HEMCHANDRACHARYA NORTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY

NAAC A (3.02) State University

PATAN - 384 265

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

M.Sc. BOTANY

Semesters: I

SYLLABUS

PROGRAM : HNGU 2059

Curriculum as per UGC Guideline

With Semester/CBCS/Grading Pattern

With effect from June - 2021 (and thereafter)

Submitted on
Date: 07/04/2021 TOTAL PAGE: 25

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 1 of 25
 Proposed Details of Course pattern and scheme of examination

Sem. Course Interaction Duration Marks Credit

(hrs/week) of Exam(hrs) Internal External Total
Sem.-I Core Paper-I 4 2.30 30 70 100 4
Core Paper-II 4 2.30 30 70 100 4
Core Paper-III 4 2.30 30 70 100 4
Core paper-IV 4 2.30 30 70 100 4
Elective disciplinary/Interdisciplinary Paper-I 2 2.00 15 35 50 2
Practical (Based on core paper-I & II, III & IV) 6 10 (5X2 days) - 150 150 6
Total 24 135 465 600 24
Sem.-II Core Paper-V 4 2.30 30 70 100 4
Core paper-VI 4 2.30 30 70 100 4
Core paper-VII 4 2.30 30 70 100 4
Core Paper-VIII 4 2.30 30 70 100 4
Elective disciplinary/Interdisciplinary Paper-II 2 2.00 15 35 50 2
Practical (Based on core paper- 6 10 (5X2 days) - 150 150 6
V&VI,VII&VIII)
Total 24 135 465 600 24
Sem.-III Core Paper-IX 4 2.30 30 70 100 4
Core paper-X 4 2.30 30 70 100 4
Core paper-XI 4 2.30 30 70 100 4
Core paper-XII 4 2.30 30 70 100 4
Elective disciplinary/Interdisciplinary Paper-III 2 2.00 15 35 50 2
Practical (Based on core paper- 6 10(5X2days) - 150 150 6
IX & X, XI & XII)
Total 24 135 465 600 24
Sem.-IV Core Paper-XIII 4 2.30 30 70 100 4
Core Paper-XIV 4 2.30 30 70 100 4
Core Paper-XV 4 2.30 30 70 100 4
Core Paper-XVI 4 2.30 30 70 100 4
Elective disciplinary/Interdisciplinary Paper-IV 2 2.00 15 35 50 2
Practical (Based on core paper-) 6 10 (5X2 days) - 150 150 6
Total 24 135 465 600 24
OR
Sem-IV Core Paper-XIII 4 2.30 30 70 100 4
Core Paper-XIV 4 2.30 30 70 100 4
Core Paper-XV 4 2.30 30 70 100 4
Minor Dissertation 12 10 (5X2 days) - 300 300 12
Total 24 90 510 600 24
OR
Sem-IV Major Dissertation 24 15 (5X3 days) -- 600 600 24
Total 24 600 600 24

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 2 of 25
 Programme: M. Sc. BOTANY (CBCS)
Syllabus with effective from: June–2021

M. Sc. Botany
Semester I II III IV
Biology and
Biology and Biology and
Diversity-I (Virus,
Diversity-II Diversity-III Plant
Core Paper-I Bacteria, Algae and
(Bryophytes, and (Gymnosperms and Biotechnology
(4Credits) Fungi)
Pteridophytes) Fossils) (BOC-401)
And Plant Pathology
(BOC-201) (BOC-301)
(BOC-101)
Ethnobotany,
Plant Development Molecular Biology
Core Paper-II Plant Taxonomy Mushrooms and
and Reproduction of Plants
(4Credits) (BOC-102) Mycorrhiza
(BOC-202) (BOC- 302)
(BOC-402)

Biochemistry, Plant Resources

Core Paper-III Cell Biology Biophysics and Plant Ecology Utilization and
(4Credits) (BOC-103) Instrumentation (BOC-303) Conservation
(BOC-203) (BOC-403)
Research
methodology, Horticulture and
Core Paper-IV Genetics & Evolution Biostatistics, IPR Plant Physiology
Plant Breeding
(4Credits) (BOC-104) and Biosafety (BOC-304)
(BOC-404)
(BOC-204)
Biofertilizer Air Pollution and
Plant Tissue Culture Bioinstrumentation
Technology Climate Change
(BOE-201) (BOE-401)
Elective-I (BOE-101) (BOE-301)
(2 Credits) Conservation and
(Any One) Environmental River Ecology and
Herbal Medicine Restoration
Biology Water Management
(BOE-302) Ecology
(BOE-102) (BOE-202)
(BOE-402)
Photobiology,
Bioinformatics Molecular
Biodiversity Biostatistics
(BOE-203) Microbiology and
(BOE-103) (BOE-303)
Synthetic Biology
(BOE-403)
BOP-101 BOP-201 BOP-301 BOP-401
Core Practical - I
On the basis of On the basis of On the basis of On the basis of
(2 Credits)
BOC-101 & 102 BOC-201&202 BOC-301 & 302 BOC-401 & 402

BOP-102 BOP-202 BOP-302 BOP-402

Core Practical-II
On the basis of On the basis of On the basis of On the basis of
(2 Credits)
BOC-103 & 104 BOC-203 & 204 BOC- 303 & 304 BOC-403 & 404
OR
BOC-401, 402, 403
&
Minor Dissertation
OR

Major Dissertation

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 3 of 25
 Detailed Course Pattern for Each Semester

M. Sc. Part-1: Semester - I

Name of Exam. Teaching
Ext. Int. Total Credit
Course the Duration Hours/
Marks Marks Marks Point
Course (Hours) Week
Paper-1 Core-I 2:30 70 30 100 4 4
Paper-2 Core-II 2:30 70 30 100 4 4
Paper-3 Core-III 2:30 70 30 100 4 4
Paper-4 Core-IV 2:30 70 30 100 4 4
Practical: Paper-1
Pract. -I 5:00 75 --- 75 4 3
(Based on Core-I & II)
Practical: Paper-2
Pract -II 5:00 75 --- 75 4 3
(Based on Core-III & IV)
Elective Course
(Any One) Disciplinary / Ele 2:00 35 15 50 2 2
Interdisciplinary
Total 465 135 600 26 24

M. Sc. Part-1: Semester – II

Name of Exam. Teaching
Ext. Int. Total Credit
Course the Duration Hours/
Marks Marks Marks Point
Course (Hours) Week

Paper-5 Core-V 2:30 70 30 100 4 4

Paper-6 Core-VI 2:30 70 30 100 4 4
Paper-7 Core-VII 2:30 70 30 100 4 4
Paper-8 Core-VIII 2:30 70 30 100 4 4
Practical: Paper-1
Pract-III 5:00 75 --- 75 4 3
(Based on Core-V & VI)
Practical: Paper-2
Pract-IV 5:00 75 --- 75 4 3
(Based on Core-VII & VIII)
Elective Course
(Any One) Disciplinary / Ele- 2:00 35 15 50 2 2
Interdisciplinary
Total 465 135 600 26 24

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 4 of 25
M. Sc. Part-2: Semester – III
Name of Exam. Teaching
Ext. Int. Total Credit
Course the Duration Hours/
Marks Marks Marks Point
Course (Hours) Week
Paper-9 Core-IX 2:30 70 30 100 4 4
Paper-10 Core-X 2:30 70 30 100 4 4
Paper-11 Core-XI 2:30 70 30 100 4 4
Paper-12 Core-XII 2:30 70 30 100 4 4
Practical: Paper-1
Pract-V 5:00 75 --- 75 4 3
(Based on Core - IX & X)
Practical: Paper-2
Pract-VI 5:00 75 --- 75 4 3
(Based on Core - XI & XII)
Elective Course
(Any One) Disciplinary / Ele- 2:00 35 15 50 2 2
Interdisciplinary
Total 465 135 600 26 24
M. Sc. Part-2: Semester -IV
Course Name Exam. Ext. Int. Total Teaching Credit
of the Duration Marks Marks Marks Hours/ Point
Course (Hours) Week
Paper-13 Core-XIII 2:30 70 30 100 4 4
Paper-14 Core-XIV 2:30 70 30 100 4 4
Paper-15 Core-XV 2:30 70 30 100 4 4
Paper-16 Core-XVI 2:30 70 30 100 4 4
Practical: Paper-1 Pract-VII 5:00 75 --- 75 4 3
(Based on Core - XIII & XIV)
Practical: Paper-2 Pract-VIII 5:00 75 --- 75 4 3
(Based on Core - XV & XVI)
Elective Course (Any One) Ele- 2:00 35 15 50 2 2
Disciplinary / Interdisciplinary
Total 465 135 600 26 24
OR
Exam. Teaching
Name of Ext. Int. Total Credit
Course Duration Hours/
the Course Marks Marks Marks Point
(Hours) Week
Paper-13 Core-XIII 2:30 70 30 100 4 4
Paper-14 Core-XIV 2:30 70 30 100 4 4
Paper-15 Core-XV 2:30 70 30 100 4 4
10
Minor Dissertation --- 300 --- 300 12 12
(5 X 2 Days)
Total --- 510 90 600 24 24
OR
Course Name of Exam. Ext. Int. Total Teaching Credit
the Course Duration Marks Marks Marks Hours/ Point
(Hours) Week
Major Dissertation --- 15 600 --- 600 24 24
(5 X 3 Days)
Total --- --- 600 --- 600 24 24

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 5 of 25
 General format / design of core course
Question paper style / Pattern for Semester end examination

The semester- end examination question paper shall have following format:

Question paper will be set in the view of the / in accordance with the entire Syllabus and preferably
covering each unit of the Syllabi.

Question-1(From Unit - 1) 18 marks

(A) Answer the following – Long answer question (One out of two) 08 marks
(B) Answer the following - Short Notes / Differences / Comparison (One out of two) 07 marks
(C) Answer the following – Objective type Question (Three out of Five) 03 marks

Question – 2 (From Unit - 2) 17 marks

(A) Answer the following – Long answer question (One out of two) 08 marks
(B) Answer the following Short Notes / Differences / Comparison (One out of two) 06 marks
(C) Answer the following – Objective type Question (Three out of Five) 03 marks

Question – 3 (From Unit - 3) 18 marks

(A) Answer the following – Long answer question (One out of two) 08 marks
(B) Answer the following - Short Notes / Differences / Comparison (One out of two) 07 marks
(C) Answer the following – Objective type Question (Three out of Five) 03 marks

Question – 4 (From Unit - 4) 17 marks

(A) Answer the following – Long answer question (One out of two) 08 marks
(B) Answer the following Short Notes / Differences / Comparison (One out of two) 06 marks
(C) Answer the following – Objective type Question (Three out of Five) 03 marks

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 6 of 25
 General format / design of Elective course
Question paper style / Pattern for Semester end examination

The semester – end examination question paper shall have following format

Question paper will be set in the view of the / in accordance with the entire Syllabus and
preferably covering each unit of the Syllabi

Question- 1 (From Unit - 1) 14 marks

(A) Answer the following –Long answer question (One out of two) 08 marks
(B) Answer the following – Medium answer question (One out of two) 06 marks

Question – 2 (From Unit - 2) 14 marks

(A) Answer the following – Long answer question (One out of two) 08 marks
(B) Answer the following – Medium answer question (One out of two) 06 marks

Question – 3 (From Unit -1 & 2) 07 marks

Answer the following – Very short answer question (Seven out of ten)
(Unit wise five questions)
In One word, Fill in the gap, Objective type questions.

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 7 of 25
 M. Sc. BOTANY SEMESTER - 1

CORE PAPERS
BOC-101 Biology and Diversity – I (Virus, Bacteria, Algae and Fungi) and Plant Pathology
BOC-102 Plant Taxonomy
BOC-103 Cell Biology
BOC-104 Genetics and Evolution

PRACTICAL PAPERS
BOP-101 Practical Based on Topics Covered in BOC – 101 & BOC - 102
BOP-102 Practical Based on Topics Covered in BOC – 103 & BOC - 104

ELECTIVE PAPERS
Choice-based: Student should select any one course from the following
BOE-101 Bio-fertilizer Technology
BOE-102 Environmental Biology
BOE-103 Biodiversity

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 8 of 25
 BOC-101
Biology and Diversity - I
(Virus, Bacteria, Algae, Fungi) and Plant Pathology
(Credit-4)

Unit-I: Virus and Bacteria

 Virus: General Characters and Types of Virus (On the basis of Genome), Ultra structure of
Virons (Symmetry: Helical and Complex).
 Economic Importance of Virus.
 Bacteria: General Characters and classification of Bacteria (Based on Flagella), Nutrition
and Reproduction in Bacteria, Ultra structure of Bacteria.
 Cyanobacteria: Salient features.
 Economic Importance of Bacteria.

Unit - II: Phycology (Algae)

 Algae: General Characters and Classification of Algae by Smith.
 Thallus organization in Algae.
 Reproduction in Algae.
 Salient features of Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta.
 Economic Importance of Algae: Algal blooms, Algal biofertilizer, Algae in Industry.

Unit-III: Mycology (Fungi)

 General Characters and Classification of Fungi by Ainsworth.
 Cellular Organization (Unicellular and Multicellular), Nutrition in fungi.
 Reproduction in Fungi, Heterothallism.
 General account of Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidomycotina and
Deutromycotina.
 Economic Importance of Fungi: In Industry, Medicine and bio-control agent.

Unit-IV: Plant Pathology

 Plant Pathology: Classification of plant diseases (on the basis of host and origin),
General Symptoms of plant diseases.
 Dissemination of plant diseases (Direct and Indirect). Defense mechanism
(Morphological and Bio-Chemical).
 Plant pathogens: Symptoms, Diseases cycle, Control measures: Bacterial (Bacterial
blight of paddy) and Fungal (Late blight of Potato, Tikka disease in Groundnut &
Powdery mildew of Cucurbits).

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 9 of 25
 Suggested Readings:
 Sharma, P. D. (2011) Microbiology. Rastogi Publication. Meerut.
 Pelczar M. J, Chan E. C. Sand Krieg N. R. (2004) Microbiology, Tata McGraw – Hall
Publishing Company Ltd. NewDelhi.
 Hait G; Bhattacharya K and Ghosh A. K. (2008) A Taxt Book of Botany,Vol-I, New Central
Book Agency (P) Ltd. Kolkata.
 SinghV; Pande P. Cand Jain D. K. (2008-09) A Taxt Book of Botany, rastogi Publication,
Meerut.
 Barsanti L, Gualtieri P (2006) Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, CRC Press,
Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton.
 Bold H C, Wynne M J (1985) Introduction to the Algae, 2nd edition, Prentice-HallInc, New
Jersey.
 Kumar H D (1999) Introductory Phycology, 2nd edition, Affiliated East-West Press Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi
 Fritsch F E (1935) The Structure and Reproduction of the Algae, Vol I, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge.
 Fritsch F E (1945) The Structure and Reproduction of the Algae, Vol II, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge.
 Lee R E (2008) Phycology, 4th edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
 South G R, Whittick A (1998) Introduction to Phycology, Blackwell Scientific Publication,
London.
 Webster John (1980) Introduction to fungi, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
 Alexopoulos C J, Minus C W , Blackwell M (1996) Introductory Mycology, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc, NewYork.
 Carlile M J, Watkinson S C, Booday G W (2001) The Fungi, Academic Press, Cambidge.
 Maheshwari R (2012) Fungi: Experimental Methods in Biology, CRC Press, Boca Raton,
Florida.
 Deacon J W, Blackwell M (1997) Introduction to Modern Mycology, Oxford.
 Webster J, Roland W S (2007) Introduction to Fungi, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Rangaswamy, G and Mahadevan, A (1999) Diseases of crop plants in India (4th edn) Prentice
Hall of Indian Pvt. New Delhi.
 Pandey B. P. (2006) Plant Pathology-Pathogen and Plant Diseases. S. Chand & Co. Ltd. New
Delhi.
 Mehrotra R. S. (1991) Plant Pathology, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New
Delhi. Agrios George N. (2004) Plant Pathology, Academic Press, Reed Elsevier India Pvt.
Ltd. New Delhi.
 Sharma P. D. (2003) Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Rastogi Publications, Meerut.

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 10 of 25
 Laboratory Work Based on Topics Covered in BOC-101

Virus and Bacteria:

 Ultrastructure of Virions (through chart).
 Simple Staining – Mono-chrome staining.
 Special Staining – Gram staining.
 Study of following Cyanobacteria: Nostoc, Oscillatoria

Algae:
 Study of following Algae:
 Chlorella, Ulva, Spirogyra, Chara, Padina, Sargassum, Polysiphonia.

Fungi:
 Study of following Fungi :
 Mucor, Sclerospora, Peziza, Aspergillus, Agaricus, Polyporus, Colletotrichum.

Plant Pathology:
 Study of following Plant diseases:
 Bacterial blight of Paddy
 Late Blight of Potato
 Tikka disease in Groundnut
 Powdery mildew of Cucurbits

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 11 of 25
 BOC-102
Plant Taxonomy
(Credit-4)
Unit-I:
 Principles of taxonomy, Aims of taxonomy, Taxonomic hierarchy.
 Major categories: Families and other categories; Minor categories: Genus and Species.
 Origin and evolution of Angiosperms.
 Herbarium methodology, Important world Herbaria and Botanical gardens, Importance
of Herbaria and Botanical gardens.

Unit-II:
 History of plant nomenclature.
 ICBN–Principles, Ranks, Typification, The principle of priority, Retention, Choice of
rejection of names & epithet.
 Classification and relative merits and demerits of major systems of classification
Bentham & Hooker, Takhtajan, Bassey, APG (IV).

Unit-III:
 The Taxonomic importance characters derived form the following disciplines:
Morphology, anatomy, embryology, cytology.
 Taxonomic tools: Flora and Monographs, Serology, computers and GIS.
 Flora of Gujarat state: General account and Endemic plants of Gujarat.
 Concepts of phytogeography: Endemism, Hot spots of India.

Unit-IV:
 Taxonomical study of the following families with reference to their geographical
distribution, systematic position, floral variation and economic importance:
 Study of DICOTYLEDONS families:
o Polypetalae: Menispermaceae, Capparaceae, Rutaceae, Meliaceae, and
Apiaceae.
o Gamopetalae: Oleaceae, Salvadoraceae, Asclepiadaceae, Boraginaceae,
Lamiaceae.
o Apetalae: Amaranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Casuarinaceae.
 Study of MONOCOTYLEDONS families:
o Liliaceae, Poaceae.

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 12 of 25
 Suggested Readings:
 Cole, A. J. (1969) Numerical Taxonomy,Academic Press, London.
 Davis, P. H. and Heywood, V. H. (1973) Principles of Angiosperms Taxonomy. Robert
Kreiger Pub. Co., New York.
 Grant, V. 1971. Plant Speciation. Columbia University Press, New York.
 Grant, W. F. (1984).Plant Biosystematics. Academic Press, London.
 Harrison, H. J. (1971). New Concepts in Flowering Plant Taxonomy. Hieman Educational
Books Ltd., London.
 Heslop-Harrison, J. 1967. Plant Taxonomy. English Language Book Soc. & Edward
Arnold Pub. Ltd., UK.
 Heywood, V. H. and Moore, D. M. (1984). Current Concepts in Plant Taxonomy.
Academic Press, London.
 Jones, A. D. and Wilbins, A. D. (1971). Variations and Adaptations in Plant Species.
Hieman & Co. Educational Books Ltd., London.
 Jones, S. B., Jr. and Luchsinger, A. E. (1986). Plant Systematics . McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
New York.
 Nordenstam, B., El Gazaly, G. and Kassas, M. (2000). Plant Systematics for 2K Century.
Portland Press Ltd., London.
 Radford, A. E. (1986). Fundamentals of Plant Systematics. Harper & Row Publications,
USA.
 Singh, H. (1978). Embryology of Gymnosperms. Encyclopaedia of Plant Anatomy X.
Gebruder Bortraeger,Berlin.
 Solbrig, O. T. (1970). Principles and Methods of Plant Biosystematics. The Mac Millan
Co.- Collier-MacMillan Ltd., London.
 Solbrig, O. T. and Solbrig, D. J. (1979). Population Biology and Evolution. Addison-
Wesley Publication Co. Inc., USA.
 Stebbins, G. L. (1974). Flowering Plant- Evolution Above Species Level. Edward Arnold
Ltd., London
 Stace, C. A. (1989). Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics (2 nd edition). Edward Arnold
Ltd., London.
 Takhtajan, A. L. (1997). Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants.
ColumbiaUniversityPress, NewYork. Woodland, D. W. 1991. Contemporary Plant
Systematics. Prentice Hall, NewJersey.

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 13 of 25
 Laboratory Work Based on Topics Covered in BOC-102

 Methods of identification of plants and preparation of at least 15 digital herbarium sheets.

 Study of genera from listed Families as per Theory Syllabus.
 Identify the genus and species of given plant specimens with the help of standard
Flora.
 To prepare Dichotomous key with the help of given specimens.

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 14 of 25
 BOC-103 Cell Biology
(Credit-4)

Unit-I:

 Cell wall: Structure and functions; Plasmodesmata: Structure; role in movement of

molecules and macromolecules.
 Plasma membrane: Structure, models, and functions; sites for ATPases, ion carriers,
channels and pumps; receptors.
 Chloroplast and Mitochondria: Ultra Structure and Functions.
 Other cellular organelles: Structure and functions of microbodies, Golgi apparatus,
Lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Ribosomes.

Unit-II:
 Cytoskeleton; organization and role of microtubules and flagella.
 Cell cycle: Control mechanisms; role of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases; cytokinesis
and cell plate formation.
 Cell Division: Amitosis, Mitosis and Meiosis.
 Apoptosis/ Programmed Cell Death with reference to plant cells.

Unit-III:
 Nucleus: Structure; nuclear pores; nucleosome organization, Nucleolus.
 Chromatin organization: Chromosome structure and packaging of DNA, molecular
organization of centromere and telomere.
 Euchromatin and Hetero chromatin, Karyotype analysis.
 Specialized type of chromosomes: Structure and functions of polytene, lamp brush and Sex
chromosomes.

Unit-IV:
 Experimental approaches for studying Cells, Cell Fixation and Staining.
 Microscopy: Various types of light Microscopy & Electron Microscopy, Phase-Contrast
Microscopy and Fluorescent microscopy.
 Cytochemical methods and cell fractionation (Flow Cytometry).
 Techniques in cell biology: Immuno techniques; in situ hybridization to locate transcripts
in cell types; FISH, GISH.

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 15 of 25
Suggested Readings:
 Lewin, B. (2000). Genes VII. Oxford University Press, New York.
 Rost, T. et al. (1998). Plant Biology. Wadsworth Publishing Co., California, USA.
 Krishnamurthy, K. V. (2000). Methods in Cell Wall Cyto chemistry. CRC Press, Boca
Raton, Florida.
 De, D. N. (2000). Plant Cell Vacuoles: An Introduction. CSIRO Publication,
Collingwood, Australia.
 Fukui, K. and Nakayama, S. (1996). Plant Chromosomes: Laboratory Methods. CRC
Press, BocaRaton, Florida.
 Sharma, A. K. and Sharma, A. (1999). Plant Chromosomes: Analysis, Manipulation and
Engineering. Harwood Academic Publishers, Australia.
 Buchanan B B, Gruisemm W, Jones R L (2015). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of
Plants, 2ndedition, Wiley Blackwell, New Jersey.
 Hopkins W G, Huner NPA (2009) Introduction to Plant Physiology, 4th edition Wiley
International edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
 Taiz L, Zeiger E, Moller I M, Murph A (2015) Plant Physiology and Development,
6thedition, Sinurer Associates Inc Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
 Frank B. Salisbury and Cleon W. Ross (1985). Plant Physiology Wadsworth Publishing
Company, Belmont, California.
 Robert M. Devlin (3rd edition) (1975) Plant Physiology Van Nostr and Reinhold
Company, New York.
 Walter Larcher (4thedition) (2003) Physiological Plant Ecology: Ecophysiology and Stress
Physiology of Functional Groups Springer Verlag, Berlin.
 Hans Mohr and Peter Schopfer (2010) Plant Physiology Springer Verlag, Berlin. Edwin
Oxlade (2007) Plant Physiology: The Structure of Plants Explained Glmp Ltd, Abergele,
United Kingdom.

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 16 of 25
 Laboratory Work Based on Topics Covered in BOC-103

Laboratory Exercises:
 Isolation of Chloroplast by centrifugation.
 Isolation of mitochondria by ultracentrifugation.
 Temporary stained preparation of Mitosis / Meiosis – Onion tip, Ipomoea
bud, Tradescantia bud, Aloe bud.
 Study of Giant chromosomes from Salivary glands of Chyronomous larva
(Polytene)/Chart.
 Salivary glands of Drosophila (Lampbrush) - Chart.
 Study of various cell organelles (as per syllabus) through
permanent slide/charts/models.
 Study of Karyotype in plant cells.
 Demonstration of SEM and TEM - photograph.

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 17 of 25
 BOC-104 Genetics and Evolution
(Credit-4)

Unit-I : Genetics - I
 Gene structure: Gene vs allele, fine structure of gene as cistron, recon and muton.
 Genetic code: Deciphering genetic code, properties of genetic code, initiation and termination codons,
mutation and genetic code, wobble hypothesis, new genetic codes, overlapping and split genes.
 Extra chromosomal inheritance(maternal inheritance):
o Chloroplast genome (cp-DNA); Plastid inheritance in Mirabilis jalapa.
o Mitrochondrial genome (mt-DNA); Mitochondrial inheritance in Zea mays (Male
sterility-Types, origin, induction and application).
 Petite in yeast and Porky in Neurospora. Comparison between Cp-DNA and Mt-DNA

Unit- II : Genetics - II
 Mutation: Spontaneous and induced mutation, Physical and chemical mutagens; Molecular basis of
gene mutations.
 Transposable elements: IS elements, Transposons in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, Ac-Ds system,
Retroelements(Viral and Non-viral).
 DNA damage and repair mechanisms; inherited human diseases and defects in DNA repair.
 Initiation of cancer at cellular level; Oncogenesis, Oncogene, proto-oncogenes and onco viruse.

Unit – III: Genetics - III

 Mendalian (mono & Di-hybridization) and Non-mendelian genetics (9:6:1), Epistatis (9:3:4 &
12:3:1), Polygenic inheritance (characteristics and Kernel colour in Wheat) and multiple allele.
 Chromosome theory and sex determination, chromosomal aberration.
 Linkage and crossing over: Complete and incomplete linkage, Types of Crossing over, a three
point test cross and Chi square(X2) test for segregation.
 Linkage maps in Drosophila and chromosomal mapping.

Unit – IV: Evolution

 Emergence of evolutionary thoughts: Lamarckism; Darwinism – concepts of variation, adaptation,
struggle for existence, survival of fittest and natural selection.
 Origin of cells and unicellular evolution: Origin of basic biological molecules; Abiotic synthesis
of organic monomers and polymers; Concept of Oparin and Haldane; Experiment of Miller
(1953); The First cell.
 Origin of prokaryotes; Origin of eukaryotic cells; Evolution of unicellular eukaryotes; Anaerobic
metabolism, photosynthesis and aerobic metabolism.
 Evolutionary divergence : Plant diversity as a result of evolution.

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 18 of 25
 Suggested Readings :
 Atherly, A.G., Girton, J.R. and McDonald, J.F. (1999). The Science of Genetics. Saunders
College Publishing, Fort Worth, USA.
 Burnham, C.R. (1962). Discussions in Cytogenetics. Burgess Publishing Co., Minnesota.
 Busch, H. and Rothblum, L. (1982). Volume X. The Cell Nucleus rDNA Part A. Academic Press.
 Hartl, D.L. and Jones, E.W. (1998). Genetics: Principles and Analysis (4h edition). Jones & Bartlett
Publishers, Massachusetts, USA.
 Khush, G.S. (1973). Cytogenetics of Aneuploids. Academic Press, New York, London.
 Karp, G. (1999). Cells and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., U.S.A.
 Lewin, B. (2000). Gene VII. Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
 Lewis, R. (1997). Human Genetics: Concepts and Applications edition). WCB McGraw Hill,
USA.
 Russel, P. J. (1998). Genetics (5th edition). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company
Inc., USA.
 Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. (2000). Principles of Genetics (2nd edition). John Wiley & Sons
Inc., USA.

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 19 of 25
 Laboratory Work Based on Topics Covered in BOC-104

Suggested Laboratory Exercises

 Induction of polyploidy using Colchicine.
 Study of permanent slides/ charts/ models/ photographs as per theory syllabus.
 Solve the genetic problems based on topics covered in the theory syllabus.

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 20 of 25
 Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan
M.Sc. Botany Semester- I
Botany Practical Examination, Nov/Dec 20___
BOP 101
(Based on Topics Covered in BOC-101 & BOC-102)
(Virus and Bacteria, Algae, Fungi, Plant Pathology and Plant Taxonomy)

Date: / /20 Place:

Time: 5 Hours Maximum Marks: 75
Instruction: Students are requested to follow instructions given by the examiners
Q.1: (A) Identify and Classify giving with suitable reasons of given Specimen “A” 06
(B) Stain the given material “B” .Write the principle and show yours slide to the
Examiner. 06

Q.2: (C) Expose the reproductive organ from the given specimen “C”. Prepare the
Slide and draw neat and labeled diagram. Show your slide to the examiner. 05
(D) Expose and mount the given material “D” of plant pathogen. Prepare the
slide and draw neat and labeled diagram. Show to the examiner. 05

Q.3: Refer to the given specimens “E”, “F” and “G” to the respective families
Giving reasons including floral formula and floral diagram. 21

Q.4: Identify the genus and species of given plant specimen “H” with the help
of standard Flora. 08

Q.5: Spot –“I”, “J” and “K” 09

Q.6: (A) Journal 03

(B) Submission/Botanical Tour Report 05
(C) Viva-voce 07

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 21 of 25
 Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan
M.Sc. Botany Semester-I
Botany Practical Examination, Nov/Dec 20
BOP-102
(Based on Topics Covered in BOC-103 & BOC-104)
(Cell Biology, Genetics, Evolution and Plant Breeding)

Date: / /20 Place:

Time: 5 Hours Maximum Marks: 75

Instruction: Students are requested to follow instructions given by the examiners

Q.1: Make a temporary stained preparation of Mitosis/ Meiosis from given material
‘A’ and show any stage(s) of cell division to the examiner. 12

Q.2: Make a temporary stained preparation of Giant chromosomes/ Polyploidy

from given material ‘B’ and show your preparation to the examiner. 10

Q.3: Isolate Chloroplast/ Prepare Karyotype from the given material ‘C’ and show
your preparation to the examiner. 10
Q.4: Solve and conclude the problems from genetics. 12
D. ____________________
E. ____________________
Q.5: Comment upon the given spots/ Photographs/ Diagrams/ Models/ Charts. 16
F. ____________________
G. ____________________
H. ____________________
I. _____________________
Q.6: (A) Journal 03
(B) Submission/Botanical Tour Report 05
(C) Viva-voce 07

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 22 of 25
 BOE-101
BIOFERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY
(Credit-2)
UNIT-I
 Biofertilizers: Definition, types and applications in agriculture.
 Characteristics of biofertilizers: Rhizobium, Azotobactor, Azospirillum, phosphate-solubilizing
microorganisms (PSMs), cyanobacteria, Azolla, mycorrhizae.
 Biological nitrogen fixation: Nitrogenase, substrates for nitrogenase, mechanism of action of
nitrogenase, strategies to exclude oxygen and need to control hydrogen evolution, regulation of
nitrogen fixation.

UNIT-II
 Rhizobium- legume symbiosis.
 Production technology: Strain selection, sterilization, growth and fermentation, mass production
of various biofertilizers.
 Application technology: Standards and quality control, application for field and tree crops,
nursery plants and seedlings, agronomical significance.

Suggested readings:

 Gallon J R, Chaplin A E (1987) An Introduction to Nitrogen Fixation, Cassel Educational Limited, London.
 Smith R J, Lea P J, Chaplin J R (1999) Nitrogen Fixation. In: Plant Biochemistry &Molecular Biology,
2ndedition, eds : Lea P J, Lee good R C, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 137-162.
 Rai A N (1990) A Handbook of Symbiotic Cyanobacteria, CRC Press, BocaRaton, USA.
 Postgate J R (1987) Nitrogen Fixation, 2ndedition, Arnold, London.
 Stacey G, Burris R H , Evans H J (1992) Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Chapman & Hall, NewYork.
 Sprent J I, Sprent P (1990) Nitrogen Fixing Organisms: Pure and Applied Aspects. Chapman&Hall,
London.
 Kannaiyan S, Kumar K, Govindrajan K (2007) Biofertlizers Technology, Saujanya Books, NewDelhi.

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 23 of 25
 BOE-102
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
(Credit-2)
UNIT- I
 Introduction, Objectives and subdivisions; Factors-Wind and Fire
 Population Introduction, Influences (Growth and Density), Natality (Birthrate),
Mortality (Death rate), Fluctuations, Dispersal.
 Community: Synecology and Autecology- Phyto-sociological characters and methods
of plant community.
 Genecology-Concept of species, Ecotype, Niche.
 Ecosystem- Types, structure and function, Energy flow, productivity, Biogeochemical
cycles (Nitrogen and Phosphorus)
UNIT- 2
 Plant Indicators
 Pollution-Toxic, Acid rain, Greenhouse gases, Ozone layer as an Earth protected
umbrella.
 Phytogeography- Flora of India, Major biomes of the world.
 Conservation-Introduction, (IUCN categories), Forest research work in India, Wildlife
sanctuaries in India.
 Environmental Education- Introduction, Goals, Objectives and Guiding principles.

Suggested Readings:
 Odum E P, Barret G W (2005) Fundamentals of Ecology, Thomson Ed. Brooks / Cole,
Cengage Learning India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi.
 Singh J S, Singh S P, Gupta S R (2014) Ecology, Environmental Science and Conservation,
S Chand & Co, New Delhi.
nd
 Pungnaire F I, Valladares F (2007) 2 Edition, Functional Plant Ecology CRC Press /
Taylor &Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. SEM I BOTANY SUBJECT (effect from June 2021) Page 24 of 25
 BOE-103
BIODIVERSITY
(Credit-2)

Unit-I: Biodiversity– Types, Uses and its depletion

 Biodiversity Science: Definition, Significance of Biodiversity, types of Biodiversity
(Genetic diversity, Species diversity and Ecosystem diversity).
 Ethics and Uses of Biodiversity: Biodiversity values, Ethical and Aesthetic values, Uses
of plants (Food, Fodder and forage, Rattans and Canes, Medicinal and Ornamental
Plants).
 Depletion of Biodiversity: Law of Genetic diversity, Species diversity and Ecosystem
diversity, Factors affecting in loss of Biodiversity and process of species extinction, Loss in
diversity of Major Ecosystem of the world.

Unit-II: Biodiversity- Conservation and Management

 Conservation of Biodiversity: Why Conservation; Conservation of Genetic diversity,
Species diversity and Ecosystem diversity; In-situ and Ex-situ conservation; Role of
Biotechnology in Biodiversity conservation; Current Practice in conservation of it in India;
Social approaches in conservation of Biodiversity (examples like Chipko movement etc.);
Role of Educational Institute in Biodiversity Conservation (BSI, NBPGR, ICAR).
 Biodiversity Management and Prospecting: Organizations associated with Biodiversity
Management (IUCN, UNEP, UNESCO, WWF, ICSU, FAO, WCMC, GEF, ETC);
 Biodiversity legislation and conservation; Biodiversity Laws; Biodiversity- Information and
Communication; Role of Indigenous Knowledge System in Biodiversity Prospecting and
conservation; Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); and Biopiracy.

Suggested readings:
 Heywood V H, Watson R T (1996) Global Biodiversity Assessment, Cambridge
University Press, London.
 Bryant P J (2009) Biodiversity and Conservation, University of California, Irvine, USA.
 Singh J S, Singh S P, Gupta S R (2014) Ecology, Environmental Science and Conservation, S
Chand & Co, New Delhi.

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