Secondary Memory

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Today’s Topics
● Structure of a hard disk, how data is stored

● Difference between HDD and SSD

● Optical disks and their differences

● Storage Device Features

● Mass Storage Devices
● RAID

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 This is a picture of an IBM hard drive
being loaded onto an airplane in 1956.
1 TB = 1,000,000 MB (in decimal)
1 TB = 1,048,576 MB (in binary) It's a 5 MB drive, and it weighed more
than 1,000 Kilograms

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Memory

Memory is an internal storage area in a computer, which is available to

store data and programs either permanently or temporarily.
Computer memory is broadly divided into two groups and they are:

1. Primary memory
2. Secondary memory

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Secondary memory
The location where we store our personal data in computer system is known as
Secondary Memory. Data storage has expanded from text and numeric files to
include digital music files, photographic files, video files, and much more.

These new types of files require secondary storage devices with much greater
capacity.

It is non volatile in nature so that we can not lose the data when power supply is
off.

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Secondary memory
There are two methods for accessing the data from
secondary memory

1. Sequential – This is the method in which we search the

data sequentially or line by line until you find the desired
data. E.g.. Magnetic tape, etc.

2. Direct – This is the method in which computer can go

directly to the information that the user wants.
e.g. magnetic disk, optical disk, etc
Storage Device Features

Mutability

Read/write storage or mutable storage - Allows information to be overwritten at

any time. A computer without some amount of read/write storage purposes would
be useless for many tasks.
Storage Device Features

Addressability

Location-addressable: Each individually accessible unit of information in storage is

selected with its numerical memory address.

File addressable: information is divided into files of variable length, and a particular file is
selected with a human-readable directory and file name.
Storage Device Features

Capacity

Raw capacity: the total amount of stored information that a storage device or
medium can hold It is expressed as a quantity of bits or bytes.

Memory storage density: the compactness of stored information It is the storage

capacity of a medium, divided into units of length, area, or volume.
Storage Device Features

Performance

The time it takes to access a particular location in storage. The relevant unit of
measurement is typically a nanosecond (10⁻⁹) for primary storage, a millisecond for
secondary storage, and near to a second for tertiary storage.

Throughput

The rate at which information can be read from or written to the storage in computer
data storage is usually expressed in terms of megabytes per second (MB/s), though
bitrate may also be used.
Classification
Hard Disk

The hard disk drive provide permanent storage in the computer where
all programs and data are stored for long time period. It the fixed
memory system where software are installed to provide basic
application facility to computer .

The Hard disk provides relatively quick access to large amount of data
stored on electromagnetically charged surface or set of surfaces.

A hard disk is basically a set of disks, stacked together that has data
recorded electromagnetically in concentric circle known as tracts.
A single hard disk includes several platters that are covered with magnetic
recording medium. Each platter requires read/write head one for each side.
Hard Disk
During disk access, the plates in a hard disk drive spin with the help of a spindle
and motor. The rotation speed of the plates determines the rate of data access,
with 7200 rpm and 5400 rpm hard disks being popular in the market.

The read/write (R/W) head does not touch the disk platters; instead, it barely
skims them, supported by a cushion of moving air generated by the spinning
platters.

Video in drive
 Advantages Disadvantage

1. Magnetic disks enable random 1. They must be stored in dust free

access of data which is useful for all environment.
type of real world application. 2. They are larger in size and heavier
2. It can be used as shared device in in weight in comparison of other
multiuser environment. storage device.
4. It can store large amount of data .
5. Cost of data storage is very low.
6. Data transfer rate of magnetic
hard disk is very high in comparison
of other magnetic media
Solid State Storage Devices (SSD)
SSD can be defined as the device that contains all the property of hard disk
device to store the data and use solid –state memory which has no moving part. It do not
use magnetic and optical medium to store data . these memory are semiconductor
memory .

Structure : The structure of SSD define as non volatility , low consumption and
high reliability of NAND flash memory.

It is generally designed to store data and program in portable computer like

Laptop , notebook, Smart devices that consume low power and access data
with very high speed.
Advantages of SSD (Solid State Drive):

Enhanced Performance: SSDs offer superior performance in tasks such as

processing, searching, and accessing data compared to traditional HDDs.

Energy Efficiency and Reduced Heat: They consume less power and generate less
heat, making them more energy-efficient and suitable for devices where heat
management is critical.

High Reliability: SSDs are known for their reliability, with fewer chances of mechanical
failure compared to HDDs, resulting in more stable operation.

Compact Size: SSDs come in smaller dimensions, making them suitable for devices
where space is limited, such as laptops and ultrabooks.

Small Form Factor: They are available in various form factors, allowing for greater
flexibility in designing compact devices.
Disadvantages :

1. It is costly memory
2. It has low capacity (for the price of HDD)
3. Low storage density (for the price of HDD)
4. Affect by power loss, data can be damaged due to power failure .
Seek time is the time required to move the disk arm to the required track.
Latency is the time it takes for the beginning of the required sector to reach the head.
Sum of seek time (if any) and latency is the access time.
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Optical Disk

This is a secondary storage medium in which you can store much more
data. It is a flat, circular, plastic disk coated with material. Optical disks
are very popular because of their small size and huge storage capacity.
An optical disk reader is needed so that data can be read from or
written to it.

There are three types of optical disk

1. CD
2. DVD
3. BD
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Compact Disc
It consists of a circular disk that is coated with a thin metal layer or some other
material that is highly reflective.

Laser beam technology is used for recording recording/reading data from the
disk.

Also known as laserdisc or optical laser disk, due to the use of laser beam
technology.

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 Disc - Access Mechanism

Video in Drive

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Mass Storage Devices

Large amounts of secondary storage called mass storage

An enterprise storage system strategy ensures efficient and safe use of
data across an organizational network Devices include:

● Networked attached storage (NAS)

● RAID systems

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RAID

- RAID is an acronym for Redundant Array of Independent (or

Inexpensive) Disks.
- It is a category of disk drives that utilize two or more drives in
combination for fault tolerance and improved performance.
- RAID disk drives are commonly employed in servers but are generally
not necessary for personal computers.
- RAID enables the redundant storage of data (in multiple locations) in a
balanced manner to enhance overall storage performance.

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RAID

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Reading

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Blu-ray Disc - Self Study

Is BD Better ? Why ?
Capacity ?
Wavelength ?
Read/Write Speed?
Any Disadvantages ?

Different Types of Blu-ray Discs ?

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