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A HANDBOOK FOR
Developing & Using Proficiency
Scales
IN THE CLASSROOM
Jan K. Hoegh
WITH
Tammy Heflebower
Philip B. Warrick
FOREWORD BY
ROBERT J. MARZANO
Copyright © 2020 by Marzano Resources
Materials appearing here are copyrighted. With one exception, all rights are
reserved. Readers may reproduce only those pages marked “Reproducible.”
Otherwise, no part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or
by any means (electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without prior
written permission of the publisher and the authors.
email: [email protected]
MarzanoResources.com
ISBN: 978-1-943360-27-7
Production Team
President and Publisher: Douglas M. Rife
Associate Publisher: Sarah Payne-Mills
Art Director: Rian Anderson
Managing Production Editor: Kendra Slayton
Production Editor: Laurel Hecker
Content Development Specialist: Amy Rubenstein
Proofreader: Elisabeth Abrams
Text and Cover Designer: Abigail Bowen
Editorial Assistant: Sarah Ludwig
Acknowledgments
Bonnie Nieves
Science Teacher
Millbury Memorial Junior/Senior High School
Millbury, Massachusetts
Alex Olson
Principal
Fairview Park Elementary
Spencer, Iowa
Geri Parscale
Solution Tree Associate
Lawrence, Kansas
Heidi Paterson
Science Teacher
Preeceville School
Preeceville, Saskatchewan, Canada
Christina Podraza
Assistant Principal
Hawthorne Elementary School
Elmhurst, Illinois
Tara Reed
Fourth-Grade Teacher
Hawk Elementary School
Corinth, Texas
Visit MarzanoResources.com/reproducibles to download the
reproducibles in this book.
Table of Contents
Reproducible pages are in italics.
Introduction
About This Book
CHAPTER 1
The What and Why of Proficiency Scales
What Is a Proficiency Scale?
Levels of the Scale
Formats for Scales
Why Are Proficiency Scales Important?
As a Basis for Instruction
As a Framework for Assessment
As a Means for Offering Feedback
Summary
Chapter 1 Comprehension Questions
CHAPTER 2
Proficiency Scale Development
Methods for Creating Your Own Scales
Using a Standard as Score 3.0 Content
Using a Five-Step Process to Determine Score Levels
Identifying Individual Learning Targets Within a Standard
Writing a Scale Based on a Topic
Adaptations of Existing Scales
Guidance for Unique Situations
Standards That Are Too Broad
Scales for Young Learners
Summary
Chapter 2 Comprehension Questions
CHAPTER 3
Score 4.0: Complex Content
Increase Cognitive Difficulty
Require Application of Knowledge and Skill
Avoid Repurposing Content From Other Scales
Summary
Chapter 3 Comprehension Questions
CHAPTER 4
The Use of Proficiency Scales in the
Classroom
Teacher Use of Proficiency Scales
Curriculum
Instruction
Assessment
Feedback
Student Use of Proficiency Scales
Reflecting on Learning and Performance
Setting Goals
Explaining How Assignments Relate to Learning Goals
Parent Use of Proficiency Scales
Summary
Chapter 4 Comprehension Questions
CHAPTER 5
Scales and Related Tools
Rubrics
Two Types of Rubrics
Joint Use of Scales and Rubrics
Criteria Checklists
Pacing Guides
Summary
Chapter 5 Comprehension Questions
CHAPTER 6
The Use of Scales With Exceptional Learners
A Common Misunderstanding
Accommodations Versus Modifications
Accommodating Students’ Needs
Modifying the Proficiency Scale
Special Considerations for English Learners
Communication About Performance
Summary
Chapter 6 Comprehension Questions
CHAPTER 7
Scales for Behaviors That Promote Academic
Success
The Rationale for Nonacademic Scales
A Process for Developing Nonacademic Scales
Brainstorm Important Behaviors
Select Three to Five Essential Attributes
Write a Scale or Rubric for Each Nonacademic Factor
Use Scales to Give Feedback to Learners
Summary
Chapter 7 Comprehension Questions
Epilogue
APPENDIX A
Example Scales
APPENDIX B
Common Scale Templates With Examples
Proficiency Scale With Sample Activities
Proficiency Scale With Whole-Number Scores Only
Proficiency Scale With Accommodations and Modifications
Proficiency Scale for Multiple Topics
APPENDIX C
Scale Development Checklists
Scale Development Checklists
APPENDIX D
Score 4.0 Examples
APPENDIX E
Scales With Sample Assessments
Comparing Fractions
Scale
Assessment
Claims, Evidence, and Reasoning
Scale
Assessment
Telling Time
Scale
Assessment
The Hydrologic Cycle
Scale
Assessment
References
Index
About the Authors
Jan K. Hoegh has been an educator for over thirty years and an
author and associate for Marzano Resources since 2010. Prior to
joining the Marzano team, she was a classroom teacher, building
leader, professional development specialist, high school assistant
principal, curriculum coordinator, and assistant director of statewide
assessment for the Nebraska Department of Education, where her
primary focus was Nebraska State Accountability test development.
Ms. Hoegh has served on a variety of statewide and national
standards and assessment committees and has presented at
numerous conferences around the world.
As an associate with Marzano Resources, Jan works with
educators across the United States and beyond as they strive to
improve student achievement. Her passion for education, combined
with extensive knowledge of curriculum, instruction, and
assessment, provides credible support for teachers, leaders, schools,
and districts. A primary training focus for Ms. Hoegh is high-quality
classroom assessment and grading practices. She is coauthor of
Collaborative Teams That Transform Schools and A School Leader’s
Guide to Standards-Based Grading, as well as other publications.
Jan holds a bachelor of arts in elementary education and a
master of arts in educational administration, both from the University
of Nebraska at Kearney. She also earned a specialization in
assessment from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln.
MAAILMAN-MATTI. Kuulkaas!
JASKA. Eläköön!
EPRA. Eläköön!
HÖLMÖLÄISET. Laulavat.
Esirippu.
KOLMAS NÄYTÖS.
(Lyö rintoihinsa.) Vastaan ota yhden nuoren miehen laulu yölle! Oi,
Amalia, Amalia, tunnen tuskia kamalia, kamalia!
ANSU (Antaa tulitikkuja). Ii, ii, itikat syöpi, laskeppa Amali aittaan,
vettä sataa, turkkini kastuu!
AKIANTERI. Mutta eihän nyt sada, eikä nyt ole pimeä. Ei sekään
sovi.
AMALIA. Mjau!
AMALIA. Mjau!
AMALIA. Kurnau!
AKIANTERI. Syöpi! Ui! (Juoksee nurkan taakse ja töytää yhteen
Amalian kanssa. Oh, ah! Amalia!
AMALIA. Asiaan?
AMALIA. Saarnastuolista?
JASKA. Ei herää!
AKIANTERI. Voi, kauhistus, äsken sillä oli yksi pää, nyt sillä oli
kaksi päätä!