EXPERIMENT - 1

NEWTON'S THIRD LAW OF MOTION

AlM: To study the Third Law of Motion using two spring balances.

THEORY: Newton's third law of motion, forces always act in equal but opposite pairs.
Another wayof saying this is for every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction.
This means that when you push on a wall, the wallpushes back onyou with a force
equal in strength to the force you exerted.

Wall Reaction Action

4N 4N

A
Spring
baianc

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
thread, a
Two identical springbalances (0-5 N;0-500g), weight box, inextensible known
frictionless pulley (which can be fixed at the edge of the table), and a pan of
mass.
PROCEDURE:
balances.
1. Find the range and the least count of the two spring
2. Ensure that the two spring balances are identical.
the force? If the tWo spring balances
3. Check whether the springbalances can measure
If not, that is the spring
have the graduation markings in terms of force units well. then learn to convert it in
balances have graduation markings in terms of mass only,
Teacher.
force units as explained in the Note for the
ensure that their pointers are at zero
4. Hold the two spring balances vertically and
mark.
pulley and a pan with the help of an
5. Arrange two spring balances A and B, aspring balance B must be attached to a rigid
inextensible thread, as shown in Fig. The must
support. The springbalances may restofonthe the smooth table-top while the threadpan,
thread, which is attached with the
not touch the table-top. The other end
table.
should also hang freely without touching the twO spring balances? Are they equal? ls it
6. What are the readings of the scales on
the
(mass of the pan (m) x acceleration
approximately equal to the weight (w) of the pan
due to gravity (g) at your place)? forces. The force which spring balance Aexerts on B
7. ldentify the action and reaction the scale of balance
spring balance B). The reading on
isaction (reading onthe scale ofbalance B exerts on A.
Ashows the reaction that spring The total mass attached to the thread is
mass M on the hanger (say 100 g).
8. Put some the balances.
now(M + m). Observe the readings of both on the pan. Tabulate your observations.
masses
9. Repeat step 8 for at least five more
 Class IX

PHYSICS
spring
pulley

-thrcad

Aeight

-toble

rectangular wOoden block

Fig: To establish relaticnship between weight of a

OBSERVATIONS:
N or
)Range of the two springbalances = Nor
(i) Least count of the spring balance = m s2
(ii) Acceleration due to gravity (g) at your place =
(iv) Mass of the pan (given) m= g= kg.
N.
(v) Weight of the pan w=m(in kg) xg=
Reading onthe
Total Weight
Readingon the Scale of the
S.No. Mass on Total mnass Scale of the
attached to spring spring balance B
the pan spring balance A
balance A (N)
M(kg) to spring
balance A (M + m)g (N)
(M + m)(kg) (N)
1

2
3

RESULT:
are the same in each case.Thus action and reaction
balances
The readings on both the different bodies.
and act on two
forces are equal and opposite

PRECAUTIONS: taken.
balance of different least count should be
1. Spring
should be brought in elastic mode before doing
2. The spring balance
the experiment. not be pulled beyond its elastic
balance should
3. The second spring
limit.
the spring balance should be taken without any
4. The reading of
parallax error.
 Materials

Experiment 4

AIM
To determine the density of a non-porous solid (insoluble and denser than
water) by using a spring balance and a measuring cylinder.

THEORY
The density ( ρ ) of a given substance is the mass of its unit volume. For a
substance of mass M and volume V, the density is given by the ratio:

M
ρ=
V

MATERIALS REQUIRED
A spring balance (0 – 500 g), measuring cylinder (100 or 200 mL), a piece
of thread, water, and a small piece of experimental solid.

PROCEDURE
1. Find the range and least count of the spring balance and the measuring
cylinder (Explained in Experiment 3).
2. For finding the mass of the given solid, suspend it from the spring
balance with the help of thread (Fig. 4.1). Note the reading of the
spring balance.

25
 Laboratory Manual – Science

3. Place the measuring cylinder on a horizontal surface like a table-top

and fill it with water, say, up to the half of its range. Note the reading
of the water meniscus as the initial volume.
4. Tie the given solid with a thread and lower it slowly in water in the
measuring cylinder. What happens to the level of water in the cylinder?
Let the solid to immerse completely in the water. Next, note the reading
of water meniscus as the final volume (Fig. 4.2).

Fig. 4.1 : Measuring of mass of solid Fig. 4.2 : Determination of volume of

using spring balance a non-porous solid

5. Take out the solid from the measuring cylinder. Dry it and repeat the
activity by taking different initial volume of water in the cylinder. In
each case note the initial and final readings of water meniscus.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

(i) Range of spring balance = _____ g
(ii) Least count of the spring balance = _____ g
(iii) Range of the measuring cylinder = _____ mL
(iv) Least count of the measuring cylinder = _____ mL
(v) Mass (M) of the given solid = _____ g
(vi) Volume (V) of the given solid–
Sl. Initial Reading Final Reading Volume of Solid Mean value
No. of water meniscus, V 1 water meniscus, V2 V= V2 – V 1 of volume of solids

(mL) (mL) (mL) V (mL)

1.
2.
3.
4.

26
 Materials

M
Density of the solid ( ρ = ) = _____ g/mL= _____ kg/m3
V
(1 kg/m3 = 0.001g/mL.)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The density (ρ) of the given solid is ______ kg/m3.
Find the standard value of density of the given solid and compare it with the
observed result (see Appendix – B).

PRECAUTIONS
• The measuring cylinder must be dry and clean.
• The measuring cylinder should be placed on a horizontal surface while
reading the water meniscus.
• While observing the liquid meniscus the line-of-sight should be at the
same horizontal level as that of the lowest meniscus.
• There should be no air bubble in the liquid while measuring its volume.
• The spring balance should be held verical while taking measurement.
• Before making use of spring balance it must be ensured that its pointer
is at the zero mark.
• The readings of the spring balance should be noted only when its pointer
comes to rest.
• The solid piece should be wiped with a dry cloth before repeating the
activity.

SOURCES OF ERROR
• The graduations marked on the measuring cylinder and on spring
balance may not be uniform and evenly spaced.
• A spring balance is primarily meant for measuring the weight (force) of
an object. However in laboratories, a spring balance is often used to
measure the mass of an object. It should be remembered that the
calibration of spring balance scale is done at the place of its manufacture
and depends on the value of acceleration due to gravity (g) at that
place. Therefore, if a spring balance is used to measure mass at any
other place where the value of g is different, an error in the measurement
of mass will appear.

27
 EXPERIMENT 5

LOSS IN WEIGHT OF A SOLID

Aimfoestablish the relation between the loss in weight of a solid when fully immersed
in
1. tap water
2. strongly salty water, with the weight of water displaced by it by taking at least two
different solids.

Theory:
1. Fluids: Gasses and liquids flow and are thus called fluids.
2. Buoyancy: The upward force exerted by fluids on any body is called the buoyant
force and this phenomenon is known as buoyancy.
3. Thrust: The force acting on a body perpendicular to its surface is called thrust.
SI unit is newton (N) CGS unit is dyne
4. Pressure: The thrust per unit area is called pressure.
Pressure = ThrusttArea
S.I. Unit = N/m² or Nm² This unit (Nm²)is also called Pascal,
' 1 Pascal (Pa) =1 Nm
5. Weight of a body = Mass Xacceleration due to gravity
W= mg
6. When abody is immersed in water or liquid, the body displaces some liquid.
7. The volume of liquid displaced = total volume of the solid.
8. The mass of liquid displaced can be measured as:
Mass of liquid displaced = Volume x Density
M=VxD
9. Weight of liquid displaced =Volume x Density xg(acceleration due to gravity)
W=VxDxg as follows:
be found
10. The body loses some weight when immersed in fluid, it can
Weight of the body in air = W
Weight of the body when immersed in liquid = W,
11.Hence loss in weight = W, -W,
The magnitude of this upward force/buoyant force depends on the density of liquid in
which it is immersed. The upthrust is more by denser liquids.
12.Archimedes' Principle: When abody is immersed fully or partially in afuid, it
displaced by it.
experiences an upward force that is equal to the weight of the fluid
 loss
in
weight.
the
PHYSICS
Find

Class X D.

|PHYSICS
overflow can, a glass
beaker, tap
LMATERIALS REQUIRED: cotton thread, an
Aspring balance, a metal bob, a
water, salty water, an iron stand.

PROCEDURE:
least count of spring balance:
Abmad the zero error and
balance to t.
1. Take an iron stand and suspend a spring least count.
balance, its scale and its gt.
Z. Study the spring
observations. If there is any error, record it as 'X
J. Record your
B. Fnd the weight of solid metal bob in air:
spring
a metal bob, tie thread toit and suspend on the hook of the
1. Take
balance.
bob in air. Let this weight be Nr
2. Record the weight of the metal
immersed in tap water and record the
C. Find the weight of the metal bob
apparent loss in weight

Take an overflow can, fill it with water such that its water level touches the
1.
spout of the overflow can.
overflow can under the spring balance such that the metal bob
2. Keep an
gets fully immersed in the water of
the overflow can.
of the spout of
3. Keep abeaker whose weight P, is recorded, at the mouth
overflow can.
4. As soon as the metal bob is suspended in water the weight on spring
balance scale is recorded. This loss in weight is due to buoyancy (W,).
5. Collect the water that has overflown ina beaker tillthe last drop that comes
out of the spout.
6. Weigh the beaker with water (P2).
7. Calculate the weight of the displaced water (P-P,).
8. Calculate the loss in weight of the metal bob when immersed in water.
p X

|PHYSICS Class X

D. Find the weight of metal bob immersed in salty

water and record the appal
loss inweight.

1.Preparesalty water by takinga 500 mL beaker and adding 300 mL of water

in it and dissolving common salt till the saturated solution is obtained.
2. Take the same metal bob and repeat the steps from 1 to 8 as given in
procedure 'C'
3. Tabulate your observations.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

1. Zero error in spring balance = (X) =0 gf.

2. Least count of the spring balance = 2 gf.
3. Density of water = 1 g/cm
4. Weight of empty beaker P,= 100 gf.
CONCLUSION:

1. Hence it is proved that the weight of the water displaced by the metal bob is
approximately equal tothe apparent loss of weight of the metal bob in
water. Archimedes' principle is verified.
2. The weight of water displaced by a given solid when immersed fully in
strongly salty water is more than the weight of the water displaced when
fully immersed in tap water.
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Carefully study the spring balance used for the experiment.

2. Fill the overflowcan above the mark of the spout, allow extra water to
overflow through the spout without disturbing it. Use this overflow can for
the experiment.
3. Do not allow the suspended solid mass i.e., metal bob/stone to touch the
sides and the bottom of the beaker.
 EXPERIMENT 6

TO VERIFY ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

AIM:
To verify Archimedes' principle.
THEORY:
Archimedes' principle, also called law of buoyancy, states that any object that is
completely or partly immersed (or submerged) in a fluid at rest is acted on by an
upward (or buoyant)force. The magnitude of this force is equal to the weight of
the fluid displaced by the object. The volume of the fluid displaced is equal to the
volume of the portion of the object submerged. Here in this experiment we shall
make an attempt to verify this principle by submerging asolid object in water.

MATERALS REQUIRED:
An overflow-can,a wooden block,a measuring cylinder (100 mL and preferably with a
least count of 1mL), aspring balance, a solid object (a stone or a metallic block of size
that can be easily lowered in the overflow can), laboratory stand, and apiece of silk
thread.
Procedure
1.Find the range and least count of the spring balance and the measuring cylinder.In
case the spring balance is calibrated in newton, note its range and the least count in N.
2. Place an overflow-canon awooden block and fill it with tap-water until the water
begins to flow from its spout. Wait tillthe last drop of excess water flows out. This is to
ensure that the level of water in the can is up to its brim.
3. Place an emptymeasuring cylinder under the spout of the overflow-can to collect
water.
4. Tie the given solid with athread and suspend it from the hook of spring balance.
Clamp the spring balancewith a laboratory standsuch that the solid is suspended freely
in air as shown in Fig. Note the reading of the spring balance.
5. Lower the solid into the water in the overflow-can such that a part of it, say less than
half of itgets immersed in water. Let the water displaced by the solid in the overflow-can
flows out form its spout and gets collected in the measuring ylinder placed below (as
 (v

the volume of
overflowcan. Note
out fromthe the
the water stops dripping in water and
shown). Wait till immersed
collected in the measuringcylinder solidis partly solid whenitis
the water the weight ofthe
reading of spring balance while tothe
6.Note the Corresponds
dripping of water has stopped. This
completely) innthe
immerse as before
partly immersed in water. do not let it
meeasuring cylinder
intothe water (but as you
did
7. Lowerthe solid further water be
collected in the
spring balance
overflowW-can. Let the displaced the reading of the
volume of water. Note Again
and note the new immersedin it.
before in step 6.
water till it gets completelythereadingofthe
further into the and
8. Next, lower the solid the measuring cylinder
m
collected in
note the volume of water might have
some water
spring balance. the table as
fellow students, clean
9. As a courtesyto your this experiment.
while performing
been spilled on the table

Understanding
Archimedes'
Principle

Buoyant Force

Observations N
g=
i) Range of the spring balance = g N
balance =
(ii) Least count of the spring mL
measuring cylinder =
(ii)Range of the
 (iv) Least count of the measuringcylinder = mL
(v) Weight of solid in air, W0= N[or W0 = mass of solid in air, m0 (in kg) *
acceleration due togravity g (in m/s?
(vi) Density of water, p (given) = g/mL
m/s?.
(vii)Acceleration due to gravity (g) at your place =

Volume of Weight of Difference in

Sn Reading of the Correspondin apparent loss
water water
spring balance in weight and
collected in collected in
when loss in weight
the the the weight of
successively of the solid, displaced
greater volume W= WO -
measuring measuring
cylinder, V cylinder water
of the solid is W1
immersed in (ml) (buoyant W-Ww
or W = mo g -
water
m1g
force), (N)
Ww= Vap X
W1 (or m1 g) (N) pxg
(N)
(N)

RESULTS
water
in weight of the solidwhen immersed in
The difference between the apparent loss N). In each case the
small (
and the weight of water displaced is negligibly
weight of solid immersed in water is nearly
observed value of the apparent loss in the
verifies Archimedes' principle.
equal to the weight of displaced water. This
PRECAUTIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR
cylinder and on spring balance should
The graduation marks on the measuring
be evenly spaced.
alter its density."
The impurities present in the water may absorb some water.
otherwise it will
The solid used should be non-porous
change in its weight and the
Absorption of water by the solid mayaffect the
volume of water displaced by it. "
 EXPERIMENT 7

MEDIUM FOR PROPAGATION

SOUND NEEDS A material medium for its propagation.
sound needs a
AIM Todemonstrate that wires
Pump, Electric Bell, Air,Connecting
Jar, Vacuum
MATERIALS REQUIRED: Bell water,
needs a material medium like air,
a mechanical wave that sound wave by its frequency,
Sound is a of the
THEORY: propagation. We can describe
longitudinal wave, ie The particles
steel,etc., for itsvelocity. The sound wave is a the propagation of the wave.
pumped
direction of
wavelength and direction paralel to the the bell jar. As the air is no
in
medium vibrate in a by placing an electrical bell fades. At a particularvacUum, hitting the
is done belljar continues
The experiment belljar., the sound from the see that the hammer ears because of
can
outof the sealed heard from the bell.,but we sound is not audible tocannot our
travel through
more sOund is However, the sound wave
is produced. demonstrates that the propagation.
gong and sound the jar. This medium for its
vacUum inside needs a material
the
Thalis, a sound wave
vacuum.
Toglectric connection|
DIAGRAM: Bell Jar

Switch
Cork

-Bel Jar

-Electrkcbell

Tovacuumpumnp

bell jar.
 Class IX
PHYSCS
pumping out the air through the
pressure inside the chamber by
3. Reduce the air becomes fainter, although it is the
Vacuum pump pumped out, the sound
4 As the air in the jar is being
through the bell. sound reduces and stops
same current that is passing
pressure further, the intensity of the
J. On reducing the air

RE8ULT:
material medium to travel.
ANe can infer that sound needs a
 EXPERIMENT 8
LAWSOF
REFLECTION
AIM: Jo verify laws of
OF SOUND
reflection sound
of

MATERALS REQUIRED: Two verysmooth and highly polished from

plasticfmetal pipes of length approximately 1 meter in length and 10cminside identical
or less in
diameter each, protractor, meter scale, Tuning fork or table
clock
amplitude sound), large drawing sheet, smooth wooden board, (source of low
cork, acard board, table and a wall. drawing pins, rubber

THEORY: Whena sound wave falls on an

into the same medium but in a different obstacle of large size, it gets bounced back
reflection of sound. irection. This phenomenon is known as
The lawS of reflection of sound state that:
1. Angle of incidence = angle of reflection
2. The incident sOund wave, the reflected sound wave and
the normal all lie on the
same plane

PROCEDÚRE:
Place a table near a wall.
Spread afull size drawing sheet on the smooth wooden board and fix it up
with the drawing pins and placeit touching the wall.
Draw a line XY along one edge of the paper.
Approximately at the centre point P on this line, drawa normal PN.
Using protractor draw a line PA for incident sound wave source from point P
making an incident angle of 30° with the normal PN and mark it as LAPN.
Record this angle in the observation table.
Arrangeone plastic pipe P1 along this line
Place a cardboardalong the normal that acts as a screen preventing the sound
from the source directly reaching your ear.
and hold it near the
" Let your teammate strike the tuningfork with the rubber pad
open endof tube P1.
the source through
Listen carefully if you can hear aclear and distinct sound of
adjusting the position of
the other tube placed on the other side of the screen by
the tube.
heard because sound waves get
Atone particular point distinct sound can be
 PHY

Class [X
PHYSICS

reflected from the reflecting surface path of

" Mark this position and draw aline PB from point P depictingthe reflected
sOund waves.
reading in the observation table.
* NOW nmeasure the angle LBPN and record the
" It is observed that zAPN = ZBPN: this verifies first law of sound waves.
to a small height. Ty o
* After this now lift the end Bof pipe PB. vertically upward
hear the sound of the table-clock now through the pipe PB.
weakened or diminished
" Youwill observe that the sound of the sourceis either
completely; this verifies second law of sound waves
" Repeat the experiment by taking different values of angle of incidence at 3
and 40° and tabulate your observations.
DIAGRAM:
Hard phywoad

Cartboard Cardboard
tube ube

Soft
wa

SYopwath

OBSERVATIONS:

SINo Angle of incidence zi= LAPN Angle of reflection zr=zBPN

normal all lie on the

.The incident sound wave, the reflected soundwave and the
plane.
sape plane of the drawing sheet, therefore they all lie on the same
RESUT: reflection zr
"Angle of Angle of incidence zi is alwayslapproximately = angle of
the normal all lie on the same
"The incident sound wave, the reflected sound wave and
plane
found to be same as the laws of
" The laws of reflection of sound waves are
reflection of light
are verified.
Hence the laws of reflection of sound
Clas TY

PHYSICs Class [X

PRECAUTIONS:
This experiment should be performed in a noise-free laboratory. There should be
complete silence in the laboratory so that sound from other sources does not
interfere, fans should be OFF.
be used in order to avoid
Pipes of longer length and shorter diameter should
any unwanted sound.
" The inner surface of the pipesshould be highly polished. should
The source of sound should be along the axis and close to the pipe, but it
"
not touch the pipe.
second tube onlywhere and when heard sound intensity
" Mark the positionof the
is maximum
measurement of angle. The
Utmost care should be taken while taking the
angle, either it is incident or reflection must be taken between the
measurement of
axis of the tube andthe normal.