ELC 423, ELCN323, ELCn323

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THEORY

Spring Semester 2024/2025
CHAPTER 4
MAGNETOSTATIC FIELD
Week 10, Lecture 9
Dr. Ibrahim Amin
 Lecture’s Topics
➢ Lecture 8 Revision
➢ Magnetic Vector Potential
➢ Magnetic Field and Potential Relation
➢ Boundary Conditions
➢ Inductance
➢ Magnetic Force
➢ Solved Example
➢ Final Project Outlines
➢ Quiz 3
Lecture 8 Revision
 Lecture 8 Revision
Ampere Circuital Law

ර 𝐇 . 𝐝𝒍 = Ienc
𝑙

The direction of H and Ienc is determined by the right

hand rule (or screw rule).

Ampere’s law is similar to the Gauss’s law. It is easily

applied when current distribution is symmetrical.
 Lecture 8 Revision
Curl of Magnetic Field

𝛻x𝐇=𝐉

Divergence of Magnetic Field

𝛻. 𝐁 = 0

Biot Savart Law

I I
d𝐇 = ෡)
(𝐝𝒍x𝐑 d𝐇 = (𝐝𝒍x𝐑 )
4πR2 4πR3

I
is the magnitude of H (𝐝𝒍x𝐑 ) is the direction of H
4πR3
 Solved Example on Biot Savart Law
EXAMPLE 4.3
Find the magnetic field intensity H of a circular loop of
radius r, carrying a constant current I. Find H of the
circular sector φ1 ≤ φ ≤ φ2 .
 Solved Example on Biot Savart Law
Apply Biot-Savart Law:
I
d𝐇 = 3
𝑑𝒍x𝐑
4πR

d𝒍 = (0, rdφ, 0), 𝐑 = (−r, 0, z), 𝐑 = r2 + z2

rො φ
ෝ zො
𝐝𝒍x𝐑 = 0, rdφ, 0 × −r, 0, z = 0 rdφ 0
−r 0 z

= rz dφොr + r 2 dφ zො
Therefore:
I 1
d𝐇 = rz dφොr + r 2 dφ zො
4π (r2 +z2 ) 3/2
 Solved Example on Biot Savart Law
We get two components for the magnetic field in rො
andෝz axi𝒔
2π
𝐇= න d𝐇
φ=0

2π 2π
Irz Ir 2 Ir 2
= 3
න 𝐫ො 𝐝𝛗 + 3
න 𝐝𝛗ෝ𝐳 = 3
2π 𝐳ො
4πR φ=0 4πR φ=0 4πR

2π 2π
Note: ‫׬‬φ=0 𝐫ො 𝐝𝛗 = ‫׬‬φ=0(cos φ xො + sin φ yො )dφ = 0 ,

I r2
Then: 𝐇𝐳 =
2 R3
 Solved Example on Biot Savart Law
Limiting cases:
I
At Z = 0 then: 𝐇 r, φ, 0 =
2r
At Z = ∞ then: 𝐇 r, φ, ∞ = 0

For a circular sector φ1 ≤ φ ≤ φ2

φ2 Irz φ2 Ir2 φ2
𝐇= ‫׬‬φ 𝐝𝐇 =
4πR3
‫׬‬φ 𝐫ො 𝐝𝛗 +
4πR 3 ‫׬‬φ
𝐝𝛗 𝐳ො
1 1 1

Irz
𝐇= sin φ2 − sin φ1 𝐱ො − cos φ2 − cos φ1 𝐲ො
4πR3
Ir 2
+ 3
(φ2 − φ1 )ො𝐳
4πR
 Magnetic Vector Potential
In chapter 1, the elcteric potential was defined by:
.
dQ
V=‫׬‬ E=-𝛻V
4π ε0 r

The magnetic vector potential is defined by:

μ0
𝐀= ‫ ׬‬4πr (I. 𝐝𝒍) 𝐁=𝛻x𝐀

The total magnetic flux crossing any surface:

𝚿m = ∮ 𝐁 . 𝐝𝐬 = ∮ 𝛻x𝐀 . 𝐝𝐬
 Magnetic Field and Potential Relation
SP4.1
Use the magnetic potential A to find the magnetic
field for finite segment of current line described in
example 4.2.
 Biot Savart Law
EXAMPLE 4.2
A current line segment located in the Z axis at
0, φ, z , z1 < z < z2 carrying current I in the positive
z direction.
Find its magnetic field H at P (r, φ, 0). Then find the
equation of the magnetic field for two special cases:
a) When the wire is symmetrical w. r. t. y
b) When the wire is of infinite length.
 Biot - Savart Law
SOLUTION
1- Take element of length 𝐝𝒍 on the wire and apply
I
Biot-Savart law: d𝐇 = 3 (𝐝𝒍x𝐑 )
4πR

2- Specify the components of the element of length

𝐝𝒍 , and distance vector 𝐑
𝒅𝒍 = (0, 0, dz), 𝐑 = (r, 0, -z) , |R| = r 2 + z 2

3- At any point on the line: (0, φ, z), Find 𝐝𝒍 x𝐑

rො ෝ
φ zො
𝐝𝒍x𝐑 = (0, 0, dz) x (r, 0, -z) = 0 0 dz = r dz φ ෝ
r 0 −z
 Biot Savart Law
4- The cross product result in direction of φ
ෝ which is
normal to the current in zො direction.

I I
∴ d𝐇 = (𝐝𝒍x𝐑 ) = 3 r dz φ
ෝ
4πR3
4π(r2 +z2 )2
5- Then, integrate over the total length of the current
wire, the total magnetic field H (r, φ , 0) in
φ
ෝ direction.
z2
I r z2 dz
Hφ = න d𝐇 = න 3
z=z1 4π z1 r 2 + z 2 2

I r z z2
= | 2 2 2 | z1
4π r r +z
 Biot Savart Law
I z2 z2 I z2 z1
= − = −
4πr 4πr R2 R1
r2 + z22 r2 + z21

Case of symmetrical wire:

2I z
z = z2 = − z1 , R = R1 = R 2 , 𝐇= φ
ෝ
4π r R
Case of infinite wire:
z I
≅ 1, 𝐇= φ
ෝ
R 2π r

Note for infinite line, we got the same result as given

by Ampere’s law.
dz z
Note:‫׬‬ 3 = 2 2 2
(r2 +z2 )2 r r +z
 Biot Savart Law
In summary:

Get 𝐝𝒍 & R => R => 𝐝𝒍x𝐑 => d𝐇 => H => B

I
d𝐇 = (𝐝𝒍x𝐑 )
4πR3

rො ෝ
φ zො
𝐝𝒍x𝐑 = (0, 0, dz) x (r, 0, -z) = 0 0 dz = r 𝐝𝐳 φ
ෝ
r 0 −z

𝐁 = μ0 H
 Magnetic Field and Potential Relation
SOLUTION:
𝐝𝒍 & R => R => A => B => H
μ0 1
𝐀= ‫ ׬‬4π R I. 𝐝𝒍 𝐁=𝛻× 𝐀 𝐇= 𝛻×𝐀
μ0

𝐝𝒍 = dz zො 𝐑 = P − P′ = (𝐫, 0, −𝐳) R = z2 + r2

μ0 μ0 I z2 dz
𝐀= ‫ ׬‬4π R I. 𝐝𝒍 = ‫׬‬ aො z
4π z1 r2 +z2

μ0 I z2 μ0 I z2 + R 2
𝐀= 𝑙𝑛 (z + z 2 + r 2 ) = 𝑙𝑛 zො
4π z1 4π z1 + R1
 Magnetic Field and Potential Relation
rො rෝ
φ zො
1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 1 𝜕Az 𝜕Az
𝛻×𝐀= = [ rො +r − φ
ෝ ]
r 𝜕r 𝜕φ 𝜕z r 𝜕φ 𝜕r
0 0 Az

𝐀z is independent of φ so

dAz
𝛻×𝐀= − ෝ
𝛗
dr

μ0 I d d
= 𝑙𝑛 z2 + R 2 − 𝑙𝑛 z1 + R1 −ෝ
𝛗
4π dr dr
 Magnetic Field and Potential Relation
Note:
d 1 d
𝑙𝑛 z+R = z+R
dr z+R dr
1 dR 1 2r 1 r
= = =
z+R dr z+R 2 r2 +z2 z+R R
r z−R r z−R 1 z
= = = 1−
R z2 −R2 R −r2 r R

μ0 I 1 z2 1 z1
𝛻×𝐀= 1− − 1− −ෝ
𝛗
4π r R2 r R1
μ0 I z2 z1
= − ෞ
𝛗
4π r R2 R1
I z2 z1
𝐇= − ෞ
𝛗
4π r R2 R1
 Magnetic Field and Potential Relation
Note:
dx
න = 𝑙𝑛 (x + x 2 + a2 )
x 2 + a2

d 1 z
𝑙𝑛 (z + R) = 1−
dr r R

R= r2 + z2
 Inductance

Inductance is defined by the total flux

linking the loops of the coil per current.

ᴧ 𝐍 𝚿𝐦
L= =
𝐈 𝐈

𝚿𝐦 is the magnetic flux generated from a

coil.
N is number of turns (loops)
ᴧ is the total flux linkage = N𝚿𝐦
 Inductance
EXAMPLE 4.4
A self-inductance Toroidal coil in the figure below of
average radius r0 , cross sectional area S, number of
turns N , coil current I. Find:
a) Magnetic field intensity H in the coil.
b) Self-inductance of the coil
 Inductance
Apply Ampere’s circuital law:

∮ 𝐇 . 𝐝𝒍 = 2π r 𝐇 = N I

N I … = total current cross the path

NI
𝐇= 𝐚ො ϕ
2π r0

B = μ H, 𝚿m = B S = μ H S

ᴧ N 𝚿m Nμ HS
Inductance is given by: L = = =
I I I
 The Magnetic Circuit
Recall the Ampere’s law:
I = ∮ 𝐇 . 𝐝𝒍
For N turns coil:
N I = ∮ 𝐇 . 𝐝𝒍 = Vm

Where Vm is called magneto motive force or

magnetic potential which generate the
magnetic flux 𝚿m to go through the magnetic
circuit.
 The Magnetic Circuit
If the circuit parts are not the same, equation
take the form:
n n n
𝐁i 𝚿mi 𝑙i
Vm = N I = ෍ 𝐇𝑖 𝑙i = ෍ 𝑙i = ෍
μi Si μi
i=1 i=1 i=1
n
𝑙i
= ෍ 𝚿mi Ʀi Ʀi =
Si μi
i=1
Where:
Ʀi is the reluctance of the magnetic circuit
parts.
Si is the cross sectional area.
𝑙i is the length of each part of the circuit.
 Boundary Condition Between 2 Magnetic Mediums
To find the relation between tangential components of
field H at the boundary surface, apply the Ampere’s
law over the shown closed path:

𝐇1t W = 𝐇2t W = I

ර 𝐇 . 𝐝𝒍 = I
𝑙
I
Then: 𝐇1t − 𝐇2t = = 𝐉𝐬 = surface current [A/m]
W
 BOUNDARY CONDITION BETWEEN 2 MAGNETIC MEDUIMS

To find the relation between normal components of

magnetic flux B, do the integral on the closed surface

∮ 𝐁 . 𝐝𝐬 = 0
Then:
𝐁2n 𝐴 − 𝐁1n A = 0

A is the area of top and bottom normal surfaces

𝐁2n = 𝐁1n , μ2 𝐇2n = μ1 𝐇1n

𝐇1t = 𝐇2t
 THE MAGNETIC FORCE
The magnetic force on an element of wire
carrying current (I. 𝐝𝒍) is:

𝐝𝐅 = (I . 𝐝𝒍) x 𝐁

The magnetic force on an element of wire

having moving charge with velocity 𝒖 is:

𝐝𝐅 = dQ . 𝑢 x 𝐁
 THE MAGNETIC FORCE
EXAMPLE 4.5
Find the magnetic force F between two long wires
carrying dc current as shown in figure below.
 THE MAGNETIC FORCE
SOLUTION:
Using magnetic force law:
d𝐅 = I. 𝐝𝒍 x 𝐁
Then:
d𝐅12 = I2 . 𝐝𝒍2 x 𝐁2 d𝐅21 = I1 . 𝐝𝒍1 x 𝐁1

μI
in cylindrical coordinates: 𝐁= φ
ෝ
2πd

μI
In Cartesian coordinates: 𝐁= xො
2πd
Aρ cos ϕ sin ϕ 0 Ax
Aϕ = − sin ϕ cos ϕ 0 Ay
Az 0 0 1 Az
 THE MAGNETIC FORCE
Then:
d μ I1 −d μ I2
𝐁2 (0, , 0) = −ොx 𝐁1 (0, , 0) = (ොx)
2 2πd 2 2πd
𝐁2 ..field due to I1 at location of wire 2 𝐁1 ..field due to I2 at location of wire 1

Force on line 1:
d𝐅12 = I1 𝐝𝒍1 x 𝐁1
μ I1 I2
= 0,0, 𝐝𝐳 × 1,0,0
2πd
dz μ I1 I2 dz μ I1 I2
= 𝐳 x 𝐱ො ) =
(ෝ ො
(𝐲)
2πd 2πd
xො ෝy zො
𝐝𝒍x𝐑 = (0, 0, dz) x (1, 0, 0) = 0 0 dz = dz yො
1 0 0
 THE MAGNETIC FORCE

Force on line 2:

d𝐅21 = I2 𝐝𝒍2 x 𝐁2

μ I1 I2
= 0,0, 𝐝𝐳 × −1,0,0
2πd

dz μ I1 I2 dz μ I1 I2
= 𝐳 x -ො𝐱) =
(ෝ ො
(−𝐲)
2πd 2πd
 Final Report Outlines
➢ Chose a topic in Electromagnetics.
➢ The report (about 5 pages) should includes:
Introduction The basic idea
Features and characteristics
Figures, schematics, block diagrams
Applications Conclusion
➢ References:
Sadiku, M. N. (1995), Elements of Electromagnetics, USA, Oxford
University Press Inc.
Hayt, . W. H., Buck, J. A, (2000) Engineering Electromagnetics, USA,
McGraw-Hill.
Nannapneni, R. N. (1997), Elements of Engineering Electromagnetic,
USA, Prentice Hall, Inc.

➢ Due date Submission: 16/12/2024 , 19/12/2024

➢ Due date presentation: 23/12/2024, 26/12/20224