OFFSHORE SERVICE SPECIFICATION

DNV-OSS-309

VERIFICATION, CERTIFICATION AND

CLASSIFICATION OF GAS
EXPORT AND RECEIVING TERMINALS
OCTOBER 2010

DET NORSKE VERITAS

FOREWORD
DET NORSKE VERITAS (DNV) is an autonomous and independent foundation with the objectives of safeguarding life,
property and the environment, at sea and onshore. DNV undertakes classification, certification, and other verification and
consultancy services relating to quality of ships, offshore units and installations, and onshore industries worldwide, and carries
out research in relation to these functions.
DNV service documents consist of amongst other the following types of documents:
— Service Specifications. Procedual requirements.
— Standards. Technical requirements.
— Recommended Practices. Guidance.
The Standards and Recommended Practices are offered within the following areas:
A) Qualification, Quality and Safety Methodology
B) Materials Technology
C) Structures
D) Systems
E) Special Facilities
F) Pipelines and Risers
G) Asset Operation
H) Marine Operations
J) Cleaner Energy
O) Subsea Systems

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© Det Norske Veritas

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In this provision "Det Norske Veritas" shall mean the Foundation Det Norske Veritas as well as all its subsidiaries, directors, officers, employees, agents and any other acting on behalf of Det
Norske Veritas.
 Offshore Service Specification DNV-OSS-309, October 2010
Changes – Page 3

CHANGES and historical “amendments and corrections” may be found

through http://www.dnv.com/resources/rules_standards/.
• General
As of October 2010 all DNV service documents are primarily • Main changes
published electronically. Since the previous edition (January 2005), this document has
In order to ensure a practical transition from the “print” scheme been amended, most recently in October 2009. All changes
to the “electronic” scheme, all documents having incorporated have been incorporated and a new date (October 2010) has
amendments and corrections more recent than the date of the been given as explained under “General”.
latest printed issue, have been given the date October 2010.
An overview of DNV service documents, their update status

DET NORSKE VERITAS

Offshore Service Specification DNV-OSS-309, October 2010
Page 4 – Changes

DET NORSKE VERITAS

 Offshore Service Specification DNV-OSS-309, October 2010
Contents – Page 5

CONTENTS

Sec. 1 Introduction........................................................... 7 A. Principles of Verification or Certification of Pipeline

Systems .................................................................................21
A. Introduction ........................................................................... 7 A 100 General............................................................................ 21
A 100 General.............................................................................. 7 A 200 Reference codes .............................................................. 21
A 200 Organisation of this Offshore Service Specification ........ 7 A 300 Project phases ................................................................. 21
A 300 Objects covered................................................................. 7
A 400 DNV Document hierarchy ................................................ 7 Sec. 6 Marine Operations ............................................. 22
A 500 International standards...................................................... 8 A. Principles of Marine Operations...........................................22
A 100 General............................................................................ 22
Sec. 2 Verification, Classification and Certification A 200 Verification services ....................................................... 22
Services ................................................................... 9 A 300 Approval services / warranty surveys............................. 22
A. Principles of Verification, Certification and Classification.... 9 Sec. 7 Documentation for Verification ........................ 23
A 100 Definitions ........................................................................ 9
A 200 DNV Deliverables ............................................................ 9 A. General..................................................................................23
A 300 Selection of verification approach .................................. 10 A 100 Typical documentation and type of service .................... 23

Sec. 3 Verification/Certification of Offshore B. Structural design ...................................................................23

Terminals ............................................................. 11 B 100 Type of installation ......................................................... 23
B 200 Environmental data......................................................... 23
A. Principles of Verification/Certification of Offshore B 300 Floating terminals ........................................................... 23
Terminals .............................................................................. 11 B 400 Fixed terminals ............................................................... 23
A 100 General............................................................................ 11 C. Position keeping....................................................................23
A 200 Use of recognised standards .......................................... 11 C 100 General............................................................................ 23
A 300 Risk Based Verification (RBV) ...................................... 11
D. LNG handling and containment system ...............................24
Sec. 4 Classification of Offshore Terminals ................ 14 D 100 General............................................................................ 24
A. Principles of Classification of Offshore Terminals .............. 14 E. LNG processing and regasification system ..........................24
A 100 Introduction..................................................................... 14 E 100 General............................................................................ 24
A 200 Scope of classification .................................................... 14
A 300 Flag/ maritime administration considerations................. 14 F. Marine and machinery systems ............................................24
F 100 Floating installations....................................................... 24
B. Class Notations ..................................................................... 15 F 200 Fixed installations........................................................... 25
B 100 General............................................................................ 15
B 200 Construction symbols .................................................... 15 G. Fire protection and safety systems........................................25
G 100 General............................................................................ 25
B 300 Main character of class ................................................... 15
B 400 Basic design notations .................................................... 15 H. Electrical systems .................................................................25
B 500 Service notations............................................................. 15 H 100 General............................................................................ 25
B 600 System and special facility notations.............................. 15
B 700 Special feature notations................................................. 16 I. Instrumentation and control systems ....................................25
B 800 Limitations of class......................................................... 16 I 100 General............................................................................ 25
B 900 Typical terminal class notations .................................... 16
J. Testing and commissioning ..................................................25
C. Assignment of Class ............................................................. 16 J 100 General............................................................................ 25
C 100 Request for classification................................................ 16
C 200 Offshore standards .......................................................... 16 Sec. 8 Regulatory Compliance ..................................... 26
C 300 Requirements for workshops and yards.......................... 17 A. Shelf State.............................................................................26
C 400 Requirements for manufacturers..................................... 17 A 100 General............................................................................ 26
C 500 Requirements for suppliers of services........................... 17
C 600 Document approval......................................................... 17 Sec. 9 Use of Risk Assessment Methodology............... 27
C 700 Survey ............................................................................. 17
C 800 Functional testing............................................................ 18 A. Risk Assessment Complementing Generic, Prescriptive
C 900 Final classification documentation ................................. 18 Requirements .......................................................................27
C 1000 Maintenance of Classification certificate ....................... 18 A 100 General............................................................................ 27
A 200 Hazard identification ..................................................... 27
D. Verification of Procured Items ............................................. 18 A 300 Hazard frequency and consequence reduction .............. 28
D 100 General............................................................................ 18 A 400 Hazard evaluation .......................................................... 28
D 200 Case-by case approval .................................................... 18 A 500 Dimensioning accidental loads ...................................... 28
D 300 Type approval ................................................................. 18 A 600 Safety criteria ................................................................. 28
D 400 Documentation of certification ....................................... 19 A 700 Documentation of safety level ........................................ 28
D 500 Manufacturing survey arrangement ................................ 19 Sec. 10 Qualification of New Technology...................... 29
E. Installations Converted to use as Offshore Terminals.......... 19 A. Novel Designs.......................................................................29
E 100 General............................................................................ 19 A 100 General............................................................................ 29
A 200 Basis for the qualification ............................................... 29
F. Acceptance of control by national authorities ...................... 20 A 300 Qualification process ..................................................... 29
F 100 Principles of acceptance of control by national A 400 Establishment of reliability ............................................ 29
authorities........................................................................ 20 A 500 Testing ............................................................................ 30
A 600 End product of the qualification .................................... 30
Sec. 5 Verification or Certification of Pipeline A 700 Use of the results ............................................................ 30
Systems ................................................................. 21 A 800 Reference ........................................................................ 30

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Page 6 – Contents

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 Offshore Service Specification DNV-OSS-309, October 2010
Sec.1 – Page 7

SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION

A. Introduction

RT
A 100 General

PA
AL
DNV

UR
101 This Offshore Service Specification presents DNV serv- OFFSHORE

ED
SERVICE

OC
ices with respect to Risk Based Verification, Classification and SPECIFICATIONS.

PR
Certification of offshore gas terminals. It also clarifies the role

INT
of risk assessment and qualification of technology within these

ERN
OTHER
services.

ATI
ON
DNV

DNV S

AL
A 200 Organisation of this Offshore Service Specifica- OFFSHORE

CO
STANDARDS

TAND

DES
RT
tion

PA

/ST
ARDS
AL

AND
201 This document is divided into two main sections:

NIC

ARD
CH
TE

S
— Section 1 provides a general introduction
— Section 2 describes the various services DNV offers DNV
GUIDELINES INTERNAT.
DNV RECOMMENDED PRACTICES RPs ETC.
& NOTES
A 300 Objects covered
301 Although this document refers primarily to concepts Figure 1
DNV Offshore Publication Hierarchy
involving liquefied natural gas (LNG), it may also be used for
other terminal and offshore installation solutions such as those
involving liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), compressed natural 402 In addition to these three levels of documentation DNV
gas (CNG), and gas to liquids (GTL) products. also issues Offshore Technical Guidance (OTG) on specific
subjects.
302 Offshore terminals may be fixed or floating, and may be
mainly constructed in steel or in concrete. Several different 403 This document will also make reference to relevant doc-
uments in the DNV document hierarchy and where appropriate
terms are used in describing LNG import and export terminals. to internationally accepted codes and standards.
303 An offshore terminal which processes hydrocarbons and 404 These documents include the following DNV publica-
refrigerates gas to produce LNG will be termed here an export tions :
terminal. Where this is a floating installation, this may also be
termed either an FLNG installation (floating LNG) or an LNG DNV Documents Relevant for LNG Terminals
FPSO (LNG floating production, storage and offloading unit). Reference Title
The installation may be fed gas directly from a gas well or may DNV-OTG-02 Offshore Gas Export and Receiving Terminals
process associated gas in conjunction with oil production. DNV-OSS-300 Risk Based Verification
DNV-OSS-301 Certification and Verification of Pipelines
304 An offshore terminal which receives and regasifies LNG
DNV-OSS-102 Rules for Classification of Floating Production
to provide gas to the market gas grid will be termed here, a and Storage Units
receiving or import terminal. Where the terminal is a bottom DNV-OS-B101 Metallic Materials
fixed concrete design it may be termed a CGBS (Concrete DNV-OS-C101 Design of Offshore Steel Structures, General
Gravity Based Structure). Where the terminal is a floating (LRFD method)
installation it may also be termed an FSRU (floating storage DNV-OS-C102 Structural Design of Offshore Ships
and regasification unit). DNV-OS-C502 Offshore Concrete Structures
DNV-OS-C503 Concrete LNG Terminal Structure and
A 400 DNV Document hierarchy Containment Systems
401 DNV Offshore Publications which provide information DNV-OS-C301 Stability and Watertight Integrity
at various levels of detail for offshore installations are organ- DNV-OS-C401 Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures
ized into a three level document hierarchy, illustrated in DNV-OS-D101 Marine and Machinery Systems and Equipment
Figure 1: DNV-OS-D201 Electrical Installations
DNV-OS-D202 Instrumentation and Telecommunication Systems
— Offshore Service Specifications (OSS series) DNV-OS-D301 Fire Protection
providing principles and procedures of classification, ver- DNV-OS-E201 Hydrocarbon Production Plant
ification and consultancy services DNV-OS-E301 Position Mooring
— Offshore Standards (OS series) DNV-OS-E401 Helicopter Decks
specifying technical requirements and acceptance criteria DNV-OS-F201 Dynamic Risers
for general use by the offshore industry as well as provid- DNV-OS-F101 Submarine Pipeline Systems
ing the technical basis for classification DNV-RP-A203 Qualification Procedures for New Technology
— Recommended Practices (RP series) DNV-RP-C204 Design against Accidental Loads
providing sound engineering practice as well as guidance DNV Rules DNV Rules for Planning and Execution of
related to the higher level Offshore Publications. Marine Operations

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Offshore Service Specification DNV-OSS-309, October 2010
Page 8 – Sec.1

405 All documents in the DNV hierarchy may be freely 503 LNG Transfer System
accessed via our website dnv.com.
Code Title
A 500 International standards NFPA 59A (Chap 8)Standard for Production, Storage and
handling of Liquefied Natural Gas
501 Internationally recognised standards may also be used in
OCIMF Design and Construction Specification for
design and construction of offshore terminals these may Marine Loading Arms, 3rd ed 1999
include (others may be directly referenced in individual DNV
SIGTTO/ICS/OCIMF Ship to Ship Transfer Guide (Liquefied
Offshore Standards): Gas), 2nd ed. 1995,
502 Process Systems : ICS Tanker Safety Guide (Liquefied Gas), 2nd
ed. 1995
Code Title SIGTTO Liquefied Gas Handling Principles on
NFPA 59A Standard for the Production, Storage, and Ships and in Terminals, 2nd ed. 1996,
Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) OCIMF Mooring Equipment Guidelines, 2nd ed.
TEMA Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 1997
NFPA 37 Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary
Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines
ASME VIII Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
API RP 14C Analysis, Design, Installation and Testing of Basic
Surface Safety Systems for Offshore Production
Platforms
API RP 520 Sizing, Selection and Installation of Pressure
Relieving Devices in Refineries
API RP 521 Guide for Pressure Relieving and Depressurising
Systems
API Std 610 Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum, Heavy Duty
Chemical and Gas Industry Services
API Std 6D Specification for Pipeline Valves
API Std 617 Axial and Centrifugal Compressors and Expander
Compressors for Petroleum, Chemical and Gas
Industry Services
API Std 618 Reciprocating Compressors for Petroleum,
Chemical and Gas Industry Services
API Std 619 Rotary Type Positive Displacement Compressors
for Petroleum, Chemical and Gas Industry
Services
ASME B31.3 Process Piping
AGA Report 3 Orifice Metering of Natural Gas
AGA Report 3 Fuel Gas Energy Metering
AGA Report 3 Measurement of Gas by Turbine Meters

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 Offshore Service Specification DNV-OSS-309, October 2010
Sec.2 – Page 9

SECTION 2
VERIFICATION, CLASSIFICATION AND CERTIFICATION SERVICES

A. Principles of Verification, Certification and international codes and standards will normally be used as
Classification a supplement to the Offshore Codes and where found
equivalent may be permitted to replace them. Classifica-
A 100 Definitions tion has been traditionally a prescriptive approach, howev-
er for novel technology, existing experience is
101 Verification is defined as confirmation by examination supplemented with risk assessment.
and provision of objective evidence that specified require- If desired the Classification approach may adopt a purely
ments have been fulfilled (ISO 8402: 1994).Verification con- risk-based method to define the Classification require-
stitutes a systematic and independent examination of the ments rather than using the existing prescriptive require-
various phases in the life of an asset to determine whether it is ments. This approach is described in DNV-OSS-121
(or continues to be) in compliance with some or all of the asset “Classification Based on Performance Criteria Deter-
specifications. mined from Risk Assessment Methodology”
102 In the context of offshore projects we may use the fol-
lowing terms depending on the terms of reference of the veri- — Risk-Based Verification
fication contract: Instead of using an approach based on prescriptive re-
quirements, project verification requirements may be de-
— General Verification rived from use of risk assessment technology. Risk Based
In this case the verification involves a compliance check Verification is a structured, systematic process of using
against client-defined requirements. These requirements risk analysis and cost-benefit analysis shall strike a bal-
may or may not include DNV Offshore Standards, and will ance between technical and operational issues and be-
typically include company standards and internationally tween safety and cost.
recognized codes and standards. Verification may extend The RBV methodology contains the following steps:
to some or all project phases depending on the agreed
scope. — Hazard identification
In this approach DNV acts in the capacity of either a 2nd — Risk assessment
party (as part of the client’s organization) or 3rd party (in- — Evaluation of risk-control options
dependent of the client organization) — Recommendations for decision-making
— Development of verification plan
— Certification — Performance of verification.
Certification is Verification for which the deliverable in-
cludes the issue of a Certificate. In this Guidance when This approach is described in DNV-OSS-300 “Risk Based
Certification is used it designates the overall scope of Verification”.
work or multiple activities for the issue of a Certificate
(typically including both design and construction phases), — Qualification of Technology
whilst Verification may have a similar scope but may also Gas terminal concepts may involve use of novel technol-
be used for individual activities associated with the total ogy or novel application of existing technology. Such
work. Certification is performed as a 3rd party service, technology may not be adequately addressed by existing
Verification may be performed as either a 3rd Party or a codes and standards. In order to verify that such technol-
2nd Party activity. ogy meets desired levels of safety and reliability it is nec-
essary to assess it in a structured manner so that all
— Statutory Certification potential hazards are addressed.
This is defined as a compliance check against the technical This methodology is described in DNV-RP-A203 Qualifi-
requirements of a third party regulatory body. This will cation Procedures for New Technology
typically be the requirements of the shelf state where the
offshore terminal is located. It may also include require- A 200 DNV Deliverables
ments of maritime administrations where floating installa- 201 Depending on the service carried out by DNV, the final
tions are involved, either during transit or as a supplement conclusion will be documented by a specific agreed delivera-
to the shelf state when installed. Statutory Certification ble. Typically these deliverables will be termed as follows in
will typically require to be maintained during the life of 202-205.
the installation. DNV acts as a 3rd party where statutory
certification is involved (Reference Sec.4 A300 with re- 202 Verification according to shelf state regimes and Opera-
gard to typical flag state scope). tor’s specifications
Requirement from authorities may be either mainly pre- — Verification Report on Design
scriptive (e.g. U.S., Canada) or mainly functional and risk — Statement of Compliance
based (e.g. U.K., Norway, Australia). In either case the
verification approach can be adapted to accommodate the — Certificate of Conformity.
regulatory philosophy. 203 Classification according to DNV Rules and additional
— Classification statutory work on behalf of authorities:
Classification is defined as verification according to DNV — Class Certificates
rules, where on completion, a DNV Classification Certifi- — Approval in Principle
cate is issued. Classification is always a 3rd party activity. — Product Certificates for Components and Assemblies
Classification usually implies involvement in all project — Survey Reports.
phases, from design to the operations phase, however this
may be specially agreed for an individual contract. The ba- 204 Verification services according to client’s request
sis of the verification will be DNV Offshore Standards re-
ferred to in the DNV Rules. It should be noted that — DNV Verification Reports.

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Offshore Service Specification DNV-OSS-309, October 2010
Page 10 – Sec.2

205 Qualification and testing of new technology, including 304 In both instances it may be necessary to comply with
components and systems specific prescriptive requirements from statutory authorities in
order to ensure final regulatory compliance for the project.
— Statement of Feasibility This would then form the basis of a verification engagement,
— Statement of Fitness for Service. where a certificate needs to be issued.
206 These documents will make reference to the standards, 305 Whether a project opts for one or other of the approaches
regulations and other specifications which have formed the to verification described in this section will depend on a
basis of the verification, and will be backed up by a traceable number of inter-related factors:
record documenting the information considered and the con-
siderations made in arriving at the final status of the verifica- — Overall verification plan
tion work.
The verification carried out by DNV will be a part of the
A 300 Selection of verification approach larger verification needs of the project. The selected veri-
fication approach will therefore be related to the verifica-
301 It should be noted that the verification approaches tion intended to be carried out by the Operator himself and
described above have a certain degree of flexibility and the that which may be carried out by other designated parties.
selected agreed method in a particular project may involve It is an advantage if as much verification as possible is car-
combinations of several approaches. For example General ried out using a similar methodology to ensure a consistent
Verification may have a scope similar to Classification, with- level which is easily traceable.
out the issue of a Class Certificate. Similarly Statutory Certifi-
cation requirements may be incorporated into a General — Level of independence of verifier
Verification approach. The exact scope of verification and the
desired document deliverables should be agreed with DNV on The verifier may be a part of the client’s organization or
a case-to-case basis. may be a third party. Any verification however should
maintain a separation from the organizational unit carry-
302 Approaches based on prescriptive requirements and ing out the actual work to be verified. Separation and inde-
those based on risk assessment, are not totally mutually exclu-
pendence however may still be achieved while the verifier
sive. Classification while traditionally employing prescriptive
requirements recognises that in order to keep up with the pace works in close cooperation with the project.
of technological progress, it will need to supplement and cali-
brate these requirements with requirements based on risk anal- — Regulatory requirements
ysis, when classification is applied to a non “standard” Regulatory authorities may have specific requirements to
concept. verification, and may define a minimum scope for verifi-
303 A Risk Based Verification approach although it adopts a cation (e.g. U.S. CVA scope) or certification. This would
“first principles” approach to design by defining requirements then form the basis of a verification engagement.
relevant for the specific project in question, will make use of
existing codes and design methods where these are available. — Degree of Novelty
For example a requirement to design a floating installation to The greater the degree of novelty the greater the incentive
a safe standard will usually mean employing many aspects of to use risk assessment techniques to ensure that all novel
traditional maritime design methods. aspects are adequately covered.

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 Offshore Service Specification DNV-OSS-309, October 2010
Sec.3 – Page 11

SECTION 3
VERIFICATION/CERTIFICATION OF OFFSHORE TERMINALS

A. Principles of Verification/Certification of repair.

Offshore Terminals 205 With regard to design of LNG terminals or CNG vessels
there will be a mixture of a number of relevant technologies:
A 100 General
101 Verification should be based on an agreed scope with — land based LNG liquefaction or regasification plant
agreed references. These references may include international — land based LNG containment tanks
codes and standards and Operator specifications and will typi- — marine LNG containment tanks
cally also be influenced by regulatory requirements. The — marine vessel safety features
approach may be either primarily prescriptive or primarily risk — marine vessel design
based. However for offshore terminals there does not exist at — offshore oil and gas production installations
present a fully comprehensive prescriptive standard which — pipeline design.
adequately addresses the gap between codes intended for sim-
ilar land-based or marine applications. Therefore it will be nec- 206 Selection of the best of the above technologies and their
essary to use existing related standards as far as applicable, codes in combination will therefore represent a challenge. In
adopt a first principles approach for some aspects and also to addition to the considerations above on selecting from codes,
make use of risk methodology. there is also the probability that code requirements intended for
102 Verification may also be termed Certification, when a particular technology will not be appropriate when that tech-
applied to both design and construction phases and when the nology is used in a novel way. The code may not adequately
final verification statement is a Certificate. The terms may be account for new hazards introduced in the new application, or
interchanged in the text below which uses only the term Veri- indeed may address hazards no longer relevant in the new
fication. application. There is therefore the risk that a design based on
existing prescriptive codes will be either non-conservative or
A 200 Use of recognised standards possibly overly conservative. At any rate there may be uncer-
tainty about the level of safety achieved.
201 Ideally a project would like to base a design on a set of
predictable requirements incorporated into an internationally 207 In order to ensure that all relevant hazards are ade-
recognized standard. In the case of novel concepts however quately addressed in technology projects without a specific
there will be a lag before new codes are developed or existing service history, suitable for the intended application, it will be
codes are updated in order to address all important aspects of necessary to:
an emerging technology. In the meantime it may be necessary
to try to identify relevant requirements in existing codes and — consider existing code requirements based on their intent
adapt them to the new technology. and context
— supplement existing prescriptive requirements with risk
202 Codes and standards aim at a certain safety level (usu-
assessment methodology in order to identify and address
ally implicitly) and arrive at that level by specifying require-
novel risks.
ments to a number of parameters which impact safety. These
parameters for example may include : 208 In considering major subsystems and components which
— method of analysis are of novel design or which employ existing designs in a man-
ner not originally anticipated by a relevant code or standard, a
— level of analysis
structured evaluation of the novel use and novel hazards will
— safety factor or load/material factor be necessary. This is further described in Sec.10, Qualification
— material quality of New Technology.
— fabrication quality
— extent of NDE 209 Below is described a means of carrying out verification
based on risk assessment techniques. This will provide a meth-
— extent of testing
odology to identify the relevant risks associated with a termi-
— qualification of personnel. nal design and may use existing code requirements to address
203 Different codes within the same technical area may these where such requirements are considered applicable and
achieve the same level of safety by varying the emphasis on the adequate. Assessment of adequacy of requirements will be an
above parameters, for example more rigorous analysis meth- integral part of the overall verification.
ods or more rigorous fabrication control instead of reliance on A 300 Risk Based Verification (RBV)
a single safety factor. Selection of parts of a code or mixing of
requirements from several codes may therefore not necessarily 301 The RBV approach is build on the basic assumption that
give the intended level of safety. the parties involved (e.g. designers, manufacturers, contrac-
tors, operators) undertake sufficient and suitable assurance
204 Many codes contain non-obvious assumptions which if activities to ensure the suitability of the asset; RBV is not a
not adhered to may invalidate the level of safety represented by
substitute for other parties’ roles or obligations.
the code. For example, use of ship hull structures in an offshore
terminal design will need to take account of the possibility of 302 The figure below illustrates the purpose of the verifica-
inspection in situ or the impossibility of inspection compared tion and the major steps involved in achieving the end result.
to a similar gas carrier design which may be taken out of serv- Essentially the project aims to ensure that the completed asset
ice or moved to calmer waters or a shipyard for rework or complies with the principles set forth for the planned asset.

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Page 12 – Sec.3

305 Factors to be considered when evaluating the adequacy

of a quality management system include:

Planned Asset — whether or not an ISO 9000 or equivalent certified system

is in place
— results from external audits
— results from internal audits
Asset Specification — experience with contractors’ previous work
including overall Owner Acceptance — project work-force familiarity with the quality manage-
Criteria and Verification Objectives ment system, e.g. has there been a rapid expansion of the
work force or are all parties of a joint venture familiar with
the same system?
306 Risk Based Verification may be based on either a rela-
Risk Assessment tively simplified approach based on qualitative evaluation of
the asset using trigger questions and predefined checklists or
Including identification and ranking of alternatively may be based on a detailed analytic approach,
hazards based on risk evaluation depending on what is considered most appropriate for the
project in question.
307 A detailed analytic approach to Risk Based Verification
at its most comprehensive level comprises the following six
main elements:
Definition of Verification Involvement — risk assessment
including detailing of acceptance criteria
— identification of the major hazards
— identification of key risk elements
— identification and/or development of acceptance criteria
— development of a verification plan
— implementation of the verification plan.
Verification Plan
including list of verification activities 308 Both the simplified and the detailed approach will lead
to the development of a verification plan, which will describe
the various verification activities which will be carried out and
the level of that verification.
309 Three levels of verification, as shown in Figure 1, may
be selected in RBV. The verification level can be selected by
Verification Execution Owner or Verification Contractor, depending on the service
including reporting of compliance or non- required and the detailed requirements of local Authorities.
compliance 310 Factors to be considered in the selection and definition
of verification level include:
— degree of complexity in achieving technical requirements,
— experience with similar facilities
Completed Asset — EPC contractors general experience, and experience in
similar work.
High

303 The Verification Contractor’s role, which DNV offers,

Probability of Failure

Increasing
for selected elements

in executing RBV will typically be through contributions in

one or more of the following areas:
Risk
— assist in development of project SHE philosophy, and easing
HIGH
asset specification
— participate in HAZIDs
— review risk assessments and / or detailed studies to iden- MEDIUM
tify the critical aspects
— assist with development of, or develop, performance-
based requirements LOW
Low

— review customer’s safety assessment to confirm that the

process is adequate and robust Low High
— incorporating performance-based requirements in a verifi- Consequence of Failure
cation activity plan
— implementation of the verification activity plan. Figure 1
Levels of verification
304 Adequate quality management systems will need to be
implemented to ensure that gross errors in the work of design,
construction and operations are limited. 311 Some general principles regarding selection of the level

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of verification are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Levels of Verification and Guidance on Involvement of Verifier

Level System Characteristics Description of typical verification
Low — Proven designs with relatively harmless content Review of Design Basis and General Principles and production
and/or installed in benign environmental conditions systems during design and construction.
— State of the art design, manufacturing and installa- Review of principal design documents, construction procedures
tion by experienced contractors and qualification reports.
— Low consequences of failure from a commercial, Site attendance only during system testing.
safety or environmental point of view. Less comprehensive involvement than level Medium.
— Relaxed to normal completion schedule
Medium — Asset in moderate or well controlled environmental Review of Design Basis and General Principles and production
conditions systems during design and construction.
— Plants with a moderate degree of novelty Detailed review of principal and other selected design document
— Medium consequences of failure from a commer- with support of simplified independent analyses.
cial, safety or environmental point of view. Full time attendance during (procedure) qualification and review
— Normal completion schedule of the resulting reports. Audit based or intermittent presence at
site.
High — Innovative designs Review of General Principles and production systems during
— Extreme environmental conditions design and construction.
— Plants with a high degree of novelty or large leaps in Detailed review of most design document with support of simpli-
technology fied and advanced independent analyses.
— Contractors with limited similar experience or Full time attendance during (procedure) qualification and review
exceptionally tight completion schedule of the resulting reports.
— Very high consequences of failure from a commer- Full time presence at site for most activities.
cial, safety or environmental point of view. More comprehensive involvement than level Medium.
312 A Verification Plan must be developed to formalise the 317 In the event that the project requirements specify that the
approach to verifying the critical aspects of an asset. The plan fabrication contractors, sub-contractors and suppliers shall be
will describe the verification to be carried out during the design evaluated to demonstrate their quality ability to meet specified
phase, the construction phase, during installation and commis- requirements and expectations, a formal review, such as a
sioning and during the operations phase. Manufacturer Product Quality Assessment (MPQA), may be
313 The Verification plan should clearly identify responsi- performed, if desired by the Client.
bility for carrying out various activities and when they are to
be carried out. 318 The Verification Plan should also reflect the fact that
314 Design verification shall confirm that a chosen design is any modifications which need to be carried out are best identi-
in conformity with the acceptance criteria (i.e. project specifi- fied and implemented as early as possible in a project. The typ-
cations, regulations of national authorities and international ical relationship between Cost of Change and Project Time is
standards and guidelines). illustrated in the figure below.
315 The design verification process will provide feedback 319 For further details of the Risk Based Verification
and early identification to the project for the areas of concern approach reference is made to DNV publication , DNV-OSS-
and contribute to practical solutions regarding design and con- 300 Risk Based Verification.
struction problems that may arise.
316 The information required for the monitoring and exami-
nation of the fabrication and construction process will be partly
dependent on previous steps in the RBV plan.
Typically, the following information is required to monitor and
Increase

examine the fabrication and construction processes and prod- Ability to Cost of
uct compliance: Influence Change

— quality plan,
— construction specifications, construction method, etc.,
— tolerances and dimensional control procedures,
Concept Commissioning
— material specifications,
— test programs and commissioning activities. Time

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Offshore Service Specification DNV-OSS-309, October 2010
Page 14 – Sec.4

SECTION 4
CLASSIFICATION OF OFFSHORE TERMINALS

A. Principles of Classification of Offshore class agreement and reflected in the class notations for the
Terminals installation.
203 The rules and standards referred to in the Class Agree-
A 100 Introduction ment define acceptance criteria for design, construction, sur-
101 Classification is a comprehensive verification service vey and testing of offshore installations, their machinery and
providing assurance that a set of requirements laid down in utility installations, systems and equipment, applicable to the
rules established by DNV are met during design and construc- newbuilding and operational phases.
tion, and maintained during operation of an offshore unit or 204 These rules, together with referenced standards, give
installation. Classification has gained world-wide recognition requirements in the following areas (some items dependant on
as representing an acceptable level of safety and quality. whether floating or fixed):
102 Classification implies an activity, in which an offshore
installation, in this case a terminal, is surveyed by DNV during — Structure
construction on the basis of design approval, tested before — arrangement
being taken into service, and surveyed regularly during its — strength
whole operational life. The aim is to verify that the required — containment system structure
safety standard is built-in, observed and maintained. — support for gas processing plant
103 The rules which are in force at the date of the written — offloading structures
request for classification, are the basis for the assignment and — materials and welding
maintenance of class. In exceptional cases, where unaccepta- — corrosion protection
ble service experience and/or theoretical findings clearly show — tank arrangement
that safety hazards may arise in connection with items covered — weathertight and watertight integrity
by the existing rules, DNV may lay down supplementary — stability and floatability
requirements to maintain the overall safety standard reflected — foundation.
by the rules.
— Marine, machinery and utility installations and equipment
104 While the rules contain many prescriptive requirements,
the rules also call for use of risk assessment to address novel — power generation and distribution
aspects and novel applications of known technology. — drainage and bilge pumping
105 While the basis for classification of an offshore terminal — ballasting
is DNV Rules and Standards, DNV will also consider alterna- — anchoring and mooring
tives to requirements contained in the Rules if they are found — pressure vessels and high pressure piping in Hull/
to maintain the overall safety standard represented by the rules. main structure (if relevant)
— drains from topsides or other systems which might
affect hull/main structure safety
106 Where an offshore installation is covered by detailed
technical legislation of either a flag state, as could be the case — Safety Systems
for some floating terminals, or the shelf state, the requirements
of such bodies may form the basis for assigning class. It should — area classification
also be noted that a flag state may also act as a port state with — emergency power
respect to offshore terminals (floating or fixed), so that the — emergency shut-down
maritime administration may be the leading authority with — escape routes
regard to offshore terminals. — fire and gas detection and alarm
107 Following satisfactory design and construction of an off- — fire fighting
shore terminal a Classification Certificate is issued. — communication (alarm, public address)
— structural fire protection (including penetrations)
108 In order to maintain Class the terminal needs to be satis- — control systems for safety systems (including UPS
factorily maintained and modifications adequately addressed. arrangement)
This is confirmed by annual and periodic surveys. — HVAC including ventilation in hazardous areas.
A 200 Scope of classification 205 The listing above does not include the gas processing
201 Classification comprises mandatory elements and vol- plant (LNG, LPG or GTL) or the loading/offloading arrange-
untary elements. Typically the main structure and storage and ment. These, and other areas such as cranes, helideck, which
machinery and systems critical to maintaining their safety will are not considered as part of the minimum scope of class, may
be subject to mandatory coverage by Class. Equipment and be included in the Class scope on agreement with the client.
systems for processing of gas, i.e. liquefaction or regasification 206 Classification generally does not cover aspects such as
plant, may be covered by Class on a voluntary basis. If such lifesaving and evacuation equipment, pollution prevention
systems are not covered by Class it is assumed that they are equipment. These are typically covered for offshore installa-
covered by a separate verification system to a satisfactory tions by flag or shelf states. However if the operator wishes the
level. class society to address such areas, this can be included as an
202 For mandatory class items, there may be cases where the addition to the standard class scope. This typically needs to be
client wishes to limit the scope of classification to selected coordinated with other regulatory authorities who may wish to
areas and items only. Such special class arrangements may be have an active role in these matters.
acceptable provided it can be demonstrated that areas and
items not covered by classification have, or will be, designed, A 300 Flag/ maritime administration considerations
constructed and maintained to an appropriate recognised 301 Generally the flag state or maritime administration has
standard. The involvement by DNV will be specified in the requirements within the following areas, some of which are

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 Offshore Service Specification DNV-OSS-309, October 2010
Sec.4 – Page 15

fully or partially covered by the classification scope. Even if an B 400 Basic design notations
installation is not floating, the maritime administration may
have full or partial authority over the offshore installation. 401 The basic design notation indicates the type of structure.

— Lifeboats and other life saving equipment Table B1 Basic design notations
— Escape ways Basic design notation Description
— Load Line marking Floating Offshore The terminal may be ship shaped or barge
Terminal shaped. It may be constructed in steel or in
— Pollution Prevention/Oily water system concrete, or some combination of both.
— Helideck and Helifuel system Fixed Offshore The terminal will be a gravity based struc-
— Aids to Navigation Terminal ture, fabricated in steel or concrete or a
— Emergency communication combination of both
— Emergency Power*
— Emergency Lighting* B 500 Service notations
— Stability* 501 Terminals constructed according to DNV rules for off-
— Structure* shore classification, arranged for a particular service and found
— Firefighting/Fire Protection* to be in accordance with the relevant requirements for such
— Fire detection* service, will be given a corresponding service notation.
— Lifting Appliances
Table B2 Service notations
— Working Environment
Notation Description
*parallel scope to Class (usually equivalent with exceptions LNG Liquefaction Terminal which processes gas to produce
for a few flag states) LNG as a main function
LNG Regasification Terminal which processes LNG to produce
gas for pipeline as a main function

B. Class Notations B 600 System and special facility notations

601 Units or installations having special facilities, systems
B 100 General or equipment found to satisfy specified class requirements will
101 To reflect the scope covered by the Class Agreement, be given a corresponding class notation. Notations currently in
DNV will assign Class notations to the offshore terminal. use are given in Table B3.
102 Classed units and installations will be given a class des- Table B3 Additional system and special facility notations
ignation consisting of:
— construction symbol Notation Description
— main character of class DYNPOS-AUTS Dynamic positioning system without
redundancy
— basic design notation
DYNPOS-AUT Dynamic positioning system with an
— service notation independent joystick back-up and a position
— system and special facility notations (as applicable) reference back-up
— special feature notations (as applicable). DYNPOS-AUTR Dynamic positioning system with
redundancy in technical design and with an
103 A typical class notation for an offshore LNG terminal independent joystick back-up
would be: DYNPOS-AUTRO Dynamic positioning system with
redundancy in technical design and with an
 OI Floating Offshore LNG Liquefaction Terminal independent joystick back-up. Plus a back-up
or dynamic positioning control system in an
emergency dynamic positioning control cen-
 OI Fixed Offshore LNG Regasification Terminal tre, designed with physical separation for
components that provide redundancy
Where the terms are clarified as follows :
BOW LOADING Bow loading arrangement
B 200 Construction symbols CRANE Equipped with crane(s)
The symbol  will be given to units and installations built DEICE or Unit equipped with de-icing or anti-icing
DEICE-C systems
under the supervision of DNV.
The symbol  · will be given to units and installations built E0 Unit equipped for unattended machinery
space
under the supervision of a recognised classification society and ECO Unit equipped for operation of machinery
later assigned class with DNV. from centralised control station
F-A Additional fire protection of accommodation
B 300 Main character of class space
301 The notation OI will be given to non-self-propelled F-AM Additional fire protection of accommodation
floating offshore installations intended for service at one off- and machinery space
shore location with main structure, utility and safety systems F-M Additional fire protection of machinery space
found to be in compliance with the basic requirements of the F-C Additional fire protection of cargo space
applicable DNV offshore standards referred to in the rules. F-AC Additional fire protection of accommodation
The notation OI will also be given to fixed offshore installa- and cargo space
tions intended for service at one offshore location with main F-MC Additional fire protection of machinery and
structure, utility and safety systems found to be in compliance cargo space
with the basic requirements of the applicable DNV offshore F-AMC Additional fire protection of accommodation,
standards referred to in the rules. machinery and cargo space

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Offshore Service Specification DNV-OSS-309, October 2010
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Table B3 Additional system and special facility notations B 800 Limitations of class
(Continued) 801 When the client for an OI classed installation wishes to
Notation Description limit the scope of classification to selected areas and items
HELDK Helicopter deck structure only, the parts of the installation which are covered by classi-
fication will be indicated in the classification certificate. The
HELDK-S Helicopter deck structure including safety
aspects related to the unit purpose of the notation Limitation of Class shall indicate such
limitations, if applicable
HELDK-SH Helicopter deck structure including safety
aspects related to the unit and to the helicopter Example:
HELDK-SHF Helicopter deck structure and safety
aspects related to the unit and to the helicop- — Structure: Classification is limited to cover main structure.
ter, including on board helicopter service
facilities
B 900 Typical terminal class notations
HMON-1 Provided with basic hull monitoring system
HMON-2 Provided with comprehensive hull 901 Notations which would be typical for offshore receiving
monitoring incorporating measurement of and export terminals would be as follows (these are arbitrary
environmental conditions examples which include both mandatory and non-mandatory
ICE-L Strengthened for ice condition operation notations) :
ICS Unit equipped with integrated computer
system Table B5 Terminal Class Notations
OFFLOADING Hydrocarbon or LNG offloading system Notation Description
POSMOOR Passive position mooring system  OI Floating The terminal may be ship shaped or barge
Offshore LNG shaped. It may be constructed in steel or in
POSMOOR-V Mooring system designed for positioning in Liquefaction concrete, or some combination of both. It will
the vicinity of other structures Terminal, POS- receive gas from wells and liquefy and store it
POSMOOR-TA Thruster assisted mooring system dependent MOOR before transferring it to a gas carrier. May also
on manual remote thrust control system be termed an LNG FPSO. The mooring system
POSMOOR-ATA Thruster assisted mooring system dependent is covered by Class.
on automatic remote thrust control system  OI Fixed The terminal will be a gravity based structure,
PROD Hydrocarbon production plant Offshore LNG fabricated in steel or concrete or a combina-
Liquefaction tion of both. It will receive gas from wells and
Liquefaction LNG Liquefaction Plant is designed and Terminal, liquefy and store it before transferring it to a
Plant (LNG) constructed in accordance with Class require- Liquefaction gas carrier. Both the cranes and the liquefac-
ments as reflected in DNV-OS-E201 and Plant, CRANE tion plant are voluntarily covered by Class.
recognized international standards
Liquefaction LPG Liquefaction Plant is designed and  OI Floating The terminal may be ship shaped or barge
Offshore LNG shaped. It may be constructed in steel or in
Plant (LPG) constructed in accordance with Class Regasification concrete, or some combination of both. It will
requirements as reflected in DNV-OS-E201 Terminal, POS- receive liquefied gas from a gas carrier, store
and recognized international standards MOOR , it before regasifying it and sending it to a gas
GTL Plant The Gas to Liquids processing plant is Regasification pipeline. It may also be termed an FSRU. The
designed and constructed in accordance with Plant mooring system is covered by Class. The
Class requirements as reflected in DNV-OS- regasification plant is also voluntarily covered
E201 and recognized international by Class.
standards
 OI Fixed The terminal will be a gravity based structure,
CNG Plant The terminal, either export or receiving, has Offshore LNG fabricated in steel or concrete or a combina-
plant for loading or unloading from a CNG Regasification tion of both. It will receive liquefied gas from
Carrier. The plant is designed and constructed Terminal a gas carrier, store it before regasifying it and
in accordance with Class requirements as sending it to a gas pipeline.
reflected in DNV Rules for Ships Pt.5 Ch.15
and recognized international standards (Note 902 For types of terminals not properly characterised by the
the CNG carrier is covered by separate class listed notations, the basic notation:
notation)
Regasification Regasification Plant is designed and con-
 OI Offshore Gas Terminal
Plant structed in accordance with Class require- may be used. This could cover, for example, a terminal, float-
ments as reflected in DNV-OS-E201 and ing or fixed, which receives gas which is delivered as Com-
recognized international standards pressed Natural Gas. Similarly LNG could be replaced by LPG
SBM Unit with implemented management system where this is the product or by LNG/LPG where both are pro-
SPM Single point mooring duced. Where the gas liquefaction, regasification or handling
plant is also covered by Class, this would be reflected in an
STL Submerged turret loading
additional system and special facility notation as listed above.
VCS-1, VCS-2 or System for control of vapour emission from
VCS-3 cargo tanks
B 700 Special feature notations
C. Assignment of Class
701 Special feature notations provide information regarding
special design assumptions, arrangements or equipment which C 100 Request for classification
is not covered by other class notations. 101 A request for classification shall be submitted in writing
Relevant special feature notations currently in use are listed in by the client and the Class notations agreed by DNV and the
Table B4. client.
Table B4 Special feature notations C 200 Offshore standards
Notation Description 201 The basis of Classification will be compliance with the
COAT-1 Specification of corrosion prevention in ballast below listed standards, unless otherwise agreed with the client.
COAT-2 tanks

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 Offshore Service Specification DNV-OSS-309, October 2010
Sec.4 – Page 17

Reference Title ors shall have safe access to the works at all reasonable times,
insofar as the work affects classification. The client shall
DNV-OSS-102 Rules for Classification of Floating Production ensure, through contracts with the parties concerned or other-
and Storage Units
wise, that such access is possible, and that DNV is notified as
DNV-OSS-300 Risk Based Verification to when and where the surveyor's attendance is needed.
DNV-OSS-301 Certification and Verification of Pipelines
304 The following documentation from the Client (work-
DNV-OS-A101 Safety Principles and Arrangement shop and yard) and from subcontractors shall be submitted to
DNV-OS-B101 Metallic Materials DNV at the start of a classification project:
DNV-OS-C101 Design of Offshore Steel Structures, General
(LRFD method) — list of subcontractors to the building yard
DNV-OS-C102 Structural Design of Offshore Ships — list of suppliers of materials and components, including
subcontractors if applicable.
DNV-OS-C502 Offshore Concrete Structures
DNV-OS-C503 Concrete LNG Terminal Structures and C 400 Requirements for manufacturers
Containment Systems
401 Manufacturers of materials, components and equipment
DNV-OS-C301 Stability and Watertight Integrity for main class shall be approved according to criteria estab-
DNV-OS-C401 Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures lished by DNV, as applicable.
DNV-OS-D101 Marine and Machinery Systems and Equipment 402 Any required quality control of materials, components
DNV-OS-D201 Electrical Installations and equipment, shall be traceable and documented in writing.
DNV-OS-D202 Instrumentation and Telecommunication Systems Further, quality control shall be carried out by qualified per-
DNV-OS-D301 Fire Protection sonnel at facilities and with equipment suitable for that control.
DNV-OS-E201 Hydrocarbon Production Plant
DNV-OS-E301 Position Mooring C 500 Requirements for suppliers of services
DNV-OS-E401 Helicopter Decks 501 Firms providing services on behalf of the owner, such as
DNV-OS-F101 Submarine Pipeline Systems measurements, tests and maintenance of safety systems and
DNV-OS-F201 Dynamic Risers equipment, where the results may form the basis for the sur-
DNV-RP-A203 Qualification Procedures for New Technology veyor's decisions, shall be approved by DNV.
DNV-RP-C204 Design against Accidental Loads 502 Where surveyors use such services in making decisions
DNV Rules Rules for Planning and Execution of Marine affecting statutory certifications, the suppliers are subject to
Operations approval by DNV in cases where DNV is authorised by the rel-
evant administration to do so. For such services DNV may
202 The following Recommended practices and other refer- accept approvals carried out by the administration, or duly
ences should be used: authorised organisations acting on behalf of the administra-
tion.
Table C2 DNV recommended practices and other references
503 Measuring and test equipment used in services by man-
Reference Title ufacturers, builders, repairers or owners, where the results may
DNV-RP-A201 Plan Approval Documentation Types – form the basis for the surveyor's decisions, shall have a docu-
Definitions mented calibration status.
ICG Code The International Code for the Construction and
Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in C 600 Document approval
Bulk, as amended
601 The Client (or if agreed, the builder or manufacturer)
NFPA 59A Standard for the Production, Storage, and shall make available to DNV the following documentation
Handling of Liquefied Natural gas (LNG) according to documentation lists supplied by DNV upon
EN 1473 Installation and Equipment for liquefied natural receipt of class request, before production commences (see
gas. Design of onshore installations Section 7 for generic information requirements):
DNV-RP-C204 Design against Accidental Loads
DNV-OTG-02 Offshore Gas Export and Receiving — documentation required for approval
Terminals — corresponding technical descriptions, calculations and
data, including material specifications.
203 Other codes and standards, such as those listed in Sec-
tion 1, may also be applied on agreement between DNV and Any documents submitted for re-approval shall be specially
the Client. marked to identify the revised parts.
204 Please note the discussion concerning challenges in 602 The Client, with which DNV has the classification con-
using related standards and parts of standards for a novel appli- tract, is responsible for co-ordinating that drawings and other
cation in Sec.3 A200. documents are submitted, and for distributing any approval
comments that may have been given.
C 300 Requirements for workshops and yards 603 Documentation that has been found to comply with the
301 Clients shall operate a quality management system rule requirements will be provided with a statement of
applicable to the scope of their work. The system shall be doc- approval. Conditions and limitations of the approval will be
umented and contain descriptions and procedures for quality stated as agreed in the classification contract.
critical aspects. Clients unknown to DNV shall demonstrate 604 The approval may be revoked at any time if subsequent
their capability to carry out fabrication of adequate quality in information indicates that the design solution was contrary to
accordance with the rules before construction is started. the rule requirements or intentions.
302 Welding of important structures, machinery installations 605 The English language shall be used in drawings and
and equipment shall be carried out by approved welders, with specifications submitted for approval. The possibility of using
approved welding consumables and at welding shops accepted the local language shall be agreed upon in each case.
by DNV.
606 When drawings and documents are submitted as elec-
303 During fabrication and construction work, DNV survey- tronic files, the format and transfer method shall be agreed

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Offshore Service Specification DNV-OSS-309, October 2010
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upon in each case. issued stating assumptions for the assignment of class and con-
ditions regarding the use of the unit or installation, which were
C 700 Survey established or assumed at the time of assignment of class.
701 When a unit or installation is built under the supervision
of DNV, the following will be verified: C 1000 Maintenance of Classification certificate
1001 In order to maintain the Classification certificate the
— that the construction and dimensions comply with the rule offshore terminal will need to undergo regular survey. Typi-
requirements and the approved documentation cally this will involve an annual survey and a more comprehen-
— that the required materials are used sive 5 yearly survey. Additional surveys may need to be
— that the materials, components and systems have been cer- carried out should the terminal be significantly modified or
tified in accordance with the rules sustain damage in the periods between regular survey.
— that the work is carried out in compliance with the rules
and with good engineering practices 1002 The survey timing and methods will take account, as
— that satisfactory tests are carried out to the extent and in the far as possible, of the inspection and maintenance programs
manner prescribed by the rules. adopted by the Operator.
1003 Planning for the operations phase and the need for
702 Supervision will be carried out at the building yard and/ inspection and maintenance should be part of the Operators
or the sub-suppliers at the discretion of DNV, which also design and construction philosophy. The extent and type of
decides the extent and method of control. survey should be discussed with DNV as part of this process.
703 The verification method applied by DNV at the building
yard or at the manufacturers will be based on a combination of
audits of an accepted quality system and visual inspections and
tests. D. Verification of Procured Items
C 800 Functional testing D 100 General
801 Functional tests will be carried out as deemed necessary 101 The scope of classification includes certification of
by DNV. materials, components and systems intended for the unit or
installation. The rules define the extent of the certification that
802 A test programme shall be prepared by the Client/ is needed for classification. The objective of the certification
builder. The programme shall specify systems and components shall ensure that materials, components and systems used in
to be tested, and the testing procedure. The programme shall units or installations to be classed by DNV conform to the rules
include sea trials with machinery and equipment installed (as and referenced standards within the framework of the rules.
applicable to a terminal). The tests shall give evidence of sat-
isfactory operation in accordance with the rules. When testing 102 The certification is a conformity assessment normally
the control and safety system, failure modes shall be simulated including both design and production assessment. The produc-
as realistically as possible. tion assessment includes inspection and testing during produc-
tion and/or of the final product. The design assessment of the
803 Unless otherwise agreed, the testing required by the materials, components and systems shall either be on a "case
rules shall be carried out in the presence of a surveyor. Data by case" basis or follow the procedure for type approval.
shall be recorded according to the test programs and as consid-
ered necessary by the surveyor. All systems are expected to be D 200 Case-by case approval
inspected and tested by the builder prior to being presented for
final testing. 201 When the "case by case" procedure is used, documenta-
tion of the design shall be submitted for assessment for every
804 Final testing after installation of the terminal on location application as required in the rules. A design assessment letter
may also be carried out . This testing is typically outside the or design verification report shall be issued by DNV when
scope of standard classification however DNV engagement compliance with the requirements for the design for the actual
may be specially agreed with the client. application is confirmed. The designer must ensure that his
design accounts for all relevant design loads, including acci-
C 900 Final classification documentation
dental loads derived from any risk assessment carried out by
901 When the surveyor is of the opinion that the require- the project.
ments corresponding to the class in question have been met, he
will document the completion of the building supervision by 202 The production assessment of materials, components
issuing the Certificate of Interim Class, which is valid until the and systems shall either be on a "case by case" basis or on the
administration of DNV has confirmed the class and issued the basis of an agreed Manufacturing Survey Arrangement
classification certificate. (MSA).
902 At the discretion of the surveyor the building supervi- 203 When the "case by case" procedure is used, the survey
sion may be considered to be completed with some minor and testing shall be performed on the basis of approved design
items unverified, provided conditions of class are issued to the documentation for the actual application and as required in the
effect that the remaining work, surveys or other measures shall rules. Compliance with the approved design documentation
be completed within a specified time. At the same time the sur- and the requirements shall be documented through certificates
veyor will document the completion of the newbuilding super- as required in the rules.
vision by issuing the Certificate of Interim Class. 204 When the production assessment is based on an MSA,
903 When the administration of DNV has examined the sur- the survey and testing shall be performed on the basis of
veyor's report and is satisfied that the requirements have been approved design documentation and in accordance with
met, class will be assigned and a Classification Certificate will requirements and procedures laid down in the MSA. Compli-
be issued. ance with the approved design documentation and the require-
ments shall be documented through certificates as specified in
904 Provided the requirements for maintenance of class will the MSA or as required in the rules.
be complied with, and unless the class has been withdrawn in
writing at an earlier stage, the Classification Certificate will be D 300 Type approval
valid for 5 years. 301 Type approval is a procedure for design assessment.
905 An "Appendix to the Classification Certificate" will be Type approval can be applied to:

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— a product 402 The applicable rules or standards will specify which of

— a group of products the above mentioned documentation will be required.
— a system. 403 Where the rules require Works certificate (W) or Test
302 This procedure should normally be used for design report (TR), the surveyor may at any time require tests to be
assessment of standard designs. carried out in his presence and/or check elements of the quality
control in operation.
303 When the type approval procedure is used, documenta-
tion of the design and the results of type testing as required in 404 For identification and traceability, certified products
type approval programmes and the rules, shall be submitted for shall be stamped in accordance with the marking given in the
assessment. A type approval certificate shall be issued by product certificate and as specified by the applicable rules or
DNV when compliance with the requirements for the design is standards.
confirmed. The type approval certificate has a validity of 2 or 405 For certain components and systems as defined in the
4 years depending on type of material, component and system. rules, the certification may be based on defined internationally
304 The type approval procedure will normally consist of the recognised standards and certification schemes that cover the
following elements: overall quality, safety and environmental standard of the rules.
Compliance with the requirements of the standard shall be doc-
— design approval umented as required by the standard.
— type testing
— issuance of type approval certificate. D 500 Manufacturing survey arrangement
501 When the procedures and processes of a building yard's
305 The type approval procedure used by DNV is described or a manufacturer's quality system meet the quality, safety and
in DNV Standard for Certification 1.2. environmental standard of the rules, a manufacturing survey
306 For certain products, equipment and systems as defined arrangement (MSA) may be established with the yard or the
in the rules, type approval is sufficient as the assessment manufacturer as an alternative to the verification and produc-
needed for conforming product quality, i.e. production assess- tion assessment described in the applicable rules.
ment is not required. 502 The agreed MSA shall be described in a document stat-
307 For certain products, equipment and systems as defined ing the requirements, scope, acceptance criteria, documenta-
in the rules, type approval is a mandatory procedure for design tion and the roles of DNV and the yard or the manufacturer in
assessment. connection with the production assessment.
308 For products, equipment and systems manufactured for 503 When it is agreed through an MSA that the majority of
stock, type approval shall be the normal procedure for assess- the required surveys and tests are being completed without the
ment of design. presence of a surveyor, it is conditional upon the manufacturer
having in operation a quality system certified by an accredited
309 For type approved products, where the basis for certification body to ISO 9002, or equivalent.
approval is the rules, documentation of the product need not be
submitted for approval for each offshore unit or installation 504 When establishing an MSA, an initial assessment of the
unless otherwise stated as a condition on the type approval cer- manufacturer's ability to control product quality and to comply
tificate. In such cases only the arrangement or system plans, with the scope, requirements and criteria laid down in the MSA
interface plans and those plans mentioned on the type approval shall be performed. The extent and frequency of periodical
certificate shall be submitted for approval. assessments of the manufacturer shall be included in the MSA.
505 An MSA is normally given a validity of 4 years. When
D 400 Documentation of certification the MSA is based on a certified quality system, the MSA auto-
401 Certification of materials, components and systems shall matically becomes invalid if the quality system certification is
be documented by the following types of documents: no longer valid.
1) DNV Product certificate (NV):
A document signed by a DNV surveyor stating:
E. Installations Converted to use as Offshore
— conformity with rules or standard requirements Terminals
— that tests are carried out on the certified product itself
— that tests are made on samples taken from the certified E 100 General
product itself
101 Floating installations (for example existing gas carriers),
— that tests are performed in presence of the surveyor or or fixed installations (for example existing jacket structures)
in accordance with special agreements. may be converted from their original use to use as offshore ter-
2) Works certificate (W): minals. In such cases consideration will be given to existing
design and construction documentation in assessing the contin-
A document signed by the manufacturer stating: ued use and novel application of such installations. The gen-
— conformity with rules or standard requirements eral principles described in DNV OSS 102 Appendix A will be
applied for such conversions.
— that tests are carried out on the certified product itself
— that tests are made on samples taken from the certified 102 Any assessment of installations to be converted will at
product itself least include the following activities :
— that tests are witnessed and signed by a qualified
department of the manufacturers. — survey to assess the condition of the structure
— consideration of remaining service life
3) Test report (TR): — consideration of the structural design for the new loading
A document signed by the manufacturer stating: regime
— consideration of any gaps in current and original design
— conformity with rules or standard requirements codes
— that tests are carried out on samples from the current — consideration of available documentation and service
production. experience for existing equipment and systems.

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103 New or modified structures or systems will need to be F. Acceptance of control by national authorities
designed and constructed to the currently valid requirements.
104 Existing systems will need to be assessed for suitability F 100 Principles of acceptance of control by national
for the new application as a terminal. This will consider for authorities
example changes in loading regime, increased usage, and 101 In cases where the administration of a flag state or shelf
increased consequence of failure. state authority reviews plans, carries out type approval, and
surveys the unit or installation and/or its components and
equipment in accordance with the rules requirements, consid-
eration will be given to the acceptance of this control as basis
for the assignment of class.

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SECTION 5
VERIFICATION OR CERTIFICATION OF PIPELINE SYSTEMS

A. Principles of Verification or Certification of tices which may be used :

Pipeline Systems
DNV-RP-B401 Cathodic Protection Design
A 100 General DNV-RP-F101 Corroded Pipelines
DNV-RP-F102 Pipeline Field Joint Coating and Field Repair of
101 For import terminals the pipeline connecting the termi- Linepipe Coating
nal to the shore gas grid may also be considered as an integral
DNV-RP-F103 Cathodic Protection of Submarine Pipelines by
part of the terminal. Galvanic Anodes
102 Pipelines will also be subject to regulatory requirements. DNV-RP-F104 Mechanical Pipeline Couplings
103 The pipeline may be covered by DNV verification activ- DNV-RP-F105 Free Spanning Pipelines
ities. DNV verification of the complete design and fabrication DNV-RP-F106 Factory Applied External Pipeline Coatings for
phases results in the issue of a Certificate for the pipeline. Corrosion Control
DNV-RP-F107 Risk Assessment of Pipeline Protection
104 The essential difference between the terms Certification
and Verification is that Certification is used only where DNV's A 300 Project phases
scope covers the integrity of the entire pipeline system and 301 The process of DNV's certification and verification of
results in the issue of a DNV pipeline certificate pipeline systems is based on distinct project phases and the rec-
105 Verification is used where DNV's scope applies to the ognition of key milestones. Verification performed by DNV as
verification of only a single (or more) phase of the project, for part of the certification process, progresses through these
example, verification of the design but not of construction, project phases and includes all aspects of the project.
installation or testing. Verification results in the issue of a 302 The certification process follows the project phases:
DNV Statement of Compliance
— Pre-certification (optional):
106 The purpose of the pipeline certificate shall confirm that
the pipeline, as installed and ready for use, is in a condition that 1) Conceptual design
complies with the technical requirements. These requirements
will be agreed by the project and will need to incorporate any — Design Review:
regulatory requirements relevant for the location.
1) Detail design
107 The primary scope of the certification work is the verifi-
cation of the integrity of the pipeline, or its capacity to contain — Construction Follow-up:
the contents under the specified conditions. Other aspects,
such as the verification of the environmental impact of the 1) Manufacturing of linepipe
pipeline system, or its fitness for purpose with respect to flow 2) Manufacturing and fabrication of pipeline compo-
capacity and flow assurance, may be included in DNV's scope nents and assemblies
of work, if desired by the client.
3) Manufacturing of corrosion protection and weight
A 200 Reference codes coating
4) Installation
201 DNV services with respect to pipelines are described in
DNV Publication: DNV-OSS-301 Certification and Verifica- — Project completion
tion of Pipelines. While this makes reference to DNV OS F101
Submarine Pipeline Systems as a recognised standard for 1) Issue of certificate
design and fabrication of offshore pipelines, certification may
also be based on other standards issued by internationally rec- — Maintenance of certificate (optional – may also depend on
ognised bodies, such as API or ISO. regulatory requirements):
202 DNV has also issued a number of recommended prac- 1) Operations, maintenance and repair.

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SECTION 6
MARINE OPERATIONS

A. Principles of Marine Operations shore gas terminal are as follows:

A 100 General — Pt.1 Ch.2 Planning of Operations

— Pt.1 Ch.3 Design Loads
101 In addition to verification during the design, construc- — Pt.1 Ch.4 Structural Design
tion and operations phase, the verification may also cover the — Pt.2 Ch.2 Towing
phase of marine operations including transit and installation, — Pt.2 Ch.3 Special Sea Transports
on agreement with the client.
307 Those aspects assessed with respect to marine opera-
A 200 Verification services tions would typically include:
201 DNV offer independent third party verification services
of marine operations, or parts thereof. This verification service — Structural strength
may, dependent on agreed scope, involve elements such as — Ballast systems and equipment
independent reviews, analysis, inspection and surveys. — Commissioning of ballast system
— Stability
A 300 Approval services / warranty surveys — Minimum bollard pull requirements
301 DNV may confirm acceptability of the object under con- — Number and size of tugs required
sideration, equipment, planning and preparation by issuance of — Towing arrangement and equipment
a Marine Operation Declaration. — Soil
— Grouting
302 Compliance will be confirmed by review of: — Operational procedures
— Weather restrictions
— Analysis
— Strength Calculations 308 For a GBS gas terminal the following aspects would typ-
— Equipment certificates ically be critical:
— Verification Statements
— Plans and procedures — Out of dock operation; i.e. winching/towing of the com-
— Test programmes pleted GBS or the base structure out of a construction dry-
— Personnel qualifications dock. Special emphasis given to GBS weight and mini-
mum seabed clearances.
303 The DNV service includes attendance at the operations — Possible installation of LNG storage tanks in the GBS base
to confirm acceptable conditions for commencement of the — Towing of GBS from construction site to deck mating site.
operations, performance according to accepted procedures and Special emphasis given to towing route and towing spread/
evaluation and approval of alterations or modifications to these contingencies
as required. — Mooring of the GBS during completion work (and mating)
304 The aspects covered typically range from planning, has to endure the environmental loads (wind, current and
design, and engineering, to testing, inspections and surveil- waves) on the site.
lance. — Mating of GBS and topside. Usually a sensitive operation
needing careful planning and evaluation of contingencies
305 All work performed by DNV is based on the “DNV and back-up.
Rules for Planning and Execution of Marine Operations” — Towing of the completed GBS platform to the installation
These DNV Rules are structured into three parts: site. Stability of the platform to be checked in addition to
navigation and towing related areas.
— Part 0 – includes information and instructions to users, and — Installation of the platform on the seabed. Special empha-
systematic and alphabetic indexes sis given to positioning requirements and arrangements,
— Part 1 – specifies the general operational and technical soil behaviour, etc.
basis common for all types of marine operations.
— Part 2 – specifies specific guidance and requirements for 309 For a floating gas terminal the following aspects would
various types of operations such as load-out, transporta- typically be critical:
tion, lifting, offshore installation, sub sea installations,
location approvals, etc. — Design and installation of mooring system on field
— Towing of floating terminal from construction site to field
306 The sections from ”DNV Rules for Planning and Execu- — Hook-up of floating terminal into the field mooring system
tion of Marine Operations” that are most relevant for an off- — Lifting of Modules

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SECTION 7
DOCUMENTATION FOR VERIFICATION

A. General the structure.

A 100 Typical documentation and type of service B 400 Fixed terminals

101 In this chapter typical documentation to be submitted in 401 A fixed terminal can be a gravity based structure, GBS,
connection with verification of an LNG terminal is described. or a jacket structure. Typical documentation to be submitted
The level of detail and areas to be covered will obviously for verification of the structural design of a fixed terminal will
depend on the contractual agreements. It should be noted that be:
for classification of an LNG terminal there will be a minimum
set of areas to be documented in order for DNV to issue a clas- — general description of the design in terms of size and type
sification certificate. The areas described in this chapter are of structure, layout of equipment, deck elevations, opera-
covering more than the minimum requirements in this respect. tional loading requirements and design life and construc-
tion material
102 Depending on type of terminal, parts of or whole groups — general arrangement plan
of documentation described in the following will not be rele- — description of computer programs used in design
vant. A detailed list reflecting the type of terminal and opera- — field data in terms of location and orientation of the termi-
tional mode must therefore be established in each case. nal
— soil data and foundation analysis
— description of scour protection system
B. Structural design — plans for spaces and tanks
— structural design brief
B 100 Type of installation — design load plan, including design accidental loads
— structural categorisation plan
101 LNG terminals may be either fixed or floating, and the — loading manual
construction material may be steel or concrete or a combina-
tion. The documentation requirements will vary depending on — docking arrangement plan
construction material and type of terminal. — fabrication specification, including welding procedures
— design analyses, both global and local design, including
B 200 Environmental data temporary phases such as transit
— standard details
201 The environmental data used as basis for the design — local arrangement plans
should be submitted. This should include:
— corrosion protection
— Waves — description of access for inspection and maintenance of
— Wind the structure.
— Current profile
— Water depths
— Soil conditions C. Position keeping
— Marine growth, thickness and specific weight
— Seismic conditions C 100 General
B 300 Floating terminals 101 The position keeping system can be included in the ver-
ification of an LNG terminal. Typically it will comprise the
301 For a floating terminal the following documentation will anchors/suction piles, anchoring lines, windlasses and winches
typically be required in connection with verification of the on board the terminal. The following documentation will typi-
design and construction: cally be submitted:
— general arrangement plan — line and anchor pattern
— plans for spaces and tanks — type and weight and dimension of all line segments
— structural design brief — characteristic line strength
— design load plan, including design accidental loads — anchor type, size, weight and material specification
— structural categorisation plan — arrangement of fairleads ad anchor points/pretensions
— shell expansion drawing — position and weight of buoyancy elements and weight ele-
— model test documentation ments
— loading manual — position and type of connection elements, such as Kenter
— docking arrangement plan shackles, D-shackles, and triplates
— fabrication specification, including welding procedures — windlass, winch and stopper design
— design analyses, both global and local design, including — mooring line tensions in ULS and ALS limit states
temporary phases such as transit — fatigue calculations of mooring line segments and acces-
— standard details sories
— local arrangement plans — strength calculations of anchors, windlass components and
— corrosion protection fairleads
— opening and closing appliances — corrosion allowance.
— stability, including inclining test procedure, stability man-
ual watertight integrity plans, etc. 102 For terminals with thruster assisted mooring systems,
— freeboard plan and list of watertight and weather tight the thruster system and thruster control system should also be
items documented. In addition an FMEA and test program covering
— description of access for inspection and maintenance of failure situations should be included.

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D. LNG handling and containment system — documentation of type tests for expansion components in
the product piping system
D 100 General — specification of materials, welding, post-weld heat treat-
101 The LNG containment system for an LNG terminal will ment and non-destructive testing of product piping
typically be designed according to the requirements in DNV — specification of pressure tests (structural and tightness
Rules for Ships, Pt.5 Ch.5 Liquefied Gas Carriers, or NFPA tests) of product and process piping
59A or EN 1473 for tanks based on land terminal design. — program for functional tests of all piping systems includ-
Depending on type of tanks etc. the following documentation ing valves, fittings and associated equipment for handling
will typically be a basis for verification: product (liquid or vapour)
— drawings and specifications of insulation for low temper-
— drawing of storage tanks including information on non- ature piping where such insulation is installed
destructive testing of welds and strength and tightness test- — specification of electrical bonding of piping
ing of tanks — specification of means for removal of liquid contents from
— drawings of support and staying of independent tanks product loading and discharging crossover headers and or
— drawing of antiflotation arrangement for independent product hoses prior to disconnecting the shore connection
tanks — drawings and specifications for safety relief valves and
— specification of materials in storage tanks and product pressure/vacuum relief valves and associated vent piping.
(LNG) piping systems
— specifications of welding procedures for storage tanks
— specification of stress relieving procedures for independ-
ent tanks type C (thermal or mechanical) E. LNG processing and regasification system
— specification of design loads and structural analysis of
storage tanks E 100 General
— a complete stress analysis shall be submitted for independ- 101 For the LNG processing and regasification system typi-
ent tanks, type B and type C cal documentation to be submitted for review is listed below:
— detailed analytical calculation of hull and tank system for
independent tanks, type B — process system basis of design
— specification of cooling-down procedure for storage tanks — process simulations
— arrangement and specifications of secondary barriers, — equipment layout or plot plans
including method for periodically checking of tightness — piping and instrument diagrams (P & ID), process flow
— documentation of model tests of primary and secondary diagrams (PFD)
barriers of membrane tanks — shutdown cause and effect charts
— drawings and specifications of tank insulation — flare and blowdown system study or report (including rel-
— drawing of marking plate for independent tanks evant calculations for e.g. capacity requirements, back
— construction and specifications of pressure relief systems pressure, equipment sizing, depressurising profile, low
for hold spaces, interbarrier spaces and product piping if temperature effects, liquid entrainment etc.)
such systems are required — sizing calculations for relief valves, bursting discs and
— calculation of hull steel significant temperature when stor- restriction orifices
age temperature is below -20°C — flare radiation calculations and plots
— Specification of tightness test of hold spaces for mem- — philosophy for protection against cryogenic leakage
brane tank system — cold vent dispersion calculations and plots
— arrangement and specifications of means for maintaining — HAZOP study report
the storage tank vapour pressure below MARVS – Maxi- — piping and valve material specification for process and
mum Allowable Relief Valve Setting (cooling plant, gas utility systems (covering relevant data, e.g. maximum or
burning arrangement, etc.) minimum design temperature or pressure, corrosion
— drawings and specifications of protection of hull steel allowance materials for all components, ratings, dimen-
beneath liquid piping where liquid leakage may be antici- sions reference standards, branch schedules etc.).
pated, such as at shore connections and at pump seals — line list
— arrangement and specifications of piping systems for gas — arrangement showing the location of main electrical com-
freeing and purging of storage tanks ponents
— arrangement of piping for inerting of inter-barrier and hold — "one-line wiring diagrams", cable schedules, equipment
spaces schedules, power distribution and main cable layout.
— location of gas sampling points within storage tanks
— bilge and drainage arrangements in product pump rooms, 102 In addition, interfaces between the processes related sys-
product compressor rooms, cofferdams, pipe tunnels, hold tems and other utility and/or marine systems should be docu-
spaces and inter-barrier spaces. mented.

102 Furthermore, the following should typically be submit-

ted for the LNG handling system:
F. Marine and machinery systems
— drawings and specifications of product and process piping
including vapour piping and vent lines of safety relief F 100 Floating installations
valves or similar piping, and relief valves discharging liq- 101 Marine and machinery systems for a floating unit are
uid product from the product piping system covered by DNV-OS-D101, Marine and Machinery System.
— drawings and specifications of offsets, loops, bends and Typical systems are ballast system, bilge system, fuel system,
mechanical expansion joints, such as bellows, slip joints HVAC system, etc. For self propelled units propulsion and
(only inside tank) or similar means in the product piping steering systems should also be documented. Documentation
— drawings of flanges and other fittings in the product piping for such systems should include:
system unless in accordance with a recognised standard
— drawings of valves in the product piping system, if of a — piping (or ducting) and instrumentation diagrams
new type or of an unconventional design — piping specifications
— complete stress analysis of piping system when design — functional description
temperature is below -110°C — control system

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— reliability studies for safety critical systems. H. Electrical systems

F 200 Fixed installations H 100 General
201 Typical systems for a fixed unit could be ballast system, 101 The verification of the electrical power generation and
(for the installation phase), fuel systems, HVAC systems, etc. distribution system on an LNG terminal will be based on the
Documentation type for the systems should include: following typical documentation:

— piping (or ducting) and instrumentation diagrams — overall single line diagram for main and emergency power
— piping specifications — principal cable routing sketch
— cable selection philosophy
— functional description — load balance
— control system — discrimination analysis
— reliability studies for safety critical systems. — table of Ex-installation
— electrical system calculations
— battery systems.

G. Fire protection and safety systems

G 100 General I. Instrumentation and control systems
101 As a general basis for the fire protection and safety sys- I 100 General
tems, a risk analysis should be conducted, where design acci-
dental loads are defined, as well as risk mitigating measures. 101 Typical documentation for instrumentation and control
These loads should cover fire and explosion loads, impact systems is:
loads from dropped objects and collisions, unintended flood- — functional description of control systems
ing and loads caused by extreme weather. Based on input from — system block diagrams
the risk analysis and prescriptive requirements in applicable — power supply arrangements
codes, the following should typically be documented: — user interfaces
— instrumentation and equipment lists
— active fire fighting systems, including pumps and distribu- — arrangement and layouts
tion system — description of functions covered by software.
— fire water demand
— fixed fire fighting systems in specific areas, e.g. water mist
system
— passive fire protection J. Testing and commissioning
— general arrangement of the terminal
J 100 General
— hazardous area classification
— emergency shutdown system 101 Typical documentation includes:
— escape routes — test procedures for quay/dock trials, sea trials, post instal-
— evacuation systems and life saving appliances. lation testing (as appropriate).

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SECTION 8
REGULATORY COMPLIANCE

A. Shelf State
A 100 General
101 Offshore terminals will be subject to regulatory require-
ments from the shelf state within whose jurisdiction the termi-
nal is located. Some authorities will have detailed prescriptive
requirements; others may have more functional requirements.
Some authorities may play a very active role in verifying com-
pliance, others may delegate to maritime authorities or to 3rd
parties to confirm satisfactory compliance. The regulatory
regime will therefore be geographically dependent.
102 In all cases however it will be up to the Operator to doc-
ument compliance with regulatory requirements. Typically the
Operator will have in place a verification scheme in order to
meet his own project quality, safety and economic require-
ments. In some cases Operator requirements may well exceed 104 The above figure illustrates the overall project needs for
those required by regulatory bodies. DNV verification and verification, and indicates how DNV can perform a role in
Class scope will contribute to meet the overall project verifica- assisting the Operator to meet part or most of his verification
tion needs. needs. The DNV scope in a specific project may also extend
103 It is typically the case that regulatory authorities may into areas shown as Flag/Shelf State or Owner/Operator,
have requirements in excess of Class, and will have require- depending on the specific agreement between the client and
ments in areas which Class does not usually address (e.g. life- DNV.
saving, pollution control). However the DNV Class or 105 DNV is authorised to carry out verification with respect
verification scope may be extended to include aspects nor- to regulatory requirements and DNV also plays the important
mally covered by regulatory authorities either as part of a del- role of liaising with authorities in order to assist the process of
egation from those authorities or as a means for the Operator regulatory compliance. In any project this will involve typi-
to confirm compliance with those requirements as part of his cally tripartite meetings with DNV, the Operator and the Reg-
submission for regulatory compliance. Similarly the Operator ulatory Authority.
may request DNV to cover verification of additional company
requirements. 106 Currently regulations are being developed as more
projects are being actively proposed. DNV works in close
cooperation with regulatory authorities to provide input based
on our experience.
107 Regulatory compliance will require regular follow up to
ensure continued compliance throughout the service life. The
extent and nature of the follow up will be determined by the
regulatory regime, the Operator’s inspection and maintenance
philosophy and the agreed scope of the verification agency.

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SECTION 9
USE OF RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

A. Risk Assessment Complementing Generic, design and construction.

Prescriptive Requirements 108 Preliminary assessment work should aim to ensure that
a safe practicable concept is carried forward to detailed design.
A 100 General Matters to be considered include inherent safety through
101 A number of the verification approaches described ear- avoiding unnecessary hazards, reducing hazards, optimising
lier are based primarily on prescriptive requirements. However layout etc.
in recognition of the fact that new concepts, such as offshore 109 A typical assessment process is shown in Figure 1. Some
terminals, represent elements of novel technology, the generic stages may require an iterative process as the concept develops
prescriptive requirements are also complemented by recom- and more details are known.
mendations to use risk assessment to identify and mitigate
against hazards associated with novel technology and novel
application of existing technology.
102 The design of offshore terminals employs known tech-
nology to a large extent, i.e.:
— concrete GBS structures
— steel GBS structures
— floating steel structures
— floating concrete structure
— IMO containment tanks
— land-based storage tanks
— liquefaction and regasification systems.
It is the combination of these in an offshore environment that
represents the technical challenge, e.g.
— gas treatment and liquefaction on a floating installation
— storage and processing LNG together with having living
quarters in proximity
— testing and inspection of large permanently located con-
tainment tanks
— cryogenic leakage and drainage on an offshore installation
— offloading between two floating bodies.
103 Whereas prescriptive requirements may exist for the
individual technologies, and may be documented in interna-
tional codes and standards (e.g. API, ISO, NFPA, IMO), the Figure 1
Flowchart for safety assessment
combination of these technologies may not be adequately
addressed. This makes selection and application of codes a
critical challenge in design and construction of offshore termi-
110 The content of the principal tasks is described in the fol-
nals. In order to identify and address the interfaces and gaps in
existing standards, risk assessment methodology provides a lowing sections.
structured and recognized approach. A 200 Hazard identification
104 Risk assessment is the overall process of risk (hazard) 201 Hazard identification should be by means of formal
identification, risk analysis and risk evaluation. The results of identification techniques, e.g. HAZOPS, HAZID, FMEA etc.,
the assessment identify areas of most significant risk and ena- by competent personnel from a suitable variety of engineering
ble risk reduction measures to be targeted where most effec- disciplines, operational and design backgrounds. The identifi-
tive. cation should, as a minimum, focus on hazards that could
105 Risk assessment is intended to provide input to design directly, or indirectly, result in:
through systematic consideration of:
— loss of life
— the hazards that can occur — major fire or explosion
— the role and performance of structure and facilities in pre- — cryogenic release
venting and protecting against hazards — loss of structural integrity or control
— the effects of hazards on safety of personnel and the envi- — the need for escape or evacuation
ronment. — environmental impact.
106 The risk assessment is intended to be complementary to, 202 Although not directly related to safety the Operator will
and integrated with, the application of recognised design usually also consider economic loss and loss of reputation.
standards. The guidance and requirements of engineering
standards will provide the basis for detailed engineering design 203 A typical, but not necessarily exhaustive, list of hazards
that can be optimised by the application of, and findings from, for an offshore terminal would be:
the assessment (e.g. establishing optimum dimensioning acci- — loss of containment
dental loads). — Escalation of leakage as a result of cryogenic spill
107 The assessment should ideally be performed at concept — gas release into confined space
stage and updated as the design evolves through detailed — release of toxic or other hazardous substances

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— fire and explosion risks which must be accounted for in the design. The design
— collisions needs to be dimensioned for the anticipated loading from these
— helicopter crash accidental events.
— structural and/or foundation failure 502 The dimensioning accidental loads for an offshore ter-
— dropped objects minal structure and important safety systems on the terminal
— stability and buoyancy failure (for floating installations) shall be identified and included in the evaluation. These are
— loss of mooring. expected to include accidental loads such as:
A 300 Hazard frequency and consequence reduction — toxic or flammable fluids (e.g. smoke hydrocarbon gas,
301 Identified hazards should be avoided wherever practica- etc.)
ble. This can be achieved by either — cryogenic release
— fire
— removal of the source of a hazard (without introducing — explosion
new sources of hazard) or — flooding and stability
— breaking the sequence of events leading to realization of a — collision and impacts
hazard.
— environmental effects
302 Where hazards cannot be avoided, design and operation
should aim to reduce the risk level by reducing the likelihood and their effect on systems or facilities such as:
of hazards occurring where practicable, for example. by:
— fire and gas detection
— reduction in the number of leak sources (flanges, instru- — ESD, PSD, and other shutdown systems
ments, valves etc.) — containment system instrumentation
— removal or relocation of ignition sources — flare and depressurising system (blowdown/venting)
— simplifying operations, avoiding complex or illogical pro- — fire and explosion protection
cedures and inter-relationships between systems — active fire protection systems
— selection of other materials — impact protection
— mechanical integrity or protection — alarm, internal, and external communications
— reducing the probability of external initiating events, e.g. — emergency power systems and UPS
lifting operations etc. — arrangements for escape and evacuation
— reduction in inventory, pressure, temperature — life support at temporary refuge and muster facilities
— use of less hazardous materials, processes or technology. — structure
303 Since the overall level of risk is a product of the likeli- — mooring or positioning system
hood and the consequence, risk may also be reduced by tack- — stability systems.
ling the consequences. The consequences of hazards should be
controlled and mitigated with the aim of reducing risk to per- 503 Having identified the design accidental loads, their
sonnel where practicable, for example through: effects may be assessed by reference to DNV-RP-C204 Design
against Accidental Loads (draft).
— relocation of equipment, improved layout
— provision of physical barriers, distance separation, fire A 600 Safety criteria
walls etc. 601 The final selection of dimensioning accidental loads
— provision of detection and protection systems needs to be suitable for the installation to meet the defined
— provision of means to escape and evacuate. safety criteria. Table A1 shows typical safety targets. Where
the safety criteria are exceeded, the initial dimensioning loads
304 As a general principle measures to reduce the frequency
should be preferred to measures to reduce consequence. may need to be revised.

A 400 Hazard evaluation Table A1 Typical safety targets

No. Safety target
401 Identified hazards and potential escalation need to be 1. An escape route shall be available from every work area for
evaluated based on their effects, consequences and likelihood sufficient time for personnel to reach the temporary refuge or
of occurrence. This evaluation should address the sources and evacuation facilities.
contributors in the chain of events leading to a hazard, includ- 2. The temporary refuge shall be capable of providing life
ing the effect of any prevention and protection measures. support and communications for sufficient time to enable
402 The evaluation may be by means of qualitative and/or controlled evacuation from the unit or installation.
quantitative analysis as necessary to provide input for compar- 3. Evacuation and escape facilities shall be available and
ison with safety targets and safety criteria. reliable for use.
4. Simultaneous loss of all safety targets shall not occur during
403 Where used, models and data should be appropriate, and the time required to: mitigate an accidental event, or leave the
from industry recognized sources. unit or installation.
404 Hazards that are commonly considered as not reasona-
bly foreseeable, i.e. extremely unlikely to occur, may be dis- A 700 Documentation of safety level
counted from the evaluation provided that this is clearly 701 By following the risk-based approach described above
indicated and justified in the assessment. and incorporating specific regulatory requirements, a project
should be able to provide a structured and documental confir-
A 500 Dimensioning accidental loads mation that the project has achieved the intended level of
501 The risk assessment will identify a number of residual safety and has met the defined regulatory requirements.

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 Offshore Service Specification DNV-OSS-309, October 2010
Sec.10 – Page 29

SECTION 10
QUALIFICATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGY

A. Novel Designs modification effects to reduce the risk.

— plan and execute reliability data collection. The data is
A 100 General used to analyze the risk of not meeting the specifications
101 Design of novel gas development projects may typically through: experience, numerical analysis and tests.
identify a number of critical subsystems for which there is no — analyze the reliability of the new technology, and thereby
relevant service history. For offshore terminals this might the risk of the failure modes related to the functional
include technology such as LNG transfer systems, some cryo- requirements of the new technology.
genic components or compact liquefaction systems. For CNG
systems this could include gas loading and offloading proc- 303 These logical steps in the qualification process are com-
esses in the containment system. These systems may not be bined and visualized in groups in Figure 1. The results from
adequately described by existing codes or standards. one step are the input to the next step.
102 A qualification procedure shall provide a systematic
approach to the qualification of new technology, ensuring that
the technology functions reliably within specified limits. The
approach developed by DNV and described in this section pro-
vides a rational qualification philosophy and, by focusing on a
balanced use of reliability, ensures a cost effective implemen-
tation of technology and an increase in the level of confidence.
Sensible input may then be provided to the overall risk assess-
ment of the concept.
103 Qualification of technology benefits all the major play-
ers:
— the manufacturer, who offers the new technology to the
market and therefore needs to display a proof of fitness for
purpose
— the company, who integrates the new technology into a
larger system, and needs to evaluate the effect on the total
system reliability Figure 1
Main qualification activities
— the end-user of the new technology, which must optimize
the benefits of his investment through selection between
competing technologies and must obtain regulatory com-
pliance for a project incorporating the new technology. 304 There will be feedback loops between the steps so that
results that lie outside the specified limits can lead to a design
104 The main features of a qualification approach are modification, specification modification or maintenance plan
described below. modification.

A 200 Basis for the qualification A 400 Establishment of reliability

201 The qualification must be based on specified perform- 401 The qualification process can be run throughout the
ance limits, boundary conditions and interfacing requirements development of the new technology, or be started at any time
defined in the qualification basis. in the development. Figure 2 illustrates that the failure proba-
bility at the service life target is reduced through the qualifica-
A 300 Qualification process tion work until an acceptable failure probability is achieved.
301 A risk-based approach should be used to obtain the reli-
ability goals in the qualification. These goals should be speci-
fied in the qualification basis. The procedure will specify the
philosophies, principles and methods to be used in the qualifi-
cation process. At each step of the process there is a need for
documentation making the process traceable.
302 The qualification process should comprise the following
main activities:
— establish an overall plan for the qualification. This should
be a continuous process and needs updating after each step
using the available knowledge on the status of the qualifi-
cation.
— establish a qualification basis comprising: requirements,
specification and description. Define the functionality and
limiting parameters for the new technology.
— screening the technology based on identification of failure
modes and their risk, and classification of the technology
in degree of novelty to focus the effort where the related
uncertainty is most significant. Figure 2
— assess maintenance, condition monitoring and possible Illustration of the qualification process.

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Offshore Service Specification DNV-OSS-309, October 2010
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402 Qualification is considered completed when the accept- A 600 End product of the qualification
ance percentile crosses the target level for the service life.
601 The result of the qualification should be documentation
403 A qualitative approach can be practical to use in the of fitness of purpose and should cover:
early development phase (conceptual phase). Quantitative
measures are more relevant in the later development phase. — the lifetime probability density distribution
A 500 Testing and/or
501 The analytical approach is supported and complemented
by results obtained from testing. Tests as described below are — defined margins against specified failure modes.
used for materials, components, sub-assemblies and assem-
blies. The typical tests are termed: A 700 Use of the results
701 The qualification results may be used for a number of
— basic tests, such as testing of material properties different purposes:
— prototype tests (qualification tests); of components, sub-
assemblies and assemblies verify the functional require- — as an acceptance for implementation of new technology
ments of a new type design. Prototype test can be carried
out in phases including laboratory tests, and various — for comparison between alternative technologies
degrees of environmental and full service tests (e.g. shal- — as input in the evaluation of the reliability of a larger sys-
low and deep water, hydrocarbon service). tem of which the qualified new technology may be a part
— factory acceptance tests (FAT), of sub-assemblies and — as part of the concept final risk assessment
assemblies verify the manufacturing and assembly of a — in documenting regulatory compliance.
system, which is already prototype tested.
— pre and post installation tests, of the full assembly verify A 800 Reference
the soundness prior to and after the completed installation. 801 For more detailed information on the procedure, refer-
— pilot application, represent the first use and is therefore ence should be made to DNV-RP-A203 “Qualification Proce-
normally regarded as an advanced test to gain more expe- dures for New Technology”.
rience with the system, ensuring that all aspects of a com-
plex system has been taken into account.

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