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Kelompok 5

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
11 views26 pages

Kelompok 5

Uploaded by

dzakyafaf25
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TUTORIAL 4.

KEMBAR
TAPI
TAK SAMA
Group Members

Ahmad Syauqi Allief


Corrysa Umananti
Davin Abrar
Elviza Dwi Putri
Fatimah Azzahra
Marsha Khaila Nabila Gusra
M. Dzaky Afaf
Najwa Alya Rinovi
Syifa Ummu Naziha
Viola Rahma Zauhira
Learning Objectives

Students can explain the physiology of aging


Students can explain the factors of aging
Students can explain the pathology of elderly
Geriatrics

Aging Factors

Degenerative Psychosocial

Physic & cognitive

Disorders
DEGENERATIVE PROCESS
01 Moleculer Level
DNA damage: Free radicals and failure of the
DNA repair system result in genetic mutations
that accelerate tissue damage.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Decreased energy
(ATP) production and increased free radical
production trigger oxidative stress, which
exacerbates tissue damage.
Telomere Shortening: Telomere shortening on
chromosomes limits the ability of cells to divide,
resulting in cellular senescence.

Hazzard, W. R., Blass, J. P., Halter, J. B., & Ouslander, J. G. (Eds.). (2017). Hazzard’s geriatric medicine and gerontology (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
DEGENERATIVE PROCESS
02 Tissue Level

Fibrosis: The process of replacing functional


tissue with scar tissue due to chronic
inflammation.
Decreased Elasticity: Decreased synthesis of
collagen and elastin in the skin, blood vessels
and other organs.

Hazzard, W. R., Blass, J. P., Halter, J. B., & Ouslander, J. G. (Eds.). (2017). Hazzard’s geriatric medicine and gerontology (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
DEGENERATIVE PROCESS
03 Cardio Vasculary Level

Arterial Stiffness: Decreased arterial elasticity leads to


increased systolic blood pressure.
Decreased Myocardial Function: Decreased
myocardial contractility response to sympathetic
stimuli.
Endothelial Dysfunction: Reduced ability of blood
vessels to relax, increasing the risk of cardiovascular
disease.
buildup of connective tissue in the heart muscle->stiffness

Hazzard, W. R., Blass, J. P., Halter, J. B., & Ouslander, J. G. (Eds.). (2017). Hazzard’s geriatric medicine and gerontology (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
DEGENERATIVE PROCESS
04 MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Sarcopenia: Loss of muscle mass and power


caused by the type 2 muscle fiber and anabolic
signal decrease (e.g. IGF-1)
Decreased bone density: Osteopenia and
Osteoporosis caused by the imbalance of
formation and resorption of the bones
Lack of joint’s liquid, decreased muscle mass,
damaged cartilages

Hazzard, W. R., Blass, J. P., Halter, J. B., & Ouslander, J. G. (Eds.). (2017). Hazzard’s geriatric medicine and gerontology (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
DEGENERATIVE PROCESS
05 NERVOUS SYSTEM

Neuron Degeneration: declined in neuron


numbers, especially in hippocampus area,
causing cognitive disorders and memory loss

Aberan Protein Accumulation: proteins like beta-


amiloid accumulates in the brain, linked with
Alzheimer disease.

Hazzard, W. R., Blass, J. P., Halter, J. B., & Ouslander, J. G. (Eds.). (2017). Hazzard’s geriatric medicine and gerontology (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
DEGENERATIVE PROCESS
06 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Mouth and Dental: decreased saliva production,


dental caries, teeth damage and loss.
Decline in intestines motality, resulting in
costipation
Decreased gastric elasticity
Decreased mucosa barrier and protection,
resulting in increased gastric ulcer risk
Decreased digestive enzyme production

Hazzard, W. R., Blass, J. P., Halter, J. B., & Ouslander, J. G. (Eds.). (2017). Hazzard’s geriatric medicine and gerontology (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
PSYCHOSOCIAL CHANGES
Erik Erison theory
integrity VS despair

integrity: when he is satisfied with his achievements during life,


feels that life is meaningful, accepts all failures and successes,
and feels at peace with his life -> not afraid of death

despair: When someone feels dissatisfied or regrets the


decision or course of life they have taken. This can trigger
feelings of bitterness, anger, deep regret, or a sense of loss of
meaning. -> fear of death

Hazzard, W. R., Blass, J. P., Halter, J. B., & Ouslander, J. G. (Eds.). (2017). Hazzard’s geriatric medicine and gerontology (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
PSYCHOSOCIAL CHANGES
emotional and mental

Depression and Anxiety: Seniors are often at risk of depression


and anxiety due to factors such as loss of a partner, social
isolation, or chronic illness. Aging also affects
neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, which are
linked to mood.
Adaptation to Stress: Responses to stress can change, with
chronic stress being more influential because the immune
system and stress hormones (cortisol) become less effective
in regulating

Hazzard, W. R., Blass, J. P., Halter, J. B., & Ouslander, J. G. (Eds.). (2017). Hazzard’s geriatric medicine and gerontology (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
PSYCHOSOCIAL CHANGES
Cognitive function

Decline in Memory and Executive Function: As we age, there is


a decline in the ability to process information, remember new
details, and solve complex problems.
Loss of Identity or Meaning in Life: Changes in employment
status, loss of a role in the family, or feelings of lack of power
can affect mental health.

Hazzard, W. R., Blass, J. P., Halter, J. B., & Ouslander, J. G. (Eds.). (2017). Hazzard’s geriatric medicine and gerontology (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
PSYCHOSOCIAL CHANGES
social relationships and support

Narrowing of Social Circles: Seniors tend to experience


reduced social interactions due to retirement, limited mobility,
or the death of peers.

Increased Need for Emotional Support: Support from family,


friends, or community becomes more important for
maintaining emotional balance.

Hazzard, W. R., Blass, J. P., Halter, J. B., & Ouslander, J. G. (Eds.). (2017). Hazzard’s geriatric medicine and gerontology (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
PSYCHOSOCIAL CHANGES

religion and spirituality

role as a spiritual leader in a place of worship

religious interest increases with age

Involvement in religious activities creates a sense


of comfort, social support so that the quality of life
is good

Religious practices provide inner peace

Hazzard, W. R., Blass, J. P., Halter, J. B., & Ouslander, J. G. (Eds.). (2017). Hazzard’s geriatric medicine and gerontology (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
01 02 03
DNA DAMAGE AND
ENVIRONMENT EPIGENETICS
MUTATION
ACCUMULATION

AGING FACTOR
The National Institute on Aging: Strategic Directions for Research, 2020-2025
04 05 06

MENTAL HEALTH LIFESTYLE IMMUNE SYSTEM

AGING FACTOR
The National Institute on Aging: Strategic Directions for Research, 2020-2025
PATHOLOGY IN
THE ELDERLY
DIABETES
Type 2 diabetes often develops in older adults
due to decreased insulin sensitivity and changes
in body metabolism. Decreased muscle mass
and increased body fat also contribute to insulin
resistance
Aging reduces the pancreas' ability to produce
insulin and slows the body's ability to regulate
blood sugar levels.

Hazzard, W. R., Blass, J. P., Halter, J. B., & Ouslander, J. G. (Eds.). (2017). Hazzard’s geriatric medicine and gerontology (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
PATHOLOGY IN THE
ELDERLY
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Sarcopenia: Loss of muscle


mass and strength due to aging.

Osteoporosis: Decreased bone


density increases the risk of
fractures.

Hazzard, W. R., Blass, J. P., Halter, J. B., & Ouslander, J. G. (Eds.). (2017). Hazzard’s geriatric medicine and gerontology (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
The National Institute on Aging: Strategic Directions for Research, 2020-2025
PATHOLOGY IN
THE ELDERLY
cardiovascular system
Decreased Arterial Elasticity: Arteries become stiffer,
increasing blood pressure
Hypertension: Common in older adults, due to
decreased blood vessel function and increased
peripheral resistance.
Atherosclerosis: Buildup of fatty plaque in blood
vessels, increasing the risk of myocardial infarction or
stroke.
Decreased Heart Function. The heart's pumping
function decreases, increasing the risk of heart
failure.
Heart Rhythm Disorders: Including atrial fibrillation,
which is more common in older adults
Hazzard, W. R., Blass, J. P., Halter, J. B., & Ouslander, J. G. (Eds.). (2017). Hazzard’s geriatric medicine and gerontology (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
PATHOLOGY IN THE
ELDERLY
NEURODEGERATIVE DISEASES
Parkinson's disease (PD): This disease affects body
movements, such as tremors and difficulty moving. This is
caused by the buildup of damaged proteins in brain cells.
Age is the main factor causing this disease, although genetic
factors also play a role.

Alzheimer's disease (AD): This disease causes problems


with memory and thinking, due to the buildup of amyloid
and tau proteins in the brain. There are several genes, such
as APOE, that may increase the risk of this disease, but how
it all works is still not fully understood.

Hazzard, W. R., Blass, J. P., Halter, J. B., & Ouslander, J. G. (Eds.). (2017). Hazzard’s geriatric medicine and gerontology (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Geriatric Forensic Medicine and Pathology , pp. 281 - 301 window] Publisher: Cambridge University Pres
PATHOLOGY IN THE
ELDERLY
ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Decreased Immune Response (immunosecene): The body's response to
infection becomes slower. As a result, older people are more susceptible to
infection and vaccines may not work as effectively as in younger people​I

Increased Risk Autoimmune Diseases: In the elderly, it is possible that the


immune system starts attacking healthy body cells. Diseases such as lupus or
rheumatoid arthritis may become more common​.

Slower Healing Process: Due to the reduced number of immune cells, the
healing process from wounds or infections also becomes slower​

Loss of Ability to Detect Cell Damage: The body's ability to detect and repair
damage to cells decreases, which can increase the risk of cancer​

Hazzard, W. R., Blass, J. P., Halter, J. B., & Ouslander, J. G. (Eds.). (2017). Hazzard’s geriatric medicine and gerontology (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Created By : group 5

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