PART II - Student Copy - Methods of Motivation - Interactive Notetaker

From StudySync
PART I PART II
Read & Annotate Text Structure, Argument, & Rhetorical Appeals

Read and Annotate

Essential Vocabulary Review - INDEPENDENT WORK!
DIRECTIONS: Match the term to its correct meaning:

Organizing information in a text such text structures The components of a story or article text features
as: chronology, comparison, that are not the main body of the text,
cause/effect, problem/solution, etc. including the table of contents, index,
glossary, etc.

A coherent series of reasons, argument Source-based information including evidence

statements, or facts intended to facts, figures, and details used to
support or establish a point of view. support the writer or speaker’s central
idea or claim.

The process of thinking about reasoning To say that something is true or is a claim
something in a logical way in order fact, although you cannot prove it and
to form a conclusion of judgment. other people might not believe it

To note what is similar about two or compare Of a source, truthful in respect to the validity
more things information presented.

The art of speaking or writing to rhetoric Someone or something people write topic
persuade using specific techniques or talk about.
Methods of Motivation: What’s more effective—intrinsic or extrinsic motivation?
From StudySync

Elaborative Strategy (Write 20-25 words per question, proper grammar, etc., required)

How is knowing what motivates you beneficial?

Knowing gives you facts facts give you reasoning and reasoning makes what we think is true ,true

Why should schools consider what motivates students?

Fun interactive assignments might actually motivate us to learn

Point: A Job Well Done Is Its Own Reward

Directions: Use the guiding questions to process each chunk and focus your annotations. You may work on chunks ONE and TWO with ONE
partner. Highlight for the things below too. Complete chunks THREE and FOUR by yourself.

● #Topics
● Text Structures and Features
● Arguments (development, validity of claims)
● Rhetorical Appeal
Chunk 1:
1 If you are energized and actively working toward a goal, you are motivated to reach that goal. Lately, 1-What are three types of
employers and educators have recognized the vital importance of intrinsic motivation —working toward a intrinsic motivation?
goal because it is inspiring, exciting, fascinating, and satisfying. Intrinsic motivation is the best way to
ensure creative problem solving and steady, continuous achievement.
autonomy, mastery and purpose.

Examples of Intrinsic Motivation

2 It is possible to break down intrinsic motivation into three basic types:
● Knowledge-based. If you perform a task purely for the joy of learning or the satisfaction of
 understanding something, your motivation is knowledge-based.
● Accomplishment-based. If you perform a task for the pleasure of completing, creating, or achieving a
goal, your motivation is accomplishment-based.
● Stimulation-based. If you perform a task because of the excitement or gratification it gives you, your
motivation is simulation-based.
2-How does the author use text
3 Imagine that you are planning a trip and hope to learn some key phrases in Italian so that you can explore structure and features in chunk
Rome with some degree of understanding. Your motivation is knowledge-based; just the satisfaction of 1 to make their argument?
learning those phrases is enough to motivate you to complete your task.

4 Anyone who enjoys completing crossword puzzles understands motivation that is accomplishment-based. The author uses a list to
Filling in that last square gives you a feeling of success; you need no other reward. structure the argument and
uses describing text as the
feature as the author is
5 Stimulation-based motivation often appeals to our most basic needs. If you cook a delicious meal for
explaining the work
yourself, your key motivation is the stimulus to eat something delectable.

6 It is certainly true that a certain element of extrinsic reward can add to the enjoyment of these various
tasks. You can show off your finished crossword puzzle and receive praise, or you can reward yourself with
an Italian ice for having learned twenty new Italian phrases. The most effective source of your motivation is
internal, however; you are interested in the task and do it just for the sake of doing it.
#effectivemotivationisinternal

7 Chunk 2:
Intrinsic Motivation in the Workplace
Shrewd employers refuse to tie every workplace achievement to an extrinsic reward. It would be
expensive, and it might result in employees’ ceasing to work hard unless they anticipate some kind of 3-What is the author’s main
remuneration. Instead, employers should emphasize the kinds of intrinsic motivation that make workers argument in chunk 2?
want to be productive. Managers should emphazize
8 The intrinsic motivation cause
it makes employees work
Some businesses offer flexibility of scheduling and more autonomy, so that workers feel empowered to
harder
make choices and decisions. Some workplaces offer professional development that gives workers a
feeling of accomplishment and appeals to their joy in learning. Others ensure that all staff are cognizant of
4-How does the author use text
the business’s goals and how each worker fits into the realization of those goals. Allowing opportunities
structure and features in chunk
for collaboration and interaction with others can appeal to workers’ stimulation-based motivation. Using
2 paragraphs 8-9, to make their
 intrinsic motivation to engage employees is an effective way for companies to get their employees to do argument? It uses problem
great work. Providing workers a sense of choice and a feeling of progress are two ways to ensure they are and solution
intrinsically motivated. Every employee is motivated by a sense of control and progress. If employees feel
successful and empowered to make an impact on the organization, they will feel excited to come to work
and try their best.
9
Of course, there are still extrinsic rewards involved in work of any kind because they remind employees of
their value. No professional works for free, and everyone expects to be compensated, praised, and
thanked for a job well done. However, extrinsic rewards are not sufficient. Employers must supplement
them with intrinsic motivators to ensure that employees feel engaged and trusted. According to a Gallup
report, employees who are asked by their managers to share in the company’s process of setting goals
are almost four times more likely to feel engaged at work than other employees. This statistic
demonstrates intrinsic motivation is the primary tool for creating motivation and a strong work environment
for employees. Not only does this type of intrinsic motivator empower employees to feel trusted by their
superiors, but it also costs a company nothing.

10 Intrinsic Motivation in the Classroom

The philosophy of Lehman Alternative Community School in Ithaca, New York, is to encourage “students to
use freedom responsibly, and to make educational choices appropriate to their individual levels of
development.” LACS long ago got rid of gold stars, stickers, and even most grades in favor of intrinsic
motivation. At an All School Meeting every week, students make decisions on issues facing the school.
They make choices about their courses of study and reflect on their learning and achievement. They
complete community projects and take trips outside the classroom.
11
Experimental and field research shows that students are more likely to complete a task and more likely to
take on a challenge if they are intrinsically motivated. They are also more likely to retain the concepts
learned. Students need to feel competent, and they need to feel connected to a task. The more they can
5-How effectively does the
make decisions and choices around their learning, the greater their intrinsic motivation becomes. A 2015
author appeal to the reader in
study that looked at low-income high school students from low-income high schools (64.7 percent from
paragraph 11?
immigrant families) found that intrinsic motivation consistently predicted their intention to pursue By using stats and stuff like
health-related careers. It seems likely that intrinsic motivation is a key predictor of everyone’s employment that with logos
paths, no matter what his or her background might be.
12
Not every school can be as enlightened as LACS, but every school should try. Teachers must either
incorporate intrinsic motivation into their classrooms or be left with a system of rewards and punishments
that stifles creativity and students’ desire to learn. Teachers’ behaviors may even affect student
 achievement. A 2014 study that clustered intermediate-level students into three groups—high intrinsic and
high extrinsic motivation, high intrinsic and low extrinsic motivation, and low intrinsic and high extrinsic
motivation—found that the students who were primarily intrinsically motivated outperformed their fellow
students and showed the greatest increase in achievement over the course of a school year.
13
Some people argue that extrinsic rewards can help a child build intrinsic motivation by associating a
positive feeling with a task the child finds unappealing. For example, if a parent takes his or her child out
to ice cream after every swim lesson, that parent might assume that the child will eventually learn to love
swimming. However, research has disproven this argument in favor of extrinsic motivation. In fact,
incentivizing a child’s behavior with rewards actually lessens their intrinsic motivation and makes the child 6-How does the author use text
less likely to pursue the activity on his or her own in the future. structure and features in chunk
2 paragraph 13, to make their
14 Fun and the Brain argument?
Scientists have performed some interesting recent experiments in the area of neuroscience to study how The author uses rebuttal and
the brain reacts to “boring” and “fun” tasks and to try to determine the neural mechanisms of intrinsic argument to make their
motivation. In a 2015 study of 16 Chinese graduate and undergraduate students, who were hooked up to argument stronger
electrodes and faced with two separate tasks, researchers found a significant difference in electrophysiological
response depending on the task being offered. So clearly the brain is most motivated
by fun—a biological reason to rely on intrinsic motivation to achieve and succeed as we work and learn.
#intrinsicmotivationimpactsclassroom&workplace #funhelpsussucceed 7-How does the author appeal
to the reader in paragraph 14?
He used ethos

Counterpoint: Positive Reinforcement Is Powerful

Chunk 3:
Rewards: Simple, but Effective 8-How does the author use text
15 Everyone loves recognition. For that reason, the best way to get your children, your students, or your structure and features in chunk
workers to do what you want them to do is to reward them for doing it. Without it, however, the people in 3 paragraph 15, to make their
your life simply have no reason to perform up to their potential or to your expectations. If you want to want argument?they use problem
someone to perform a task, you have to give them a reward or else they won’t have a reason to feel and solution
invested in the task. A common concern with offering extrinsic rewards is that they are expensive and
 time-consuming to purchase and assemble. It’s not reasonable to expect teachers to spend their own
money on candy or prizes to give their students just to get them to do their homework. Similarly, parents
should not have to bribe their children with expensive toys or an allowance just to get them to clean their
rooms. What people need to understand is that rewards need not be monetary, edible, or even tangible; it
9-What is the author’s main
could be as simple as a word of praise or a round of applause. Research has proven that praise from a
argument in chunk 3?
teacher has the power to improve student behavior and enhance academic achievement. Praise is an
That rewards sometimes
example of an extrinsic motivator that costs nothing to a teacher, but has a significant impact on a student. need to be given to complete
an assignment
Operant Conditioning
16 The American psychologist and behaviorist B.F. Skinner is widely associated with the theory of operant
conditioning, which connects learning to behavioral changes in response to environmental stimuli.
According to Skinner, when a certain response pattern is rewarded, the individual learns to respond
similarly in the future. One classic experiment had pigeons conditioned to hop as food was presented at
10-Why is extrinsic motivation
15-second intervals. Skinner defined motivation in terms of such reinforcement, explaining that behavior
like operant conditioning?
that receives reinforcement will recur, and behavior that receives punishment will cease to occur. It uses rewards or punishments to
Reinforcement may be positive, as in the addition of something pleasant such as praise or treats. It may be increase or decrease the likelihood
negative, as in the removal of something unpleasant when a certain behavior occurs. Punishment, too, of specific behaviors recurring.
may involve application of something unfavorable or removal of something favorable. 11-How does the author appeal
to the reader in paragraph 16?
By basically saying youll get
PUNISHMENT REINFORCEMENT
to the goal if you do the work
(REDUCING BEHAVIOR) (INCREASING BEHAVIOR)

POSITIVE ADDING SOMETHING TO REDUCE ADDING SOMETHING TO

(ADDING) BEHAVIOR INCREASE BEHAVIOR

NEGATIVE TAKING SOMETHING AWAY TO TAKING SOMETHING AWAY TO

(TAKING AWAY) REDUCE BEHAVIOR INCREASE BEHAVIOR
12-How does the author use
text structure and features in
17 Extrinsic motivation, then, is a form of operant conditioning, because it relies on a reward system to chunk 3 (paragraphs 16-17) to
stimulate a preferred response. For example, a well-known grocery store chain that regularly ranks high on make their argument?it uses a
Fortune’s list of 100 top places to work offers scholarship programs for loyal employees and special graph to show what each one
awards that employees can give to co-workers who are living up to the store’s values. Such motivators are or possibility can lead to
examples of positive reinforcement. The store offers a certain form of negative reinforcement as
well—most employees participate in community service programs because to avoid doing so might lead to
certain unpleasant judgments by fellow employees.
 #rewardsaretangible

Chunk 4:
18 The Perks of Perks
We have all seen the awe-inducing photographs of some of Silicon Valley’s most famous businesses—the
day care centers, the state-of-the-art gyms, the meditation rooms and arcades, the free food and recording
studios. Those businesses do not spend their money foolishly. They want to incentivize their workers to
feel comfortable working long hours, and they know they are competing with other businesses that can
offer good workers solid benefits, so they do their best to create an environment that is fun and playful
and offers extrinsic motivation to stay and work. The usual benefits of dental insurance and two-week
vacations seem old-fashioned as businesses strive to engage employees and ensure their loyalty.

19 Rewards vs. Intrinsic Motivation

Psychologists have posited for decades that rewards can, over time, decrease a person’s internal desire to
do a task. They based this notion on a couple of studies that showed children becoming less interested in
a “fun” task after they were rewarded for doing it. However, a 1994 review of the research determined that
any negative effects of rewards took place only under very restricted and easily avoided conditions.
Intrinsic motivation is excellent if it exists, but it appears quite likely from this review that verbal rewards
may enhance intrinsic motivation and that physical rewards do not affect it. After all, if you enjoy a job that
you are doing as a volunteer, would you be likely to despise it suddenly if you were offered a paycheck for 13-How does the author use
the same work? text structure and features in
chunk 4 (paragraphs (19-20) to
20 Effective Use of Rewards make their argument? By
You may be thinking about students you know whose parents paid them for each A they received on a using hashtags to create a
report card and wondering whether that sort of reward is ever appropriate. After all, the grade itself is a more trendier mood even
form of extrinsic motivation, or at least it should be. It is certainly possible for rewards to go too far and for thought isnt
students or workers to become addicted to them and to function primarily in hopes of an expected reward.
But it is also possible to use rewards more effectively to attain the behavior you are striving for. Some
psychologists suggest using surprise rewards as a very successful means of bumping up motivation. For
instance, Mark Lepper and David Greene’s 1973 psychological study on preschoolers found that children
who received a surprise reward for drawing were more likely to draw on their own than those who
received no reward and those who received an expected reward. Judicious use of extrinsic motivation
can lead to happier, more productive children, students, and workers, and it doesn’t even need to cost a
lot.
 #incentivesmotivatepeople

Text Structure, Argument and Rhetorical Appeals

Let’s Practice

Directions: Using the information from Methods of Motivation Point and Counterpoint analyze the impact of the text structure and text feature
from a specific section of the text.
Paragraph(s) “Point: A Job Well Done Is Its Own Reward”

7-9 Text Structures heading Impact:

 bulleted list

“Counterpoint: Positive Reinforcement Is Powerful”

16-17 Text Structures illustration Impact:

graph/chart

Directions: Sort the statements into the correct section of the chart to show the development of opposing arguments presented in the text.

“Methods of Motivation”

Point Counterpoint

Claim

Reason

Evidence

Rhetorical Appeal

Copy and paste the sentence into the correct portion of the above chart

Rewards are more effective with Ethically appealing to the reader by Logically appealing to the reader by Everyone loves recognition and
leading towards productivity. including the findings of a well- presenting statistics on intrinsic reinforcement will increase positive
known psychologist to increase motivation for a subgroup of behaviors impacting motivation.
credibility. students.

Working towards what inspires or 64.7% of high school low-income Intrinsic motivation is the most B.F. Skinner is widely associated
 interests you increases your students from immigrant families effective way to be successful with with the theory of operant
achievement. were intrinsically motivated to achievements. conditioning, which connects
pursue health-related careers. learning to behavioral changes in
response to environmental stimuli.

Directions: Evaluate the development of the two opposing arguments.

Comparing Arguments

Topic of the article: does giving reward stimulate work

Point Counterpoint

Evaluate
Point Counterpoint
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