ELC 423, ELCN323, ELCn323

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
THEORY
Fall Semester 2024/2025
CHAPTER 1
ELECTROSTATIC FIELD IN FREE SPACE
Week 2, Lecture 2
Dr. Ibrahim Amin
 GRADES
Course Code ELC 423 ELCN323
ELCn323
➢ Mid Term Exam 10 % 20 %

➢ Semester work 20 % 40 %
❖ 4 Assignments 2.5 % each 5 % each
❖ 3 Quizzes 2.5 % each 4 % each
▪ In the lectures room
▪ A4 papers
▪ 15-mintue duration
❖ 1 research 2.5 % each 4 % each

➢Final Term Exam 70 % 40%

 COURSE PLAN

Weeks Topics Assessments Grades

Electrostatic Field in Free Space

Week 1
Date Position Vector- Differential length
29/9/2024 Coulomb's law and field intensity - -
2/10/2024 Electric potential
Examples
Electrostatic Field in Free Space
Week 2 Electric field due to continuous
Date charge distribution
6/10/2024 - -
Electric Dipole
9/10/2024
Examples
 COURSE PLAN
Assignment 2.5 %
Electrostatic Field in Free Space
(1)
Week 3
Gauss's law and its applications on chapter 5%
Date
(1)
13/10/2024 Energy density in electrostatic fields
Quiz (1) 2.5 %
16/10/2024
Examples Covering
weeks (1- 2) 5%

Electrostatic Boundary Value Problems

Image method in the case of:
Week 4
A charge in front of an Infinite
Date
grounded surface - -
20/10/2024
A charge in the front of two orthogonal
23/10/2024
infinite grounded surfaces
A Charge in front of grounded sphere
 COURSR PLAN
Electrostatic Boundary value Problems
Week 5
Curl & Divergence of E
Date
Laplace & Poisson’s equations
27/10/2024
solution of Laplace’s equation in
30/10/2024
Cartesian coordinates

Assignment 2.5 %
(2)
Week 6 Electrostatic Boundary value Problems
on chapter 5 %
Date
(2)
3/11/2024 Solution of Laplace’s equation in
Quiz (2) 2.5 %
6/11/2024 cylindrical and spherical coordinates
Covering
weeks (3-5) 5 %
Week 7
Date Up to 10 %
10/11/2024 Mid Term Week lecture or
13/11/2024 (5) 20 %
 COURSE PLAN

Electrostatic Field in Material Space

Properties of materials
Week 8 Convection and conduction currents
17/11/2024 Electric field in conductors - -
20/11/2024 Resistance, capacitance calculation
Boundary conditions of 2 dielectric
materials and 2 conducting materials

Assignment
Magneto Static Fields (3) 2.5 %
on chapter 5 %
Week 9 Static fields analogy
(3)
24/11/2024 Ampere circuital’s law
27/11/2024 Biot Savart ‘s law
Quiz (3) 2.5 %
Curl & Divergence (Covering) 5 %
(weeks 6,8)
 COURSE PLAN
Magneto Static Field
Magnetic vector of potential 𝐀
Week 10 Boundary condition between two
1/12/2024 - -
4/12/2024 magnetic media
The magnetic force
Examples

Time Varying Field Assignment

Week 11 2.5 %
Maxwell’s equations solution (4)
Date 5%
on chapter
8/12/2024 Plane wave equation (4)
11/12/2024 Examples
 COURSE PLAN
Time Varying Field
Week 12
Date Velocity of electromagnetic wave
16/12/2023 in free space
19/12/2023 Penetration depth in conductors

Examples
Week 13
Date Report 2.5 %
23/12/2023 Research Discussion +
26/12/2023 Presentation 5 %

Week 14 Revision - -
Date

70 %
Week 15 Final Exam -
Date
40 %
 References
 Sadiku, M. N. (2018), Elements of Electromagnetics PDF,
USA, Oxford University Press Inc.
 Hayt, . W. H., Buck, J. A, (2000) Engineering
Electromagnetics, USA, McGraw-Hill.
 Nannapneni, R. N. (1997), Elements of Engineering
Electromagnetic, USA, Prentice Hall, Inc.

 Cheng, D. K. (1989), Field and WaveElectromagnetics,

USA, Addison Wesley Publishing Company Inc.

 I. A. Ibrahim (2018), Electromagnetic Field Theory

Notes, Cairo, Modern Academy for Engineering and
Technology Press.

10
 COURSR LEARNING OBJECTIVES

➢ By the end of this course the student should be

able to:
❑ Acquire the fundamental concepts, theories and
laws of electromagnetic fields.
❑ Demonstrate the importance of Maxwell’s
equations in studying different topics in the
electromagnetics.
❑ Apply the gained knowledge in solving the
relevant problems and exercises
❑ Deduce the reliance of the different Electric
power and RF communication systems as well as
microwave applications on these studied
concepts and fundamental.
 LEARNING OUTCOMES SERVED by the COURSE
➢ Cognitive Domain:
❑ LO1. Review and identify the relevant mathematics and
physics laws involved within the areas of the course
(electric, magnetic and time-varying fields (B1).
❑ LO2. Identify and understand the fundamentals and
theories of electric, magnetic and time-varying fields (B2).
➢ Psychomotor Domain:
LO3. Deduce the different forms of the Maxwell’s equations
and use these equations to study the wave nature in
different mediums (B1).
LO4. Demonstrate the gained knowledge in solving
different forms of problems and exercises covering the
areas electric, magnetic and time-varying fields in the free
and material spaces. (B2).
➢ Affective Domain:
LO5 Recognize the importance of the time varying field on
the different modernized RF communication systems and
microwave applications. (C1).
➢ B1. Select, model and analyze electrical power
systems applicable to the specific discipline by
applying the concepts of: generation, transmission
and distribution of electrical power systems.

➢ B2. Design, model and analyze an

electrical/electronic/digital system or component
for a specific application; and identify the tools
required to optimize this design.

➢ C1. Explain, Classify and compare newly

advanced technologies used for the modern
electronics and communication systems.
 Lecture’s Topics

➢Lecture 1 Revision

➢Chapter 1 Electrostatic Field in Free Space

❖ Electric field due to continuous charge
distribution
❖ Relevant Mathematics
❖ Electric Dipole
❖ Electric field from potential

➢Solved Examples
 Lecture 1 Revision:
❑ Coulomb’s Law of Force:

1 Q1 . Q 2 Q1 . Q 2
𝐅= ෡=K
𝐑 𝐑 Newton
4πϵ0 𝐑 2 𝐑 3

𝐑 = 𝐫2 − 𝐫1 = P2 − P1 (origin reference)
 Lecture 1 Revision:
❑ Coulomb’s Law of Electric Field:
𝐅
𝐄=
Q

KQ KQ
E= ෡
R = 𝐑 [N/C] or [v/m]
𝐑2 𝐑3

❑ Potential’s Law:
Q KQ KQ
V= = = [v] r= 𝐑
4πε0 r r 𝐑

R … Position vector = observation point – source point (origin reference)

r … Position Vector length = σ[(observation – source) points componentes]2
 Lecture 1 Revision:

❑ Electric Field Lines Direction in the case of

Point (Static) Charges

▪ Outward in case of positive charge

▪ Inward in case of negative charge

 Lecture 1 Revision

It is customary to denote:
▪ The line charge density by: ρl [C/m]
▪ The surface charge density by: ρs [C/m2]
▪ The volume charge density by: ρv [C/m3]
 Lecture 1 Revision

❑ The electric field intensity due to each of charge

distributions ρl, ρs, and ρv may be regarded as
the summation of the field contributed by all
point charges making up these distributions.
N
1 Qk
𝐄= ෍ 2
𝒂𝑅
4πε0 𝐫 − 𝐫k
k=1

❑ By replacing Q k with charge element dQ = ρl dl

or or ρs ds or ρv dv and integrating, you can
get:
 Lecture 1 Revision

1 ρl . dl
‫׬‬ 𝐚R
4πε0 R2
1 dQ 1 ρs . ds
𝐄= ‫׬‬ 𝐚R = ‫׬‬ 𝐚R
4πε0 𝐑2 4πε0 R2
1 ρv dv
‫׬‬ 𝐚R
4πε0 R2
 Lecture 1 Revision

❑ For N point charges Q 1, Q 2,.. Q n located at points

with position vectors r1, r2,. . rn ,the potential at r is:
1 n Qk
V= σk=1
4πε0 𝐫− 𝐫k

➢ For continuous charge distributions

1 ρl . 𝐝𝐥
V= ‫ ׬‬r for line charge
4πε0

1 ρs . 𝐝𝐬
V= ‫ ׬‬r for surface charge
4πε0

1 ρv dv
V= ‫ ׬‬r for volume charge
4πε0
 Lecture 1 Relevant Mathematics
❑ The position Vector

➢ The position vector 𝐑 = 𝐫𝟐 − 𝐫𝟏 ,

𝐫𝟐 = P𝟐 - (0, 0, 0) 𝐫𝟏 = P𝟏 - (0, 0, 0)
𝐑
෡
R= unit vector given by = dimensionless.
𝐑

➢ Differential Lengths
▪ dl = dx ax + dy ay + dz az
▪ dl = dρ 𝐚ρ + ρdφ aφ + dz az
▪ dl = dr 𝐚𝐫 + rdθ 𝐚𝛉 + r sinθd𝜑 aφ

➢ Vector Multiplication
▪ A . B = AB cos θAB scaler
▪ A x B = AB sin θAB an vector
 Lecture 2 Relevant Mathematics
➢ Differential Areas

▪ ds = dx dy az = dy dz ax = dz dx ay

▪ ds = ρdφ dz a𝛒 = dρ dz aφ= ρdφ dρ az

▪ ds = r 2 sin θ dθ dφ 𝐚𝐫 = r dr dθ aφ = r 2 sin θ dr dθ 𝐚𝛉

➢ Unit Vectors Relations

▪ Cartesian vs. Cylindrical coordinates

• aρ = cos φ ax + sin φ ay

• a𝛗 = - sin φ ax + cos φ ay

• az = az .
Lecture 2 Relevant Mathematics

❑ Special Integrals
𝐝𝐱 𝐱
න 𝟑 =
𝐚𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 𝐚𝟐 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐

𝐱 𝐝𝐱 −𝟏
න 𝟑 =
𝐚𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐

𝐝𝐱
න = 𝐥𝐧(𝐱 + 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐚𝟐 )
𝐚𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐

𝐱 𝐝𝐱
න = 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐
𝐚𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐
 Solved Examples
EXAMPLE 1.5
Field and potential due to charge distribution on a
circular ring.
Find the electric field 𝐄 and potential V at the axis of a
charged ring P2 (0, φ, z). The ring located at z = 0,
with radius = r, and charge density = ρl (r, φ, z) [C/m]
 Solved Examples
SOLUTION
Observation point at P2 (0, φ, z) on the z axis.

Line charge distribution on the ring is given by:

C
𝜌𝑙 r, φ, 0 , where 0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π
m

Apply Coulomb’s law to find the electric field and

potential at P2:
dQ dQ
𝐄 = K‫ ׬‬3 𝐑 V=K ‫׬‬
𝐑 𝐑

dQ r, φ, 0 = ρl dl = ρl rdφ
 Solved Examples
𝐑 = 𝐏2 − 𝐏1 = 0, φ, z − r, φ, 0 = −𝐫, 0, 𝐳 ,

𝐑 = r2 + z2

ρl r dφ ρl r dφ
𝐄 = Kන 3 −𝐫, 0, 𝐳 V = Kන
r2 + z2 r2 + z2

𝐫 = r 𝐫ො
2π 2π
ρl (r 2 ) ρl r z
𝐄=−K 3 න dφ rෝ + K 2 2 3/2
න dφ zො
r2 + z2 0 (r + z ) 0
 Solved Examples
2π 2π
ρl (r 2 ) ρl r z
𝐄=−K 3 න dφ rෝ + K 2 2 3/2
න dφ zො
r2 + z2 0 (r + z ) 0

r is independent of φ, but rෝ is dependent on φ

rෝ = cos φ xො + sin φ yො
2π
‫׬‬0 cos φ xො + sin φ yො dφ = 0,
 r component = 0

ρ 2πr z 2πrρ z Q z
𝐄= K 2 2 2 2
l =K 2
l = K zො
(r + z ) r + z R R R2 R
 Solved Examples

2π 2π ρ r dφ 2πrρ Q
V= ‫׬‬0 dV = K ‫׬‬0 l 2 2 =K. l = K
r +z r2 + z2 R

Note that:

the relation bet. unit vectors ax , ay , az ; aρ , a𝛗 , az

are:
aρ = cos φ ax + sin φ ay
a𝛗 = - sin φ ax + cos φ ay
a z = az .
 Solved Examples
! Verify the potential using potential’s law V =
𝑙
− ‫ 𝑙׬‬E. dl ?
0
On Z direction:

z kQ z z 𝐝𝐳
V = -‫׬‬0 3 z 𝐝𝐳 = − kQ ‫׬‬0 𝟑
R
𝐫 𝟐 +z𝟐

− kQ kQ
=− =
r2 + 𝑧 2 R

𝐱 𝐝𝐱 −𝟏
Remember: ‫׬‬ 𝟑 =
𝐚𝟐 +𝐱 𝟐 𝐚𝟐 +𝐱 𝟐
 Solved Examples
Limiting cases

Case 1: If the observation point is far away on the z axis

Q z Q z
𝐄= K zො V= K z >> r , ≈1
R2 R R R
So, the ring looks like a point charge
KQ
𝐄≅ 2 V≅0
R

Case 2: If the observation point At the center of the loop

Z ≅ 0 and R≅r
KQ
𝐄≅0 , V≅
r
 Solved Examples
EXAMPLE 1.6
Field and potential due to line charge distribution
Find the electric field intensity 𝐄 and the potential
V at the point P2 (r, φ, 0) due to a charged line segment
c
of density:ρ𝑙 = ρ 0, φ, z , z1 ≤ z ≤ z2 , 0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π.
m
 Solved Examples
SOLUTION
The charge element on the line is dQ = ρ𝑙 dz

Apply the coulomb’s law for field and potential:

dQ dQ
𝐄 = K‫׬‬ 𝐑 𝑉=K ‫׬‬
𝐑3 𝐑

𝐑 = 𝐏2 − 𝐏1 = r, φ, 0 − 0, φ, z = 𝐫, 0, −𝐳 ,

𝐑 = r2 + z2
 Solved Examples
z2 ρ𝑙 dz z2 ρ𝑙 dz
∴ 𝐄=K ‫׬‬z 3 (𝐫, 0, −𝐳) 𝐕=K ‫׬‬z
1 (r2 + z2 ) 1 r2 + z2

Do the integrals for the three axes:

z2 z2
dz z dz
𝐄 = Kρ𝑙 r න ො − Kρ𝑙 න
3 r 3 z
ො
z1 (r 2 + z 2 ) z1 (r 2 + z 2 )
z2 z2
z −1
= Kρ𝑙 r rො − Kρ𝑙 zො
r2 r2 + z2 z1 r2 + z2 z1

Kρ𝑙 z2 z1 1 1
= − rො − Kρ𝑙 − zො
r R 2 R1 R 2 R1
Solved Examples
z2 ρ𝑙 dz z2 dz
V= K ‫׬‬z = Kρl ‫׬‬z
1 r2 + z2 1 r2 +z2

z2
= Kρ𝑙 ln(z + r 2 + z 2 )
z1

R 2 + z2
= Kρ𝑙 ln
R1 + z1

dx x
න 3 = ,
a2 + x2 a2 a2 + x2
x dx −1
න 3 = ,
a2 + x2 a2 + x2
dx
න = ln(x + x 2 + a2 )
a2 + x 2
 Solved Examples
➢ Special Cases
▪ Case 1 For a symmetric line:
z = −z1 = z2 R = R1 = R 2

2ρ z
Er = K rො Ez = 0
r R

R+z R+z 2
V = Kρ𝑙 ln = 2 Kρ𝑙 ln
R−z r

▪ Case 2 Infinite line z → ∞

z
z→ ∞ →1
R
2ρ𝑙 r0
E𝑟 = K V = 2Kρ𝑙 ln
r r
 Solved Examples
✓ Note that for an infinite line, the electric field
intensity E is dependent only on r

2 Kρ𝑙
𝐄r =
r
✓ In general:

2 Kρ𝑙 2 Kρ𝑙
𝐄= 𝐚R 𝐄= R
R R2
 Solved Examples
EXAMPLE 1.7
Field and Potential due to surface charge distribution
Find the electric field intensity 𝐄, and the potential 𝐕 at
(0, φ, z) on the zො axis due to a charged circular disk of
uniform surface charge density ρs = ρ (r, φ, 0) where
the disk radius 0 < r < r0 and 0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π .
 Solved Examples
SOLUTION
The charge element on the surface is:

dQ = ρs dS = ρs rdφ dr ,

Apply the coulomb’s law for field and potential:

dQ dQ
𝐄 = K‫׬‬ 𝐑 𝐕=K ‫׬‬
𝐑3 𝐑

𝐑 = P2 − P1 = 0, φ, z − r, φ, 0 = −𝐫, 0, 𝐳 ,

𝐑 = r2 + z2
 Solved Examples
dQ1 r dr dφ
𝐄=K න 3
𝐑 = K න ρs 2 2 3/2
−𝐫, 0, 𝐳
R (r + z )

2π r0 Kρs −r2 dr 2π r0 Kρs z r dr

= ‫׬‬0 dφ ‫׬‬r=0 3 𝐫ෝ + ‫׬‬0 dφ ‫׬‬r=0 3 𝐳ො
(r2 + z2 )2 (r2 + z2 )2
−1 r0 z
𝐄𝐳 = 2π Kρs z = 2π Kρs 1 −
r2 + z2 0 r20 +z2

ρs z
= 1−
2ε0 R

Note that for an infinite sheet:

ρs ρs
E= 𝐚z 𝐄= R
2ε0 2ε0 R
Solved Examples
dQ r dr dφ
dV = K = Kρs
𝐑 r2 + z2

2π r0 r dr
V= Kρs ‫׬‬0 dφ ‫׬‬r=0
r2 + z2

r0
= 2π Kρs r2 + z2 0

ρs
= r02 + z 2 − z
2ε0
 Solved Examples
➢ Special cases

▪ Case 1: When P2 at the surface z = 0

ρs ρs
𝐄= V= r0
2ε0 2ε0

▪ Case 2: When P2 far from surface z ≫ r0

ρs 1 r02 Q
𝐄= 2
=K 2
2ε0 2 z z
1 1 𝑏2
Note: use the formula of binomial expansion ≅1−
𝑏 2 2 𝑧2
1+ 𝑧
𝑏 1 2
 ELECTRIC DIPOLE
❑ An electric dipole is formed when two point
charges of equal magnitude but opposite sign are
separated by a small distance.

To find the field E and potential V due to these two

charges, assume the two charges are located along
the z-axis and separated by a distance d, (r ≫ d )
 ELECTRIC DIPOLE
The voltage at point P is:

1 1
V = V+ + V− = KQ −
r+ r−
Where:
d
r+ = r − ∆r, r− = r + ∆r, ∆r = cos θ
2

1 1 KQ 1 1
V = KQ − = −
r − ∆r r + ∆r r 1 − ∆r 1 + ∆r
r r
KQ ∆r ∆r
= 1+ −1 +
r r r
 ELECTRIC DIPOLE
1 ∆r
As r ≫ ∆r, then ∶ ∆r ≅ 1±
1∓ r
𝑟
Therefore:
2 KQ ∆r KQ d cos θ
V= =
r2 r2

To find field intensity apply: E = - 𝛻 V

𝜕V 1 𝜕V
=- [ 𝐚r + 𝐚 ]
𝜕r r 𝜕θ θ

2KQd KQd
= 3
cos θ 𝐚r + 3 sin θ 𝐚θ
r r
2KP KP
= 3
cos θ 𝐚r + 3 sin θ 𝐚θ
r r
 ELECTRIC DIPOLE
Where: P is called the dipole moment = Q d

Notice that a point charge is a monopole

and its electric field varies inversely as r2
and its potential field varies inversely as r.

The electric field due to a dipole varies

inversely as r3 and its potential varies
inversely as r2. And so on.
 ELECTRIC Field from Electric Potential

Another way to obtain E is from the electric scalar

potential V.

V = − න 𝐄 . 𝐝𝒍

E=- 𝛻V

This way of finding E is easier because it is easier to

handle scalars than vectors.