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physics project class 12th wheat stone bridge

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501 views

physics project class 12th wheat stone bridge

Uploaded by

rjaiganesh5203
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ConstruCtion and appliCation

of wheatstone bridge

s.no INDEX Pg.no

1. AIM 2

2. INTRODUCTION 3
Components of wheatstone
3. bridge 4
Working principle of
4. wheatstone bridge 6

5. Example circuit 7

6. Application of wheatstone 9
bridge

7. Limitation of wheatstone 10
bridge

8. Summary 11

9. Precautions 12

10. Bibliography 13

1
aim
To study the construction and application of
wheatstone bridge

2
introduCtion
Samuel Hunter Christie invented the
Wheatstone bridge in the year 1833, which
became popular with the works of Sir Charles
Wheatstone in 1843.
An electrical circuit that is set up to measure
the unknown value of a resistor and creates a
balance between the two legs of the bridge
circuit is called a Wheatstone Bridge. As shown
in the figure below, three resistances are known
(one is variable/adjustable) and the fourth one
has to be found out.
Compared to the other measuring instruments
such as voltage divider, the concept of
Wheatstone bridge is widely used because of
the accuracy in its measurement of resistance.

Samuel Hunter Christie


Invented the wheatstone bridge
3
Components of
wheatstone bridge
• A resistor with an unknown resistance
value.
• Two resistors (with known resistance
value).
• Variable resistors (a device like rheostat
or preset could work).
• Voltage/ DC source.
• Galvanometer
• Connecting wires
• Circuit construction
• Construction of wheatstone bridge

4
CirCuit
ConstruCtion
A wheatstone bridge is a bridge-type structure
having four resistors, three of known and one of
unknown value.
Here R1, R2, and R3 have known values among
which R2 is adjustable and finally Rx is the
value to be measured. Along with these
resistances, a galvanometer (Vg) is there
between B and D, and a DC supply between A
and C.

5
worKing prinCiple of
wheatstone bridge
Now according to the wheatstone bridge
principle if the ratio of the two resistances
(R1/R2) on one edge is equal to the ratio of
the two resistances (R3/Rx) on another edge
then there will be no flow of current between
the midpoints of the two edges of resistance.
This condition of the bridge is known as the
balanced bridge condition.
In the balanced bridge condition, the
current through the galvanometer is zero and
also the voltage difference between the points
B&D becomes zero, i.e., at both pints voltage
level would be the same.
Writing equations for the balance bridge
condition would look like:
R1/R2=R3/Rx (or) R1*Rx=R2*R3 Thus,
Rx=R3*(R2/R1)

6
This detection of zero current in
galvanometer is of high precision of known
values, the unknown resistance can be found
with the highest rate of accuracy and precision.
In the wheatstone bridge experiment, one
resistor should always be variable in order to
obtain a balanced condition. The circuit
performs at its best when the regulated voltage
source is used, instead of the current with
repelling characteristics.

eXample CirCuit
Let us consider the below circuit where the
bridge is in an unbalanced condition and we
need to calculate the voltage difference
between Q1 and Q2, i.e., volt and hence the
value of R4 needed to make the bridge
balanced.
example of wheatstone bridge as per the
voltage division law,

7
Vq1=(R3/(R3+R1)) * Vs, where Vs=100
volts (voltage source)
Putting values of R3 =40 ohms, R1=50
ohms, and Vs=100volts, we get
Vq1= 44.4 volts
Similarly, Vq2 = (R4/(R4+R2)) * Vs
Putting the values, R4= 50ohms, R2= 100
ohms, and VS=100 volts, we get
Vq2=33.3
Thus, volt can be found as,
Volt=Vq1-Vq2
So, volt=44.4 - 33.3 = 11.1 volts
Now to make the bridge balanced, we can
find a suitable value for R4 as done below:
R4 = R2 *(R3/R1)
Putting the values of R1 , R2 , and R3 , we
have
R4 = 100 * (40/50)
R4 = 80 volts

8
Therefore, R4 = 80 volts is the value of
resistor which should be used to make the
bridge in a balanced condition.
appliCations of
wheatstone bridge
• Used in Light detecting devices.
• For measuring the changes the pressure.
• For measuring the changes in the strain
of the circuit.
• Used for the sensing of mechanical and
electrical quantities.
• Also, photo resistive devices use this
circuit.
• Thermometers also use wheatstone
bridges for the temperature
measurements which need to be
accurate.
• Values like capacitance, inductance,
impedance, etc. can be measured with
some variations in the wheatstone
bridge circuit.

9
Limitations of
wheatstone bridge
Along with all these advantages, there are a
few limitations of the wheatstone bridge as,
well such as:
• Readings may be inaccurate under
unbalanced conditions.
• The range of measured resistance varies
from a few ohms to mega ohms.
• susceptibility for high DC current is not
there.

10
SUMMARY
• Created in 1833, popularized in 1840s
• Wheatstone bridges are one of the best
methods of measuring resistance due to
the basic mathematical ratio involved.
• Accurate standards with sensitive
enough voltmeter, measurements of
resistance within .05% can be reached.
• Many calibration laboratories still use
this method to day.
• The Wheatstone Bridge are replaceable;
however, for its simplicity and
versatility the circuit is an indispensible
piece of technology.

11
preCautions
• Clean the connecting wires properly.

• Hold the jockey perpendicular to the wire.

• All connections should be neat and tight.

12
bibliography

1. Websites
• www.google.co.in
• www.wikipedia.org

2. Books
• Comprehensive practical manual
• NECRT class XII

13

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