ROYAL PUBLIC SCH001

KESURA, KORADAKANTA, BHUBANESWAR

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RINGEREREAITIKG
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TOPIC

BIOLOGY PROJECT
DNAFINGER PRINTING

Submitted to : Submitted by :
Mrs. Sandhya Mohanty ARYAN RAJ PAUL

Class - XII
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify
certify that
that Aryan Raj Paul bearing Roll
No... of Class - XII, of Royal Public
School has successfully completed a project on DNA FINGER
PRINTING. Work under the guidance of subject Teacher
Mrs. Sandhya Mohanty during the year 2024-25 in partial
fulfillment of Biology practical examination conducted by CBSE.

Teacher n-Charge External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and find outcome of this project required a lot of

guidance and assistance from many people and I am extremely
fortunate to have got this all along the completion of my project
work. Whatever I have done is only due to such guidance and
assistance and Iwould not forget tothank them.

Irespect and thank Ms. Sandhya Mohanty for giving me an

opportunity to do this project work and providing us all support
and guidance which made me complete the project on time.
Last but not the lease Iwould like to thank all my friends
who support me all the way and my parents who helped me
financially and encouraged me throughout in the completion of
project.

Aryan Raj Paul

 INDIEX
S.NO TOPIC

1 INTODUCTION TO DNA
FINGERPRINTING

2 POLYMORPHISM
3 TECHNIQUE OF DNA
FINGERPRINTING

4 PROCESS OF DNA
FINGERPRINTING

5 SCHEMATIC
REPRESENTATIONOF
DNAFINGERPRINTING

6 APPLICATION OF DNA
FINGERPRINTING

7 ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGE OF DNA
FINGERPRINTING

8 ECONOMICVALUE
9 FAMOUS CASES OF DNA
FINGERPRINTING

10 USES
INTRODUCTION
TODNA

FINGERPRINTING
DNA fngerprinting is a laboratory technique used to establish a link
between biological evidence and a suspect in a criminal
Investlgation.

ADNAsample taken from acrime scene is compared with a DNA

sanmple from a suspect.

DNA lnerprinting was invented in 1984 by Professor Sir Alec

letveys

DNA ingerprlntlng involves the identification of differences in

repetitive DNA, Repetitive DNA is a specific region in DNA in whicha
smallstretch of DNA Is repeated many times.

Through density Rradient centrifugation, these repetitive DNA are

separated from the bulk genomic centrifugation and the other small
peaks are known as satellite DNA.

These sequence do not code for any proteins normally but they
constitute a large portion of human genome. The satellite DNA is
classified into many categories such as a microsatellites, mini
satellites etc, on the basis of length of segment, number of
respective units, the base composition (A:T rich or G:C rich), etc

The satellite DNA sequences also shows high degree of

polymorphism and forms, the basis of DNA fingerprinting.
POLYMORPHISM

It is the variation in individuals at genetic level.

Polymorphism arises due to mutations. It plays an
important role in evolution and speciation. In a
population, if an inheritable mutation is observed
at high frequency, it is referred to as DNA
polymorphism. There are different types of
polymorphism, from single nucleotide change to
large scale changes.
Inan individual, DNA from every tissue(e.g. blood,
hair folicle, skin, bone, saliva etc) shoes same
degree of polymorphism Thus, they become very
essential identification tool in forensic

applications. As polymorphism are inherited from

parents to children. So, it is useful in paternity
testing.
TECHNIQUE OF DNA
FINGERPRINTING

Alec Jetfreys initially developed DNA

fingerprinting, also known as DNA typing or DNA
profillng, tofind outmarkers
for inherlted diseases.
Heused a satellite DNA as
a probe that shows very
high degree of polymorphism
andcalled it Varlable Number
of Tandem Repeats (VNTRS).
Thetechnique involvedSouthern blot
hybridisation using radiolabelled VNTR as a probe.
PROCESS OF DNA FINGERPRINTING
Southern Blotting to Visualize DNA
Reswon dgested
Radiosctive Probe I Expose

Wash

Eertrouhrsis
Probe hybridized
to restriction
fragment
Develop
X-ray film

tlouthen Iranater

Paper towels
Nitrocellulose membrane Determine size of
Gel restriction fragment
that hybridizes to probe
Sponge
Tray with buffer
1. Blood sample
DNA 0s extracted from blood cells

DNA Is cut into fragments by arestriction enzyme

The DNA fragments are separated into bands
during electrophoresis in an agarose gel.

The DNAbands pattern in the gel is transferred to

a nylon membrane by a technique known as
southern blotting.
6. Theradioactive DNA probe is prepared.
The DNA probe binds to specific DNA sequences
on the membrane.

Excess DNAprobe is washed off.

9. At this stage the radioactive probe is bound to the

DAN Pattern on the membrane.

10. X-ray film is placed next to the membrane to

detect the radioactive pattern.
 NA PROM NOVUA A

tes

Schematic representation of DNA fingerprinting

Few representative chromosomes has been shown to

contain different copy number of VNTR. For the sake of

understanding different colour schemes have been used to
trace the origin each band in the gel. The two alleles
(paternal and maternal) of a chromosome also contain
different copy of VNTR. It is clear that the banding pattern
of DNA from crime scene matches with individual B not with
A.
 APPLICATIONOF DNA
FINGERPRINTING

"Used as tool In forensic investigation.

" Tosettle patemity disputes.
" To study evolution by determining the
genetic diversities among populations.
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGED

Advantages
1 It is an easy and painless method for the subject
belng tested, It is less invasive then taking a blood
sample.
2. It is an affordable and reliable technique

3. It can be conducted in a relativelyshort amount of

time

4. Anyone at any age can be tested with this method

without any major concerns

5. There is a large variety of uses such as in legal

claims missing persons cases identification for the
military and paternity and prenatal testing.
Disadvantages
i, The sample of DNA can easily be ruined during the
process of DNA fingerprinting, causing the sample
to become completely useless for testing.
2 The process itself is complex and tedious and can
give results that may be hard to interpret.
3. The test needs to be run on multiple samples a
numerous amount of times for ideal accuracy.
Commonly, labs run each test twice with four
samples.

4. Privacy issues could occur if the information isn't

kept secure at the lab. Personal information legally
can only be released with a written order. This
personal information if leaked, could potentially
complicate insurance processes, health care and
job prospects for an individual.
 ECONOMICVALUE
Develop cures DNA Fingerprinting can be used to
develop ures, by studylng the DNA fingerprints of
relatives who have the same disorder, or comparing
rOups of people, DNA patterns of the disease an be
detected This is the first step to developing cures for
harmfuldiseases.
Evidence in crime - DNA Fingerprinting is used by the
FBI and the police to solve crimes at the molecular
level. Since 1987, more than 150 cases have been
solved with the help of DNA fingerprinting.
Diagnose inherited diseases - DNA Fingerprinting can
be used to detect early diseases in order to prepare
treatment against the disease.
Personal identification Every cell in one human
-

contains the exact same DNA fingerprint, now that

technology has become advanced people have started
to collect samples to identify missing people or
casualties.
DNA Fingerprinting has many practical uses and is
extremely beneficial to our society. It can be used for
learning and preventing diseases, it plays a big role in
Genetics, it helps for knowing a person's identity, and it
can be used as evidence in criminal cases.
USES
Since it was invented in 1984, DNA fingerprinting most
often has been used in court cases and legal matters. It
can :

" Physically connect a piece of evidence to a person

or rule out someone as asuspect.
" Show who your parents, siblings, and other
relatives may be.
"Identify adead body that's too old or damaged to
be recognizable.
DNA fingerprinting Is extremely accurate. Most
cOuntries now keep DNA records on file in much the
sameway pollce keepcopies of actual fingerprintings.
Italso has medical uses. It ca
" Match tissues of organ donors with those of
people who need transplants.
"ldentify diseases that are passed down through
your family.
Help find cures for those diseases, called hereitary
conditions.
FAMOUSCASES OF DNA
FINGERPRINTING
" Colin Pitchfork was the first criminal based on DNA
fingerprinting evidence. He was arrested in 1986
for the rape and murder of the two girls and was
sentenced in 1988.
Simpson was cleared of a double murdercharge in
1994 which relied heavily on DNA evidence. This
cases highlighted lab difficulties.
CONCLUSION
It was an amazing experience doing this project. I
gained a lot of information about DNAFingerprinting. It
helped me to clear many of my doubts. It is a really
interesting topic in today's world DNA fingerprinting is
playing a very important role.
as
Use of DNA fingerprinting has now days increased
DNA analysis is a key to linking suspects to biological
evidence and to identifying individuals in crimes and
disasters. Another important use is the establishment
of paternity in custody and child support litigation.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
" www.google.com
www.documents.mx
" www.wikipedia.org