y = 7
−3x + y = −6 x − 2y = 7

5. 4x + 4y = −8 6. 15x − 5y = −20
−2x − 2y = 4 −3x + y = 4

7. 9x − 15y = 24 8. 3x − 2y = −5
6x − 10y = −16 4x + 5y = 47
$9 $6
4 1
9. —3 y = 3x − 14 10. −—4 x + 3y = 6
20. MODELING REAL LIFE In a canoe race, the distance y
3x + —43 y = −10 −2x + 24y = 48
(in miles) that Team A travels in x hours is represented
by y = 6x. Team B travels 6 miles per hour and is
In Exercises 11–16, use only the slopes and y-intercepts 2.25 miles ahead of Team A. The teams continue
of the graphs of the equations to determine the number traveling at their current rates for the remainder of the
of solutions of the system. Explain your reasoning. race. Will Team A catch up to Team B? Use a system
to justify your answer.
11. y = 7x + 13 12. y = −6x − 3
−21x + 3y = 39 12x + 2y = −6
21. PROBLEM SOLVING A train travels from
13. 4x + 3y = 27 14. −7x + 7y = 1 New York City to Washington, D.C., and then back
to New York City. The table shows the numbers of
4x − 3y = −27 2x − 2y = −18
tickets purchased for each leg of the trip. The cost
per ticket is the same for each leg of the trip. Is there
15. −18x + 6y = 24 16. 2x − 2y = 16
enough information to determine the cost of one
3x − y = −2 3x − 6y = 30 coach ticket? Explain.

ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 17 and 18, describe and Business Money

Coach
correct the error in determining the number of solutions Destination class collected
tickets
of the system. tickets (dollars)
Washington, D.C. 150 80 22,860

✗
17.
y −4x + y = 4 New York City 170 100 27,280
4x + y = 12
1
The lines do not 22. MAKING AN ARGUMENT One admission to an ice
−2 2 x skating rink costs x dollars, and renting a pair of
intersect. So,
the system has ice skates costs y dollars. Your friend says she can
−3 determine the exact cost of one admission and one
no solution.
skate rental. Is your friend correct? Explain.

✗
18.
y = 3x − 8
y = 3x − 12
3 Admissions 15 Admissions
The lines have the same slope. So, the 2 Skate Rentals 10 Skate Rentals
system has infinitely many solutions. Total $ 38.00 Total $ 190.00

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 23. REASONING In a system of linear equations, 26. COLLEGE PREP Which system has
one equation has a slope of 2 and the other equation no solution? GO DIGITAL
1
has a slope of −—3. How many solutions does the 3
A y= −—15 x +2 B y= − —5 x +5
system have? Explain.
y= −—35 x +2 −—35 x +y=6
24. HOW DO YOU SEE IT?
The graphs of three linear equations are shown. C −3x − 5y = −15 D −—35 x = y − 4
12x + 20y = 60 −6x − 10y = 40
y
p 40
27. ABSTRACT REASONING Consider the system
r y = ax + 4 and y = bx − 2, where a and b are
real numbers. Determine whether each statement
−4 −2 2 x
is always, sometimes, or never true. Explain
−20 your reasoning.
−40 a. The system has infinitely many solutions.
q
b. The system has no solution.
a. Name a pair of lines whose equations form a
c. When a > b, the system has one solution.
system that has one solution.
b. Name a pair of lines whose equations form a
system that has no solution. 28. THOUGHT PROVOKING
Write a system of three linear equations in two
variables so that any two of the equations form a
25. STRUCTURE Write a system that contains system that has exactly one solution, but the entire
3x − 8y = 7 and has (a) one solution, (b) no solution, system has no solution.
and (c) infinitely many solutions.

REVIEW & REFRESH

29. Use the graph to y In Exercises 36 and 37, use only the slopes and
solve the system. 2 y-intercepts of the graphs of the equations to
Check your solution. determine the number of solutions of the system.
Explain your reasoning.
y = —12 x − 1 −4 −2 x

y = 4x + 6 −2
36. y = −4x + 11 37. 2x − 3y = −15
4x + y = −11 −—23 x + y = 5
−4
38. STRUCTURE Without simplifying, identify
the slope of the line given by the equation
In Exercises 30 and 31, solve the equation. Check y + 10 = −—14 (x − 8). Then identify one point
your solutions. on the line.
30. ∣ 3x − 45 ∣ = 12x 31. ∣ 2x + 1 ∣ = ∣ 3x − 11 ∣ 5
39. Evaluate g(x) = 3 − —6 x when x = 12.
32. Solve the system by elimination. Check your 40. Solve the system by substitution. Check your
solution. solution.
x + 3y = 1 y=x−4
5x + 6y = 14 −2x + y = 18
33. Solve the literal equation y = 7x + 5xz − 8 for x. 41. MODELING REAL LIFE The graph shows the
distances d (in feet) that would break the women’s
In Exercises 34 and 35, determine whether the
long jump record at your school. Write and
equation represents a linear or nonlinear function.
interpret an inequality that represents the distances.
Explain.
3 —
34. y = — + 7 35. y = 9x − √ 16 18 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19
x

268 Chapter 5 Solving Systems of Linear Equations

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 5.5 Solving Equations by Graphing GO DIGITAL

Learning Target Solve equations by graphing.

Success Criteria • I can solve a linear equation by graphing.

• I can solve an absolute value equation by graphing.
• I can explain why the x-coordinate of a point where y = f(x)
and y = g(x) intersect is a solution of f(x) = g(x).

EXPLORE IT Solving a Real-Life Problem

Work with a partner. Two autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are
mapping the ocean floor. One begins an ascent to the surface while the
other begins a descent from the surface. The graph shows the depth of
each AUV over time.

Ocean Floor Depth

y
(0, 4000)
4000
AUV 2
3200
Depth (meters)

2400
(3000, 2000)
1600 (1000, 1800)
AUV 1
800

(0, 0)
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 x
Time (seconds)

a. In the graph, does the line with a positive slope indicate the AUV is
ascending or descending? Why?

b. Approximate the intersection point and explain what it represents.

Math Practice
Label Axes c. What does each expression below represent in this situation? Explain
How does determining your reasoning.
the number scales for the
axes of the graph affect Expression 1: −—23 x + 4000
the approximation of the
intersection point? Expression 2: —95 x

d. What does the solution of −—23 x + 4000 = —95 x represent? Solve the equation.

e. How can you find the solution of an equation in one variable using a graph?
Explain why your method works.

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 Solving Linear Equations by Graphing
GO DIGITAL

KEY IDEA
STUDY TIP Solving Equations by Graphing
y
You can think of this as
Step 1 To solve the equation f (x) = g(x), first write
functions to represent each side of the equation. (x, f(x))
solving the system of
equations f(x) = g(x) (x, g(x))
y = f(x) y = f(x) y = g(x)

y = g(x) x
Step 2 Graph the functions. The x-value of an
by graphing. intersection point of the graphs of the functions
is a solution of the equation f(x) = g(x).

EXAMPLE 1 Solving a Linear Equation by Graphing

Solve −x + 1 = 2x − 5 by graphing. Check your solution.

SOLUTION
Step 1 Write functions to represent each side of the original equation.
−x + 1 = 2x − 5
y = −x + 1 y = 2x − 5

y
1
Step 2 Graph the functions and
Check find the intersection point. −1 1 x
(2, −1)
−x + 1 = 2x − 5
−2 y = −x + 1
? The graphs intersect at (2, −1).
−(2) + 1 = 2(2) − 5

−1 = −1 ✓ −4
y = 2x − 5
So, the solution of the equation is x = 2.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Solve the equation by graphing. Check your solution.

1. —12 x − 3 = 2x 2. −4 + 9x = −3x + 2 3. −3x − 2.5 = x − 2.5

4. WRITING Explain why the x-coordinates of the points where the graphs of the equations
y = f (x) and y = g(x) intersect are the solutions of the equation f (x) = g(x).

5. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

What is the solution of x + 1 = 2x − 2? When are the values of x + 1 and 2x − 2 equal?

At what point do the graphs of What is the x-value of the intersection point
y = x + 1 and y = 2x − 2 intersect? of the graphs of y = x + 1 and y = 2x − 2?

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 Solving Absolute Value Equations by Graphing
GO DIGITAL
Solving an Absolute Value
EXAMPLE 2 Equation by Graphing
Solve ∣ x + 1 ∣ = ∣ 2x − 4 ∣ by graphing. Check your solution.

SOLUTION
Step 1 Write functions to represent each side of the original equation.
ANOTHER WAY ∣ x + 1 ∣ = ∣ 2x − 4 ∣
You can also write the two
y = ∣x + 1∣ y = ∣ 2x − 4 ∣
related linear equations
for the absolute value
equation, and solve each Step 2 Graph the functions and find the intersection points.
by graphing.
y
x + 1 = 2x − 4 6
(5, 6)
x + 1 = −(2x − 4) y = ∣x + 1∣
4
(1, 2)

2
y = ∣2x − 4∣

−4 −2 2 4 6 x

The graphs intersect at (1, 2) and (5, 6).

So, the solutions of the equation are x = 1 and x = 5.

Check
∣ x + 1 ∣ = ∣ 2x − 4 ∣ ∣ x + 1 ∣ = ∣ 2x − 4 ∣
? ?
∣1 + 1∣ = ∣ 2(1) − 4 ∣ ∣5 + 1∣ = ∣ 2(5) − 4 ∣
? ?
∣2∣ = ∣ −2 ∣ ∣6∣ = ∣6∣
2=2 ✓ 6=6 ✓

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Solve the equation by graphing. Check your solutions.

6. ∣ 2x + 2 ∣ = ∣ x − 2 ∣ 7. ∣ x − 6 ∣ = ∣ −x + 4 ∣ 8. ∣ 5 − x ∣ = ∣ 3x − 15 ∣

9. REASONING The graphs of the equations y = ∣ x ∣ − 1 and y = 3 intersect at the

points (−4, 3) and (4, 3). Without solving, find the solutions of the equation ∣ x ∣ − 1 = 3.
Explain your reasoning.
y
10. REASONING Consider the graphs shown. 4

a. Write an equation in one variable with solutions that are the y = −∣x − 2∣ + 4
x-coordinates of the intersection points of the graphs. (4, 2)
b. Given an equation with an absolute value expression on one side
−4 2 4 x
and a linear expression on the other side, how many solutions
1
can the equation have? Explain your reasoning. −2 y= x
(−4, −2) 2

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 Solving Real-Life Problems
GO DIGITAL
EXAMPLE 3 Modeling Real Life

You are studying two glaciers. In 2020, Glacier A had an area of about 40 square miles
and Glacier B had an area of about 32 square miles. You estimate that Glacier A will
melt at a rate of 2 square miles per decade and Glacier B will melt at a rate of
0.25 square mile per decade. In what year will the areas of the glaciers be the same?

SOLUTION
Step 1 Use a verbal model to write an equation that represents the problem. Let x be
the number of decades after 2020. Then write functions to represent each side
of the equation.
Glacier A Glacier B

Area of Area lost Number Area of Area lost Number

Glacier A − per decade ⋅ of decades = Glacier B − per decade ⋅ of decades
in 2020 after 2020 after 2020 in 2020 after 2020 after 2020

40 − 2x = 32 − 0.25x
y = 40 − 2x y = 32 − 0.25x

Step 2 Graph the functions. The graphs intersect between x = 4 and x = 5. Make a
y
table using x-values between 4 and 5. Use an increment of 0.1.
40 y = 40 − 2x
x 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7
30
y = 40 − 2x 31.8 31.6 31.4 31.2 31 30.8 30.6
y = 32 − 0.25x
20
y = 32 − 0.25x 30.98 30.95 30.93 30.9 30.88 30.85 30.83
10
Notice when x = 4.5, the area of Glacier A is greater than the area of Glacier B.
When x = 4.6, the area of Glacier A is less than the area of Glacier B. So,
0
0 2 4 6 8 x the solution must be between x = 4.5 and x = 4.6. Make another table using
x-values between 4.5 and 4.6. Use an increment of 0.01.

x 4.51 4.52 4.53 4.54 4.55 4.56 4.57 4.58

y = 40 − 2x 30.98 30.96 30.94 30.92 30.9 30.88 30.86 30.84

y = 32 − 0.25x 30.87 30.87 30.87 30.87 30.86 30.86 30.86 30.86

When x = 4.57, the corresponding y-values are about the same. So, the graphs
intersect at about (4.57, 30.86).

So, the areas of the glaciers will be the same after about 4.57 decades, or around
the year 2066.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

11. WHAT IF? In 2020, Glacier C had an area of about 30 square miles. You estimate that it
will melt at a rate of 0.45 square mile per decade. In what year will the areas of Glacier A
and Glacier C be the same?

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 5.4 Practice WITH
5.5 AND
GO DIGITAL

In Exercises 1 and 2, use the graph to solve the equation. 27. STRUCTURE Use the graph to solve
Check your solution. ∣ 2x + 4 ∣ = ∣ x − 1 ∣. Check your solutions.
3
1. −3 = 4x + 1 2. −—2 x − 2 = −4x + 3 y
8
y y
6
2 4 x
1
−2 4
−2 2 x
−4

−6
−6 −4 −2 2 x

In Exercises 3−10, solve the equation by graphing. 28. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in
Check your solution. Example 1 solving −—13 x + 2 = —23x + 5 by graphing.

✗
3. x + 4 = −x 4. −2x + 6 = 5x − 1 The solution of
y
6
the equation
1
5. —12 x − 2 = 9 − 5x 6. −5 + —4 x = 3x + 6 is 3.
4

7. 5x − 7 = 2(x + 1) 8. −6(x + 4) = −3x − 6

4 7 −6 −4 −2 x
9. —5 x + —5 = 3x − 3 10. −x + 2.5 = 2x − 0.5

In Exercises 11−14, solve the equation by graphing. USING TOOLS In Exercises 29 and 30, use
Determine whether the equation has one solution, technology to solve the equation.
no solution, or infinitely many solutions.
29. 0.7x + 0.5 = −0.2x − 1.3
11. −2x − 3 = 2(x − 2) 12. −4(2 − x) = 4x − 8
30. 2.1x + 0.6 = −1.4x + 6.9
3 1
13. —12 (8x + 3) = 4x + —2 14. −x − 5 = −—3 (3x + 5)
31. MODELING REAL LIFE There are about 34 million
gallons of water in Reservoir A and about 38 million
In Exercises 15−26, solve the equation by graphing.
gallons in Reservoir B. During a drought, Reservoir
Check your solutions. Example 2
A loses about 0.8 million gallons per month and
15. ∣ 2x ∣ = ∣ x + 3 ∣ 16. ∣ 2x − 6 ∣ = ∣ x ∣ Reservoir B loses about 1.1 million gallons per
month. After how many months will the reservoirs
17. ∣ −x + 4 ∣ = ∣ 2x − 2 ∣ contain the same amount of water? Example 3

18. ∣ 2x + 5 ∣ = ∣ −2x + 1 ∣ 32. MODELING REAL LIFE Your dog is 16 years old in
dog years. Your cat is 28 years old in cat years. For
19. ∣ 2x − 3 ∣ = x + 3 20. ∣ x + 1 ∣ = −4x + 6 every human year, your dog ages by 7 dog years and
your cat ages by 4 cat years. In how
21. ∣ 2x + 6 ∣ = 4 22. ∣ −3x + 9 ∣ + 2 = 1 many human years will both pets
be the same age in their
23. ∣ x − 3 ∣ = 2∣ x ∣ respective types of years?

24. 4∣ x + 2 ∣ = ∣ 2x + 7 ∣

25. ∣ −—23 x + 1 ∣ = ∣ —23 x + 5 ∣

26. ∣ − 3x + 1.5 ∣ = ∣ x + 1.5 ∣

Algebra 1 Chapter 5.indb 273 5/1/20 11:11 AM

 33. MAKING AN ARGUMENT The graphs of y = −x + 4 35. OPEN-ENDED Find values for m and b
and y = 2x − 8 intersect at (4, 0). Your friend says the so that the solution of mx + b = − 2x − 1 GO DIGITAL
solution of the equation −x + 4 = 2x − 8 is (4, 0). Is is x = −3.
your friend correct? Explain.
36. ABSTRACT REASONING Determine the sign of the
solution of ax + b = cx + d in each situation. Justify
34. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? your reasoning with a graph.
The graph shows the total revenue and expenses
a. 0 < b < d and a < c b. d < b < 0 and a < c
of a company x years after it opens for business.

Revenue and Expenses 37. You and your friend race across a field
y
to a fence and back. Your friend has a 50-meter head
Millions of dollars

start. The equations shown represent you and your

6
expenses friend’s distances d (in meters) from the fence
t seconds after the race begins.
4
revenue You: d = ∣ −5t + 100 ∣
2
Your friend: d = −—
3
∣ 10
t + 50 ∣
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 x a. How long does it take you to catch up to your
Year friend?
b. Who finishes the race first? How much sooner
a. Estimate the point of intersection of the graphs. does this person finish? Explain.
b. Interpret your answer in part (a).
38. THOUGHT PROVOKING
Explain how you can use a graph to solve
1 1
—2 x + 4 ≤ −—4 x + 1.

REVIEW & REFRESH

In Exercises 39 and 40, use the graphs of f and g to 46. MODELING REAL LIFE You sell
describe the transformation from the graph of f to the small and large candles at a
graph of g. craft fair. You collect $144
selling a total of 28 candles.
39. f(x) = x − 5; g(x) = f(x) + 2
How many of each
1 type of candle did
40. f(x) = —2 x − 2; g(x) = f (x − 1)
you sell?

41. OPEN-ENDED Give an example of a real-life data

In Exercises 47–50, solve the system using
set that shows a negative correlation.
any method. Explain your choice of method.
42. Use the graph to y 47. y = −x + 8 48. −3x − 3y = 4
solve ∣ x − 4 ∣ = ∣ 3x ∣. 6x − 2y = 16 1.5x + 1.5y = −2
6
Check your
solutions. 4 49. 2x + 5y = −9
3
50. y = —2 x + 1

−2x − y = 17 y = −—14 x + 8

−2 2 4 6 x 51. Solve 3x − 1 = −x + 7 by graphing. Check your

solution.
43. Tell whether n = −5 is a solution of the inequality
14 ≥ −2n + 4. 52. Write an equation in point-slope form of the line
that passes through (9, −2) and has a slope of −—23 .
In Exercises 44 and 45, graph the inequality.
53. Determine whether the equation y = 2x(x − 5)
44. n ≥ 9 45. c < −6
represents a linear or nonlinear function. Explain.

274 Chapter 5 Solving Systems of Linear Equations

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 Graphing Linear Inequalities
5.6 GO DIGITAL

in Two Variables
Learning Target Graph linear inequalities in two variables.

Success Criteria • I can determine whether an ordered pair is a solution of a linear

inequality in two variables.
• I can graph linear inequalities in two variables.
• I can interpret solutions of a linear inequality in two variables in
a real-life situation.

EXPLORE IT Graphing a Linear Inequality in Two Variables

Work with a partner. You have $60 to spend on sand and gravel to make
a pen for your dog.

Sand
$8/ft3
Gravel
$7.50/ft3

a. Use an inequality to represent the situation.

Math Practice b. Identify several solutions (x, y) of y

the inequality. Plot your solutions
Interpret a Solution in the coordinate plane.
What is the meaning of
each solution ( x, y) in
c. Graph every possible solution of the
this situation?
inequality in the coordinate plane.
Explain your method.

d. Use technology to graph the inequality.

Compare the result with your graph
in part (b). x

e. Use technology to graph each inequality.

i. y < x + 1.5 ii. y ≥ —14 x − 3

iii. x + y > 7 iv. 4x + 2y ≤ 9

f. Explain how to graph a linear inequality in two variables without

using technology.

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 Linear Inequalities
GO DIGITAL
A linear inequality in two variables, x and y, can be written in one of
Vocabulary the following forms where a, b, and c are real numbers.
linear inequality in ax + by < c ax + by ≤ c
two variables, p. 276
solution of a linear inequality ax + by > c ax + by ≥ c
in two variables, p. 276 A solution of a linear inequality in two variables is an ordered pair (x, y)
graph of a linear inequality, that makes the inequality true.
p. 276
half-planes, p. 276
EXAMPLE 1 Checking Solutions

Tell whether the ordered pair is a solution of the inequality.

a. 2x + y < −3; (−1, 9) b. x − 3y ≥ 8; (2, −2)

SOLUTION
a. 2x + y < −3 Write the inequality.
?
2(−1) + 9 < −3 Substitute −1 for x and 9 for y.

7 < −3 ✗ Simplify. 7 is not less than −3.

So, (−1, 9) is not a solution of the inequality.

b. x − 3y ≥ 8 Write the inequality.

?
2 − 3(−2) ≥ 8 Substitute 2 for x and −2 for y.
8≥8 ✓ Simplify. 8 is equal to 8.

So, (2, −2) is a solution of the inequality.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Tell whether the ordered pair is a solution of the inequality.

1. x + y > 0; (−2, 2) 2. 4x − y ≥ 5; (0, 0)

3. 5x − 2y ≤ −1; (−4, −1) 4. −2x − 3y < 15; (5.5, −7)

Graphing Linear Inequalities in Two Variables

The graph of a linear inequality in two variables shows all the solutions of
the inequality in a coordinate plane. A dashed boundary line means that points
on the line are not solutions. A solid boundary line means that points on the line
are solutions.
y
4
All solutions of y < 2x The boundary line divides
lie on one side of the the coordinate plane into two
boundary line y = 2 x.
2 half-planes. The shaded
half-plane is the graph of y < 2x .
−2 2 x

276 Chapter 5 Solving Systems of Linear Equations

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 KEY IDEA GO DIGITAL
Graphing a Linear Inequality in Two Variables
Step 1 Graph the boundary line for the inequality. Use a dashed line for < or >.
Use a solid line for ≤ or ≥.
Step 2 Test a point that is not on the boundary line to determine whether it is a
solution of the inequality.
Step 3 When the test point is a solution, shade the half-plane that contains the
point. When the test point is not a solution, shade the half-plane that
does not contain the point.

EXAMPLE 2 Graphing a Linear Inequality in Two Variables

Graph y ≤ 2 in a coordinate plane.

SOLUTION
Step 1 Graph y = 2. Use a solid line because y
the inequality symbol is ≤.
3
Step 2 Test (0, 0).
STUDY TIP y≤2 Write the inequality.
1
(0, 0)
It is often convenient to use
the origin as a test point. 0≤2 ✓ Substitute.
−1 2 4 x

However, you must choose

Step 3 Because (0, 0) is a solution, shade the
a different test point
half-plane that contains (0, 0).
when the origin is on the
boundary line.
EXAMPLE 3 Graphing a Linear Inequality in Two Variables

Graph −x + 2y > 2 in a coordinate plane.

SOLUTION
Step 1 Graph −x + 2y = 2, or y = —12 x + 1. Use a y
4
Check dashed line because the inequality symbol is >.

4 Step 2 Test (0, 0). 2

3
−x + 2y > 2 Write the inequality. (0, 0)
2 −2 2 x
?
−(0) + 2(0) > 2 Substitute.
−2 −1
−1
1 2 3 0>2 ✗ Simplify.

Step 3 Because (0, 0) is not a solution, shade the

half-plane that does not contain (0, 0).

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Graph the inequality in a coordinate plane.

5. y > −1 6. x ≤ −4 7. x + y ≤ −4
3 1
8. x − 2y < 0 9. x ≤ 0.75y − 3 10. —4 ≥ −2x + —2 y

11. WRITING When determining which half-plane to shade in the graph of an inequality in
two variables, why is it important to test a point that is not on the boundary line?

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 Solving Real-Life Problems
GO DIGITAL
EXAMPLE 4 Modeling Real Life

You can spend at most $10 on grapes and apples for a fruit salad. Grapes cost
$2.50 per pound, and apples cost $1 per pound. Write and graph an inequality that
represents the amounts of grapes and apples you can buy. Identify and interpret
two solutions of the inequality.

SOLUTION
1. Understand the Problem You know the most that you can spend and the prices
per pound for grapes and apples. You are asked to write and graph an inequality
and then identify and interpret two solutions.
2. Make a Plan Use a verbal model to write an inequality that represents the
problem. Then graph the inequality. Use the graph to identify two solutions.
Then interpret the solutions.
3. Solve and Check

Cost per Cost per Amount

⋅ ⋅
Verbal Pounds Pounds
pound of + pound of ≤ you can
Model of grapes of apples
grapes apples spend

Variables Let x be pounds of grapes and y be pounds of apples.

Inequality 2.50 ⋅ x + 1 ⋅ y ≤ 10

Fruit Salad Step 1 Graph 2.5x + y = 10, or y = −2.5x + 10. Use a solid line because the
y inequality symbol is ≤. Restrict the graph to the first quadrant because
10 negative values do not make sense in this real-life context.
9 Step 2 Test (0, 0).
Pounds of apples

8
(1, 6) 2.5x + y ≤ 10 Write the inequality.
7
6 ?
5
(2, 5) 2.5(0) + 0 ≤ 10 Substitute.
4
3
0 ≤ 10 ✓ Simplify.

2 Step 3 Because (0, 0) is a solution, shade the half-plane that contains (0, 0).
1
0
One possible solution is (1, 6) because it lies in the shaded half-plane. Another
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x possible solution is (2, 5) because it lies on the solid line. So, two possible
Pounds of grapes combinations of grapes and apples that you can buy are 1 pound of grapes
and 6 pounds of apples, or 2 pounds of grapes and 5 pounds of apples.

Check Check your solutions by substituting them into the original inequality.
2.5x + y ≤ 10 2.5x + y ≤ 10
? ?
2.5(1) + 6 ≤ 10 2.5(2) + 5 ≤ 10
8.5 ≤ 10 ✓ 10 ≤ 10 ✓

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

12. MODELING REAL LIFE You can spend at most $12 on red peppers and tomatoes for salsa. Red peppers
cost $4 per pound, and tomatoes cost $3 per pound. Write and graph an inequality that represents the
amounts of red peppers and tomatoes you can buy. Identify and interpret two solutions of the inequality.

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 5.4 Practice WITH
5.6 AND
GO DIGITAL

In Exercises 1–8, tell whether the ordered pair is a 30. y ≤ 3x − 2

✗
solution of the inequality. Example 1 y

2
1. x + y < 7; (2, 3) 2. x − y ≤ 0; (5, 4)

3. x + 3y ≥ −2; (−9, 1) 4. 8x + y > −6; (−1, 2) −2 2 x

−1

5. −6x + 4y ≤ 6; (−3, −3)

6. 3x − 5y ≥ 0.5; (−1.5, −1)

31. MODELING REAL LIFE A carpenter has at most $250
to spend on lumber. The inequality 8x + 12y ≤ 250
7. −x − 6y > 12; −8, ( ) −—23
represents the numbers x of 2-by-8 boards and the
numbers y of 4-by-4 boards the carpenter can buy.
8. −4x + — y < −3; ( —, −5 )
1
2
1
4 Can the carpenter buy twelve 2-by-8 boards and
fourteen 4-by-4 boards? Explain.
In Exercises 9−14, tell whether the ordered pair is a
solution of the inequality whose graph is shown. 32. MODELING REAL LIFE The inequality 3x + 2y ≥ 93
represents the numbers x of multiple-choice questions
9. (0, −1) 10. (−1, 3) y
and the numbers y of matching questions you can
2 answer correctly to receive an A on a test. You answer
11. (1, 4) 12. (0, 0) 20 multiple-choice questions and 18 matching questions
−2 2 x correctly. Do you receive an A on the test? Explain.
13. (3, 3) 14. ( 2, 1— )
1
2 −2
In Exercises 33 and 34, write an inequality that
represents the graph.
In Exercises 15–20, graph the inequality in a coordinate
plane. Example 2 33. y 34. y
1
15. y ≤ 5 16. y > 6 4
−1 2 x
2
17. x < 2 18. x ≥ −3 −3

1 −2 2 x
19. y > −3—2 20. x < 7.5 −5

In Exercises 21−28, graph the inequality in a coordinate 35. MODELING REAL LIFE You have at most $25 to spend
plane. Example 3 on in-app purchases for a game. Sets of extra lives
21. y > −2x − 4 22. y ≥ −x − 1 cost $1 each, and bags of gold cost $5 each. Write
and graph an inequality that represents the numbers
23. −4x + y < −7 24. 3x − y ≥ 5 of each item you can buy. Identify and interpret two
solutions of the inequality. Example 4
25. 5x − 2y ≤ 6 26. −x + 4y > −12
36. MODELING REAL LIFE Students: $6
4
27. −4.5y ≥ 27x 28. —3 x + y < 0 The total ticket sales from Adults: $10
a school play must be at
ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 29 and 30, describe and least $1500 to cover the
correct the error in graphing the inequality. expenses of producing the
play. Write and graph an
29. y < −x + 1

✗
inequality that represents
y
how many adult and student tickets the club must sell.
3 Identify and interpret two solutions of the inequality.

37. STRUCTURE Complete the inequality

−2 x y mx + b, where b > 0, so that the graph of
the inequality has a dashed boundary line and (0, 0)
is a solution.
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Algebra 1 Chapter 5.indb 279 5/1/20 11:15 AM

 38. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? 40. THOUGHT PROVOKING
Match each inequality with its graph. Write a linear inequality in two variables GO DIGITAL
that has the following properties.
a. 3x − 2y ≤ 6 b. 3x − 2y < 6
• (0, 0), (0, −1), and (0, 1) are not solutions.
c. 3x − 2y > 6 d. 3x − 2y ≥ 6
• (1, 1), (3, −1), and (−1, 3) are solutions.
A. y B. y
1 1

−2 1 3x −2 1 3x CRITICAL THINKING In Exercises 41 and 42, write and

−2 −2 graph an inequality whose graph is described by the
given information.
41. • (2, 5) and (−3, −5) lie on the boundary line.
C. 1
y D. 1
y • (6, 5) and (−2, −3) are solutions.
−2 1 3x −2 1 3x
42. • (−7, − 16) and (1, 8) lie on the boundary line.
−2 −2
• (−7, 0) and (3, 14) are not solutions.

43. Two large boxes and three small boxes

weigh 270 pounds. One large box and four small
boxes weigh 235 pounds.
39. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend says you
cannot use (0, 0) as the test point when graphing a. The weight limit on an elevator is 2000 pounds.
an inequality whose boundary line represents a Write and graph an inequality that represents the
proportional relationship. Is your friend correct? numbers of large and small boxes a 200-pound
Explain. delivery person can take on the elevator.
b. Explain why some solutions of the inequality may
not be practical in real life.

REVIEW & REFRESH

44. Solve the system using any method. Explain your 49. WRITING For what values of b can you solve the
choice of method. linear system 7x + 3y = −1 and 9x + by = −15
y= −2 4
—5 x by elimination without multiplying first? Explain.
−8x + 10y = −20
50. Write 3.26 × 107 in standard form.
45. Approximate when the function is positive,
negative, increasing, or decreasing. Then describe In Exercises 51 and 52, solve the equation by
the end behavior of the function. graphing. Check your solution(s).

y
1
51. —3 x − 4 = −3x + 6 52. ∣ x + 5 ∣ = ∣ 2x + 1 ∣
2

In Exercises 53 and 54, write an inequality that

−4 −2 2x
represents the graph.
−2
53. y 54. y
1
y = x 2 + 2x − 3
4
−2 2 x
−2
46. Graph x − 5y > −10 in a coordinate plane.
1

In Exercises 47 and 48, write the next three terms of −2 2 x

the arithmetic sequence.
47. −5, −8, −11, −14, −17, . . . 55. Determine whether the relation is a function.
3 1 1 3 5
Explain.
48. −—2 , −—2 , —2 , —2 , —2 , . . .
(−5, 2), (−7, 4), (−3, 0), (−4, 3), (−5, 4)

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 5.7 Systems of Linear Inequalities GO DIGITAL

Learning Target Graph and write systems of linear inequalities.

Success Criteria • I can determine whether an ordered pair is a solution of a system of

linear inequalities.
• I can graph systems of linear inequalities.
• I can write systems of linear inequalities from a graph.
• I can solve real-life problems using systems of linear inequalities.

EXPLORE IT Writing Systems of Linear Inequalities

Work with a partner.
a. Write two linear equations: one with a positive slope and a nonzero
y-intercept, and one with a negative slope and a nonzero y-intercept.
Graph the equations in the same coordinate plane.

b. How many regions are formed by the graphs of the equations?

Shade and label each region a different color.

c. How can you represent a region algebraically? Use your method to

represent each region in part (b).

d. Use your method to represent the shaded region of each graph algebraically.

i. y ii. y
Math Practice 6 6

Use Technology 4 4
to Explore
2 2
How can you use
technology to check your
−4 −2 1 4 x −4 −2 2 4 x
results in part (c)?
−2

−4

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 Systems of Linear Inequalities
GO DIGITAL
A system of linear inequalities is a set of two or more linear inequalities
Vocabulary in the same variables. An example is shown below.
system of linear inequalities, y < x+2 Inequality 1
p. 282
y ≥ 2x − 1 Inequality 2
solution of a system of linear
inequalities, p. 282 A solution of a system of linear inequalities in two variables is an ordered pair that
graph of a system of linear is a solution of each inequality in the system.
inequalities, p. 283
EXAMPLE 1 Checking Solutions

Tell whether each ordered pair is a solution of the system of linear inequalities.
y < 2x Inequality 1
y ≥ x+1 Inequality 2

a. (3, 5) b. (−2, 0)

SOLUTION
a. Substitute 3 for x and 5 for y in each inequality.
Inequality 1 Inequality 2
y < 2x y ≥ x+1
? ?
5 < 2(3) 5 ≥ 3+1
5<6 ✓ 5≥4 ✓
Because the ordered pair (3, 5) is a solution of each inequality, it is a solution
of the system.

b. Substitute −2 for x and 0 for y in each inequality.

Inequality 1 Inequality 2
y < 2x y ≥ x+1
? ?
0 < 2(−2) 0 ≥ −2 + 1

0 < −4 ✗ 0 ≥ −1 ✓
Because (−2, 0) is not a solution of each inequality, it is not a solution of
the system.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

1. VOCABULARY How many linear inequalities are in a system of linear inequalities?

2. WRITING How can you verify that an ordered pair is a solution of a system of
linear inequalities?
Tell whether the ordered pair is a solution of the system of linear inequalities.
1
3. (−1, 5);
y<5
y > x−4
4. (1, 4);
y ≥ 3x + 1
y > x−1
5. ( 0, −— ); yy >< —6x−−x8
5
2
2

6. OPEN-ENDED One inequality in a system is y ≥ 2x + 3. Write another possible inequality

in the system so that (−2, 6) is a solution of the system.

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 Graphing Systems of Linear Inequalities
GO DIGITAL
The graph of a system of linear inequalities is the graph of all the
solutions of the system.

KEY IDEA
Graphing a System of Linear Inequalities
Graph each inequality in the same y
6
coordinate plane. Then find the
intersection of the half-planes that 4
are solutions of the inequalities. y<x+2
This intersection is the graph y ≥ 2x − 1
of the system.
The solution is the set −1 2 4 x
of ordered pairs in the
purple-shaded region.

EXAMPLE 2 Graphing a System of Linear Inequalities

Graph the system. Identify a solution.

y≤3 Inequality 1
y > x+2 Inequality 2

Check SOLUTION y
Verify that (−3, 1) is a Graph each inequality. Then find 4
solution of each inequality. the intersection of the half-planes.
Inequality 1 Inequality 2 (−3, 1)
One solution is (−3, 1). 1
y≤3 y > x+2 −4 −1 2 x

1≤3 ✓ ?
1 > −3 + 2 −2

1 > −1 ✓
Graphing a System of Linear Inequalities:
EXAMPLE 3
No Solution
Graph the system.
y 2x + y < −1 Inequality 1
2x + y > 3 Inequality 2
2
SOLUTION
−4 −2 1 3 x
Graph each inequality. Then find the intersection of the half-planes. Notice that the
−2
lines are parallel, and the half-planes do not intersect.
−4 So, the system has no solution.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Graph the system. Identify a solution, if possible.

7. y ≥ −x + 4 8. y > 2x − 3 9. −2x + y < 4
1
x+y ≤ 0 y≥ —2 x +1 2x + y > 4

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 Writing Systems of Linear Inequalities
GO DIGITAL
Writing a System of Linear
EXAMPLE 4
Inequalities
y
Write a system of linear inequalities represented by the graph.
2

SOLUTION
−4 −2 2 4x
Inequality 1 The horizontal boundary line passes through (0, −2). So, an equation
of the line is y = −2. The shaded region is above the solid boundary
−4 line, so the inequality is y ≥ −2.
Inequality 2 The slope of the other boundary line is 1, and the y-intercept is 0.
So, an equation of the line is y = x. The shaded region is below
the dashed boundary line, so the inequality is y < x.

The system of linear inequalities represented by the graph is

y ≥ −2 Inequality 1
y < x. Inequality 2

EXAMPLE 5 Writing a System of Linear Inequalities

y Write a system of linear inequalities represented by the graph.

4

2 SOLUTION
Inequality 1 The vertical boundary line passes through (3, 0). So, an equation of the
2 4 6 x line is x = 3. The shaded region is to the left of the solid boundary line,
so the inequality is x ≤ 3.
−4 Inequality 2 The slope of the other boundary line is —23 , and the y-intercept is −1.
So, an equation of the line is y = —23 x − 1. The shaded region is above
the dashed boundary line, so the inequality is y > —23 x − 1.

The system of linear inequalities represented by the graph is

x≤3 Inequality 1

y > —23 x − 1. Inequality 2

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Write a system of linear inequalities represented by the graph.

10. y 11. y 12. y
2 4

1 2
−2 2 x
2 4 x
−2
2 4 x
−2
−4 −2

13. OPEN-ENDED Write a system of linear inequalities whose graph can be represented
by a rectangular region.

14. REASONING Is it possible to write a system of three linear inequalities that has
no solution? If so, give an example. If not, explain why not.

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 Solving Real-Life Problems
GO DIGITAL
EXAMPLE 6 Modeling Real Life

A company is loading recliners and sofas onto a trailer that has a volume of
about 3800 cubic feet. Each recliner takes up about 40 cubic feet and each sofa
takes up about 80 cubic feet. The company wants the shipment to have at least
30 recliners and more than 25 sofas. Write and graph a system that represents the
situation. Give one example of the numbers of recliners and sofas the company
can have in the shipment.

SOLUTION
1. Understand the Problem You know the volume of the trailer and the volume
of each recliner and sofa. You also know how many recliners and sofas the
company wants in the shipment. You are asked to give an example of the
numbers of recliners and sofas the company can have in the shipment.

2. Make a Plan Use the given information to write a system of linear inequalities.
Number of Recliners and Then graph the system and identify and interpret an ordered pair in the solution
Sofas in Shipment
region.
s
50
45 3. Solve and Check Let r be the number of recliners and let s be the number of
40 sofas in the shipment.
Number of sofas

35
40r + 80s ≤ 3800 at most 3800 cubic feet is available in the shipment
30
25 r ≥ 30 at least 30 recliners in the shipment
20 (35, 28)
s > 25 more than 25 sofas in the shipment
15
10 Graph the system.
5
0
One ordered pair in the solution region is (35, 28).
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 r
Number of recliners So, the company can have 35 recliners and 28 sofas in the shipment.

Check Check your solution by substituting it into the inequalities in the system.

40r + 80s ≤ 3800 r ≥ 30 s > 25

40(35) + 80(28) ≤ 3800

? 35 ≥ 30 ✓ 28 > 25 ✓
3640 ≤ 3800 ✓

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

15. Identify and interpret another ordered pair in the solution region in Example 6.
16. You have at most 8 hours to spend at the mall and at the beach. You want to spend more than
2 hours at the mall and more than 4 hours at the beach.
a. Write and graph a system that represents the situation. Give one example of the amount of
time you can spend at each location.
b. You want to spend at least 45 more minutes at the mall. How does this change the system
in part (a)? Is your example still valid? Explain.

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 5.7 Practice WITH AND
GO DIGITAL

In Exercises 1−4, tell whether the ordered pair is a 21. y 22. y

solution of the system of linear inequalities.
2 1
Example 1
−2 2 x
y<4 y > −2
1. (−5, 2); 2. (1, −1); −2
−1
4x
y > x+3 y > x−5

y ≤ −x + 1
3. (0, 0); y ≤ x + 7 4. (4, −3);
y ≥ 2x + 3 y ≤ 5x − 2
23. y 24. y
In Exercises 5−8, tell whether the ordered pair is a 2 2
solution of the system of linear inequalities. x
−4 −2 2x −3 2
5. (−4, 3) y

4 −3 −3
6. (−3, −1)
2
7. (−2, 0) 25. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in
−5 −3 1x graphing the system y ≤ 3x + 4 and y > —12 x + 2.
8. (1, 0.5)

✗
y
In Exercises 9−18, graph the system. Identify a solution,
if possible. Examples 2 and 3 4

9. y > −3 10. y < −1

1
y ≥ 5x x>4
−4 −2 2x
11. y < −2 12. y < x − 1
y>2 y ≥ x+1

13. y ≥ −5 14. x + y > 4 26. COLLEGE PREP Which of the following systems is
y − 1 < 3x y≥ 3
—2 x −9 represented by the graph?
1
A y ≤ − —2 x − 2 y
15. x + y > 1 16. 2x + y ≤ 5 y > 4x + 1 1
−x − y < −3 y + 2 ≥ −2x
1 −5 −1
B y≤ − —2 x
−2 1x
3
17. x < 3.5 18. —4 x + y ≤ 3 y < 4x + 1
3
y>1 —4 x − y ≥ 1 1
C y < − —2 x − 2
y ≥ −x + 1 y > −1—12
y ≥ 4x + 1
In Exercises 19−24, write a system of linear inequalities D y < − —2 x − 2
1
represented by the graph. Examples 4 and 5
y ≤ 4x + 1
19. y 20. y
4
2
27. MODELING REAL LIFE A group of scientists have
2 at most 7 hours to spend on an expedition to one of
the deepest areas of the ocean. They expect the total
−1 1 3 5x
−2 2 x travel time to be more than 3 hours and want to spend
−2
at least 2—12 hours exploring. Write and graph a system
that represents the situation. Give one example of the
amount of time they can spend on each part of the
expedition. Example 6

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 28. MODELING REAL LIFE You earn $10 per hour 33. CONNECTING CONCEPTS The vertices
working at a grocery store and must work there at of a shaded rectangle are (−1, 1), (6, 1), GO DIGITAL
least 8 hours per week. You also teach music lessons (6, −3), and (−1, −3).
for $15 per hour. Between the two jobs, you need to a. Write a system of linear inequalities with a graph
earn at least $120 per week and work no more than that can be represented by the shaded rectangle.
20 hours per week. Write and graph a system that
b. Find the area of the rectangle.
represents the situation. Give one example of the
number of hours you can work at each job.
34. CONNECTING CONCEPTS The vertices of a shaded
triangle are (2, 5), (6, −3), and (−2, −3).
29. MODELING REAL LIFE You are fishing for surfperch
and rockfish. The graph shows limits on the numbers a. Write a system of linear inequalities with a graph
of fish you are allowed to catch per day. that can be represented by the shaded triangle.
b. Find the area of the triangle.
Fishing Limits
35. STRUCTURE Write a system of linear
caught per day
y
inequalities that has the same solutions as ∣ y ∣ < x,
Rockfish

20 where x > 0. Graph the system.

10
36. HOW DO YOU SEE IT?
0 The graphs of two linear equations are shown.
0 10 20 x
Surfperch caught y
per day C
E
2
A B
Rockfish
−4 −2 1 3 x
a. Write and interpret a system of linear inequalities y = 2x + 1 −2
D y = −3x + 4
that represents the situation.
−4
b. Can you catch 11 surfperch and 9 rockfish in
1 day? Explain.
Replace the equal signs with inequality symbols to
30. REASONING Describe create a system of linear inequalities that has points
the graph of the system shown. x−y ≤ 4 C and E as solutions, but not points A, B, and D.
x−y ≥ 4 Explain your reasoning.

y −3x + 4
31. PROBLEM SOLVING Your cousin plans to spend
less than half of her monthly $2000 paycheck on y 2x + 1
housing and savings. She wants to spend at least 10%
of her paycheck on savings and at most 30% of it on 37. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend says that a
housing. Give one example of the amount of money system of linear inequalities in which the boundary
your cousin can spend on savings and housing. Justify lines are parallel must have no solution. Is your friend
your answer using a system of linear inequalities. correct? Explain.

32. PROBLEM SOLVING A travel club can spend at 38. CRITICAL THINKING Is it possible for the solution set
most 10 nights in two cities on a trip. The club needs of a system of linear inequalities to be all points in the
to reserve four rooms each night and wants to spend coordinate plane? Explain your reasoning.
no more than $4200 on hotels and fuel. The estimated
fuel cost is $200. Can the club spend 3 nights in OPEN-ENDED In Exercises 39−41, write a system of
City A and 6 nights in City B? 7 nights in City A linear inequalities with the given characteristic.
and 3 nights in City B? Justify your answers using a
system of linear inequalities. 39. All solutions are in Quadrant I.

Nightly Hotel Rates 40. All solutions have one positive coordinate and one
negative coordinate.
City A hotel City B hotel
$85 per room $130 per room 41. There are no solutions.

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 42. OPEN-ENDED One inequality in a system is 44. THOUGHT PROVOKING
−4x + 2y > 6. Write another possible inequality Write a system of linear inequalities GO DIGITAL
in the system so that the system has no solution. that has exactly one solution.

43. PERFORMANCE TASK The table shows three systems.

45. You make necklaces and key chains
System A System B System C to sell at a craft fair. The table shows the amounts of
time and money it takes to make a necklace and a key
y≥x y > x+4 y<x chain, and the amounts of time and money you have
y ≤ x+4 x ≥ −6 x≤6 available for making them.
y ≥ −2 y≤6 y ≥ −2
Necklace Key chain Available
y≤6
Time (hours) 0.5 0.25 20
a. Graph each system in the same coordinate plane. Cost (dollars) 2 3 120
Color the solutions of System A yellow, the
solutions of System B green, and the solutions a. Give three examples of the number of each item
of System C red. Erase all other shading. you can make. Justify your answers using a
system of linear inequalities.
b. The directions in part (a) produce the flag
of a country. Determine which country the b. You sell each necklace for $10 and each key chain
flag represents. for $8. How many necklaces and key chains
should you sell to maximize your revenue? What
c. Choose the flag of a different country, or design is the maximum revenue? (Hint: The maximum
your own flag. Describe how to draw the flag revenue occurs at one of the vertices of the graph
using systems of linear inequalities. of the system in part (a).)

REVIEW & REFRESH

3
46. Graph −—4 x − y < 6 in a coordinate plane. 55. MODELING REAL LIFE Slitsnails
are large mollusks that live in deep −100
− 100
00 ft
waters. They have been found in the
In Exercises 47 and 48, write the product as a power.
range of elevations shown. Write
⋅
47. (−13) (−13) (−13)⋅ and graph a compound inequality
that represents this range.
48. x ⋅x ⋅x ⋅x ⋅x ⋅x

49. Write a system of linear y −2500 ft

inequalities represented 2
by the graph.
56. Solve x + 5 = −2x − 4 by graphing. Check your
−2 3x solution.
−2
57. OPEN-ENDED Write an absolute value equation
that has exactly one solution.
1
50. Write an equation of the line with a slope of −—4 58. Use intercepts to graph the equation
and a y-intercept of −1. −3x + 6y = 24. Label the points corresponding
to the intercepts.
In Exercises 51 and 52, solve the equation.
59. Make a scatter plot of the data. Then describe the
2
51. —3 ( x − 6 ) = 4 52. 6x − 7 = −2x − 9 relationship between the data.

x 4 8 1 9 3 6 2 5
In Exercises 53 and 54, solve the system using any
method. Explain your choice of method. y −2 0 −5 −1 −5 −2 −7 −4
53. 5x + 10y = 8 54. −11x + 2y = 12 60. Graph g(x) = ∣ x − 3 ∣ + 1. Compare the graph to
3x + 6y = 4 y = 4x + 3 the graph of f(x) = ∣ x − 3 ∣.

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 5 Chapter Review
Chapter Learning Target
WITH

Understand solving systems of linear equations.

GO DIGITAL

Chapter Success Criteria I can identify a system of linear equations.

I can describe different methods for solving systems of linear equations.
I can analyze systems of linear equations and decide what solution
method is most efficient.
I can predict whether a system of linear equations has Surface
one solution, no solution, or infinitely many solutions. Deep

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

5.1 Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Graphing (pp. 245–250)

Learning Target: Solve linear systems by graphing.
Vocabulary
Solve the system by graphing. system of linear
1. y = −3x + 1 2. y = −4x + 3 equations
solution of a system
y=x−7 4x − 2y = 6
of linear equations
2
3. 5x + 5y = 15 4. −—3 x + y = 2
2x − 2y = 10 y + 8 = 4x

5. Write a system of linear equations in two variables that has a

solution of (4.2, −2.5). Use a graph to justify your answer.

6. The graphs of two equations in a linear system have the same

x-intercept. One equation in the system is —15x + 4y = a. What is
the solution of the system?
14 in.

7. You plant a spruce tree that grows 4 inches per year and a hemlock 8 in.
tree that grows 6 inches per year. The initial heights of the trees are
shown. After how many years will the trees be the same height?

spruce hemlock
tree tree

5.2 Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Substitution (pp. 251–256)

Learning Target: Solve linear systems by substitution.

Solve the system by substitution. Check your solution.

8. 3x + y = −9 9. x + 4y = 6 10. 2x + 3y = 4
y = 5x + 7 x−y=1 y + 3x = 6

11. You spend $20 total on tubes of paint and disposable brushes for an art project. Tubes of paint
cost $4.00 each and brushes cost $0.50 each. You purchase twice as many brushes as tubes of
paint. How many brushes and tubes of paint do you purchase?

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 5.3 Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Elimination (pp. 257–262)
GO DIGITAL
Learning Target: Solve linear system by elimination.

Solve the system by elimination. Check your solution.

12. 9x − 2y = 34 13. x + 6y = 28 14. 8x − 6y = −3
5x + 2y = −6 2x − 3y = −19 6x − 5y = −1

15. In a football game, all of the home team’s points

are from 7-point touchdowns and 3-point field
goals. The team scores six times. Find the
numbers of touchdowns and field goals that
the home team scores.

5.4 Solving Special Systems of Linear Equations (pp. 263–268)

Learning Target: Solve linear systems with different numbers of solutions.

Use the graph to determine whether the system has no solution, one solution, or infinitely
many solutions. Justify your answer algebraically.
16. y 17. y 18. y
6 6
4 y=x+2 y=x+2
y=x+2
3 3
x+y=2
1
−x + y = 1 1 −2x + 2y = 4
−1 2 4 x
2 4 x 2 4 x

Solve the system using any method. Explain your choice of method.
19. x = y + 2 20. 0.25x − 6y = −6 21. −4x + 4y = 32
−3x + 3y = 6 −5x + 10y = 10 3x + 24 = 3y

5.5 Solving Equations by Graphing (pp. 269–274)

Learning Target: Solve equations by graphing.

Solve the equation by graphing. Check your solution(s).

22. —13 x + 5 = −2x − 2 23. ∣ x + 1 ∣ = ∣ −x − 9 ∣ 24. ∣ 2x − 8 ∣ = ∣ x + 5 ∣

25. In 2020, Forest A had an area of about 4000 acres and Forest B had an area of about
3600 acres. Researchers expect deforestation to cause the area of Forest A to decrease at
a rate of 105 acres per decade and the area of Forest B to decrease at a rate of 30 acres
per decade. In what year do they expect the areas of the forests be the same?

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 5.6 Graphing Linear Inequalities in Two Variables (pp. 275–280)
GO DIGITAL
Learning Target: Graph linear inequalities in two variables.

Graph the inequality in a coordinate plane.

Vocabulary
26. y > −4 27. −9x + 3y ≥ 3 28. 5x + 10y < 40 linear inequality in
two variables
Write an inequality that represents the graph. solution of a linear
29. y 30. y inequality in two
variables
(−4, 2) (4, 4)
2 4 graph of a linear
inequality
2 half-planes
−5 −3 1 x (1, 2)
−1

2 4 x
(0, −3)

5.7 Systems of Linear Inequalities (pp. 281–288)

Learning Target: Graph and write systems of linear inequalities. Vocabulary
system of linear
Graph the system.
inequalities
31. y ≤ x − 3 32. y > −2x + 3 33. x + 3y > 6 solution of a system
y ≥ x+1 y ≥ —14 x − 1 2x + y < 7 of linear
inequalities
Match the system of linear inequalities with its graph, where a and b are positive graph of a system
numbers. Explain your reasoning. of linear
inequalities
34. y ≤ ax + b 35. y ≥ ax + b 36. y < ax + b
y > ax − b y < ax − b y ≥ ax − b

A. y B. y C. y

x x x

Mathematical Practices
Use Appropriate Tools Strategically
Mathematically proficient students use technological tools to explore and deepen
their understanding of concepts.

1. Describe a situation in this chapter where you used technology to explore a

mathematical concept.

2. When is it most helpful to use technology to solve a linear system? Explain

your reasoning.

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 5 Practice Test WITH

Solve the system using any method. Explain your choice of method.
GO DIGITAL

1. 8x + 3y = −9 2. —12 x + y = −6 3. y = 4x + 4
3
−8x + y = 29 y= —5 x +5 −8x + 2y = 8

4. x = y − 11 5. 6x − 4y = 9 6. y = 5x − 7
x − 3y = 1 9x − 6y = 15 −4x + y = −1

Write an inequality that represents the graph.

7. y 8. y
2
4

−2 2 x
2 −1

−2 2 x

Graph the system. Identify a solution, if possible.

1 2
9. y > —2 x + 4 10. x + y < 1 11. y ≥ −—3 x + 1
2y ≤ x + 4 5x + y > 4 −3x + y > −2

12. Solve ∣ 2x − 8 ∣ = ∣ x − 7 ∣ by graphing. Check your solutions.

13. You pay $45.50 for 10 gallons of gasoline and 2 quarts of oil at a
gas station. Your friend pays $22.75 for 5 gallons of the same type
of gasoline and 1 quart of the same type of oil.
a. Is there enough information to determine the cost of 1 gallon of
gasoline and 1 quart of oil? Justify your answer.
b. The receipt shown is for buying the same type of gasoline and same
type of oil. Is there now enough information to determine the cost of
1 gallon of gasoline and 1 quart of oil? Justify your answer.

14. Graph the system. Then write a compound inequality represented by

the graph. Explain your reasoning.
y ≥ 2x + 1
5x > y − 3

15. You have at most $60 to spend on trophies and medals to give
as prizes for a contest.
a. Write and graph an inequality that represents the numbers
of trophies and medals you can buy. Identify and interpret
a solution of the inequality. Trophies
$12 each
b. You want to purchase at least 6 items. Write and graph a Medals
system that represents the situation. How many of each $3 each
item can you buy?

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 5 Performance Task
GO DIGITAL

A Challenging Descent
Mariana Trench
The Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean is home to the
deepest location on Earth, the Challenger Deep.

January 23, 1960

Aboard the bathyscaphe Trieste, Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh became
the first people to explore the Challenger Deep. The expedition lasted
8 hours and 22 minutes, with only 20 minutes on the ocean floor.

March 26, 2012

Film director James Cameron piloted
the Deepsea Challenger on the second
manned dive to the Challenger Deep.
The expedition lasted 6 hours and
40 minutes, with 2 hours and
34 minutes on the ocean floor.

Submersibles can ascend more rapidly than they can

descend because of the buoyancy of the air inside a
submersible’s ballasts. For Piccard and Walsh, the descent
took about 1.5 times as long as the ascent. For Cameron,
the descent took about 1.75 times as long as the ascent.

Mount Everest
29,035 ft
PLAN AN EXPEDITION
You pilot a manned dive to the Challenger Deep. Use the
ascent times and the descent times for the 1960 and 2012
expeditions to write a plan for your dive, including:
• how long you will spend descending
• how long you will spend on the ocean floor
• how long you will spend ascending
• goals you hope to accomplish.
Dive schedules must be flexible to allow for unexpected
circumstances. Determine the maximum total amount
of time for your expedition and the minimum and
maximum amounts of time you want to spend on the
ocean floor. Use a graph to show the amounts of time
that you can spend on the ocean floor and the amounts Challenger Deep
of time that you can spend traveling.
36,201 ft

293

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 5 College and Career Readiness
Tutorial videos are available for each exercise.
WITH GO DIGITAL

1. Which equation is represented by the graph? y

2
(2, 0)
A 9x − 2y = −18 4 8 x

B −9x − 2y = 18 −4

C 9x + 2y = 18 −8
(0, −9)
D −9x + 2y = −18

2. A company rents out 6-, 8-, 12-, and 16-passenger vans. The function C(x) = 100 + 5x
represents the cost C (in dollars) of renting an x-passenger van for a day. Which numbers
are in the range of the function? Select all that apply.

A 130 B 140

C 150 D 160

E 170 F 180

G 190 H 200

3. Complete the system of linear inequalities with <, ≤, >, or ≥ y

so that the graph represents the system.

y 3x − 2 4

y −x + 5 2

x
2 4

4. Which of the following describes the transformations y

from the graph of f to the graph of g? f
2

A a reflection in the x-axis, followed by a translation

2 units up and 4 units right −2 2 4 6 x
−1
g
B a reflection in the x-axis, followed by a translation
2 units up and 4 units left

C a translation 2 units up and 4 units right followed by a

reflection in the x-axis

D a reflection in the y-axis, followed by a translation

2 units up and 4 units right

5. Which two equations form a system of linear equations that has no solution?

1
y = 3x + 2 y = —3 x + 2 y = 2x + 3 y = 3x + —12

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 6. Find values of a so that each statement is true for the equation ax − 8 = 4 − x.
GO DIGITAL
a. When a = , the solution is x = −2.

b. When a = , the solution is x = 12.

c. When a = , the solution is x = 3.

7. Which inequality is represented by the graph? y

A y + 2x ≤ −1 2

B y + 1 < −2x
−2 2 x
C −2x < y + 1
−2

D −2x − y ≤ 1

8. Which of the systems are equivalent?

4x − 5y = 3 4x − 5y = 3 4x − 5y = 3 12x − 15y = 9
2x + 15y = −1 −4x − 30y = 2 4x + 30y = −1 2x + 15y = −1

9. The value of x is greater than 9. Write a compound inequality

that represents the perimeter P (in feet) of the triangle.
Explain your reasoning.
16 ft 13 ft

x ft

10. Which is the graph of f(x) = { 2x + 3,

−x + 1,
if x < 1
if x ≥ 1
?

A y B y

4 4

1 1

−1 2 4 x −1 2 4 x

C y D y
6
4
4

1 2

−1 2 4 x
−2 2 4 x

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