UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS 3.

Find the radius of curvature and center of curvature of the parabola �2 =

JAN 2014 4�� at the point t.Also find the equation of the evolute
PART-A 4.Find the envelope of the circles drawn upon the radius vectors of the
1.What is the curvature of the circle (� − 1)2 + (� + 2)2 = 16 at any point ellipse
�2
+
�2
= 1 as diameter.
�2 �2
on it?
JUNE 2013
1
2. Find the envelope of the family � = �� + , where � being the PART-A
�

parameter. 1 .find the radius of curvature of the curve � = �� at x =0

PART-B �
2.Find the envelope of the lines + �� = 2�, ‘t’ being a parameter.
�
1.Find the radius of curvature at any point of the cycloid � = �(� + ����),
PART-B
� = � 1 − ���� .
1. .Find the equation of the evolute of the parabola �2 = 4��.
2
2.Find the equation of the evolute of the parabola � = 4��.
2. Find the radius of curvature of the curve �3 + ��2 − 6�2 = 0 �� (3,3)
� �
3. Find the circle of curvature at the point , of the curve � + � = � 3.Find the center of curvature of the curve � = �3 − 6�2 + 3� + 1 �� (1, −
4 4

4. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines of � = �� − 2�� − 1)

��3 , where � being the parameter. 4.Find the radius of curvature of the curve � = �(���� + �����) and � =
JAN 2013 �(���� − �����), at the point '�'
PART-A JAN 2012
1. Find the radius of curvature of the curve �2 + �2 − 4� + 2� − 8 = 0 PART-A
2. Find the envelope of the lines xcosec � − � ��� � = �, where � being 1.Find the radius of curvature of the curve � = �� at the point where it cuts
the parameter. the y - axis
�
PART-B 2.Find the envelope of the lines + �� = 2�, ‘t’ being a parameter.
�
� �
1.Find the envelope of the family of lines + = 1 where the parameters a PART-B
� �

and b are connected by the relation �2 + �2 = �2 �� 2� 2 � 2 � 2

1.If y = prove that( )3 = + ,where � is the radius of
�+� � � �
2.Find the radius of curvature at any point of the cycloid � = �(� + ����),
cuvature.
� = � 1 − ���� .
� �
2. Find the circle of curvature at the point , of the curve � + � = �
4 4

Department of Mathematics Dr.A.Manickam. Associate Professor,School of Sciences,SRMIST_TRY Page 1

3. Find the equation of the evolute of the parabola �2 = 4��. NOV /DEC 2011
� �
4. Find the envelope of + = 1 where the parameters l and m are PART-A
� �
� � 1.Write the properties of Evolutes
connected by the relation + = 1 and a, b are constants.
� �
2. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines xcos � + ����� = �,
MAY/JUNE’ 12
where � being the parameter.
PART-A
PART-B
1.Find the curvature at any point (0, �) of the catenary � = � ���ℎ � � . � �
1. Find the circle of curvature at the point , of the curve � + � = �
2.Find the envelope of (x - �)2 + �2 = �2 , ‘� ’ being the parameter. 4 4
�2 �2
PART-B 2. Find the evolute of the hyperbola − =1
�2 �2
1.Find the radius of curvature at any point of the cycloid � = �(� + ����), � �
3. Find the envelope of the family of lines + = 1 where the parameters a
� �
� = � 1 − ���� .
and b are connected by the relation �� + �� = ��
� �
2.Find the circle of curvature at the point , of the curve � + � = � 3� 3�
4 4 4. Find the radius of curvature at the point , on the curve �3 +
2 2
3.Find the equation of the evolute of the parabola �2 = 4��.
�3 = 3���
� �
4.Find the envelope of the family of lines + = 1 where the parameters a
� � JAN’ 10
and b are connected by the relation ab = 4 PART-A
JAN 2011 1. Find the Curvature of the curve 2 �2 + 2�2 + 5� − 2� + 1 = 0 )
PART-A �
2. Find the envelope of the family � = �� + , where � being the
�
1. Find the radius of curvature of the curve �4 + �4 = 2 �� (1,1)
parameter.
2. Find the envelope of (x - a)2 + �2 = 2a , ‘a ’ being the parameter.
PART-B
PART-B �3 −�3
1. Find the radius of curvature at (a,0) on �2 =
1. Find the radius of curvature of the curve �3 + �3 + 2�2 − 4� + 3� = 0 �

� � 2 Find the circle of curvature on ����������� ℎ�������� �� = 12 at (3,4)

2.If the centre of curvature of an ellipse + = 1 at one end of the minor
� �
1
3. Find the equation of the evolute of the parabola �2 = 4��.
axis lie at the other end,prove that the eccentricity of the ellipse � �
2 4. Find the envelope of the family of lines + = 1 where the parameters a
� �
3. Find the equation of the evolute of the parabola �2 = 4��. 2
and b are connected by the relation ab = �
4.Find the envelope of the circles drawn on the radius vectors of the ellipse
� �
+ = 1 as diameter.
� �

Department of Mathematics Dr.A.Manickam. Associate Professor,School of Sciences,SRMIST_TRY Page 2

 UNIT – IV Differential Calculus Curvature and radius of curvature:
Consider the two circles shown in the fig.1. It is
First, we have to discuss some basic important concepts and formulae. obvious thatthe ways in which the two circles bend
1) The parametric equation of some standard Curves: or curve at the pointP are not the same. The smaller
Curves Parametric form circle curves or changes itsdirection more rapidly
�2 = 4 �� (Parabola ) x = � �2 ,y =2at than the bigger circle. In other words thesmaller
�2 = 4 �� (Parabola) x = 2at and y =� �2 circle is said to have greater curvature than the other.

x = a cos� and y = b This concept of curvature which holds good for any curve is Formally
�2 �2
+ = 1 (������� ) defined as follows.
�2 �2 sin�
�2 �2 Definition of curvature:
− = 1 (���������) x = a sec� and y = b tan�
� 2 �2 Let � and � be any two close points on a
2 2 2
� + � = � (Astroid)
3 3 3 � = ����3 � and � = ����3 � plane curve.Let the arcual distances of �
� and � measured from afixed point � on the
�� = �2 (����������� ℎ�������� ) � = �� ��� � =
� given curve be � and � + � , sothat ��
(the arcual length of ��) is � (Refer to Fig.
2) Note: (If Parametric form is given)
2)The rate of bending of the curve with
��
��
�1 = = ��
�� and respect toarcual distance at P or the curve
��
��
of the curve at the point P.
�2 � � �� � �� ��
�2 = 2 = = Curvature of a circle of radius at any point:
�� �� �� �� �� ��
Example: �� �2 = 4�� then find �1 &�2 The curvature of a circle at any point on it equals the reciprocal of its radius.
�� Equivalently, the radius of a circle equals the reciprocal of the curvature at
�� �� 2� 1
�1 = = ��
= = any point on it.
�� 2�� �
��
Radius of curvature of a curve at any point on it is defined as the reciprocal
�2 �� �� � �� �� � 1 1 1 1
�2 = 2 = = = =− 2 ∙ of the curvature of the curve at that point and denoted by .
�� �� �� �� �� �� �� � 2�� � 2��
−1
=
2��3

Department of Mathematics Dr.A.Manickam. Associate Professor,School of Sciences,SRMIST_TRY Page 3

Formula for Radius of curvature Problems on Radius of Curvature in Cartesian Coordinates
Cartesian Co-ordinates
Let �(�, �) be any point on the curve � = �(�). Then Problem: 1 Find the curvature at any point on the curve �� + �� = �
�
�� �
�+ ��
�
� Solution:
�+ �� � �
�= �� �
or
�� The given curve is a circle with centre at (0,0) and radius = 5
���

Note: The radius of curvature at any point = radius of the circle ⇒ � = 5

� 1 �
�� � � Hence curvature = .
�+
� �
�� + �� = �� ⟹ � �� �ℎ�
�=
��
������ �� �ℎ� ������
�� �
���
�� � �
This formula will be of use, when �� is infinite at a point. Problem: 2 Find the radius of curvature at , on � + � = �.
� �

Note: Solution:
1. Radius of curvature at any point on a circle is equal to the radius of Given � + � = � −−−− (1)
1 Differentiating (1) w.r.to x,
the circle. Curvature of a circle = where ‘�’ is the radius of the
� 1 1 �� 1 �� 1 �� �
+ =0⟹ =− ⟹ =− −−−− (2)
circle. 2 � 2 � �� 2 � �� 2 � �� �
�
2. The curvature of a straight line is zero.
�� 4
∴ �1 = =− =− 1
�� ��
, �
44
I.Procedure to find the radius of curvature at any point 4
�� Differentiating (2) w.r.to x,
Step 1: Differentiate the given function f(x) w.r.to x, we get �� ��. 1 �� 1 1 �� 1
��
�2 � � − � � − �
2 � �� 2 � 2 � �� 2 �
�� � =− =−
Step 2: Differentiate y1 w.r.to x, we get �� �� ��2 2 �
��� �
Step 3: Substituting the value of y1 &y2 in the formula of radius of curvature � 1 � 1
( − 1) − 1 1
�. �2 � 42 �
4
42 �
4 − − 4
2 2
 �2 = =− � =− � =
��2 ��
,
�
44 4 4

Department of Mathematics Dr.A.Manickam. Associate Professor,School of Sciences,SRMIST_TRY Page 4

Let �(�, �)be the centre of curvature at the given point.
Then ��
� � �
� = � − 1 1 + �21 = + 1 + 1 = +
� � 3� − �2 + 0 2� + 2(0) + 2�(0) 2(0)
�2 4 4
⇒�=
4 2 4
�2 � �� −2�3 2
�� �, 0 = = = −
1+�21 � � � � 3� ��2 �2 + 0 2 �4 �
�=�+ = + 1+1 = + ⇒�=
�2 4 4 4 2 4
3 3
(1 + �21 )2 (1 + 1) 2 � 3 � 1
Radius of curvature � = = 4
= (1 + 1)2 = (2)22 Radius of curvature
�2 4 4
� 3
�
= �� 2 2
2 1+
��
�=
�2 �
Problem: 3 Show that the radius of curvature at (a ,0) on the curve ��� = ��2
� �
� � − � �� . 3 � �
� ⇒ � = 1+0 2 − =−
2 2
Solution:
�
Radius of curvature in magnitude is � =
Given ��2 = �3 − �2 � �
Differentiating (1) w .r. to �, �� ��
Problem: 4 ���� ��� ������ �� ��������� �� ,
� �
�� ��
�2 + 2�� =− �2 = 2�� =− �2 − �2 =− �2 + �2 −−−− (1) to the curve �� + �� = ����.
�� ��

�� �2 + �2 Solution:
∴ =−
�� 2�� Given �3 + �3 = 3���
��
At the point �, 0 , =∞ Differentiating w.r.t '�' 3�2 + 3�2 .
��
= 3� �
��
+�
��
�� ��
�� 2�� �� ��
∴ �� ��������, =− 2 −−−− (2) 3�2 + 3�2 . = 3�� + 3��
�� � + �2 �� ��
�� �� ��
At �, 0 , =0 3�2 . − 3�� = 3�� − 3�2
�� �� ��
Differentiating (2) w .r. to y, �� ��
�2 . − �� = �� − �2 (Div by 3 on both sides)
�� ��
��
− � 2 + �2 2� 1 + 2� + 2�� 2� ��
�2 � �� �2 − �� = �� − �2 −−−− (1)
= ��
��2 �2 + �2 2
�� �� − �2
=
�� �2 − ��

Department of Mathematics Dr.A.Manickam. Associate Professor,School of Sciences,SRMIST_TRY Page 5

 3�2 9�2
3� 3� �� −
�� , , = 22 4
=− 1
2 2 �� 9� 3�2 −3� � −3� � ��
− = = =
4 2 8×2 8× � � � �
��
�1 =− 1 � = in magnitude.
� �
Differentiating (1) w.r.t ‘�’,
�� �� �2 � ��
 2� �� − � + �2 − �� =� − 2� Problem: 5 Find the radius of curvature at any point (�, �) of the catenary
�� ��2 ��

3� 3� 3� 3� 2 3� �2 � 3�
� = ���� � � .
At , , 2 −1 − � ( − 1) + −� = �( − 1) − 2
2 2 2 2 2 ��2 2 Solution:

−1 −3� − � +
9�2
−
3�2 �2 �
=− 4� Given � = � ���ℎ � �
4 2 ��2
� 1 �
�1 = ����ℎ . = ���ℎ
9�2 3�2 �2 � � � �
4� + − =− 4�
4 2 ��2 1 �
�2 = ���ℎ
9�2 6�2 �2 � � �
4� + − =− 4� The radius of curvature
4 4 ��2
3
3�2 �2 � �=
1+�21 2

4� + =− 4� �2
4 ��2
� 32
3�2 �2 � � 1 + ���ℎ2 � ���ℎ3
�
=− 4� − 4� = �
= �
{ ����� 1 + ���ℎ2 � = ���ℎ2 �}
4 ��2 � �
���ℎ ���ℎ
� �
3�2 �2 �
=− 8� ��
{ by ���� � � = y}
�
4 ��2 = ����ℎ2 or � =
� �
�2 � −8� 4 −32 This shows that � varies as �2 .
2
= 2 =− 8� × 2 =
�� 3� 3� 3�
4 Problem: 6 Show that the radius of curvature at (�, �) on the curve �� +
Radius of curvature is ��� − ��� = � is � � .
3
1 + �21 2 1+1
3
2 2
3
2 3� −3� � Solution:
�= � =− = =2 �× =
�2 −32 −32 −32 16 Given �3 + ��2 − 6�2 = 0 −−−− (1)
3� 3�
Differentiating (1) w.r.t ‘�’ ,
Department of Mathematics Dr.A.Manickam. Associate Professor,School of Sciences,SRMIST_TRY Page 6
 �2 � 18 30 − 36 6 540 − 216
= = =1
��2 182 324

�� ��
3�2 + �2 1 + � 2� − 12� =0
�� ��
Radius of curvature
�� ��
3�2 + �2 + 2�� − 12� =0 3 3
�� �� 1 + �21 2
1+4 2
�= = =� �
�� �� �2 1
2�� − 12� =− 3�2 − �2 Problems for practise:
�� ��
�� �� � �
−12� + 2�� =− 3�2 − �2 { �������� �� − 1} 1.Show that in the curve + = 1, the radius of curvature at the
�� �� � �
We get 3

�� �� point �, � varies as �� + �� 2 .
12� − 2�� = 3�2 + �2 �
�� �� 2.Find the radius of curvature at any point (�, �)on � = � ��� ��� .
�
��
12� − 2�� = 3�2 + �2 �
�� Ans: � = ����
�
�� 3�2 + �2
= −−−−− (2)
�� 12� − 2��
�� 3×9+9 27 + 9 Problems under radius of Curvature in Parametric
At 3,3 , = =
�� 12 × 3 − 2 × 9 36 − 18
�� 36 Coordinates
= =2
�� 18 Problem: 1 Show that the radius of curvature at the point (�, �) on the
Differentiating (2) w.r.t ‘�’ , � � � �
asteroid � � +� � =� � is �(���) �.
�� �� ��
2 2
�2 � 12� − 2�� 6� + 2� − 3� + � 12 − 2� − 2� Solution: The parametric coordinates of the asteroid are given by � =
�� �� ��
=
��2 12� − 2�� 2
����3 �and � = ���3 �.
At (3,3), �� ��
= 3� ���2 � −���� and = 3� ���2 � ����
�� ��
�2 � 12(3) − 2(9) 6(3) + 2 3 2 − 3(9) + 9 12(2) − 2(3) − 2 3 2
= �� 2
��2 12(3) − 2(9) 2 �� �� = 3���� � ���� = 3 a sin � =− ����
�1 = =
�2 � 36 − 18) 18 + 12 − 27 + 9 24 − 6 − 12 �� �� −3����2 � ���� −3�����
��
2 = 36 − 18) 2
��

Department of Mathematics Dr.A.Manickam. Associate Professor,School of Sciences,SRMIST_TRY Page 7

 �2 � � �� � �� �� 1 1 � 1 1 1 1 1
�2 = = = . =− ���2 �. = ���2 . == =
�� 2 �� �� �� �� �� −3� ���� ���2 � 2 2 2� ���2 � 2 ���2 � 2� ���2 � 4� ���4 �
2 2 2 2

Radius of curvature
1 1 1 3 3
=− = 1+�21 2
� 2 � � �
��� � −3� ���� ��� � 3� ���4 � ����
2 2
�= = 1 + ���2 4����4 = ���3 . 4����4
�2 2 2 2 2
�
� = �� ���
�

3
1+�21 2 3
� = = 1 + ���2 � 2 . 3� ���4 � ���� Problem: 3 For the curve � = �(���� + �����)and � = �(���� − �����),
�2
3 show that the radius of curvature at the point '�' is ��.
= ���2 � 2 . 3� ���4 � ����
1 Solution:
= 3� ���4 � ���3 � ���� = 3� ���4 � ����
���3 �
Given � = �(���� + �����) and � = �(���� − �����)
� 13 � 13 �
� = 3� ���� ���� = 3� . = � ��� � ��
� � = � −���� + ���� + ����� = �� ����
Problem: 2 Show that the radius of curvature at any point of the cycloid ��
��
� = �(� + ����), � = �(� − ����) is �����
�
. = � ���� + ����� − ���� = �� ����
� ��
Solution: ��
�� �� = �� ���� = ����
=
Given � = �(� + ����), � = �(1 − ����) �� �� �� ����
��
�� ��
= �(1 + ����); = � ����
�� ��

�� �
2��� ���
�
���
� �2 � � �� � �� ��
�� �� � ���� 2 2 2 � = = .
= = = = = ��� �� 2 �� �� �� �� ��
�� �� �(1 + ����) 2���2 �
���
� 2
�� 2 2 � �� �� 1 1 1
� � = ���� . = ���2 �. = . =
{Since ���� = 2��� ��� �� �� �� ���2 � �� ���� �� ���3 �
2 2
�
Radius of curvature
1 + ���� = 2���2 } 3
2
1 + �21 2
3 3
�2 � � �� � �� �� �= = (1 + ���2 �) 2 �� ���3 �= ( ���2 �) 2 �� ���3 �
2
= = . �2
�� �� �� �� �� ��
1
� � �� 1 � 1 = �� ���3 � ���3 � = �� ���3 �
= ��� . = ���2 . ���3 �
�� 2 �� 2 2 �(1 + ����) � = ��

Department of Mathematics Dr.A.Manickam. Associate Professor,School of Sciences,SRMIST_TRY Page 8

Problems for practise: Problems on Centre and Circle of Curvature
1 1
1 1 3 2 � �
1.Show that the radius of curvature at , on the curve � + � = 1is
3 3 . Problem: 1 Find the circle of curvature at the point , of the curve � +
8 8 16 � �

2 Find the radius of curvature at any point ‘t’ on the curve �= �

� = ������; y = etsint. Ans: � = √2�� Solution: ����� � + � = � −−−−− (1)-
Differentiating (1) w.r.to x,

1 1 �� 1 �� 1
+ =0⟹ =−
Centre of Curvature and Circle of Curvature 2 � 2 � �� 2 � �� 2 �
�� �
Definition: Centre of Curvature =− −−−− (2)
�� �
A point C on the normal at any point P of a curve at a distance � from it is
�
called the Centre of Curvature at P, where � is the radius of curvature at P. �� 4
∴ �1 = =− =− 1
Expression for the Co-ordinate of Centre of Curvature �� ��
, �
44
4
The centre of curvature C(�,�) at any point �(�, �) on the curve � = �(�)
Differentiating (2) w.r.to x,
is given by
1 �� 1 1 �� 1
�� � + �� � �2 � � − � � − �
2 � �� 2 � 2 � �� 2 �
� = � − (� + ��� ); �=�+ =− =−
�� �� ��2 2 �
�
Definition: Circle of Curvature
� 1 � 1
A circle with centreC(centre of curvature at P) and radius �, is called the �
( − 1) − 1 1
4 42 � − −
�2 � 2 4 4 2 2 4
“circle of curvature” at P.  �2 = =− � =− � =
��2 ��
,
�
4 4
Equation of the circle of curvature at P is � − � � + � − � � = �� . 44

Let �(�, �)be the centre of curvature at the given point.

II.Procedure to find the Centre and Circle of curvature at any point.
Then
��
Step 1: Differentiate the given function f(x) w.r.to x, we get �� ��. �� �1 � −1 � � � �
�=�− 1 + �21 = − 4 1 + 1 = + 1 + 1 = +
�� � �2 4 4 4 4 2
Step 2: Differentiate y1 w.r.to x, we get �� �� ���
�
3�
Step 3: Substituting the value of y1 &y2 in the formula of Centre and Circle of ⇒�=
4
curvature.
Department of Mathematics Dr.A.Manickam. Associate Professor,School of Sciences,SRMIST_TRY Page 9
 1 + �21 � 1 + 1 � � � � Then
�=�+ = + 4 = + 1+1 = +
�2 4 4 4 4 2 �1
4
−3 16 4 9 16
� �=�− (1 + �21 ) = 3 − 8 (1 + ) = 3 + . (1 + )
�2 9 3 8 9
3� 9
⇒�= 3 25 25
4
=3+ =3+
3 3 2 9 6
(1 + �21 ) (1 + 1) � 2 3 � 1 2
Radius of curvature � = = 4 = (1 + 1)2 = (2)22 43
�2 4 4 ⇒�=
� 6
16
1 + �21 1+ 9 16 25
9
� �=�+ =4+ 8 =4+ 1+ =4+
Radius of curvature � = �2 8 9 8
9
2
2 2 57
Equation of the circle of curvature is x − x + y−y = ρ2 ⇒�=
8
31
3 3 25 (2)
2 2 3 16 16
3� 3� � 2 �2 1+
2
1+
2

 x− + y− = = 1 + �21 2
9 9
9
4 4 2 2 Radius of curvature � = = 8 = 8 = 8
�2
9 9 9
3
9 5 9 125 125
Problem: 2 Find the circle of curvature = = =
8 3 8 27 24
on ����������� ��������� �� = �� at (�, �)
Solution: Given �� = 12 −−−− (1) 2 2
Equation of the circle of curvature is x − x + y−y = ρ2
Differentiating (1) w.r.t.x, 2 2 2
43 57 125
we get, �
��
+� 1 =0 ⇒ �
��
=− � ⇒
��
=−
� x− + y− =
�� �� �� � 6 8 24
��
�2 � � − �(1)
��
2
=− Problem: 3 Find the centre of curvature at the point of �, � on the
�� �2
parabola �� = � � + �
4
�� 4 �2 � 3( − ) − 4 8 Solution: Given �2 = 4 � + 2 −−−− (1)
3
∴ �1 = =− , �2 = =− =
�� 3,4 3 ��2 9 9
3,4 Differentiating (1) w.r.t.x, we get,
Let �(�, �)be the centre of curvature at the given point. �� �� 4 2
2� =4⇒ = =
�� �� 2� �

Department of Mathematics Dr.A.Manickam. Associate Professor,School of Sciences,SRMIST_TRY Page 10

�2 � 2 �� −2 2 4 Answers:
=− 2 = =− 3
�� 2 � �� �2 � � 2 2
2
1. � − 15 + � + 16 = 12 2
�� 1
∴ �1 = = 2. �2 + �2 − 10�� − 4�� − 3�2 = 0
�� 2, 4 2
43
and 3. −36, −
5
�2 � 1
�2 = =− 4. 3��2 + 2�, − 2��3
��2 2,4
16
3 3
5. ,
Let �(�, �)be the centre of curvature at the given point. 4 4

1 Evolutes and Involutes

�1 1
�=�− 1 + �1 2 = 2 − 2 1 1 + The locus of the centre of curvature at any point on a curve is called its
�2 − 4
16 evolute and the curve itself is called involute of the evolute.

1 1 5
=2− −16 (1+ ) = 2 + 8 = 12 In the figure, �0 , �1 , �2 …… are the points on the curve and �0 , �1 , �2 ……are
2 4 4

1 + �1 2 1 5 the corresponding centre of curvatures. Their locus is the evolute of the

�=�+ = 4 + −16 1+ = 4+ −16 =− 16
�2 4 4 curve �.
∴ The centre of curvature is the point �(12, 16).

Problems for practise:

1.Find the equation of the circle of curvature of the parabola �2 = 12� at
the point (3,6).
2.Find the equation of the circle of curvature of the parabola �2 = 4�� at
the point (�, 2�).
3.Find the co-ordinates of the centre of curvature at the point (1, − 1) on
� = �3 − 6�2 + 3� + 1.
4.Find the centre of curvature at the point (��2 , 2��) on the parabola �2 =
4��.
Properties of Evolutes
1 1
5.Find the centre of curvature at , on the curve � + � = 1.
4 4

Department of Mathematics Dr.A.Manickam. Associate Professor,School of Sciences,SRMIST_TRY Page 11

 1. The normal at any point of a curve is a tangent to its evolute From (1),
touching at the corresponding centre of curvature. � �2
� =− 2��3 ⇒ �3 =− ⇒ �6 = −−−− (3)
2. The difference between the radii of curvatures at two points of a 2� 4�2
From (2),
curve is equal to the length of the arc of the evolute between the 3
� − 2� � − 2�
two corresponding points. � = 3��2 + 2� ⇒ �2 = ⇒ �6 = −−−− (4)
3� 3�
From (3) and (4),
Problem: 1 Find the equation of the evolute of the parabola �� = ��� �2 � − 2� 3
�2 � − 2� 3
= ⇒ =
Solution: 4� 2 3� 4� 2 27�3
3
The parametric equations of the parabola �2 = 4�� are ⇒ 4 � − 2� = 27��2
3 = 27��2
� = 2�� and � = ��2 The locus of centre of curvature �(�, �) is 4 � − 2�
�� ��
Then �� = 2� and ��
= 2��

�� Problem: 2 Find the equation of the evolute of the parabola �� = ���

�� �� 2��
�1 = = ��
= =� Solution:
�� 2�
�� The parametric equations of the parabola �2 = 4�� are � = ��2 and � =
�2 � � �� � �� �� � 1 1 1 2��
�2 = = = = � = 1. =
��2 �� �� �� �� �� �� 2� 2� 2� �� ��
Then �� = 2�� and ��
= 2�
��
Let �(�, �)be the centre of curvature at any point '�' on the parabola �2 = �� �� 2� 1
�1 = = ��
= =
4��.Then �� 2�� �
��
�1 �
�=�− 1 + �21 = 2�� − 1 (1 + �2 ) �2 � � �� � �� �� � 1 1 1 1
�2 �2 = = = = =− 2 ∙
2� ��2 �� �� �� �� �� �� � 2�� � 2��
−1
= 2�� − 2�� 1 + �2 = 2�� − 2�� − 2��3 =
2��3
⇒ � =− 2��3 −−−− (1) Let c �, � be the centre of curvature. Then
1+ �21 1+ �2
�=�+ == ��2 + 1
= ��2 + 2� 1 + �2
�2
2�

⇒�= 3��2 + 2� −−−− (2)

Department of Mathematics Dr.A.Manickam. Associate Professor,School of Sciences,SRMIST_TRY Page 12

 �1 1+�1 2 Let �(�, �)be the centre of curvature at any point '�' on the ellipse.
�=�− =
�2
�����
1 1 �1 − �2 ���2 �
1+ �����
1 1 1 1 �=�− 1 + �21 = �����— 1+
= ��2 −
� �2
= ��2 + 1+ 2 2��3 = ��2 + { + 3 } 2��3 �2 �
− 2 3 �2 ���2 �
−1 � � � � � ��� �
2��3
= ��2 + 2��2 + 2� � ���� �2 ���3 � �2 ���2 �
= �����— 1+
� ���� � �2 ���2 �
⇒ �= 3��2 + 2� −−−− (1)
�2 ���2 �
1+�1 2 1+ 2
1 = �����—����2 ����� 1 +
1 �2 ���2 �
� = �+ = 2�� + �
−1 = 2�� + −2��3 1+
�2 �2
2��3 �2 �2
= �����—����2 ����� − ���3 � = �����(1 − ���2 �) − 2 ���3 �
= −2��3 + 2�� − 2�� � �
�2
⇒ � = −2��3 −−−−− (2) = ����3 � − ���3 �
�
�−2� 3 �2
From (1) and (2) = 4�2 �2 − �2
3� ⇒ �= ���3 � −−−− (1)
�
�−2� 3 �2
i.e . = ⇒ 27��2 = 4 � − 2� 3
27�3 4�2

The locus of centre of curvature �(�, �) is27��2 = 4 � − 2� 3

�� �� �2 ���2 �
Problem: 3 Find the evolute of the ellipse �� + �� = � 1 + �21 1+ 2 2
� ��� �
�=�+ = ����� + �
Solution: �2 − 2 3
� ��� �
Given � = � ���� and � = ����� �2 ���3 � �2 ���2 �
= ����� − 1+
�� �� � �2 ���2 �
=− ����� and = �cosθ
�� �θ
�2 ���3 � �2 ���3 � �2 ���2 �
�� = ����� − − . 2 2
�� �� −����� −� � � � ��� �
= = ⟹ y1 = ����
�� �� ����� � �2 ���3 �
��
= ����� − − ��������2 �
�

�2 � � �� � �� �� � � 1 �2 ���3 �
�2 = − ���� = ����� 1 − ���2 � −
2 = �� �� = �� �� �� = �� � −����� �
��
� 2
1 2
� ��� �3
= ����� � = ����� ���2 � −
� −����� �
−� �2 ���3 � − �2 ���3 �
� 2 = 2 3 =
� ��� � �

Department of Mathematics Dr.A.Manickam. Associate Professor,School of Sciences,SRMIST_TRY Page 13

 � 2 − �2 The envelope of a family of curves is the curve which touches each
⇒ � =− ���3 � −−−−− (2)
� member of the family.
�2 −�2
Now, 1 ⇒ � = ���3 �
�
1
�� �� 3
⇒ ���3 � = 2 2
⇒ ���� = 2
� −� � − �2
�2 − �2
2 ⇒ � =− ���3 �
�
1
−�� 1 �� 3
Equations of the Family of curves
⇒ ���3 � = 2 ⇒ ���� = −1 3
� − �2 � − �2
2
In general, the curves corresponding to the equation f(x, y, c) = 0 for
Since ���2 � + ���2 � = 1
different values of c, constitute a family of curves and c is called the
2 2
�� 3 �� 3
parameter of the family.
⇒ + =1
�2 − �2 �2 − �2
Definition: Envelope
2 2
�� 3 �� 3
The envelope of a family of curves is the locus of the ultimate points of
⇒ 2 + 2 =1
2 2 2
� −� 3 � − �2 3 intersection of the consecutive members of the family.
i.e., If � �, �, � = 0 ��� � �, �, � + �� = 0 be two consecutive members of
2 2 2
⇒ �� + ��3 3 = �2 − �2 3
a family of curves, then the locus of their ultimate points of intersection is
� � � called the envelope of that family.
The locus of centre of curvature �(�, �)is �� � + �� � = � � − �� � ,
Procedure to find the Envelope of the Family of Curves
which is the required evolute.
Consider the family of curve� �, �, � = 0, where c is the parameter.
Step: 1 Differentiate � �, �, � = 0 partially w.r.to the parameter c,
Envelope �
Step: 2 Eliminate c from � �, �, � = 0 and � �, �, � = 0.
The equation xcos � + ����� = 1 represents a straight line for a given ��

Step: 3 The equation after the elimination of c in Step: 2 gives the envelope
value of �. For different values of �, this equation gives different straight
of the family.
lines. All these straight lines thus obtained are said to constitute a family of
The above procedure is the general rule to find the envelope of the family
straight lines. All the straight lines of this family touch the circle �2 + �2 =
of curves. The following simple method is also used to get the envelope of
1, which are shown in the following figure.
the family of curves.

Department of Mathematics Dr.A.Manickam. Associate Professor,School of Sciences,SRMIST_TRY Page 14

Method: 1 Problem: 2 Find the envelope of the family of straight lines � = �� +
If the family of curves is expressed as a quadratic equation of the �� �� + �� , where � being the parameter.
parameter, say Solution: Given � = �� + �2 �2 + �2
��2 + �� + � = 0,where A, B and C are functions of x and y and � is the
� − �� = � 2 �2 + � 2
2
parameter, then the envelope of this family is given by the equation � −
Squaring, we get
4�� = 0. 2
� − �� 2 �2 �2 + �2
=

Method: 2 Envelope of two parameter family of curves

Sometimes the equation of the family of curves contains two ⇒ �2 − 2��� + �2 �2 = �2 �2 + �2
parameters which are connected by a relation. ⇒ �2 − 2�� � + �2 �2 − �2 �2 − �2 = 0
For example, the equation� �, �, �, � = 0 represents the family of ⇒ �2 − �2 �2 + −2�� � + �2 − �2 = 0
curves and the relation connecting the parameters � and � is �2 + �2 = which is a quadratic eqn. of the form ��2 + �� + � = 0 where � = �2 −
�2 ��� . �2 , � =− 2�� & � = �2 − �2
In such cases, we eliminate one of the parameters by means of the given ∴ The envelope is �2 = 4��
relation, and then proceed to find the envelope. 4(�2 �2 ) = 4 �2 − �2 �2 − �2 ⇒ �2 �2
= �2 �2 − �2 �2 − �2 �2 + �2 �2

Problem: 1 Find the envelope of the family � = �� +

�
, where � being ⇒ �2 �2 + �2 �2 = �2 �2
�
Dividing by �2 �2 , we get
the parameter.
� �2 �2
Solution: Given� = �� + ∴ + = 1 , which is the required envelope.
� �2 �2

⇒ �2 � − �� + � = 0
which is a quadratic equation of the form ��2 + �� + � = 0 where � = Problem: 3 Find the envelope of the family of straight lines of � = �� −

�, � =− � & � = � ��� − ��� , , where � being the parameter.

∴ The envelope is �2 = 4�� Solution: ����� � = �� − 2�� − ��3 −−−− (1)

�2 = 4��, which is the required envelope. Differentiating [1] partially w.r.to �, we get
0 = � − 2� − 3��2
∴ 3��2 = � − 2�

Department of Mathematics Dr.A.Manickam. Associate Professor,School of Sciences,SRMIST_TRY Page 15

 � − 2� the parameter.
⇒ �2 =
3� Solution: Given xcos � + ����� = � −−−− (1)
� − 2�
∴ � = � − 2� � − � � Differentiate [1] partially w.r.to. �, we get
3�
1 − ����� + � cos � = 0 −−−−− (2)
= � − 2� � 1 −
3 Squaring and adding [1] and [2] , the envelope is
2�(� − 2�) �2 (���2 � + ���2 �) + �2 (���2 � + ���2 �) = �2
�=
3
i.e., �2 + �2 = �2 ,which is the required envelope.
Squaring on both sides, we get

4�2 � − 2�
�2 = � �
Problem: 6 Find the envelope + = 1 subject to a + b = c where c is a
9 3� � �

4 � − 2� 2 � − 2� constant.
�2 =
9 3� Solution: a + b = c gives b = c - a
27��2 = 4(� − 2�)3 , which is the required envelope. � �
+ =1
� �−�

� (c-a)+a(y) = a(c-a)
Problem: 4 Find the envelope of (x - a)� +�� = 4a, ‘a’ being the parameter.
Solution: Given (x - a)2 +�2 = 4a
�2 + � � − � − � + �� = 0
⇒ �2 + �2 − 2�� + � 2 − 4� = 0 This is a Quadratic equation in a, say
⇒ �2 + � −2� − 4 + �2 + �2 = 0 which is a quadratic equation A�2 + �� + � = 0 �ℎ��� � = 1, � = � − � − � ��� � = ��
�. �. , ��2 + �� + � = 0where � = 1, � = − 2� − 4, C= �2 + �2 The envelope is �2 = 4��
∴The envelope is �2 = 4�� ∴(y-x-c)2 = 4�� Which is the required envelope.
4�2 + 16 + 16� = 4(�2 + �2 )
⇒16(x+1) = 4(�2 ) �
Problem: 7 Find the envelope of the family of lines + = � where the
�
� �
⇒ �2 = 4(� + 1)which is the required envelope. parameters a and b are connected by the relation a + b2=c2 2

� �
Solution: Given + = 1 −−−− (1)
� �
Problem: 5 Find the envelope of the family of straight lines ���� � +
Differentiating (1) w.r.to a,
����� = �, where � being

Department of Mathematics Dr.A.Manickam. Associate Professor,School of Sciences,SRMIST_TRY Page 16

 �
� � �� �� From (2) & (4),
�2
− 2− 2 =0⇒ =− � −−−−− (2) �
� � �� �� � � � �� ��
�2 �2
� = ⇒ 2 = 2 ⇒ 2 = 2
Also given a2 + b2=c2 � � � � � � �
�2
�� �� � Therefore
2a +2b =0⇒ =− −−−−− (3)
�� �� �
� � � �
� � +
From (2) & (3), = �
= �
= � �
=1
�3 �3 � � � �
� +
Therefore � � �

� � � �
+ 1 �� ��
� � � �
= = = ∴ = 1 ��� =1
�2 �2 �2 + �2 �2 �2 �2

∴� = �� ��� � = ��
� 1 � 1
⇒ = and =
�3 �2 �3 �2
� � � �
a = (�2 �)1/3 and b = (�2 �)1/3 Now + = 1 gives + = 1, which is the required envelope.
� � � �
2 2 2
a2 + b2=c2 gives � + � = � 3 3 3

� �
Problem: 8 Find the envelope of + = � where the parameters l and m
� �
� �
are connected by the relation �+ � = � and a, b are constants.
� �
Solution: Given + = � −−−− �
� �

Taking differentials in (1)

�
� � �� �2
− 2 d� − 2 �� = 0 ⇒ =− � −−−− 2
� � ��
�2
� �
Consider + = 1 −−−− (3)
� �

Taking differentials in (3)

1 1 �� �
�� + �� = 0 ⇒ =− −−−− (4)
� � �� �

Department of Mathematics Dr.A.Manickam. Associate Professor,School of Sciences,SRMIST_TRY Page 17

 18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Differential Calculus

Module – 4
Radius of Curvature - Cartesian coordinates – Radius of curvature - Polar coordinates – Circle of curvature –
Applications of Radius of curvature in Engineering – Centre of curvature – Evolute of a parabola – Evolute of an
ellipse – Envelope of standard curves – Applications of curvature in Engineering – Beta Gamma functions – Beta
Gamma functions and their properties
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Curvature of a curve
The rate of bending of a curve in an interval is called the curvature of the curve in that interval. It is
denoted by k.
Radius of curvature
The reciprocal of the curvature of a curve at any point is called the radius of curvature at that point. It is
denoted by .
1
Hence   .
k
Radius of curvature in Cartesian form
3/ 2
  dy  2 
1    
  dx  

d2y
dx 2
3/ 2
  dx  2 
1    
  dy  
 , then   
dy
If
dx d 2x
dy 2
Radius of curvature in Polar form
(r 2  r  2 ) 3 / 2 dr d 2r
 2 where r  

,r 
r  2 r  2  r r  d d 2
Radius of curvature in Parametric form
3
 x ' 2  y ' 2  2
 ' " 
xy yx ' "

Note
1. Curvature of a straight line is zero.
2. Curvature of a circle is the reciprocal of its radius.
Formulae
e x  e x d
sinh x  , sinh 0  0 , (sinh x)  cosh x
2 dx
e x  e x d
cosh x  , cosh 0  1 , (cosh x)  sinh x
2 dx

SRM IST, Ramapuram. 1 Department of Mathematics

 18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Differential Calculus

Problems

 x
1. Find the radius of curvature at the point 0, c  of the catenary y  c cosh   .
c
Solution:
 x
y  c cosh  
c
dy  x 1  x
 c sinh     sinh  
dx c c c
dy
at (0, c)  sinh 0  0
dx
d2y  x 1
 cosh   
dx 2
c c
2
d y 1
2
at (0, c) 
dx c
3/ 2
  dy  2 
1    
  dx  

d2y
dx 2
c
2. Find the radius of curvature at any point of the cycloid x  a   sin   , y  a 1 cos  .
Solution:
x  a (  sin  )
dx
 a (1  cos  )
d
y  a (1  cos )
dy
 a (sin  )
d
a sin  2 sin ( / 2) cos ( / 2)
 tan  / 2 
dy
 
dx a (1  cos ) 2 cos 2 ( / 2)
d2y d
2
 sec 2 ( / 2)  (1 / 2) 
dx dx
1 1
  (1 / 2) 
cos ( / 2)
2
a (1  cos )
1 1 1
  (1 / 2)  
cos ( / 2)
2
a 2 cos ( / 2) 4 a cos 4 ( / 2)
2

SRM IST, Ramapuram. 2 Department of Mathematics

 18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Differential Calculus

3/ 2
  dy  2 
1    
  dx  

d2y
dx 2
3/ 2
 2   
1  tan  2 
 

1
 
4 a cos 4  
2
3/ 2
    
  sec 2    4 a cos 4  
  2  2
   
 sec 3  4 a cos 4  
2 2
 
 4 a cos  
2
3. Show that the radius of curvature at the point  on the curve x  3 a cos  a cos 3 ,
y  3 a sin   a sin 3 is 3 a sin  .
4. Find the radius of curvature at any point  on the curve x  a (cos t  t sin t ) ,
y  a (sin t  t cos t ) . Ans   a t
 3a 3a 
5. Find the radius of curvature at the point  ,  of the curve x 3  y 3  3 a x y .
 2 2 
Solution:
x3  y3  3 a x y

Differentiate w.r.t. x

dy  dy 
3 x2  3y 2  3 a  x  y.1
dx  dx 


3 y2  a x  dy
dx
 3 a y  x 
2

dy a y  x 2

dx y 2  a x

dy  3a 3a 
at  ,  = – 1
dx  2 2 

SRM IST, Ramapuram. 3 Department of Mathematics

 18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Differential Calculus

2 y 2
  dy 
   dy 
 a x  a  2 x  a y  x2 2 y  a
d y
3 2   dx   dx 
dx 
y ax
2
2

d2y  3a 3a   32
at  , =
dx 2  2 2  3a

3/ 2
  dy  2 
1    
  dx  

d2y
dx 2


1  13 / 2 = 
3 2a
 32 16
3a

3 2a
 
16

6. Find the radius of curvature at the point a, 0 of the curve x y 2  a 3  x 3 .

Solution:
x y 2  a3  x3

Differentiate w.r.t. x

dy
x. 2 y  y 2  0  3x 2
dx

dy  (3x 2  y 2 )

dx 2x y

dy
at (a, 0)  
dx

dy
Here 
dx

Differentiate w.r.t. y

SRM IST, Ramapuram. 4 Department of Mathematics

 18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Differential Calculus

dx dx
x. 2 y  y 2  0  3x 2
dy dy

dx 2x y
 2
dy y  3 x 2

dx
at a, 0 =0
dy

2
 2
 y  3x
2
  x  y dy
dx   dx  
  ( x y )  2 y  6 x  
d x
 2    dy  
dy 2 
 y  3 x 
2 2 2 

 

d 2x 2
2
at a, 0 =
dy 3a

3/ 2
  dx  2 
1    
  dy  

d 2x
dy 2


1  03 / 2 
3a
2 2
3a

3a
 
2

7. Find the radius of curvature at any point r,  of the curve r  a cos  .
Solution:
r  a cos 

r   a sin 

r    a cos 

(r 2  r  2 ) 3 / 2

r 2  2 r  2  r r 

SRM IST, Ramapuram. 5 Department of Mathematics

 18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Differential Calculus

(a 2 cos 2   a 2 sin 2  ) 3 / 2 a
 
a cos   2a sin   a cos 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2


8. Find the radius of curvature of the curve r  a 1 cos  at the point   .
2
Solution:
r  a 1 cos 

r   a sin 

r    a cos 


r at   =a
2


r at   = –a
2

r at   =0
2

(r 2  r  2 ) 3 / 2

r 2  2 r  2  r r 

(a 2  a 2 ) 3 / 2 2 2a
 
a  2a
2 2
3
9. Find the radius of curvature at any point r,  of the curve r  e . Ans   2 r
Centre of curvature
y1 (1  y12 ) 1  y12
Centre of curvature  x, y  where x  x  ,y  y .
y2 y2
Circle of curvature
Equation of circle of curvature is x  x 2   y  y 2   2 .
10. Find the equation of the circle of curvature of the parabola y2 = 12 x at (3, 6).
Solution:
y2 = 12 x
dy
2y  12
dx
dy 12 6
 
dx 2 y y
dy 12 6
 
dx 2 y y

SRM IST, Ramapuram. 6 Department of Mathematics

 18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Differential Calculus

dy
at (3, 6)  1
dx
d2y   1  dy
2
 6  2 
dx  y  dx
d2y 1
at (3 , 6) 
dx 2 6
3/ 2
  dy  2 
1    
  dx  

d2y
dx 2
   6 (2) 3 / 2
y1 (1  y12 )
x  x
y2
1(1  1)
x at (3, 6)  3   15
 1/ 6
1  y12
y y
y2
11
y at (3, 6)  6   6
 1/ 6
Centre of curvature x, y   15,  6
Equation of circle of curvature is x  x 2   y  y 2   2
x  152   y  62  288
a a
11. Find the equation of the circle of curvature of the curve x  y  a at  ,  .
4 4
Solution:
x y a
1 1/ 2 1 1 / 2 dy
x  y 0
2 2 dx
dy  x 1/ 2  y
 1/ 2 
dx y x
dy  a a 
at  ,   1
dx  4 4 
 1 / 2  1 1 / 2 dy  1 / 2  1 1 / 2  
2 x  2 y  y  x 
d y
   dx   2 
dx 2
 x 
 
 

SRM IST, Ramapuram. 7 Department of Mathematics

 18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Differential Calculus

d2y a a 4
at  ,  
dx 2  4 4  a
3/ 2
  dy  2 
1    
  dx  

a
2

d y 2
2
dx
y1 (1  y12 )
x  x
y2
 a a  a  1(1  1) 3 a
x at  ,    
4 4 4 4/a 4
1  y12
y  y
y2
 a a  a 11 3a
y at  ,    
 4 4  4 4/a 4
 3a 3a 
Centre of curvature  x , y    , 
 4 4 
Equation of circle of curvature is x  x 2   y  y 2   2
2 2
 3a   3a  a2
x  y  
 4   4  2
12. Find the equation of the circle of curvature of the curve x y = c2 at (c, c).
Solution:
x y = c2
dy
x  y 1  0
dx
dy  y

dx x
dy
at (c, c)  1
dx
 dy 
d y2  x dx  y.1
  
dx 2  x2 
 
d2y 2
2
at (c, c) 
dx c

SRM IST, Ramapuram. 8 Department of Mathematics

 18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Differential Calculus

3/ 2
  dy  2 
1    
  dx  
  2c
d2y
dx 2
y1 (1  y12 )
x  x
y2
 1(1  1)
x at c, c   c   2c
2/c
1  y12
y  y
y2
11
y at c, c   c   2c
2/c
Centre of curvature x, y   2 c, 2 c
Equation of circle of curvature is x  x 2   y  y 2   2
x  2c2   y  2c2  2 c 2
Evolutes and Involutes
Let C be the centre of curvature corresponding to a point P of the given curve. As the point P
moves along the curve, C will trace out a locus, which is called evolute of the curve. (or) The locus
of centre of curvature is called evolute of the curve.
If the curve C1 is the evolute of a curve C2, then C2 is said to be an involute of C1.
13. Show that the evolute of the curve x  a (cos    sin  ) , y  a (sin    cos  ) is a circle.
Solution:
x  a (cos    sin  )
dx
 a sin   a ( cos   sin  .1)  a  cos 
d
y  a (sin    cos  )
dy
 a cos  a ( sin   cos .1)  a  sin 
d
dy a  sin 
  tan 
dx a  cos 
d2y d
 sec 2
 
dx 2 dx
2
d y 1 1
 sec 2   
dx 2
a  sec a  cos 3 
y1 (1  y12 )
x  x
y2

SRM IST, Ramapuram. 9 Department of Mathematics

 18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Differential Calculus

tan  (1  tan 2  )
 a (cos    sin  ) 
1
a  cos 3 
 a cos 
1  y12
y  y
y2
(1  tan 2  )
 a (sin    cos  ) 
1
a  cos 3 
 a sin 
We know that cos 2   sin 2   1
2 2
x  y
    1
a a
x 2  y 2  a2
Locus of ( x , y ) is x 2  y 2  a 2
14. Show that the evolute of the cycloid x  a (  sin  ) , y  a (1  cos ) is another cycloid.
Solution:
x  a (  sin  )
dx
 a (1  cos )
d
y  a (1  cos )
dy
 a (sin  )
d
a sin  2 sin ( / 2) cos ( / 2)
 cot  / 2
dy
 
dx a (1  cos ) 2 sin 2 ( / 2)
d2y d
2
  cos ec 2 ( / 2)  (1 / 2) 
dx dx
1 1
 
2 sin ( / 2) a (1  cos )
2

1 1 1
  
2a sin ( / 2) 2 sin ( / 2)
2 2
4 a sin 4 ( / 2)
y1 (1  y12 )
x  x
y2
cot ( / 2) (1  cot 2 ( / 2))
 a (  sin  ) 
1

4 a sin 4 ( / 2)

SRM IST, Ramapuram. 10 Department of Mathematics

 18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Differential Calculus

cos ( / 2) 1
 a (  sin  )  4 a sin 4 ( / 2)   2
sin ( / 2) sin ( / 2)
 a (  sin  )  4 a sin ( / 2)  cos ( / 2)
 a (  sin  )  2 a (2 sin ( / 2)  cos ( / 2))
 a (  sin  )  2 a sin 
x  a (  sin  )
1  y12
y  y
y2
1  cot 2 ( / 2)
 a (1  cos ) 
1

4 a sin 4 ( / 2)
y  a (1  cos )
Locus of ( x , y ) is x  a (  sin  ), y  a (1  cos ), which is another cycloid.
15. Find the evolute of the parabola y2 = 4 a x.
Solution:
Parametric coordinates: x = a t2, y = 2 a t
x  at2
dx
 2a t
dt
y  2at
dy
 2a
dt
dy 1

dx t
d2y 1 dt 1
2
 2  
dx t dx 2at3
y1 (1  y12 )
x  x
y2
1 1
1  2 
 at2  
t t 
1

2at3
 3 a t 2  2 a _____________________(1)
1  y12
y  y
y2

SRM IST, Ramapuram. 11 Department of Mathematics

 18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Differential Calculus

1
1
 2at  t2
1

2at3
 2 a t 3 _____________________(2)
Eliminate t from (1) and (2).
From (1)
x  2a
t2 
3a
3
 x  2a 
(t )  
2 3

 3a 
From (2)
y
t3 
2a
2
 y
(t )  
3 2

 2a 
3
 x  2a  y2
Hence   
 3a  4a2
4 a 2 ( x  2 a) 3  27 a 3 y 2
Locus of ( x , y ) is 4 ( x  2 a) 3  27 a y 2
Note: The parametric coordinates of the parabola x2 = 4 a y are x  2 a t , y  a t 2 .
x2 y2
16. Find the evolute of the hyperbola   1.
a2 b2
Solution:
Parametric coordinates: x = a sec , y = b tan 

x  a sec
dx
 a sec  tan 
d
y  b tan 
dy
 b sec 2 
d
dy b sec 2  b b
   cos ec 
dx a sec  tan  a sin  a
d2y b d
2
 ( cos ec   cot  )
dx a dx

SRM IST, Ramapuram. 12 Department of Mathematics

 18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Differential Calculus

b 1
 cos ec   cot  
a a sec  tan 
b cos 3 
 2
a sin 3 
y1 (1  y12 )
x  x
y2
b  b2 
cos ec  1  2 cos ec 2 
 a sec  
a  a 
b cos 3 

a 2 sin 3 
a b a 2 sin 3   b2 
  1  
cos  a sin  b cos 3   a 2 sin 2  
 
a2  b2
 sec 3 
a
1  y12
y  y
y2
b2
1 2
cos ec 2
 b tan   a
b cos 3 
 2 3
a sin 
b sin  a 2 sin 3   b2 
  1  
cos 
b cos   a sin  
3 2 2 

(a 2  b 2 )
 tan 3 
b
We know that1  tan 2   sec 2 
sec 2   tan 2   1
2/3 2/3
 ax   by 
 2 2 
 2  1
a b   a  b2 
(a x ) 2 / 3  (b y ) 2 / 3  (a 2  b 2 ) 2 / 3
Locus of ( x , y ) is (a x) 2 / 3  (b y ) 2 / 3  (a 2  b 2 ) 2 / 3
x2 y2
17. Find the evolute of the ellipse   1.
a2 b2
Solution:
Parametric coordinates: x = a cos , y = b sin 

SRM IST, Ramapuram. 13 Department of Mathematics

18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Differential Calculus

x  a cos
dx
  a sin 
d
y  b sin 
dy
 b cos
d
dy b cos b
   cot 
dx  a sin  a
d2y b d
2
  ( cos ec 2  )
dx a dx
b 1
 cos ec 2  
a a sin 
b
  2 cosec 3 
a
y1 (1  y12 )
x  x
y2
b  b2 
 cot  1  2 cot 2  
 a cos 
a  a 
b
 2 cos ec  3
a
b2
 a cos  a sin 2  cos  cos 3 
a
a2  b2
 cos3 
a
1  y12
y  y
y2
b2
1 2
cot 2 
 b sin   a
b
 2
cos ec 3 
a
a2
 b sin   b cos 2  sin   sin 3 
b
(a 2  b 2 ) 3
 sin 
b
We know that sin 2  cos 2   1
2/3 2/3
 by   ax 
 2   2  1 Value of (1) 2 / 3  1
 a  b2   a  b2 

SRM IST, Ramapuram. 14 Department of Mathematics

 18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Differential Calculus

2/3 2/3
 ax   by 
 2 2 
 2  1
 a b   a  b2 
(a x ) 2 / 3  (b y ) 2 / 3  (a 2  b 2 ) 2 / 3
Locus of ( x , y ) is (a x) 2 / 3  (b y ) 2 / 3  (a 2  b 2 ) 2 / 3
18. Find the evolute of the asteroid x 2 / 3  y 2 / 3  a 2 / 3 .
Solution:
Parametric coordinates: x = a cos3 , y = a sin3 
x  a cos 3 
dx
 3a cos 2  ( sin  )
d
y  a sin 3 
dy
 3a sin 2  (cos  )
d
dy
  tan 
dx
d2y d
2
  sec 2  
dx dx
2
d y 1 1
  sec 2   
dx 2
3a cos  ( sin  ) 3a cos  sin 
2 4

y1 (1  y12 )
x  x
y2

 a cos 3  

( tan  ) 1  tan 2  
1
3a cos  sin 
4

 a cos 3   3a cos sin 2 

1  y12
y  y
y2
1  tan 2 
 a sin  
3
1
3a cos  sin 
4

 a sin 3   3a sin  cos 2 

Now x  y  a (cos 3   3 cos 2  sin   3 cos sin 2   sin 3  )
 a (cos   sin  ) 3
Now x  y  a (cos 3   3 cos  sin 2   3 sin  cos 2   sin 3  )
 a (cos   sin  ) 3

SRM IST, Ramapuram. 15 Department of Mathematics

 18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Differential Calculus

2/3 2/3
xy xy
Now      (cos   sin  )  (cos   sin  )  2
2 2

 a   a 
Locus of ( x , y ) is ( x  y ) 2 / 3  ( x  y ) 2 / 3  2 a 2 / 3
Envelope
The envelope of a family of curves is the curve which touches each member of the family.
Example: All the straight lines of the family x cos  y sin   1 , where  is the parameter touches
the circle x 2  y 2  1 . (Refer Problem – 22)
Note
1. The envelope of the family of curves of the form A m 2  B m  C  0 (quadratic form) is
B 2  4 AC  0 .
2. Evolute of a curve is the envelope of the normals of the curve.
Type – 1 Envelope of SINGLE PARAMETER family of curves
a
19. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y  m x  , m being the parameter.
m
Solution:
a
y  mx
m
m xa
2
y
m
m xmya 0
2

Here A  x, B   y, C  a
Envelope is given by B2 – 4 A C = 0.
y2 – 4 a x = 0
x
20. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines  y t  2 c , t being the parameter.
t
Solution:
x
 yt  2c
t
t 2 y  2ct  x  0
Here A  y, B  2 c, C  x
Envelope is given by B2 – 4 A C = 0.
x y = c2
Find the envelope of the family of straight lines x cos   y sin   a sec  ,  being the
21.
parameter.
Solution:
x cos   y sin   a sec 
Divide by cos .
x  y tan   a sec 2 
x  y tan   a (1  tan 2  )
a tan 2   y tan   (a  x)  0

SRM IST, Ramapuram. 16 Department of Mathematics

 18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Differential Calculus

Here A  a, B   y, C  a  x
Envelope is given by B2 – 4 A C = 0.
y2 – 4 a (a – x) = 0
22. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y  m x  a 2 m 2  b 2 , m being the parameter.
Solution:
y  m x  a 2 m2  b2
Squaring
( y  m x) 2  a 2 m 2  b 2
y 2  m2 x2  2 y m x  a 2 m2  b2
m2 (x2  a 2 )  2 m x y  ( y 2  b2 )  0
Here A  x 2  a 2 , B  2 x y, C  y 2  b 2
Envelope is given by B2 – 4 A C = 0.
4 x2 y 2  4(x2  a2 ) ( y 2  b2 )  0
x 2b 2  y 2 a 2  a 2b 2
x2 y2
Divide by a b , we get 2  2  1
2 2
a b
23. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines x cos  y sin   1 ,  being the parameter.
Solution:
x cos  y sin   1
Differentiate partially w.r.t. .
x ( sin  )  y cos  1
Squaring and adding
( x cos  y sin  ) 2  ( x sin   y cos ) 2  1
x2  y2  1
Type – 2 Envelope of TWO PARAMETER family of curves
x y
Find the envelope of the family of straight lines   1 , where a and b are the parameters
24. a b
connected by the relation a  b  c .
Solution:
x y
 1
a b
Differentiate w.r.t. b
  1  da  1 
x 2   y 2   0
 a  db b 
da  a 2 y
 __________(1)
db b 2 x
a b  c
Differentiate w.r.t. b

SRM IST, Ramapuram. 17 Department of Mathematics

 18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Differential Calculus

da
1  0
db
da
 1 ________(2)
db
From (1) and (2)
 a2 y
 1
b2 x
a2 y  b2 x
x y
2
 2
a b
x y

x/a y /b a b 1
  
a b ab c
Take first and last ratios.
x 1

a2 c
a2  c x
Take second and last two ratios.
y 1

b2 c
b2  c y
Given : a  b  c
(c x)1/ 2  (c y )1/ 2  c
x1/ 2  y1/ 2  c1/ 2
x y
25. Find the envelope of   1 , where a 2  b 2  c 2 .
a b
Solution:
x y
 1
a b
Differentiate w.r.t. b
  1  da  1 
x 2   y 2   0
 a  db b 
da  a y 2
 __________(1)
db b 2 x
a 2  b2  c 2
Differentiate w.r.t. b
da
2a  2b  0
db

SRM IST, Ramapuram. 18 Department of Mathematics

 18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Differential Calculus

da b
 ________(2)
db a
From (1) and (2)
 a2 y b
2

b x a
x y
3
 3
a b
x y

x/a y /b a b  1
 
a2 b2 a2  b2 c2
Take first and last ratios.
x 1
3
 2
a c
a3  c 2 x
Take second and last two ratios.
y 1

b3 c 2
b3  c 2 y
Given : a 2  b 2  c 2
(c 2 x ) 2 / 3  (c 2 y ) 2 / 3  c 2
x2/3  y2/3  c2/3
x2 y2
26. Find the envelope of 2
 2  1 , where a 2  b 2  c 2 .
a b
Solution:
x2 y2
 1
a2 b2
Differentiate w.r.t. b
  2  da 2
x2  3   y2  3   0
 a  db b 
da  a 3 y 2
 __________(1)
db b 3 x 2
a 2  b2  c 2
Differentiate w.r.t. b
da
2a  2b  0
db
da b
 ________(2)
db a
From (1) and (2)

SRM IST, Ramapuram. 19 Department of Mathematics

18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Differential Calculus

 a3 y 2 b
3 2

b x a
x2 y2

a4 b4
x2 y2

x2 / a2 y 2 / b2 a2 b2 1
  2  2
a 2
b 2
a b 2
c
Take first and last ratios.
x2 1
4
 2
a c
a4  c2 x2
Take second and last two ratios.
y2 1
4
 2
b c
b4  c2 y 2
Given : a 2  b 2  c 2
(c 2 x 2 )1/ 2  (c 2 y 2 )1/ 2  c 2
x y c
Beta and Gamma Functions
Gamma Function

 n    e  x x n 1 dx for n > 0
0
Recurrence Formula
 n  1  n n  n!
(n)  (n  1) !
Note (1)  0! 1
Beta Function
1
B (m, n)   x m 1 (1  x) n 1 dx where m, n > 0
0
Property of Beta function
B (m, n)  B (n, m)

Other forms of Beta function


x m 1
1. B (m, n)   mn
dx where m, n > 0
0 (1  x )
 /2
2. B (m, n)  2  sin 2 m  1  cos 2 n  1  d where m, n > 0
0

SRM IST, Ramapuram. 20 Department of Mathematics

 18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Differential Calculus

Standard Result
 /2
 m 1 n 1
B   2  sin  cos  d
m n
,
 2 2  0
Relation between Beta and Gamma functions
 m  n 
B (m, n) 
 m  n 
Note
1
1.     
2
 n 1  1 
 /2  /2   
1  2  2
2.  sin  d   cos  d 
n n
2 n2
0 0  
 2 
27. Find  (7 / 2) .
Solution:
 n  1  n n
7 5 5
     
2 2 2
5 3 
    1
2 2 
5 3 3
  
2 2 2
5 3 1 
   1
2 2 2 
5 3 1 1
  
2 2 2 2
15
 
8
 /2

 sin  cos 10  d .
6
28. Find
0
Solution:
m = 6, n = 10
 /2
1  m 1 n 1
 sin  cos 10  d  B 
6
,
0
2  2 2 
1  7 11 
 B , 
2 2 2 

SRM IST, Ramapuram. 21 Department of Mathematics

 18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Differential Calculus

 7   11 
  
1 2  2 

2  7 11 
  
2 2 
1 225  63
 
512 8!
 /2
105
 cos  d . Ans 
8
29. Find
0
768
 /2
8
 sin  d . Ans
5
30. Find
0
15
1

x (1  x) 9 dx .
6
31. Find
0
Solution:
m = 7, n = 10
1
B (m, n)   x m 1 (1  x) n 1 dx
0
1
  x 7 1 (1  x)101 dx
0
 7   10 6 !9 !
 
 17  16 !
 /2
32. Find  tan  d .
0
Solution:
 /2  /2  /2
sin 
 tan  d   d   sin  cos 1/ 2  d
1/ 2

0 0
cos 0
1  3 / 2 1/ 2 
 B , 
2  2 2 
1 3 1
 B , 
2 4 4
3 1
  
1 4 4 
 Formula (n) (1  n) 
2  1 sin n
1  
 

2 1/ 2 2

SRM IST, Ramapuram. 22 Department of Mathematics

 18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Differential Calculus

 /2

33. Find  cot  d . Ans
2
0

1
34. Prove that      .
2
Solution:
 /2
B (m, n)  2  sin 2 m  1  cos 2 n  1  d
0
Put m = n = ½
 /2
1 1
B ,   2
2 2
 d  
0

1 1
  
2 2 
 1
2
  1 
  2    (1) Formula (n)  (n  1) !
  
  0!

1
Hence     
2
B(m  1, n) m
35. Prove that  .
B(m, n  1) n
Solution:
 m  1 n 
B(m  1, n)  (m  n  1) m (m) (n) m
  
B(m, n  1)  m  n  1 n (m) (n) n
 (m  n  1)

*****

SRM IST, Ramapuram. 23 Department of Mathematics