sustainability

Perspective
Sustainalism: An Integrated Socio-Economic-Environmental
Model to Address Sustainable Development and Sustainability
N. P. Hariram 1 , K. B. Mekha 2 , Vipinraj Suganthan 3 and K. Sudhakar 4,5,6, *

1 Renewable Energy and Environmental Engg Focus Group, Universiti Malaysia Pahang,
Paya Basar 26300, Malaysia
2 Integrated Centre for Green Development and Sustainability (ICFGS), Cuddalore 607001, India
3 Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, 33014 Tampere, Finland;
[email protected]
4 Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang,
Pekan 26600, Malaysia
5 Centre for Research in Advanced Fluid & Processes (Fluid Centre), Universiti Malaysia Pahang,
Paya Basar 26300, Malaysia
6 Energy Centre, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal 462003, India
* Correspondence: [email protected]

Abstract: This paper delves into the multifaceted concept of sustainability, covering its evolution,
laws, principles, as well as the different domains and challenges related to achieving it in the
modern world. Although capitalism, socialism, and communism have been utilized throughout
history, their strengths and drawbacks have failed to address sustainable development comprehen-
sively. Therefore, a holistic approach is necessary, which forms the basis for a new development
model called sustainalism. This study proposes a new socio-economic theory of sustainalism
that prioritizes quality of life, social equity, culture, world peace, social justice, and well-being.
This paper outlines the six principles of sustainalism and identifies sustainalists as individuals
who embrace these new concepts. This study also explores how to attain sustainalism in the
Citation: Hariram, N.P.; Mekha, K.B.; modern world through a sustainable revolution, representing a step toward a sustainable era. In
Suganthan, V.; Sudhakar, K. conclusion, this paper summarizes the key points and emphasizes the need for a new approach
Sustainalism: An Integrated to sustainalism in the broader sense. The insights provided are valuable for further research on
Socio-Economic-Environmental sustainalism and sustainability.
Model to Address Sustainable
Development and Sustainability. Keywords: sustainalist; sustainability; sustainable revolution; SDG; quality of life; sustainalism
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
su151310682

Academic Editors: Idiano D’Adamo 1. Introduction

and Massimo Gastaldi Evolution of Sustainable Development and Sustainability
Received: 5 May 2023 Sustainability has been widely accepted since the olden days, especially in rural
Revised: 30 June 2023 societies. The world’s ancient cultures combine worship and religious convictions with
Accepted: 3 July 2023 environmental preservation, which calls on people to take care of the planet and keep it in
Published: 6 July 2023 good condition; this may be considered a demonstration of sustainability in the ancient
ages. The “sustainability” term’s origins can be found in the realm of hunting, wherein
hunters and gatherers were eager to establish a stable means of subsistence. In old German,
“sustenance” refers to provisions kept in reserve for emergencies. The verb “to sustain” or
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. the phrase “sustainable” have both been “proven to be a derivation of the noun “sustenance”
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. (literally retain, what one retains). Nowadays, the word “sustainable” still has the meaning
This article is an open access article
of being “enduringly effective” in common usage [1].
distributed under the terms and
Silent Spring by Racheal Carson, The Ecologist’s A Blueprint for Survival, and
conditions of the Creative Commons
The Population Bomb by Ehrlich are some early works that significantly impacted the
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
world in the cradle stage of sustainable development during the 1960s. After that,
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
within a short time, the words “sustainable” and “sustainability” were introduced
4.0/).

Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310682 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 2 of 37

in the Oxford English Dictionary [2]. The word “sustainable” comes from the Latin
word “sustinere”. Thomas Malthu’s postulates on the drastic consumption of natural
resources and energy emerged, addressing the aftermaths of the population explosion.
In his essay, he stated the principle of population, showing that population growth is
not sustainable, which is not in proportion with the available resources and carrying
capacity of the Earth [3].
The future and existence of humanity were described as “sustainability” in the
British book Blueprint for Survival and a United Nations statement in 1978. Policy
journals began using the word “sustainability” along with technical articles and studies
around 1978. Most of these concentrated on the major sustainability domains and the
environment. Soon, the World Bank started working to integrate sustainability into its
organizational structure, operational procedures, and policy frameworks. Due to the
fact that the term “sustainability” has roots in so many fundamentally different ideas,
each with a compelling argument for its legitimacy, it seems futile to attempt to define it
in a single sense [4]. The concept of sustainable development has acquired acceptance
and significance theoretically. Its further development is frequently overlooked or
minimized. While some people may think evolution is irrelevant, it may still be used to
predict future trends and defects, which can be helpful now and in the future [5]. The
unchecked economic expansion may cause the planet’s carrying capacity to be exceeded
and civilization to crumble. The ideas of sustainability and sustainable development, as
a result, emerged [6].
The repercussions of anthropogenic activity and environmental devastation are
becoming increasingly well-known, thanks to the media and publications. Works
such as Limits of Growth or Small is Beautiful argued that economy-based develop-
ment is unsustainable in this finite world of limited resources, and this started to
question ongoing economic growth [7]. The early discourse was radical and de-
manded structural reform, arguing that capitalist economic development cannot be
integrated with social and ecological development, which contradicts the concept of a
sustainable world [8].
Reiterating the need for SD, the “World Commission on Environment and Develop-
ment”, headed by Gro Harlem Brundtland of Norway, produced the Brundtland Report
titled “Our Common Future” in 1987. The report defined sustainable development as
“the development that meets the demands of the current generation without compro-
mising the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs”, as was already
mentioned. The Rio Earth Summit, also known as the UNCED or Rio Earth Summit,
was inspired by the Brundtland Report in 1992 [9]. The main subject of discussion at the
UNCED was the report’s recommendations. The conference outcome document for the
UNCED included Agenda 21 as one of the critical sustainable development outcomes.
It urged that national policies be devised and implemented to address the economic,
social, and environmental components of sustainable development after stating that
sustainable development should become an essential item on the international com-
munity’s agenda [10]. The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), also
known as Rio+10, was convened in Johannesburg in 2002 to assess the status of putting
the Rio Earth Summit’s outcomes into practice. The World Summit on Sustainable De-
velopment (WSSD) introduced several multi-stakeholder partnerships for sustainable
development and the Johannesburg Plan, an implementation plan for the measures
outlined in Agenda 21 [11]. Figure 1 illustrates the sequence of activities associated with
sustainable development.
 Sustainability 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW

Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 3 of 37

Figure 1. Overview of the various activities related to the concept of sustainable development
Figure 1. Overview of the various activities related to the concept of sustainable developm
till SDGs [12]. SDGs [12].

Rio+20, also known as the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Develop-

ment (UNCSD), occurred in 2012, 20 years after the first Rio Earth Summit. The
conference’s two main sustainable development topics were the green economy and
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 4 of 37

an institutional framework. The conference conclusion document “The Future We

Want” placed a strong emphasis on sustainable development to the point that the
term “sustainable development” was used [13]. The Rio+20 outcomes included a
procedure for creating new SDGs, which would go into effect in 2015 and promote
targeted action regarding sustainable development in all areas of the global devel-
opment agenda. SD was thus one of the five main objectives of the United Na-
tions in 2012 (UN), highlighting the important part that sustainable development
(SD) should play in national and international development policies, programs, and
agendas [14]. Table 1 provides an overview of the different definitions of sustainability
and sustainable development.

Table 1. Different definitions of sustainability and sustainable development [15–18].

Source Definition of Sustainability

A process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the
direction of investments, the orientation of technological
The Brundtland Report
development, and institutional changes are made consistent with
future as well as present needs.
Sustainability means that all living things on Earth have obligations
Earth Centre
to each other, the larger biosphere, and the subsequent generations.
In sustainability, interrelated ecological, economic, and social
NCARB
systems succeed now without sacrificing their future prosperity.
Sustainability is meeting the demands of the present without
UN compromising the ability of future generations to satisfy their own
needs.
Sustainability is the conception and realization of ecologically,
Hannover principles economically, and ethically sensitive as well as responsible
expression as a part of the evolving matrix of nature.
Source Definition of Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is the development or growth which
WCED meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainable development is defined as a dynamic process
connecting local and global concerns, as well as linking local social,
Berke and Manta
economic, and ecological issues, to cater to the current and future
generations’ needs fairly.

2. Laws and Principles of Sustainability

The term “sustainability” is scrutinized by Albert Bartlett using different laws, hy-
potheses, observations, and predictions. They may not apply to small groups of people or
to tribes living in primitive conditions as they are all based on populations and rates of
resource and good consumption found in the world. The laws are more exacting than the
hypotheses [19]. Though they are limited in many perspectives, some postulates may be
proven correct by experience and given the status of laws. The observations may provide
insight into the issues and possible solutions. These postulates can be classified into four
categories: Population and consumption, Energy, Resource and Environment, and Human-
and Society-centric (Table 2).
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 5 of 37

Table 2. Albert’s laws on sustainability [20].

First Law: Population growth and increase in the rates of consumption of

resources cannot be sustained.
Second Law: The difficulty of transforming a society, with more growth
in population and higher consumption of resources, into being
sustainable is higher.
Third Law: Population Momentum: The response time of populations to
changes in the human fertility rate is the average length of a human life.
Fourth Law: The size of the population that can be sustained (the
carrying capacity) and the sustainable average standard of living of the
Population and
people are inversely related.
Consumption
Eighth Law: Sustainability requires that the size of the population be less
than or equal to the carrying capacity of the ecosystem for the desired
standard of living.
Ninth Law: The benefits of population growth and growth in the rates of
consumption of resources accrue to a few; all of society bears the costs of
population growth and growth in the consumption of resources.
Seventeenth Law: If, for whatever reason, humans fail to stop population
growth and growth in the rates of consumption of resources, nature will
eliminate these growths.
Tenth Law: Growth in the rate of consumption of a non-renewable
resource, such as a fossil fuel, causes a dramatic decrease in the life
expectancy of the resource.
Eleventh Law: The time of expiration of non-renewable resources can be
postponed, possibly for a very long time.
Twelfth Law: When considerable efforts are made to improve the
efficiency with which resources are used, the resulting savings are wholly
Energy, Resource,
and rapidly wiped out by the added resources consumed due to modest
and Environment
population increases.
Thirteenth Law: The benefits of large efforts to preserve the environment
are rapidly canceled by the added environmental demands resulting
from small increases in the human population.
Fourteenth Law: (Second Law of Thermodynamics) When rates of
pollution exceed the natural cleansing capacity of the environment, it is
easier to pollute than it is to clean up the environment.
Seventh Law: A society that has to import people to do daily work (“We
can’t find locals who will do the work”) is not sustainable.
Sixteenth Law: Humans will always be dependent on agriculture (This is
Human—an
the first of Malthus’ two postulates).
Society-centric
Eighteenth Law: In local situations within the State, creating jobs
increases the number of people locally who are out of work.
Nineteenth Law: Starving people do not care about sustainability.
Fifth Law: One cannot sustain a world in which some regions have high
standards of living while others have low standards of living.
Sixth Law: All countries cannot simultaneously be net importers of
carrying capacity.
Fifteenth Law: (Eric Sevareid’s Law): solutions are the chief cause of
Universal problems. (Sevareid 1970)
Twentieth Law: The addition of the word “sustainable” to our
vocabulary, to our reports, programs, and papers, to the names of our
academic institutes and research programs, and to our community
initiatives is not sufficient to ensure that our society becomes sustainable.
Twenty-first Law: Extinction is forever.

Principles of Sustainability
Sustainable development can only be realized if a few principles are followed. How-
ever, the economy, environment, and society are typically prioritized when discussing
the basics of sustainable development [21]. Population control, human resource manage-
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 6 of 37

ment, ecological and biodiversity preservation, production systems, the preservation of

progressive culture, and public participation are among the issues addressed [22].
One of the tenets of sustainable development is the preservation of the environ-
ment. Since all life would end without the environment and biodiversity, they must be
protected. The Earth’s finite resources cannot meet the population’s needs and means.
Natural resource extraction must not exceed the Earth’s capacity for sustainable de-
velopment because resource depletion hurts the ecosystem [23]. This suggests that
development activities need to consider the Earth’s capabilities. Due to this, having
renewable energy sources, such as solar, is essential, rather than relying too heavily
on hydroelectricity and things made from petroleum. To accomplish sustainable de-
velopment, population control is also crucial [24]. People can live by using the limited
resources of the Earth. The growing population raises human needs, such as those for
food, clothing, and housing, but there are limits to how much the world’s resources can
be expanded to provide. Therefore, population management and control are essential
for sustainable development [25]. Effective human resource management is another
integral component of sustainable development. The individuals are in charge of seeing
that the principles are upheld. The environment must be used wisely and protected by
humans. It is up to individuals to maintain peace on Mother Earth [13]. The argument
is built on the premise that sustainable development cannot be accomplished solely
through the efforts of one person or organization, which alludes to the system’s theory.
All individuals and relevant organizations must share this obligation. The concept of
participation, which calls for optimistic attitudes from the populace in order to make
real progress while accepting responsibility and accountability for stability, is the corner-
stone of sustainable development [24]. In order to achieve genuine, long-lasting change,
participation entails the combined effort of numerous people and organizations who are
all working toward a shared vision of sustainability. We are more likely to succeed if we
recognize the responsibility that is placed on each of us as well as the power that comes
from working together for a common goal [26].
Sustainable development requires promoting socially progressive traditions, behav-
iors, and political cultures. In order to maintain social cohesion and support environ-
mental appreciation and preservation for sustainable development, advanced traditional
and political culture must be developed, nurtured, and expanded [22]. The systematic
integration of ecological, social, and economic considerations into all areas of outcome
across generations can be summed up as the central tenet of sustainable development.
A socially progressive culture is crucial for sustainable development because it enables
people to understand their obligations to society and the environment. Therefore, in
order to achieve sustainable development, a progressive traditional and political culture
must be created. This can be achieved by implementing measures such as encouraging
grassroots organizations to increase public awareness and participation in sustainable
development initiatives [27].
A systematic consensual and heuristic approach was used to arrive at sustainability
principles based on studies of humans as a social species, the Laws of Thermodynamics, and
the science behind them [28]. The lack of a comprehensive definition of “sustainability” and
the recognition of the inherent issues involved in the current use of the term “sustainable
development” served as the inspiration for this [29]. These pillars support several logical
deductions about how social and ecological systems communicate. The guiding principles
gradually evolved and were consented to after discussions with experts from the larger
scientific community. A framework with logical guiding principles was used to apply the
system conditions (Figure 2). These concepts effectively outline how the system parameters
may be addressed using “back-casting”.
Sustainability 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 38

guiding principles gradually evolved and were consented to after discussions with ex-
perts from the larger scientific community. A framework with logical guiding principles
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 7 of 37
was used to apply the system conditions.(Figure 2). These concepts effectively outline how
the system parameters may be addressed using “back-casting”.

Figure
Figure 2.
2. Sustainability
Sustainability principles.
principles.

In essence, they restate the definition of sustainability in a format that is applicable

and relevant to all people, reclaiming it from the hazy “definition drift” observed for the
term “sustainable development”.
development”. AsAs aa result,
result, they
they act
act as unyielding “custodians”
“custodians” of the
sustainability idea [30].

3. Three
3. Three Pillars
Pillars and
and Domains
Domains of of Sustainability
Sustainability
A sustainable
A sustainable structure
structure isis said
said to
to be
be built
built on
on three
three pillars.
pillars. Three
Three intersecting
intersecting circles
circles
are a common visual depiction of sustainability and its dimensions [31].
are a common visual depiction of sustainability and its dimensions [31]. Many research Many research
findings also
findings also use
use aa nested
nested approach
approach withwith aa particular
particular dimension
dimension at at the
the center.
center. Present-day
Present-day
sustainable development is frequently represented by literal “pillars” supporting it.
sustainable development is frequently represented by literal “pillars” supporting The
it. The
hierarchy of the dimensions is highlighted in the schematic with the nested
hierarchy of the dimensions is highlighted in the schematic with the nested ellipses, with ellipses, with
“environment”
“environment” serving
serving asas the
the basis
basis for the other
for the other two.
two. Three
Three interconnected
interconnected “pillars”,
“pillars”, “di-
“di-
mensions”, “components”, “stool legs”, “aspects”, “perspectives”, etc., are
mensions”, “components”, “stool legs”, “aspects”, “perspectives”, etc., are frequently frequently used
to describe
used sustainability
to describe and include
sustainability economic,
and include social,social,
economic, and environmental
and environmental(or ecological)
(or eco-
factors or “goals” [32]. It must be acknowledged that these conflicting terms are typically
logical) factors or “goals” [32]. It must be acknowledged that these conflicting terms are
used synonymously, and our preference for “pillars” is largely arbitrary. The three inter-
typically used synonymously, and our preference for “pillars” is largely arbitrary. The
secting circles of society, environment, and economy are frequently, though not always,
three intersecting circles of society, environment, and economy are frequently, though not
used to represent this multi-stakeholder description, with sustainability situated at the
always, used to represent this multi-stakeholder description, with sustainability situated
crossroads. While frequently referred to as a “Venn diagram,” this diagram frequently
at the crossroads. While frequently referred to as a “Venn diagram,” this diagram fre-
lacks the particularly emphasized attributes associated with such a construction. It de-
quently lacks the particularly emphasized attributes associated with such a construction.
scribes “sustainability” in academic literature, policy documentation, business literature,
It describes “sustainability” in academic literature, policy documentation, business litera-
and online [33].
ture, and online [33].
Alternative ways of expressing the three concepts include using nested concentric
Alternative ways of expressing the three concepts include using nested concentric
circles or actual “pillars” to represent them visually and using them independently of
circles or actual “pillars” to represent them visually and using them independently of
visual aids to represent distinct categories of sustainability objectives or metrics [34]. While
captivating due to their simplicity, the meaning these diagrams and the larger “pillar”
concept themselves convey is frequently ambiguous, restricting their ability to be coherently
operationalized. However, the conceptual underpinnings of this description and the time
when it entered popular culture are unclear, and its precise meaning is up for debate. The
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 8 of 37

three-pillar conception has undoubtedly attained widespread acceptance, but this should
not obscure its flaws [7].
Critics argue that the sustainable development framework is not ambitious enough to
address the scale and urgency of today’s environmental and social challenges. Some also ar-
gue that focusing on economic growth and development can perpetuate the unsustainable
use of natural resources and the unequal distribution of wealth and power. Some alterna-
tives to traditional sustainable development have been proposed, including “Degrowth”
and “Post-Development” [35,36]. Degrowth advocates for a reduction in consumption
and production, particularly in wealthy countries, to reduce pressure on the environment
and address social inequalities. Post-Development argues that the focus on economic
growth has created a distorted view of development that prioritizes Western values and
disregards the knowledge and values of marginalized communities [35,36]. Ultimately, the
debate around sustainable development and its alternatives highlights the need for a more
nuanced and inclusive approach to development that prioritizes both human well-being
and environmental sustainability. In order to better navigate the turbulent and uncertain
conditions that make up the post-Brundtland world, academics, development practition-
ers, environmental managers, sustainability advocates, and government planners must
work together [37].
Since the Brundtland Report was released, mainstream sustainable development
has advanced rapidly. The notion of sustainable development is firmly rooted in many
government offices, corporate boardrooms, and the hallways of international NGOs and
financial institutions, despite the risk of cooptation and abuse, frequently resulting in a
scaling-back of its more progressive prescriptions for achieving sustainability [38]. At
the very least, its willingness to offer some commonality for deliberations among various
development and environmental sectors, which are frequently at odds, can be used to
explain why sustainable development has endured. Strongest proponents of the idea, such
as those in international environmental NGOs and intergovernmental organizations, are
thus at ease advancing a concept that most effectively converts former opponents into
social constructivism, contending that understanding the world invariably entails a series
of mediations between human social relations and individual identities. Critics also tend
to conduct qualitative research based on a case study methodology and emphasize the
historical contingency of development processes. Perhaps most significantly, proponents of
traditional sustainable development still view the policy-making process as a legitimate
means of reform [39].

3.1. Domains of Sustainability

The framework assumes that three domains—the economy, the environment, and
the social domain—should be considered when discussing sustainability [34]. These
domains are claimed to connect as three separate spheres of life. Sustainability is founda-
tional to public administration, policymaking, and political governance; variations of this
three-domain framework can be found throughout all policy documents [40]. Despite this
prevalence, the framework is infrequently subjected to sustained or in-depth stakeholder
discussion. The economy (or profit), the environment (or ecology, the planet), and the
social sector (or society, prosperity) are typically left as the framework for defining and
operationalizing sustainability, with the economy typically leading the pack as the first
between many “equals”. This approach to sustainability is often seen as one that places
too much emphasis on economic prosperity while not giving enough attention to social
and environmental aspects. The idea of sustainability has become ubiquitous in the public
sector, but its implementation and application often fail to capture the complex realities
of social and environmental interdependencies [41]. In other words, economic factors
have taken over almost all decision-making processes. They are viewed as fundamental
to the human condition, defining and serving as a standard by which everything else
is measured [42].
Sustainability 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 38

social and environmental interdependencies [41]. In other words, economic factors have
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 taken over almost all decision-making processes. They are viewed as fundamental to 9 ofthe
37
human condition, defining and serving as a standard by which everything else is meas-
ured [42].
The three domains are considered separate actual activity spheres. Despite the justi-
The three domains are considered separate actual activity spheres. Despite the justi-
fications for why the three domains must be combined in an integrated assessment, they
fications for why the three domains must be combined in an integrated assessment, they
are still hypothesized as different spheres, pillars, or circles (Figure 3). This does not mean
are still hypothesized as different spheres, pillars, or circles (Figure 3). This does not mean
that various sustainability domains should not have their own integrity and measurement
that various sustainability domains should not have their own integrity and measurement
methods. However, in order to have it both ways, it is necessary to name different sus-
methods. However, in order to have it both ways, it is necessary to name different sus-
tainability domains analytically and acknowledge that, in reality, they are dimensions of
tainability domains analytically and acknowledge that, in reality, they are dimensions of
a whole rather than separate spheres that ought to be reconnected [43]. To do this, an
a whole rather than separate spheres that ought to be reconnected [43]. To do this, an
integratedapproach
integrated approachtotosustainability
sustainability needs
needs to adopted
to be be adopted in which
in which thesethese different
different do-
domains
mains
are are conceptualized
conceptualized as partsasofparts of a system,
a system, not stand-alone
not stand-alone spheresspheres
[44]. [44].

Figure3.
Figure 3. Three
Three pillars
pillars and
andprinciples
principlesof
ofsustainability.
sustainability.

One
One of
of the
the earliest
earliest critical
critical public
public documents
documents to to use
use the
the three-domain
three-domainmodel was Our
modelwas Our
Common
CommonFuture,
Future,though
thoughthisthis use
use is
is still
still largely
largely implicit
implicit today.
today.Ecology
Ecology and
and economy
economy were were
once
oncedistinct,
distinct,conceptually
conceptuallyand andpractically,
practically, butbut
processes
processesof globalization and growth
of globalization and growthhave
merged them. This merging of the two fields has created unique challenges
have merged them. This merging of the two fields has created unique challenges in bal- in balancing
human
ancing needs
humanand needsenvironmental protection
and environmental [45].
protection [45].
The demand for global interrelationships between the three domains has undoubtedly
increased as expansion
The demand or development
for global processes
interrelationships have ramped
between the threeup.domains
Ecologies,
haseconomies,
undoubt-
and
edlysocial relations
increased have historically
as expansion been intertwined
or development processes havein practice.
ramped Table 3 presents
up. Ecologies, an
econ-
overview
omies, andofsocial
the criteria considered
relations across different
have historically sustainability
been intertwined domains.
in practice. The
Table idea of
3 presents
sustainability
an overview of asthe
it relates toconsidered
criteria ecology, economics, politics,sustainability
across different and culture—or even as
domains. it isidea
The used
of
in one of those fields alone—is remarkably new [46].
sustainability as it relates to ecology, economics, politics, and culture—or even as it is used
in one of those fields alone—is remarkably new [46].
Table 3. Domain-oriented principles and criteria.
Table 3. Domain-oriented
Environmental Domain principles Social
and criteria.
Domain Economical Domain
Environmental
Protect the healthDomain
of the Social Domain Economical Domain
Social justice and equity Adequate funds for social growth
ecosystem
Protect the health of the eco- Adequate funds for social
Social justice and equity
system
Avoid excess pollution Social infrastructure growth
Create employment and fair trade
Shift to renewable resources Engaged governance Create
Rise theemployment
income of the and fair
people
Avoid excess pollution Social infrastructure
Intergenerational decisions Social capital trade
High standard of living
Shift to renewable resources Engaged governance Rise the income of the people
Target welfare, not GDP Community and culture Free and sharing market
Restoration and conservation N/A Cost saving and green finance
N/A N/A Financial stability and security
N/A N/A Green and circular economy
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 10 of 37

The forty-year-old idea of sustainability is undergoing a paradigm shift in favor of

The Dominant Domain Structure of Sustainability in the 21st century. We observe the same
three-domain structure of sustainability in the various policy discourses linked to significant
international organizations, with “the social” as a convenient term to group together those
aspects of life that do not fall under the purview of the economy or the environment [47].
Since Our Common Future, three significant global initiatives have been launched. Each of
these has impacted policy, administration, and sustainability governance, often directly
influencing national and local engagement. The three major initiatives, the International
Panel on Sustainable Development (IPCC), the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), are each
instrumental in advancing global sustainability goals [48].

3.1.1. Political Domain

In order to envision and create a shared future, a deliberative political process is
fundamentally required. In sustainability politics, resources are mobilized with an eye
toward respect and harmony along multiple axes and over an extended period. Sustain-
ability politics requires a unique approach to democratic deliberation that does not simply
focus on immediate policy solutions but instead takes a broader and longer-term view of
the impact of policies on society and the environment [44]. This approach enables us to
identify and engage stakeholders, communities, and policy-makers in a shared vision of a
sustainable future, allowing us to include all perspectives in the debate and reach equitable
and effective decisions [44].
The topic of system regulation and governance identifies a fourth fundamental cat-
egory of organization; the political sphere, which regulates the relations between (and
within) the environmental sphere and the economic and social spheres. Establishing con-
ventions, laws, and institutional frameworks for controlling society’s social, economic, and,
indirectly, environmental spheres creates the political sphere [49]. The political sphere
serves as the “referee” who settles disputes involving the various, frequently incompatible
claims made by participants in the social and economic spheres, both for themselves and
concerning other spheres, such as the environment. This occurs through the political sphere
as an intermediary, highlighting that, rather than direct environmental “governance”, there
is frequently an indirect connection between the political and environmental spheres [50].
The transition from politics to the environment may involve the “supply” of public pol-
icy meant to impact how environmental systems operate. Environmental–social then
social–political integrations or environmental–economic then economic–political integra-
tions are two ways to communicate societal demands “on behalf of the environment” [51].
Establishing conventions and procedures for regulating each sphere in relation to the oth-
ers, to ensure the concurrent respect for quality/performance goals of all three spheres,
constitutes the political or governance dimension of the organization [10]. This is the
area of arbitrage between various principles and asserts of concern, obtained de facto
or on purpose through coercion and institutional arrangements ranging from town and
county councils to national government institutions to United Nations and other active
international organizations. This type of regulation is a powerful force and creates a system
of checks and balances that protects the interests of society and the environment. Such
regulation works to ensure that all interests and needs, both those of individuals and larger
groups, are taken into account to produce an optimal outcome for everyone involved [38].

3.1.2. Cultural Domain

In addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of interacting, value systems, traditions,
and beliefs, culture is defined as the collection of unique spiritual, material, intellectual,
and emotional characteristics of a society or social group. This leads to the perspectives
and the character of a person as well as a society [52].
Along with sustainable development’s environmental, social, and economic dimen-
sions, culture has gained increasing attention in recent years. The protection of ecology and
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 11 of 37

the environment is motivated by the environmental dimension. The economic dimension

encourages the effective use of financial resources and aims for long-term benefits, whereas
the social dimension concentrates on the needs of humans, both present and future [53].
Since culture was previously included in the social dimension of sustainability, it was not
considered a separate dimension. The situation gradually changed, though culture is now
acknowledged as crucial to achieving sustainable development [27]. A separate cultural
dimension of sustainability has been established to focus on the protection of traditional
values and lifestyles, as well as the preservation of tangible and intangible heritage [52].
This separation of culture from the social dimension of sustainability is significant due
to globalization, which has led to increased displacement and destruction of traditional
cultures. Furthermore, this cultural dimension of sustainability includes respect for cultural
diversity and promoting intercultural dialogue [54].

3.2. SDGs/MDG Linkages with Sustainability Domains

The idea of sustainability has garnered attention on a global scale and has been
thoroughly discussed by academics, professionals, and decision-makers [55].
Several development goals and policies have been established to follow a sustainable
vision and mission with sustainable development plans for stakeholders and the correct
direction for our future survival [56]. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were
first established; they include eight main goals and address environmental, social, and
economic challenges. MDGs, particularly, improved mortality, public health, hunger,
and poverty [57]. However, all over the world remain a significant number of problems
and challenges [58].
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are significant and affect the interna-
tional mobilization strategy for addressing several crucial global socioeconomic concerns.
They convey mass political concern about gender inequity, ecological degradation, hunger,
malnutrition, poverty, and illness [59]. The MDGs strive to advance awareness and un-
derstanding, political responsibility, enhanced measures, excellent interpersonal commu-
nication, and social opinion by condensing these objectives into a manageable group of
eight goals and setting measurable targets within a limited period [60]. Developing nations
have made significant strides toward achieving the MDGs. However, advancement rates
vary greatly between targets, countries, and areas. The likely gap in MDG achievement is
grave, sad, and highly unpleasant for low-income people. Yet, there is a widespread feeling
among policy leaders and civil society that progress against poverty, hunger, and disease
is significant; that the MDGs have played an essential part in securing that progress [61].
The shortage results from operational errors affecting numerous parties in wealthy and
poor nations. Rich countries, for instance, have not complied with their promises of formal
development support [62].
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a group of 17 worldwide objectives to
change the world. They are a component of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,
created as a “Structured Road map to drive into a more equitable and sustainable future of
planet and humanity” [63]. Each of the 17 goals is interconnected and addresses domains
of sustainability in the present scenario while simultaneously reducing challenges such as
poverty and the effects of climate change worldwide. The SDGs are intended to “defend
the earth and enhance the lives and aspirations of everyone worldwide”, according to
the UN [64].
The 17 SDGs generally aim to satisfy the following summarized visions and objectives.
• Healthy life without hunger, malnutrition, and poverty [65].
• Ensure that everyone has universal access and the opportunity to utilize vital amenities
such as sustainable energy, water, and sanitation [66].
• Encourage the creation of development possibilities through equitable employment as
well as quality and accessible education.
• Promote innovation and robust infrastructure to build towns and cities that produce
and consume things sustainably.
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 12 of 37

• Lessen global inequalities, particularly those related to gender equality and discrimi-
nation. Supporting and protecting weaker sections all over the world [67].
• Protect the marine and terrestrial ecosystems while battling climate change to preserve
ecological integrity and the survival of the planet [68].
• Encourage cooperation amongst various social actors to foster a peaceful atmosphere
and assure ethical production, trade, and consumption.
The objectives can only be met if they are incorporated into every aspect of gov-
ernment. Due to the complementarities, achieving one aim may aid in attaining others
at the same time. Consider how tackling climate change challenges could enhance
energy security, human health, ecosystems, and marine health. The main charac-
teristic of the SDGs is that they are not standalone goals. Most goals are intercon-
nected and interdependent and are well-defined in their perspectives and their plan
of action of applications. Interconnectedness implies that achieving one goal leads to
supporting another; therefore, they should be seen as connecting frames of a holis-
tic and harmonic prominent structure. This is the key feature of the 2030 Agenda
for Sustainable Development, which was adopted in 2015 by the United Nations [69].
There are 17 SDGs and recommendations for collaborative relationships among and
within people, policy-makers, and other stakeholders worldwide. They address so-
cial, economic, and environmental concerns and promote sustainable perspectives from
a broader viewpoint [58]. Hence, to pursue a sustainable world, the focus will be
global collaboration and reducing inequalities and discrimination inside the states. Ac-
cordingly, all countries must work together to create a unified plan for implementing
these goals, which can only be accomplished if each country accepts accountability for
its conduct [23].
The initiative that led to the creation of the future Global Goals was more compre-
hensive, with policy-making governments incorporating corporates, communities, NGOs,
other stakeholders, and individuals right from the start. We all must move toward the
same direction of sustainability to attain global goals. It will take an extraordinary effort
from all facets of society to realize these goals, and business must play a significant part in
that endeavor [70].
Evidence shows that all earlier objectives are closely related to environmental
challenges and sustainability issues [71]. More specifically, environmental justice
and sustainable development will only function to the extent of their weakest SDG,
much like the adage “a chain is only as strong as its weakest link” [72]. As an illus-
tration, significant changes in the water, energy, and food sectors will be necessary
for climate change mitigation, which is also essential to safeguarding the welfare of
people. In other words, environmental justice and sustainable development goals
must all be addressed effectively in order to achieve the full range of objectives for
global sustainability [73].

4. Sustainability Challenge and Nexus

The interpretation of definitions and concepts of sustainability and sustainable
development is still incomplete, and the perspectives are different for stakeholders in
various domains and spheres. Even though sustainability addresses the relation and
harmony between environmental, economic, and social spheres more extensively, exe-
cuting the concept in the present scenario must be very specific and introduce a holistic
approach. The ecological and biological aspects must be considered to accomplish the
sustainability goals, which have not yet been met. To get rid the planet of anthropogenic
problems, an integrated approach is urgently and consistently needed [74]. Figure 4
illustrates the various sustainability challenges.
 The ecological and biological aspects must be considered to accomplish the sustainability
goals, which have not yet been met. To get rid the planet of anthropogenic problems, an
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 13 of 37
integrated approach is urgently and consistently needed [74]. Figure 4 illustrates the var-
ious sustainability challenges.

Figure4.4.Sustainability
Figure Sustainability challenges.
challenges.

4.1.
4.1.Pollution
Pollution
The emergence of various pollutants over the past few decades as a result of human
The emergence of various pollutants over the past few decades as a result of human
activity has had a negative impact on ecosystems. Due to rapid industrialization, rapid
activity has had a negative impact on ecosystems. Due to rapid industrialization, rapid
deforestation, and urbanization, all harming the ecosystems, conditions in developing coun-
deforestation, and urbanization, all harming the ecosystems, conditions in developing
tries are more dire [75]. Urban areas have developed into congestion hotspots, endangering
countriesairare
mobility, morewater,
quality, dire [75]. Urban
and soil [76].areas have developed into congestion hotspots, en-
dangering
Due to the harm that plastics cause toand
mobility, air quality, water, soil [76].worldwide, it is a terrible ecological
ecosystems
Due to the harm
and environmental that plastics
problem. cause
Oil spills are to ecosystems
another worldwide,
significant it is a terrible
anthropogenic activityecological
that
and environmental
harms the world’s marine problem. Oil spills
ecosystems [77].are another significant anthropogenic activity that
harms the world’s marine
Environmental pollution ecosystems
is a problem [77].that affects both developed and developing
Environmental
nations, so it is a concernpollution is aeverywhere
that is felt problem that affects
in the world.both developedand
Researchers anddecision-
developing
makers
nations,aresoeager
it is to learn about
a concern thatthe
iscauses and effects of
felt everywhere in environmental pollution toand
the world. Researchers develop
decision-
potential remedies because it makes the Earth uninhabitable for living
makers are eager to learn about the causes and effects of environmental pollution to de- things and signif-
icantly contributes
velop potential to globalbecause
remedies climate itchange.
makesAccording to researchers, if
the Earth uninhabitable forenvironmental
living things and
pollution persists, many regions will be covered by water while
significantly contributes to global climate change. According to researchers, others will turn into deserts.
if environ-
In
mental pollution persists, many regions will be covered by water while othersofwill
addition, extreme temperatures may exist everywhere [78]. The primary goal the turn
modern world is to combat environmental pollution by taking practical steps to safeguard
into deserts. In addition, extreme temperatures may exist everywhere [78]. The primary
those of us who live on the planet while being careful not to upset ecological balances.
goal of the modern world is to combat environmental pollution by taking practical steps
People must start reducing their waste and implementing environmentally friendly be-
to safeguard those of us who live on the planet while being careful not to upset ecological
haviors such as recycling and composting if they want the planet to remain habitable [44].
balances. People
Additionally, peoplemust start reducing
must avoid using too much their energy
waste or and
waterimplementing environmentally
from the environment [79].
Assisting citizens in lowering their carbon footprints, launching awareness campaigns,toand
friendly behaviors such as recycling and composting if they want the planet remain
habitable [44].new
implementing Additionally,
laws that willpeople
lessenmusttheavoid
effectsusing too much
of climate energy
change or things
are all water from
that the
environment [79]. Assisting citizens
governments should be implementing as well [77]. in lowering their carbon footprints, launching aware-
ness campaigns, and implementing new laws that will lessen the effects of climate change
4.2.
are Global Warming
all things and Temperature
that governments Rise be implementing as well [77].
should
GHGs such as carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), nitrous oxide (N2 O), water vapor
(H
4.2.
2 O), hydrofluorocarbons
Global (HFCs), perfluorocarbons
Warming and Temperature Rise (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
are among those contributing to the current climate change [80].
GHGs such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), water va-
Extreme temperature changes over various parts of the Earth are predicted to happen
por (H2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride
sooner. With significant regional variations, the average global surface temperature has
(SF6) are among those contributing to the current climate change [80].
risen by 0.74 ◦ C since the late 19th century and is projected to grow by 1.4–5.8 ◦ C by
Extreme
2100 [81]. temperature
A rise in sea level,changes
changes over
in thevarious parts of
distribution of plants
the Earth
andare predicted
animals, to happen
increased
environmental degradation, and natural disasters are all consequences of climate change. has
sooner. With significant regional variations, the average global surface temperature
Other effects include hot weather, melting glaciers, polar warming, coral reef bleaching,
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 14 of 37

extreme precipitation events, prolonged droughts, and dry periods [82]. Thus, it can be
concluded that, when it comes to the adverse effects of human activity, global warming and
climate change are at the top of the list and must be addressed right away to restore the
balance. Biological alternatives and solutions can also play a significant role in addressing
climate change [83].

4.3. Land Degradation and Agricultural Constraints

Land degradation is a problem that affects all life forms and is not just limited to the
deterioration of soil quality. Climate change is a significant factor that contributes to land
degradation, as well as to a decline in the fertility and productivity of agricultural lands [84].
As a result of erratic precipitation patterns and rising global temperatures, severe
weather events such as droughts and floods have also become more frequent, aggravating
wind or soil erosion [85].
Another threat that is affecting more and more parts of the world is drought. Frequent
cycles of drought and flooding have been brought on by climate change, and long stretches
of water scarcity have led to desertification. Droughts have increased significantly over the
past 40 years, particularly in the tropics and subtropics. The world has been experiencing
water stress and environmental problems since the Anthropocene era, primarily attributed
to human activity. One of the most noticeable effects of drought is on nutrient uptake
because water is the medium by which nutrients are transported in plants [86]. Due to the
unevenly distributed C, N, and microbial diversity caused by these adverse effects, the soil
becomes infertile over time. In addition to biodiversity loss, wildfires, and soil erosion,
drought harms habitats.
With an estimated surface area of 1 billion ha, soil salinization is another significant
factor in land degradation affecting most countries. The drought and salinization of lands
are related. The main contributors to land salinization have been agricultural practices and
ineffective irrigation techniques. Low-quality irrigation water causes salt to build up in the
soil, and poor drainage only worsens the situation [87].
Floods degrade land quality, disrupt agroecosystem productivity, and disturb vege-
tation. Since the 1950s, floods have become more frequently related to climate change’s
effects [88]. Waterlogging-induced hypoxia in plants results in poor root development,
which reduces nutrient and water uptake and stomatal conductance, which results in
wilting and decreased productivity [89].

4.4. Habitat and Biodiversity Loss

The disappearance of biological diversity has grown into a complex and ongoing issue.
Due to this, biological heterogeneity has decreased, which has led to an unprecedented
decline in terrestrial and marine species, including flora and fauna, affecting the ecosystems’
overall stability. The main issue is the extinction of plant species because they are crucial
to keeping the ecosystem balanced and directly impact how it functions by providing a
habitat for various other organisms [90]. Although extinction is a natural occurrence, there
is no denying that a wide range of human activities also contributes to the loss of biological
diversity. Over the past 40,000 years, extinctions due to human activity have increased.
Within the next 240 years, the Earth will likely experience its sixth mass extinction if current
trends hold [87]. In fact, some researchers contend that anthropogenic activities alone are
to blame for the beginning of the sixth species mass extinction. Estimates indicate that
artificial habitats have replaced natural vegetation on 43% of the Earth’s land surface [88].
This century, the rate of extinction is predicted to rise by a factor of two; with accelerated
climate change, this rate may grow even faster.
The main threats to biodiversity are habitat loss and fragmentation, which are mu-
tually dependent. Due to the population explosion, there is an increased demand for
resources, which has resulted in the degradation of natural habitats and a severe threat to
the habitats of plants and animals [91]. Examples of this demand include the expansion of
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 15 of 37

cattle ranching, mining, and building infrastructure. However, in addition to this, other
anthropogenic activities are also significantly reducing the diversity of life on Earth.

4.5. Water Scarcity

Water resources are under pressure due to the ever-growing water demand brought on
by population growth, economic development, and dietary changes. The World Economic
Forum ranked the water supply crisis as the significantly higher risk facing our times [92].
It is crucial to comprehend water scarcity to create global, regional, national, and
local policies. The Panta Rhei program set up a focused working group on “Water Scarcity
Assessment: Methodology and Application” to create a cutting-edge methodology and
assess water scarcity [93].
The northern hemisphere’s middle-to-low latitudes generally have a high level of
water scarcity, according to all the indicators. In almost all African nations, there is a severe
problem with water scarcity, water poverty, and physical and economic water stress [94]. In
order to retain objectivity and simplicity, all other water scarcity indicators created to date
have been based solely on the physical quantity of water availability and use. Therefore,
it is necessary to develop an integrated and consistent water scarcity assessment that
simultaneously combines the physical, economic, and social aspects of water [95].

4.6. Food Scarcity and Hunger

The possibility of ending hunger by 2050 becomes doubtful with steady population
growth. Hunger and malnutrition are primarily brought on by natural disasters, armed
conflicts, population growth, and poverty [96]. The environment, the finite supply of
food on the planet, and energy resources will not significantly impact these dynamics [97].
Therefore, while increased agricultural production and food preservation are essential to
providing enough food for all, a more comprehensive approach is necessary to tackle the
problem of global hunger [98].

4.7. Waste Management

Ecosystems and human health are seriously at risk due to the volume and complexity
of the waste produced by the modern economy [99].
Waste management is also conducted to recover resources from the materials and
lessen its environmental impact. Waste management can involve solid, liquid, or gaseous
materials, and there are various techniques and procedures for each. Waste is managed
using a variety of techniques, such as avoidance and reduction, energy recovery, recycling
(physical and biological processing), and disposal (landfilling and incineration) [100].
The SDGs were created with this fundamental principle in mind. It is crucial to offer
a comprehensive strategy based on sustainability as a concrete ideology that must be
adopted as a way of life, a theory for formulating policies, and a sociopolitical concept of
development to address the challenges the world is currently facing [101].

4.8. Industrialization and Sustainability Nexus

Industrialization refers to the economic and social change process that transforms a
human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one. Regarding sustainability,
industrialization has often been associated with negative impacts on the environment, natu-
ral resources, and human health and well-being. These negative impacts include pollution,
deforestation, and the depletion of natural resources [102]. The nexus between industri-
alization and sustainability refers to the interconnected relationship between economic
development, social well-being, and environmental protection. Sustainable development
aims to achieve economic growth and improve living standards without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs [103]. Industrialization can contribute
to sustainable development by providing economic growth, jobs, and improved living
standards. However, it also has the potential to harm the environment, deplete natural
resources, and exacerbate social inequalities. Therefore, it is crucial to consider industri-
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 16 of 37

alization’s environmental and social impacts and implement policies and practices that
promote sustainable production and consumption [104].

4.9. Urbanization and Sustainability Nexus

Urbanization and sustainability are closely connected as urban areas are significant
economic growth and development drivers, but they also have significant environmental
and social impacts. Rapid urbanization can increase energy consumption, greenhouse
gas emissions, environmental degradation, social inequality, and poverty. Urbanization
can promote sustainable development by fostering compact, efficient, green cities [105].
Urbanization can impact the environment, including increased energy consumption and
greenhouse gas emissions, water demand, and waste generation. However, sustainable
urban development can help to mitigate these impacts through the promotion of energy-
efficient buildings, the use of renewable energy sources, and the implementation of sustain-
able transportation systems. A nexus between urbanization and sustainability. The nexus
between urbanization and sustainability refers to the interconnected relationship between
the process of urbanization and the goal of sustainable development [79]. Urbanization
can significantly impact the environment, economy, and society, and sustainable urban
development is necessary to balance these impacts and promote liveable, resilient, and low-
carbon cities. Urbanization can increase energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions,
and environmental degradation. It can also exacerbate social inequalities, poverty, and
housing affordability issues. Sustainable urban development promotes social sustainability
by addressing social equity, affordable housing, and access to services and job opportunities.
It also supports the development of resilient cities that can adapt to the impacts of climate
change and natural disasters. Sustainable urban planning is key to promoting sustainable
urban development [106]. This includes promoting compact and efficient land use patterns,
protecting natural areas and biodiversity, and integrating green spaces into the urban
landscape. Additionally, sustainable transportation systems, such as public transportation,
walking, and cycling, can reduce dependence on personal vehicles and improve air quality.

4.10. Globalization and Sustainability Nexus

Globalization and sustainability are related concepts that positively and negatively im-
pact economic, social, and environmental development. On the one hand, globalization can
lead to increased economic growth and improved living standards, greater access to goods
and services, and enhanced communication and cultural exchange. However, it can also
lead to adverse environmental impacts such as increased greenhouse gas emissions, biodi-
versity loss, and increased dependence on non-renewable resources [107]. Globalization
can also exacerbate social inequalities, increasing poverty and marginalizing certain groups.
The nexus between globalization and sustainability is complex, and it requires a holistic
approach that considers the interrelated economic, social, and environmental aspects of
global development. This can be achieved by implementing sustainable development
policies, regulations, and initiatives that promote environmentally and socially responsible
economic growth. One example of this nexus is sustainable trade, which supports economic
growth while also addressing environmental and social concerns [108].
Globalization refers to the interconnectedness and interdependence of countries and
economies by exchanging goods, services, information, and ideas. Globalization can lead
to increased economic growth and improved living standards, but it can also contribute to
environmental degradation and social inequality. On the other hand, sustainability aims
to address these negative impacts by promoting environmentally and socially responsible
economic development. Therefore, it is vital to find ways to balance the benefits of global-
ization with the need for sustainable development. This can include implementing policies
and practices that promote sustainable production and consumption, protecting natural
resources, and reducing inequality [107]. Globalization and sustainable development are
related concepts that positively and negatively impact economic, social, and environmental
aspects of development. On the one hand, globalization, which refers to the increased inter-
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 17 of 37

connectedness and interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations,

can lead to increased economic growth and improved living standards, greater access to
goods and services, and enhanced communication and cultural exchange. Globalization
can also lead to adverse environmental impacts such as increased greenhouse gas emissions,
biodiversity loss, and dependence on non-renewable resources [109]. It can also exacerbate
social inequalities, increasing poverty and marginalizing certain groups.

4.11. Climate Change and Sustainability Nexus

Climate change refers to the long-term changes in temperature, precipitation, wind
patterns, and other measures of climate that occur over several decades or longer. It is
primarily caused by burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and other human activities, which
release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, trapping heat and warming the planet.
Addressing climate change is, therefore, a key component of sustainable development.
This can include reducing greenhouse gas emissions by increasing the use of renewable
energy, improving energy efficiency, and implementing carbon pricing [74]. Additionally,
adaptation measures such as building sea walls or drought-resistant crops can help com-
munities and ecosystems cope with the impacts of a changing climate. Therefore, it is
essential to take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to adapt to the changes
that are already happening and those that are projected to occur in the future. Climate
change can negatively impact the balance of global society by increasing poverty, reducing
access to food and water, and exacerbating health problems [110]. On the other hand,
addressing climate change through sustainable development practices such as renewable
energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable land use can create economic opportunities and
improve the well-being of communities.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are closely related and mutually
reinforcing. They provide a roadmap to achieve a better and more sustainable future for
all. The Paris Agreement, adopted under the UNFCCC, aims to strengthen the ability
of countries to address the impacts of climate change and to accelerate and intensify the
actions and investments needed for a sustainable low carbon future. Sustainability plays
a crucial role in addressing climate change. As previously mentioned, climate change
is a significant threat to sustainable development, and addressing climate change is a
critical component of sustainable development. Sustainability is vital in building resilience
to climate change through disaster risk reduction and community preparedness [111].
Addressing climate change by promoting sustainable consumption and production patterns
is desirable. This includes reducing waste, conserving natural resources, and promoting
sustainable products and services [105]. To effectively face the challenges to sustainability
due to climate change, a combination of mitigation and adaptation strategies, as well as
international cooperation, access to finance and technology, and strengthened governance
and institutions, are required.

4.12. Natural Disasters and Sustainability Nexus

Natural disasters can have a significant impact on sustainability. They can cause loss of
life and injury, damage infrastructure and buildings, and disrupt economic activity. Addi-
tionally, natural disasters can exacerbate poverty, inequality, and vulnerability, particularly
among marginalized communities. Climate change is projected to increase the frequency
and intensity of many natural disasters, such as floods, droughts, and storms. This makes
sustainability even more important as it can help to build resilience to these events [112].
Sustainability can help to reduce the risks and impacts of natural disasters in several
ways [113]. Disaster risk reduction: By identifying and addressing the underlying risk
factors that make communities and infrastructure vulnerable to natural disasters, sus-
tainability can help to reduce the likelihood and severity of these events. Adaptation:
Sustainability can help to build the resilience of communities and ecosystems to the im-
pacts of natural disasters through strategies such as making sea walls, drought-resistant
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 18 of 37

crops, and community-based adaptation programs. Sustainable land use: Sustainable

land use can help to reduce the risk of natural disasters such as floods and landslides by
preventing deforestation and protecting wetlands and other natural habitats. Sustainable in-
frastructure: Sustainable infrastructure, such as green buildings and resilient transportation
systems, can help to reduce the impacts of natural disasters on communities and economies.
Community-based approach: A community-based approach to sustainability can ensure
that the most vulnerable communities are involved in the planning and implementation
of disaster risk reduction and adaptation measures. In conclusion, natural disasters can
significantly impact sustainability and climate change is projected to increase the frequency
and intensity of many natural disasters [114]. Sustainability can help to reduce the risks
and impacts of natural disasters by building resilience, protecting vulnerable communities,
and promoting sustainable practices.

4.13. Population Rise and Sustainability Nexus

Population growth can significantly impact sustainability, both positively and nega-
tively. On the one hand, a larger population can lead to increased economic growth, tech-
nological innovation, and cultural diversity [106]. On the other hand, a rapidly growing
population can strain natural resources and lead to environmental degradation, urban-
ization, and increased demand for energy, food, and water. One of the main concerns
regarding population growth is its impact on the environment [115]. As the population
increases, so does food, water, and energy demand. This can lead to the overconsumption
of natural resources, deforestation, and pollution. Additionally, population growth can
lead to urbanization and land-use changes, which can cause a loss in biodiversity and
ecosystem services.
It is essential to consider sustainability in population growth control and development
policies to address these challenges. This can include family planning programs, education
and healthcare access, and policies promoting sustainable consumption and production.
Promoting sustainable urbanization, land-use planning, and investing in renewable energy
and water conservation technologies is also essential. Population growth and sustainable
development are closely linked, as controlling population growth can significantly impact
the ability to achieve sustainable development goals [116]. To address these challenges
of population growth, it is crucial to incorporate population dynamics into sustainable
development policies. This can include family planning programs, education and health-
care access, and policies promoting sustainable consumption and production. Promoting
sustainable urbanization, land-use planning, and investing in renewable energy and water
conservation technologies can also be included [103].

5. Models and Principles of Socio-Economic Growth

Current Scenario
In the 21st century, the ideology of sustainability and sustainable development has
been globally accepted and gained momentum. While our understanding of sustainability
has significantly increased, development has become harder to define in many ways.
However, studying sustainable development is insufficient because it is time to act.
In this post-Brundtland era, sustainability, through the Sustainable Development
Goals, addresses challenges such as increasing conventional energy consumption, loss
of biomass and land degradation, skepticism of science, financial disparities in life and
opportunities, and a fragmented set of universal policies, institutional frameworks, and
governance. Furthermore, due to several interconnected phenomena, the difficulties of
sustainability and development are more complex today than they were in Brundtland’s
time. Adopting pluralistic and transdisciplinary approaches to sustainability analysis is a
crucial strategy to face the challenges of the present scenario around the globe.
The contentious nature of sustainability as a dominant policy discourse has encouraged
the formation of many public forums for discussion and engagement [117]. Though
idealistic, the concepts and methods point to the fact that the deliberative democracy, which
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 19 of 37

includes open discourse, open decision-making, holding decision-makers accountable, as

well as reasoned and respectful debate, is essential to achieve green development in public
spheres wherein the various sustainable development ideas can be discussed and improved
upon and manage it socially, politically, and financially [118].
The task of defining sustainability and sustainable development has been a complex
and ongoing endeavor for researchers. The lack of a universally accepted definition stems
from the diverse interpretations attributed to the phrase, particularly in relation to its
association with “economic growth”. This has sparked a debate among scholars, as some
argue that traditional notions of development, synonymous with continuous economic
expansion, are incompatible with sustainability, given the finite resources of our planet [119].
Bringing together the diverse perspectives of sustainability under a unified framework
has proven to be a challenging task. Over the years, the definitions of sustainability
have evolved while retaining their core essence [105]. However, there is still a need for a
comprehensive explanation that can encompass all the different domains of sustainability.
Additionally, it is important to acknowledge that the concept of sustainability is influenced
by the economic growth and political ideologies prevalent in different nations. Table 4
presents a comparative analysis of different socio-economic growth models.

Table 4. Comparison of capitalism, socialism, and communism.

Pros Cons
Most efficient and effective way to This leads to economic inequality,
allocate resources environmental degradation

Capitalism Focus on profit over the well-being of

Create enormous wealth
people and communities
Different levels of government
Encourages innovation and hard work.
regulation and intervention
Lead to inefficiencies and a lack of
More just and fair economic system
financial incentives
Government has a low level of
Reduce income inequality and provide
Socialism control over the economy and the
a safety net for all
lives of its citizens
Focus on the well-being of people and It can limit individual freedom and
communities personal responsibility
Meeting the basic needs of all members
Economic inefficiency and
of society and maximizing the
widespread human rights abuses
collective well-being
Communism Seeks to eliminate the exploitation of
one person by another
Create a society based on equality and
cooperation

Capitalism: Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production,

prices of commodities (goods and services), and distribution are privately owned and
operated. The prices are determined by supply and demand in a competitive market [120].
In a capitalist economy, the goal is to make a profit, and businesses are free to operate and
compete with one another [121].
Socialism: Socialism is an economic and political system in which the means of pro-
duction and distribution are owned and controlled by the state community rather than
private individuals [122]. In a socialist system, the wealth produced by the economy is
shared more equally among the members of society, and there is often a strong empha-
sis on providing for the basic needs of all people, including healthcare, education, and
social security [123].
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 20 of 37

Communism: Communism is a political and economic ideology that seeks to create a

classless, stateless society in which the means of production and distribution are owned
and controlled by the community as a whole [124]. Most generally, communism refers to
community ownership of property, with the end goal being complete social equality via
economic equality. Under communism, the goal is to create a society where everyone works
according to their abilities and receives according to their needs [125]. Fundamentally,
communism argues that all labor belongs to the individual laborer; no man can own another
man’s body, and therefore each man holds his work.
The universally accepted capitalistic GDP growth-driven economic model, which
has prevailed for the last century, has proven to be a complete failure and is leading us
toward a disastrous path. Reliant on fossil fuel burning, this model exacerbates climate
change, pollution, biodiversity loss, and freshwater depletion while reinforcing unequal
wealth distribution. Its promises of economic success and improved quality of life for
citizens have come at the expense of the environment and social equity. In summary, these
socio-economic models have their drawbacks and challenges, and there is no one-size-
fits-all solution for achieving sustainable economic growth and development. Urgent and
comprehensive revaluation is needed to shift toward alternative mechanisms prioritizing
sustainable development, incorporating concepts such as the circular economy, nature-
based solutions, social innovation, and responsible consumption and production patterns,
to ensure a resilient and equitable future for all. A more holistic and inclusive approach
must be identified and developed to create a more sustainable and equitable future.

6. Global Sustainability and Sustainalism: An Integrated Framework

The world’s economic development model has become saturated with an excessive
focus on increasing consumption. As a result, humanity is confronted with many signif-
icant threats, including climate change, health crises such as COVID-19, and economic
instability. These crises have served as powerful reminders of the importance of coop-
erative actions and global solidarity. Therefore, the path to global sustainability lies in
educating the masses and nurturing a knowledge-based economy and socially responsible
society [126]. Sustainalism builds on the foundations laid by capitalism and socialism but
takes the broader view that the challenges of today and tomorrow demand of us. The more
considerable paradigm shift from capitalism, communism, and socialism is sustainalism.
We need a paradigm shift from capitalism or moderated socialism [127]. The new model of
social economy for the current generation is referred to as “sustainalism” [128].

6.1. Global Sustainability 6S Principles: A Tool to Achieve a Sustainable Economy

It is crucial to recognize that all life forms on Earth, including humans, animals, and
plants, are intricately interconnected. In the era of globalization and rapid digitalization,
countries worldwide, regardless of their size, wealth, or level of development, rely on each
other in various aspects. This interconnectedness is fostered through economic, cultural,
and social relations. The scientific community comprehends the inherent value of this
interconnectedness and its implications for our collective well-being. Furthermore, the
distribution of global resources is highly unequal, posing challenges to achieving sustain-
able development. A genuine appreciation for Mother Nature, the Earth, and its delicate
ecosystems is at the core of sustainable actions. This sentiment serves as the foundation
for sustainable practices. It drives individuals, organizations, and governments to adopt
a holistic approach to development that integrates economic, social, and environmental
considerations in every corner of the world.
A plan for a sustainable economy is presented in a simple equation format.

Sustainable Economy = 6S Principles of Global Sustainability

= Happiness + Well-being + Equality
= Regenerative Practices +Climate and Biodiversity Protection + Ecological
Restoration
 Sustainable Economy = 6S Principles of Global Sustainability
= Happiness + Well-being + Equality
= Regenerative Practices +Climate and Biodiversity Protection + Ecological Res-
toration
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 The “Global Sustainability Framework” is a novel comprehensive toolkit comprising 21 of 37

6S principles (Figure 5). This framework equips individuals, organizations, and govern-
ments with the tools to pursue global sustainability effectively. However, the responsibil-
ity for The “Global
creating Sustainability
a sustainable Framework”
future is ashoulders
lies on the novel comprehensive toolkit who
of global citizens, comprising
must em-
6S principles (Figure 5). This framework equips individuals, organizations, and govern-
brace this responsibility and work collectively to ensure a thriving and sustainable world
forments
futurewith the tools to pursue global sustainability effectively. However, the responsibility
generations.
for creating a sustainable future lies on the shoulders of global citizens, who must embrace
this responsibility and work collectively to ensure a thriving and sustainable world for
future generations.

Figure 5. Tool for sustainalism (6S principles).

Figure 5. Tool for sustainalism (6S principles).
1S—Sustainable Energy, Resource Efficiency, and Circular Economy:
1S—Sustainable
1S principle is a Energy, Resource
compelling approachEfficiency, and the
highlighting Circular
urgencyEconomy:
of transitioning to
sustainable energy
1S principle is sources, promoting
a compelling resourcehighlighting
approach efficiency, and adopting
the urgency a circular economy. to
of transitioning
Our reliance on finite energy sources, such as fossil fuels, poses significant
sustainable energy sources, promoting resource efficiency, and adopting a circular risks for future
econ-
generations [129]. By embracing sustainable energy, we can mitigate these risks and
omy. Our reliance on finite energy sources, such as fossil fuels, poses significant risks for ensure
a more
future secure and stable
generations [129]. energy supply for
By embracing the long term.
sustainable energy, we can mitigate these risks
The need for a sustainable energy transition is evident. Investing in renewable energy
and ensure a more secure and stable energy supply for the long term.
infrastructure and promoting energy efficiency measures are crucial in reducing greenhouse
The need for a sustainable energy transition is evident. Investing in renewable energy
gas emissions and combating climate change [130]. Technologies such as solar panels, wind
infrastructure
turbines, and and promoting
hydroelectric energy
power efficiency
plants measures
offer promising are crucial
avenues in reducing
for generating green-
clean and
house gas emissions
renewable energy [131]. and combating climate change [130]. Technologies such as solar
In addition to transitioning to sustainable energy sources, resource efficiency plays
a vital role in promoting sustainability. We can effectively utilize water, materials, and
energy resources across various sectors by optimizing resource consumption, minimizing
waste generation, and encouraging recycling and reuse [132]. Energy efficiency improve-
ments, in particular, offer significant opportunities to reduce energy consumption and
enhance sustainability [133].
The concept of a circular economy further strengthens the 1S principle. By designing
out waste and pollution, extending the lifespan of products and materials, and regenerating
natural systems, the circular economy offers a transformative approach to resource man-
agement (Figure 6). It shifts the focus from a linear take–make–dispose model to one that
values waste as a resource and prioritizes reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling [134]. Em-
bracing circular business models and strategies promotes sustainability, reduces resource
depletion, and minimizes environmental impact [135].
Adopting a circular economic model is crucial for overcoming the challenges posed by
climate change and resource depletion [136]. By fundamentally rethinking our approach to
resource utilization, we can break free from the unsustainable practices of the past and build
a resilient and sustainable economy. This shift benefits the environment, presents economic
opportunities, and fosters innovation in sustainable technologies and practices [137].
 Adopting a circular economic model is crucial for overcoming the challenges posed
by climate change and resource depletion [136]. By fundamentally rethinking our ap-
proach to resource utilization, we can break free from the unsustainable practices of the
past and build a resilient and sustainable economy. This shift benefits the environment,
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 presents economic opportunities, and fosters innovation in sustainable technologies and
22 of 37
practices [137].

Figure 6. Concept of circular economy.

Figure 6. Concept of circular economy.
2S—Sustainable agriculture, agroforestry, and bioeconomy:
2S—Sustainableagriculture
2S—Sustainable agriculture,and agroforestry
agroforestry, present
and a compelling solution to ad-
bioeconomy:
dress2S—Sustainable
food security challenges while
agriculture andpromoting sustainability
agroforestry [138]. Thesesolution
present a compelling practicestogoad-
beyond conventional farming methods and integrate environmental, social,
dress food security challenges while promoting sustainability [138]. These practicesand economicgo
considerations into agricultural systems [139].
beyond conventional farming methods and integrate environmental, social, and economic
Sustainable agriculture encompasses a range of practices prioritizing the conserva-
considerations into agricultural systems [139].
tion of natural resources, protection of the environment, and the well-being of farmers
Sustainable agriculture encompasses a range of practices prioritizing the conserva-
and communities. By adopting sustainable farming techniques, such as organic farming,
tion of natural resources, protection of the environment, and the well-being of farmers
precision agriculture, and crop rotation, farmers can minimize the use of harmful chemi-
and communities. By adopting
cals, preserve soil fertility, sustainable
and reduce waterfarming techniques,
consumption [140]. such as organicensures
This approach farming,
precision agriculture,
the long-term and
viability of crop rotation,land
agricultural farmers
andcan minimizethe
safeguards thehealth
use ofofharmful chemi-
consumers
cals, preserve
and ecosystems. soil fertility, and reduce water consumption [140]. This approach ensures
the long-term
Conversely,viability of agricultural
agroforestry combinesland and safeguards
agricultural activitiesthe health
with of consumers
cultivating trees andand
ecosystems.
woody plants in a mutually beneficial manner. This integrated approach offers numer-
ous benefits for sustainable land management [141]. Trees and wood plants serve as
natural allies, contributing to soil conservation by preventing erosion, enhancing soil
health through increased organic matter, and improving water retention capabilities.
They also play a vital role in conserving water resources by reducing evaporation and
promoting water infiltration into the soil. Furthermore, the carbon sequestration poten-
tial of trees and woody plants helps mitigate climate change by absorbing atmospheric
carbon dioxide [142].
Agroforestry systems also provide valuable habitats for wildlife, including birds,
insects, and mammals [143]. Creating diverse and interconnected ecosystems contributes
to biodiversity conservation and supports the preservation of valuable ecological ser-
vices. Moreover, agroforestry allows farmers to diversify their income streams and
improve economic stability by introducing a broader range of products and value-
added opportunities [144].
Bioeconomy encompasses various production sectors, such as industrial and economic
domains, which utilize biological resources and methods to produce bio-based goods and
services [145]. The bioeconomy concept revolves around achieving sustainability by lever-
aging natural resources and processes in economic activities [146]. In doing so, it fosters
the development of bio-based industries and generates employment opportunities [147]. A
regenerative economy and bio-economy provide the opportunity to fulfill the needs of all
individuals emphasizing the restoration, regenerative practices—embracing the potential
of the bio-economy—and renewal of natural resources, thereby safeguarding the health
and vitality of our planet.
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 23 of 37

We can address food security challenges by embracing sustainable agriculture and

agroforestry while promoting environmental stewardship and social well-being [148].
These practices provide a holistic and resilient approach to agricultural production, en-
suring the long-term availability of nutritious food, safeguarding natural resources, and
supporting local communities.
3S—Sustainable building, health, and lifestyle:
Sustainable living is making environmentally, socially, and economically responsi-
ble choices to reduce one’s impact on the planet and contribute to a more sustainable
future [149]. This can involve making lifestyle changes, such as
Sustainable built environment: Incorporating sustainable transportation principles
into urban planning and infrastructure development [150]. This includes designing cities
and communities prioritizing walkability, cycling infrastructure, and efficient public trans-
portation systems, reducing the need for long-distance commuting and promoting compact
and sustainable development [150].
Green infrastructure/sustainable practices: Sustainable living often involves reducing
one’s consumption of resources, such as energy, water, and materials. This can be achieved
through energy conservation, water conservation, and waste reduction [151]. It involves
supporting businesses and organizations that adopt sustainable practices, such as using
renewable energy, reducing waste, and protecting the environment [152]. Additionally,
effective land use planning is vital in curbing and, ideally, preventing urban sprawl,
contributing to the depletion of natural and agricultural lands. A sustainable lifestyle
bestows positive effects on one’s physical and mental health. The integration of sustainable
building, health, and lifestyle creates a comprehensive approach to living in harmony with
the environment while prioritizing personal well-being.
Protecting natural habitats: Sustainable living often involves protecting and preserving
natural habitats, such as forests, wetlands, and oceans [153]. Implementing green infras-
tructure networks is crucial in filtering and purifying water and air while promoting energy
and water efficiency through retrofitting measures in new and existing developments. By
integrating human and environmental consciousness into our lives, we can make more
sustainable choices that benefit both people and the planet [154,155].
4S—Sustainable mobility, transportation, and eco-tourism:
4S—Sustainable Mobility, Transportation, and Eco-Tourism offer a transformative
approach to address sustainability challenges in transport and tourism. This comprehen-
sive principle encompasses various elements that can revolutionize how we move and
explore the world while minimizing environmental impact and fostering inclusive and
responsible practices.
Sustainable Transportation Systems are crucial in reducing carbon emissions, al-
leviating traffic congestion, and improving air quality [156]. By promoting and pri-
oritizing sustainable modes of transportation such as walking, cycling, public tran-
sit, and electric vehicles, we can create a more environmentally friendly and efficient
transportation network [157].
Efficient and Integrated Transport Networks are essential for optimizing travel
routes, enhancing connectivity, and reducing the overall environmental footprint of
transportation activities [158]. By designing and implementing integrated transport
systems that prioritize efficiency and sustainability, we can significantly improve the
overall transportation experience [159].
Active and Shared Mobility encourages individuals to embrace operational modes
of transportation such as walking and cycling while promoting shared mobility options
such as carpooling and ride-sharing [160]. These initiatives help to reduce the reliance on
private vehicles, decrease traffic congestion, and encourage sustainable travel choices.
Accessible and Inclusive Transport is vital to ensure that transportation systems
cater to the diverse needs of individuals, including those with disabilities, the elderly,
and those with limited mobility [161]. By designing infrastructure, vehicles, and ser-
vices that are accessible and inclusive, we can create transportation systems that leave
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 24 of 37

no one behind [162]. Moreover, fostering sustainable supply chains and collaboration
across stakeholders is crucial. This involves promoting responsible sourcing, reducing
carbon emissions in transportation, and minimizing environmental impacts throughout the
supply chain.
Eco-Tourism and Sustainable Travel promote responsible tourism practices that mini-
mize negative environmental impacts, support local communities, and preserve natural and
cultural heritage [163]. Emphasizing eco-friendly behaviors, supporting local economies,
and raising awareness about sustainable travel choices can lead to a more sustainable and
enriching travel experience [164].
By integrating these elements within the 4S principle, we emphasize the importance
of sustainable mobility, transportation systems, and eco-tourism in mitigating climate
change, enhancing accessibility, and preserving our natural and cultural resources. It
calls for prioritizing sustainable travel choices, embracing efficient transportation modes,
and incorporating sustainability into urban planning and tourism practices for a more
sustainable and inclusive future.
5S—Sustainable Education, Innovative Research, and Entrepreneurship:
5S—Sustainable Education, Innovative Research, and Entrepreneurship form a dy-
namic and transformative approach to addressing sustainability challenges. This principle
highlights the critical need for an education system that actively prepares individuals
to contribute to sustainable development, fosters innovative research, and nurtures en-
trepreneurial endeavors for a sustainable future [165].
Sustainable Education is the cornerstone of this principle, advocating for educa-
tional systems that integrate sustainability principles at all levels, from primary to higher
education [166]. By infusing environmental awareness, social responsibility, and sus-
tainable practices into the curriculum, we can equip students with the knowledge and
skills necessary to navigate and thrive in a sustainable world. Hands-on experiences,
experiential learning, and lifelong learning opportunities further empower individuals
to adapt to evolving sustainability needs and foster a mindset of continuous growth and
development [167]. Education for sustainable development emphasizes critical think-
ing, problem-solving, and global citizenship, preparing future generations to address
sustainability challenges.
Education and Outreach initiatives are crucial in raising awareness about the im-
portance of sustainable energy and its various applications. By implementing public
information campaigns and sustainability education programs, we can engage and inspire
individuals to embrace sustainable practices and promote the adoption of sustainable
energy solutions [168]. These efforts contribute to a broader cultural shift toward sustain-
ability and encourage active participation in creating a more sustainable future.
Knowledge Transfer and Collaboration are fundamental aspects of sustainable edu-
cation, research, and entrepreneurship. Facilitating knowledge and technology exchange
between academia, industry, and communities creates synergies that drive sustainable
development forward [169]. Collaborative partnerships leverage expertise and resources,
fostering innovation and enabling the practical application of research outcomes. By es-
tablishing strong ties with local organizations and businesses, educational institutions can
provide students with real-world exposure to sustainability challenges and opportunities,
empowering them to impact their community [170] positively.
Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation are integral to addressing sustainability
challenges effectively [171]. We foster interdisciplinary collaboration and propel sus-
tainable development by supporting research endeavors that tackle these challenges
and contribute to innovative solutions. Cultivating an entrepreneurial culture encour-
ages individuals to generate ideas and develop solutions aligned with sustainability
goals [172]. Providing aspiring entrepreneurs in the sustainable sector with the nec-
essary support, resources, and mentorship enables them to translate their ideas into
impactful ventures.
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 25 of 37

In the digital age, incorporating technologies such as digitalization, AI, IoT, and in-
telligent and automated systems further amplifies the potential for sustainable education,
research, and entrepreneurship. These tools enhance efficiency, optimize resource utiliza-
tion, and enable more effective decision-making, contributing to sustainable practices and
outcomes. This perspective empowers individuals to become agents of change, equipping
them with the knowledge, skills, and entrepreneurial spirit needed to address sustainability
challenges and create a more sustainable and prosperous future for all.
6S—Sustainable business, governance, and finance:
6S—Sustainable governance is a powerful approach that addresses sustainability chal-
lenges by promoting a culture of sustainability, ethics, and responsible decision-making
within organizations [173]. This principle recognizes the significance of integrating so-
cial justice considerations into sustainable organizational culture and ethical governance
practices [174]. We can leverage various approaches to achieve sustainable governance by
adopting a holistic perspective.
A sustainable organizational structure is crucial for long-term stability and effective-
ness while ensuring environmental, social, and economic sustainability. Organizations must
proactively design systems that align with sustainable principles, enabling them to adapt
to changing circumstances and prioritize sustainability in their operations. This involves
considering the environmental impact of business practices, fostering social responsibility,
and optimizing economic outcomes sustainably [175].
Ethical Leadership serves as a cornerstone of sustainable governance. Leaders at
all levels of an organization must embody moral values, champion social justice, and
address systemic inequalities. By embracing diversity and inclusion, ethical leaders create
an environment that values the contributions of all individuals and promotes a sense of
fairness and justice [176]. Ethical leadership fosters a culture where sustainable practices are
embedded into decision-making processes and guides the organization toward long-term
sustainability goals.
Social Justice values are integral to sustainable governance. Organizations must em-
bed equity, fairness, and social justice principles into their organizational culture and
decision-making processes [177]. This entails promoting inclusivity, embracing diver-
sity, and providing equal opportunities for all organization members. By aligning all
levels of the organization around shared values such as sustainability and social justice,
we create a foundation for sustainable practices and facilitate collective efforts toward
long-term sustainability.
Sustainable Policy and Stakeholder Engagement play a crucial role in sustainable
governance. Policy interventions, such as tax credits, incentives for renewable energy,
energy efficiency regulations, and funding for research and development, encourage
adopting sustainable practices [178]. Moreover, engaging stakeholders, including em-
ployees, communities, customers, and other relevant actors, allows for a collaborative
approach to decision-making [179]. By involving diverse perspectives, organizations can
make more informed and sustainable decisions that consider the needs and interests of
all stakeholders [180].
Collaborative Decision-Making is essential for sustainable governance. Encourag-
ing collaboration and participation from all levels of the organization enables a diver-
sity of perspectives and ideas to be considered. We can foster sustainable collaboration
and drive positive change by establishing common agendas, engaging in participatory
decision-making, and monitoring progress. This inclusive approach facilitates the identi-
fication of innovative solutions, ensures transparency in decision-making processes, and
fosters a sense of ownership and commitment among stakeholders. By embracing collab-
orative decision-making, organizations can effectively address sustainability challenges
and promote adopting sustainable practices. Figure 7 provides a concise overview of
the essential components of the 6S principles, which serve as a roadmap for attaining
global sustainability.
 innovative solutions, ensures transparency in decision-making processes, and foste
sense of ownership and commitment among stakeholders. By embracing collaborative
cision-making, organizations can effectively address sustainability challenges and
mote adopting sustainable practices. Figure 7 provides a concise overview of the essen
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 components of the 6S principles, which serve as a roadmap for attaining26global
of 37 susta
bility.

Figure 7. Global sustainability 6S principles: A tool to achieve sustainability.

By incorporating sustainable energy practices, resource efficiency, and circular econ-

omy principles (1S), we can reduce reliance on finite resources, mitigate climate change,
and minimize waste. Sustainable agriculture and agroforestry (2S) contribute to food
security, soil conservation, and habitat preservation. Sustainable mobility and trans-
portation (3S) promote low-carbon options, reduce congestion, and enhance accessibility.
Sustainable habitat and lifestyle (4S) focuses on sustainable urban development, healthy
life style choices, physical and mental well-being, waste management, and responsible
consumption. Sustainable education, innovative research, and entrepreneurship (5S)
foster knowledge transfer, skills development, and solutions for sustainability chal-
lenges. Finally, sustainable governance (6S) promotes ethical leadership, social justice,
and stakeholder collaboration.
By embracing the 6S—Sustainable governance principle, organizations can create
a framework that fosters sustainability, ethics, and responsible decision-making. This
approach integrates social justice considerations into organizational culture, promotes
 knowledge transfer, skills development, and solutions for sustainability challenges. Fi-
nally, sustainable governance (6S) promotes ethical leadership, social justice, and stake-
holder collaboration.
By embracing the 6S—Sustainable governance principle, organizations can create a
framework that fosters sustainability, ethics, and responsible decision-making. This ap-
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 27 of 37
proach integrates social justice considerations into organizational culture, promotes ethi-
cal leadership, engages stakeholders, embraces collaborative decision-making, and leads
to a more sustainable and equitable future.
ethical leadership, engages stakeholders, embraces collaborative decision-making, and
leads to a more
6.2. Concept sustainable and equitable future.
of Sustainalism
The term
6.2. Concept sustainalism has not gained widespread usage. It is not well-defined or
of Sustainalism
widelyTherecognized in the literature.
term sustainalism “Sustainalism”
has not gained widespread is ausage.
socio-political, economic, and
It is not well-defined or en-
vironmental
widely theory
recognized in of
theglobal social
literature. organizationsisas
“Sustainalism” a whole that advocates
a socio-political, economic, for
andthe means
envi-
ronmental theory of global social organizations as a whole that advocates for the means of by
of production, distribution, exchange, and symbiotic lifestyle to be owned or regulated
the worldwide
production, community
distribution, holistically
exchange, [127]. Sustainalism
and symbiotic lifestyle to beisowned
a socialorequity andby
regulated inclusive-
the
ness theorycommunity
worldwide built on the foundations
holistically [127].laid by capitalism,
Sustainalism communism,
is a social equity and and socialism (Fig-
inclusiveness
theory
ure 8).built on the foundations
Sustainalism is the new, laidinclusive,
by capitalism, communism,
and more equitableand socialism (Figure 8).
socio-economic–environ-
Sustainalism is the new, inclusive, and more equitable socio-economic–environmental
mental theory and practice model of the 21st century to meet the needs of the 10 billion
theory
peopleand whopractice
will sharemodel of theplanet
a single 21st century
in justto meetdecades
a few the needs of the
from 10 Sustainalism
now. billion peopleis an
who will share a single planet in just a few decades from now. Sustainalism
Earth-friendly conscious civilization that inculcates a socio-economic–environmental is an Earth-
friendly
model to conscious
decarbonizecivilization that inculcates
the physical economy a socio-economic–environmental
and embrace green products model to
and services.
decarbonize the physical economy and embrace green products and services. Sustainalism
Sustainalism is a term that has been used to describe a concept or approach that combines
is a term that has been used to describe a concept or approach that combines elements of
elements of sustainability with elements of traditionalism [126]. Sustainalism is a re-
sustainability with elements of traditionalism [126]. Sustainalism is a resource-efficient
source-efficient
lifestyle whereinlifestyle wherein
the materials are the materials are
economically economically
produced from 100%produced
naturalfrom 100% nat-
resources
ural resources such as wood,
such as wood, plant fibers, etc. plant fibers, etc.

.
Figure 8. Concept of sustainalism.

Sustainalism is a new model of survival and a practice leading to a sustainable

era. Sustainalism paves the path to a “Sustainable Revolution” which satisfies the
needs of our future. Sustainalism is an art of social engineering toward a greener and
more sustainable lifestyle while promoting harmonious relationships within the envi-
ronmental, economic, social, political, and cultural domains (Figure 9). This includes
adopting ecological principles, eco-lifestyle, decarbonizing the physical economy, as
well as embracing green products and services [181]. Sustainalism is a collaborative
practice of all the stakeholders, including governments, organizations, private sector,
public sector, service sectors, corporates, entrepreneurs, investors, and individuals
who are collectively responsible for shifting the global socio-economy from the cur-
rent equilibrium, which is a status quo to a better, that is, cleaner, renewable, and
sustainable planet [182].
 ciples, eco-lifestyle, decarbonizing the physical economy, as well as embracing green
products and services [181]. Sustainalism is a collaborative practice of all the stakeholders,
including governments, organizations, private sector, public sector, service sectors, cor-
porates, entrepreneurs, investors, and individuals who are collectively responsible for
shifting the global socio-economy from the current equilibrium, which is a status quo to a
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 28 of 37
better, that is, cleaner, renewable, and sustainable planet [182].

Figure 9. Domains of sustainalism.

6.3. Objective
Figure 9. Domainsof Sustainalism
of sustainalism.
The objectives of sustainalism are as follows:
6.3.• Objective of Sustainalism
To create economic growth and prosperity while protecting the environment and
promoting
The objectivessocial equality.
of sustainalism are as follows:
• To find ways to live and consume environmentally sustainably and maintain and
• To create economic growth and prosperity while protecting the environment and
preserve traditional cultural practices and values.
promoting social equality.
• To focus on local communities, self-sufficiency, and intergenerational equity.
• • ToTofind ways toeducation,
complement live and leadership,
consume environmentally sustainably
and collective consciousness and maintain
to sustain a quality and
preserve traditional cultural practices and values.
life for society.
• • ToTofocus on
emphasize local communities,
using nature-basedself-sufficiency,
solutions, suchand intergenerational
as green technology and equity.
carbon
• Topricing,
complement education,
to address economic,leadership, and collective
environmental, and socialconsciousness
problems. to sustain a qual-
• ityTolife for society.
advocate for creating new businesses, policies, and regulations that promote envi-
• ronmental,
To emphasize usingsocial, andnature-based
economic sustainability
solutions, insuch
the short and long
as green term. and carbon
technology
pricing, to address economic, environmental, and social problems.
6.4. Role of Individuals in Sustainalism: Sustainalist
• To advocate for creating new businesses, policies, and regulations that promote en-
“Sustainalist” is a term used to describe a person who prioritizes sustainability in all
vironmental, social, and economic sustainability in the short and long term.
aspects of life, including environmental, economic, and social domains. It emphasizes the
need to balance economic growth with environmental protection and social justice so that
6.4. Role of Individuals in Sustainalism: Sustainalist
current needs can be met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
“Sustainalist”
their own needs. The is a term
role ofused to describe
sustainalists a person
in the whobe
future will prioritizes
crucial in sustainability
promoting andin all
aspects of life,for
advocating including
sustainable environmental, economic,
practices and policies thatand social the
prioritize domains. It emphasizes
well-being of current the
need to balance economic growth with environmental protection and social justiceand
and future generations [183]. Sustainalists will work toward creating a more equitable so that
environmentally responsible world by promoting environmentally friendly technologies
and practices, reducing carbon emissions, preserving natural resources, and practicing
social justice and equality. They will also play a key role in raising public awareness about
the importance of sustainalism, and influencing businesses, governments, and the public
to adopt a new socio-economic–environmental model of sustainalism. By working toward
a more sustainable future, sustainalists will help ensure that the planet remains habitable
and that future generations can thrive. Becoming a sustainalist involves incorporating
sustainable principles and practices into your daily life and advocating for policies and
initiatives that prioritize sustainability [183].
Here are a few steps to becoming a sustainalist:
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 29 of 37

1. Educate yourself: Learn about the principles of sustainalism, including environmental,

economic, and social domains, and the impact of human activities on the planet.
2. Reduce your carbon footprint: Start by reducing waste, conserving energy, and using
environmentally friendly products.
3. Support sustainable businesses: Look for products and services that prioritize sustain-
ability and support companies that have environmentally friendly practices.
4. Advocate for sustainable policies: Write to your local representatives, participate in
environmental campaigns, and raise awareness about the importance of sustainalism.
5. Live sustainably: Incorporate sustainable practices into your daily life, such as cycling
or taking public transportation instead of driving, eating a plant-based diet, and
conserving water.
6. Lead by example: Encourage others to adopt sustainable practices by sharing your
experiences and knowledge with family, friends, and colleagues.
By following these directions, we can take a step closer to realizing the principles
of sustainalism.

6.5. Role of Society in Sustainalism

Sustainability, closely related to sustainalism, is a relatively new concept that has
gained widespread recognition and support in recent years, and this trend will likely
continue. However, the ideas and values associated with sustainalism will likely continue
to be meaningful and influential. As the global population continues to grow and the
impacts of human activity on the environment become more apparent, there will likely be
increasing emphasis on finding ways to live and consume more sustainably. We have an
exceptional opportunity for individuals, sectors, companies, and organizations to go down
in history as the generations that changed the course of the world for the better [183]. This
may involve a focus on local communities, self-sufficiency, intergenerational equity, and
other values and practices associated with sustainalism. A sustainable lifestyle consists of
promoting social equity, diversity, inclusion, social justice, fair labor practices, advocating
for human rights and reducing inequality. Adopting a sustainable lifestyle requires a shift
in our attitudes, values, and beliefs. It requires us to recognize our interconnectedness with
each other and the natural world. It also requires us to take collective responsibility for our
actions and their impact on the environment and society.

6.6. Role of Nations: Sustainable Revolution

Sustainable revolution refers to a significant transformation at the global level to
achieve a more sustainable future [184]. It involves a shift in values, attitudes, and be-
haviors toward sustainalism and adopting sustainable practices and policies at all levels
of society, from individuals to governments and various states [185]. The sustainable
revolution aims to create a more equitable and environmentally responsible world wherein
economic growth is balanced with environmental protection and social justice. “Sustainable
Era” refers to a time in which sustainalism is the dominant paradigm, and sustainable
practices and policies are widely adopted and implemented. A strong focus on environ-
mental protection, resource conservation, and social equity and the widespread adoption
of sustainable technologies and practices characterizes the sustainable era. In this era,
economic growth is decoupled from environmental degradation, and the world operates in
a way that prioritizes the well-being and survival of both current and future generations.
The sustainable era aims to create a more livable and sustainable world for all.

7. Conclusions
In conclusion, sustainability has emerged as a crucial response to environmental
degradation, social inequality, and economic instability. However, traditional approaches
to sustainable development have proven inadequate in tackling these complex challenges,
necessitating a more comprehensive and holistic approach.
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10682 30 of 37

To address these limitations and foster a paradigm shift toward a more sustainable
and inclusive world, this paper proposes an integrated socio-economic and environmental
model, the 6S principles of global sustainability. We have presented a novel perspective
on achieving sustainable development goals through a social movement centered around
sustainable education, sustainable living, peace, social justice, social equity, sustainable
housing, sustainable networks (including mobility and health infrastructure), and sustain-
able energy. The 6S theoretical framework offers a clear roadmap toward achieving global
sustainability and effectively tackles the challenges related to sustainability through an
inclusive approach.
To enhance individual responsibility toward sustainable development, the concept
of sustainalism is introduced. Building upon the principles of sustainalism, the Global
Sustainability Framework recognizes the interconnectedness of different dimensions of
sustainability and the diverse Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It highlights the
importance of collective action, dedication, and collaboration among individuals, organi-
zations, and governments for a fair and inclusive quality of life. Sustainalists adopt this
new way of thinking and practice, recognizing the interdependence of all living beings and
advocating for social and environmental justice.
Implementing the Global Sustainability Framework and embracing sustainalism ne-
cessitates a sustainable revolution—an unprecedented collective movement to reshape
our societies, economies, and governance systems toward sustainability. The sustainable
revolution offers a transformative pathway toward achieving an equitable world, marking
a significant step toward a sustainable era.
By embracing the principles of sustainalism and adopting a sustainalist lifestyle, we
can pave the way toward a more sustainable economy that balances humanity’s and the
environment’s needs, benefiting everyone involved.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, K.S.; formal analysis, K.B.M.; investigation, N.P.H. and
V.S.; data collection, K.S. and K.B.M.; writing—original draft preparation, N.P.H. and K.S.;
writing—review and editing, V.S. and N.P.H.; supervision, K.S. All of the authors contributed
significantly to the completion of this review, conceiving and designing the study, and writing and
improving the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not Applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not Applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not Applicable.
Acknowledgments: We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the editor, the anonymous
reviewers for their invaluable support and constructive feedback on the manuscript. We also thank
the ICFGS Community, a renowned knowledge think-tank on sustainability, for their valuable support
throughout the process.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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