EC3452

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
UNIT I

INTRODUCTION
Electromagnetic model, Units and constants, Review of vector algebra, Rectangular, cylindrical and
spherical coordinate systems, Line, surface and volume integrals, Gradient of a scalar field,
Divergence of a vector field, Divergence theorem, Curl of a vector field, Stoke's theorem, Null
identities, Helmholtz's theorem, Verify theorems for different path, surface and volume.

UNIT II

ELECTROSTATICS

Electric field, Coulomb's law, Gauss's law and applications, Electric potential, Conductors in static
electric field, Dielectrics in static electric field, Electric flux density and dielectric constant, Boundary
conditions, Electrostatics boundary value problems, Capacitance, Parallel, cylindrical and spherical
capacitors, Electrostatic energy, Poisson's and Laplace's equations, Uniqueness of electrostatic
solutions, Current density and Ohm's law, Electromotive force and Kirchhoff's voltage law, Equation
of continuity and Kirchhoff's current law

UNIT III

MAGNETOSTATICS

Lorentz force equation, Ampere's law, Vector magnetic potential, Biot-Savart law and applications,
Magnetic field intensity and idea of relative permeability, Calculation of magnetic field intensity for
various current distributions Magnetic circuits, Behaviour of magnetic materials, Boundary
conditions, Inductance and inductors, Magnetic energy, Magnetic forces and torques

UNIT IV

TIME-VARYING FIELDS AND MAXWELL's EQUATIONS

Faraday's law, Displacement current and Maxwell-Ampere law, Maxwell's equations, Potential
functions, Electromagnetic boundary conditions, Wave equations and solutions, Time-harmonic
fields, Observing the Phenomenon of wave propagation with the aid of Maxwell's equations

UNIT V

PLANE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Plane waves in lossless media, Plane waves in lossy media (low-loss dielectrics and good conductors),
Group velocity, Electromagnetic power flow and Poynting vector, Normal incidence at a plane
conducting boundary, Normal incidence at a plane dielectric boundary
 EC3401

NETWORKS AND SECURITY

UNIT I

NETWORK MODELS AND DATALINK LAYER

Overview of Networks and its Attributes – Network Models – OSI, TCP/IP, Addressing – Introduction
to Datalink Layer – Error Detection and Correction – Ethernet(802.3)- Wireless LAN – IEEE 802.11,
Bluetooth – Flow and Error Control Protocols – HDLC – PPP.

UNIT II

NETWORK LAYER PROTOCOLS

Network Layer – IPv4 Addressing – Network Layer Protocols(IP,ICMP and Mobile IP) Unicast and
Multicast Routing – Intradomain and Interdomain Routing Protocols – IPv6 Addresses – IPv6 –
Datagram Format - Transition from IPv4 to IPv6.

UNIT III

TRANSPORT AND APPLICATION LAYERS

Transport Layer Protocols – UDP and TCP Connection and State Transition Diagram - Congestion
Control and Avoidance(DEC bit, RED)- QoS - Application Layer Paradigms – Client – Server
Programming – Domain Name System – World Wide Web, HTTP, Electronic Mail.

UNIT IV

NETWORK SECURITY

OSI Security Architecture – Attacks – Security Services and Mechanisms – Encryption –Advanced
Encryption Standard – Public Key Cryptosystems – RSA Algorithm – Hash Functions – Secure Hash
Algorithm – Digital Signature Algorithm.

UNIT V

HARDWARE SECURITY

Introduction to hardware security, Hardware Trojans, Side – Channel Attacks – Physical Attacks and
Countermeasures – Design for Security. Introduction to Blockchain Technology.
 EC3451

LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

UNIT I

BASICS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

Current mirror and current sources, Current sources as active loads, Voltage sources, Voltage
References, BJT Differential amplifier with active loads, Basic information about op-amps – Ideal
Operational Amplifier - General operational amplifier stages -and internal circuit diagrams of IC 741,
DC and AC performance characteristics, slew rate, Open and closed loop configurations – MOSFET
Operational Amplifiers – LF155 and TL082.

UNIT II

APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

Sign Changer, Scale Changer, Phase Shift Circuits, Voltage Follower, V-to-I and I-to-V converters,
adder, subtractor, Instrumentation amplifier, Integrator, Differentiator, Logarithmic amplifier,
Antilogarithmic amplifier, Comparators, Schmitt trigger, Precision rectifier, peak detector, clipper
and clamper, Low-pass, high-pass and band-pass Butterworth filters.

UNIT III

ANALOG MULTIPLIER AND PLL

Analog Multiplier using Emitter Coupled Transistor Pair - Gilbert Multiplier cell – Variable
transconductance technique, analog multiplier ICs and their applications, Operation of the basic PLL,
Closed loop analysis, Voltage controlled oscillator, Monolithic PLL IC 565, application of PLL for AM
detection, FM detection, FSK modulation and demodulation and Frequency synthesizing and clock
synchronization

UNIT IV

ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS

Analog and Digital Data Conversions, D/A converter – specifications - weighted resistor type, R-2R
Ladder type, Voltage Mode and Current-Mode R - 2R Ladder types - switches for D/A converters,
high speed sample-and-hold circuits, A/D Converters – specifications - Flash type - Successive
Approximation type - Single Slope type – Dual Slope type - A/D Converter using Voltage-to-Time
Conversion - Over-sampling A/D Converters, Sigma – Delta converters.

UNIT V

WAVEFORM GENERATORS AND SPECIAL FUNCTION ICS

Sine-wave generators, Multivibrators and Triangular wave generator, Saw-tooth wave generator,
ICL8038 function generator, Timer IC 555, IC Voltage regulators – Three terminal fixed and
adjustable voltage regulators - IC 723 general purpose regulator - Monolithic switching regulator,
Low Drop – Out(LDO) Regulators - Switched capacitor filter IC MF10, Frequency to Voltage and
Voltage to Frequency converters, Audio Power amplifier, Video Amplifier, Isolation Amplifier, Opto-
couplers and fibre optic IC.
 EC3492

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

UNIT I

DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM

Sampling Theorem, concept of frequency in discrete-time signals, summary of analysis & synthesis
equations for FT & DTFT, frequency domain sampling, Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) - deriving
DFT from DTFT, properties of DFT - periodicity, symmetry, circular convolution. Linear filtering using
DFT. Filtering long data sequences - overlap save and overlap add method. Fast computation of DFT -
Radix-2 Decimation-in-time (DIT) Fast Fourier transform (FFT), Decimation-in-frequency (DIF) Fast
Fourier transform (FFT). Linear filtering using FFT.

UNIT II

INFINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTERS

Characteristics of practical frequency selective filters. characteristics of commonly used analog filters
- Butterworth filters, Chebyshev filters. Design of IIR filters from analog filters (LPF, HPF, BPF, BRF) -
Approximation of derivatives, Impulse invariance method, Bilinear transformation. Frequency
transformation in the analog domain. Structure of IIR filter - direct form I, direct form II, Cascade,
parallel realizations.

UNIT III

FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTERS

Design of FIR filters - symmetric and Anti-symmetric FIR filters - design of linear phase FIR filters
using Fourier series method - FIR filter design using windows (Rectangular, Hamming and Hanning
window), Frequency sampling method. FIR filter structures - linear phase structure, direct form
realizations

UNIT IV

FINITE WORD LENGTH EFFECTS

Fixed point and floating point number representation - ADC - quantization - truncation and rounding
- quantization noise - input / output quantization - coefficient quantization error - product
quantization error - overflow error - limit cycle oscillations due to product quantization and
summation - scaling to prevent overflow.

UNIT V

DSP APPLICATIONS

Multirate signal processing: Decimation, Interpolation, Sampling rate conversion by a rational factor
– Adaptive Filters: Introduction, Applications of adaptive filtering to equalization-DSP Architecture-
Fixed and Floating point architecture principles.
 EC3491

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
UNIT I

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Review of signals and systems, Time and Frequency domain representation of signals, Principles of
Amplitude Modulation Systems- DSB, SSB and VSB modulations. Angle Modulation, Representation
of FM and PM signals, Spectral characteristics of angle modulated signals. SSB Generation – Filter
and Phase Shift Methods, VSB Generation – Filter Method, Hilbert Transform, Pre-envelope &
complex envelope AM techniques, Superheterodyne Receiver.

UNIT II

RANDOM PROCESS & SAMPLING

Review of probability and random process. Gaussian and white noise characteristics, Noise in
amplitude modulation systems, Noise in Frequency modulation systems. Pre-emphasis and De-
emphasis, Threshold effect in angle modulation. Low pass sampling – Aliasing- Signal Reconstruction-
Quantization - Uniform & non-uniform quantization - quantization noise - Nyquist criterion-
Logarithmic Companding –PAM, PPM, PWM, PCM – TDM, FDM

UNIT III

DIGITAL TECHNIQUES

Pulse modulation Differential pulse code modulation. Delta modulation, Noise considerations in
PCM, Digital Multiplexers, Channel coding theorem - Linear Block codes - Hamming codes - Cyclic
codes - Convolutional codes - Viterbi Decoder

UNIT IV

DIGITAL MODULATION SCHEME

Geometric Representation of signals - Generation, detection, IQ representation, PSD & BER of
Coherent BPSK, BFSK, & QPSK - QAM - Carrier Synchronization - Structure of Non-coherent Receivers
Synchronization and Carrier Recovery for Digital modulation, Spectrum Analysis – Occupied
bandwidth – Adjacent channel power, EVM, Principle of DPSK

UNIT V

DEMODULATION TECHNIQUES

Elements of Detection Theory, Optimum detection of signals in noise, Coherent communication with
waveforms- Probability of Error evaluations. Baseband Pulse Transmission- Inter symbol
Interference, Optimum demodulation of digital signals over band-limited channels.
 GE3451

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND SUSTAINABILITY

UNIT I

ENVIRONMENT AND BIODIVERSITY

Definition, scope and importance of environment – need for public awareness. Eco-system and
Energy flow– ecological succession. Types of biodiversity: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity–
values of biodiversity, India as a mega-diversity nation – hot-spots of biodiversity – threats to
biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife conflicts – endangered and endemic
species of India – conservation of biodiversity: In-situ and ex-situ.

UNIT II

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Causes, Effects and Preventive measures of Water, Soil, Air and Noise Pollutions. Solid, Hazardous
and E-Waste management. Case studies on Occupational Health and Safety Management system
(OHASMS). Environmental protection, Environmental protection acts .

UNIT III

RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

Energy management and conservation, New Energy Sources: Need of new sources. Different types
new energy sources. Applications of- Hydrogen energy, Ocean energy resources, Tidal energy
conversion. Concept, origin and power plants of geothermal energy.

UNIT IV

SUSTAINABILITY AND MANAGEMENT

Development , GDP ,Sustainability- concept, needs and challenges-economic, social and aspects of
sustainability-from unsustainability to sustainability-millennium development goals, and protocols-
Sustainable Development Goals-targets, indicators and intervention areas Climate change- Global,
Regional and local environmental issues and possible solutions-case studies. Concept of Carbon
Credit, Carbon Footprint. Environmental management in industry-A case study.

UNIT V

SUSTAINABILITY PRACTICES
Zero waste and R concept, Circular economy, ISO 14000 Series, Material Life cycle assessment,
Environmental Impact Assessment. Sustainable habitat: Green buildings, Green materials, Energy
efficiency, Sustainable transports. Sustainable energy: Non-conventional Sources, Energy Cycles-
carbon cycle, emission and sequestration, Green Engineering: Sustainable urbanization- Socio-
economical and technological change.