Kombolcha Institute of Technology

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Chapter Two :- Network Transform Representation

and analysis

Jemal H. ( Msc )
[email protected]

October, 2024

Network Analysis and Synthesis 1 Lecture # 2 1

 Contents

Network Functions
Driving Point Functions
Transfer functions
Poles and Zeros of Network Functions and Representations
Stability Criterion For An Active Network

Network Analysis and Synthesis 2 Lecture # 2

 Network function

• Network function is the ratio of the zero state response to the input, both the
response and the input are expressed in Laplace transform, that is
𝑹(𝑺)
𝑬(𝑺)

Where s the Laplace variable is the complex frequency variable .

• Two sets of network functions can be defined:
(1) Driving point functions (2) Transfer functions

1) Driving Point Functions

• If the excitation and response are measure at the same terminals, then the
network function is said to be driving point function.
• The driving point functions relate the voltage at a port to the current at the
same port.
Network Analysis and Synthesis 3 Lecture # 2
 Cont…

• There are two driving point functions: impedance and admittance.

• When the excitation is a current source and the response is a voltage, then
the system function is an impedance.
• When the excitation is a voltage source and the response is a current, H(s) is
an admittance.
Z11(s) = Driving point impedance

Y11(s) = Driving point admittance

• The output port driving point functions are also defined as follow
Driving point impedance
Z22(s) =

Y22(s) = Driving point admittance

Network Analysis and Synthesis 4 Lecture # 2

 Cont….

• Because of the similarity of impedance and admittance, these two quantities

are assigned one name “Immittance” (a combination of impedance and
admittance).

• The impedance function Z(s) and admittance Y(s) function are easily
determined for series and parallel circuit respectively as,
For series circuit; Z(s) = Z1(s) + Z2 (s)+ Z3 (s)
For parallel circuit; Y(s)= Y1(s)+ Y2(s) + Y3(s)

Network Analysis and Synthesis 5 Lecture # 2

 Cont….

• The following table shows Immittance functions for simple networks

Network Analysis and Synthesis 6 Lecture # 2

 Transfer functions

• If the excitation and response are measured at different sets of terminals,

then the corresponding network function is called a transfer function.
• The transfer functions of the two-port network relate the voltage (or
current) at one port to the voltage (or current) at the other port and used to
describe networks which have at least two ports.
• The possible forms of transfer functions are:
• The voltage transfer function, It is defined as the ratio of the voltage
transform at one port to the voltage transform at another port
• It is denoted by G (s).
Voltage transfer Inverse voltage
function transfer function

Network Analysis and Synthesis 7 Lecture # 2

 Cont…

• Current transfer function

• It is defined as the ratio of the current transform at one port to the current
transform at another port. It is denoted by (s).
current transfer function inverse current transfer function

• Transfer Impedance Function: It is defined as the ratio of the voltage

transform at one port to the current transform at another port. It is denoted
by Z (s).
• Transfer Admittance Function: It is defined as the ratio of the current
transform at one port to the voltage transform at another port.
• It denoted by Y (s).

Network Analysis and Synthesis 8 Lecture # 2

 Example 1

• Determine the driving-point impedance function of a one-port network

shown in Fig below
The transformed network is given as below

• From the circuit, Resistor and Inductor are in series and they are in parallel
with the capacitor

Network Analysis and Synthesis 9 Lecture # 2

 Example 2

• Find the driving point impedance Z(s) of the network shown in Figure
First let us convert the given circuit parameters into s-domain

• From the diagram, the driving point impedance Z(s) can be obtained as

Network Analysis and Synthesis 10 Lecture # 2

 Example 3

• Find the driving point admittance Y(s) of the network shown in Figure

Network Analysis and Synthesis 11 Lecture # 2

 Poles and Zeros of Network Functions

• From the denominator of the transfer function, we get the poles, and from
the numerator of the transfer function, we get the zeros.
• These poles and zeros are then plotted in the s-plane.
• The positions of the poles and zeros provide us information about the
stability condition of the network
Poles of a Network Function
• Poles are those complex frequencies, that is, values of ‘s’ for which the
network function becomes infinite.

• Consider a network function

• Now, for s = 0, -2 and -3, the function will become infinite. Therefore, s = 0,
-2 and -3 are the poles of the network function.
• In simple way, we can say that poles of the transfer function can be determined
by equating its denominator to zero
Network Analysis and Synthesis 12 Lecture # 2
 Zeros of Network Functions

• Zeros are those complex frequencies, that is, values of ‘s’ for which the
network function becomes zero.
• Consider a same network function

• Now, for s = -1, the function will become zero. Therefore, s = -1 is the
zero of the network function.
• In simple way, we can say that zeros of the network function can be
determined by equating its numerator to zero.

Network Analysis and Synthesis 13 Lecture # 2

 Pole – Zero Diagram

• The poles and zeros of a network function can be plotted in s-plane.

• let us plot the poles and zeros of the network function represented as

• For determining the poles, substitute denominator of the function to zero.

That is, (s+ 1) (s + 5) = 0.Therefore, poles are at s = -1 and -5.
• For determining the zeros, equate the numerator to zero. So, s (s +3) (s + 7)
= 0. Therefore, zeros are at s = 0, -3 and -7

• A pole is represented by a cross, whereas a zero is

represented by a dot
• As , the X-axis of s-
plane is real axis or -axis and Y- of
s-plane is imaginary axis or jw-axis

Network Analysis and Synthesis 14 Lecture # 2

 Example

• Draw the pole–zero diagram of the impedance transformed function

𝟐 𝟐

𝟐 𝟐

• For poles, substitute denominator = 0 That is

Therefore, the poles are at

s-plane

For zeros, substitute numerator = 0

Network Analysis and Synthesis 15 Lecture # 2

 Stability Criterion For An Active Network

• A network is said to be stable only when all the poles lie on the left half of the
s-plane.
• The location of the poles provides an idea about the stability of the network
• Stability of the network is directly related to the location of poles in the s-
plane.
(i) When all the poles lie in the left half of the s-plane, the network is stable.
(ii) When the poles lie in the right half of the s-plane, the network unstable.
(iii) When the poles lie on the jw axis, the network is marginally stable.
(iv) When there are multiple poles on the jw axis, the network is unstable.
(v) When the poles move away from jw axis towards the left half of the s-
plane, the relative stability of the network improves.

Network Analysis and Synthesis 16 Lecture # 2

Network Analysis and Synthesis 17 Lecture # 2