Skills for the

¡BT

ACTUAL
TEST
Michael A. Putlack

Stephen Poirier

Will Link

READING
TEST BOOK

0J I7 T O
NHÄ XUÄT BÄN t 6 n G HÖP Cöng ty TNHH
THANH PHÖ HÖ CHI MINH Nhän Tri Viet
 How to Master Skills for the

TOEFL
ACTUAL
TEST

READING
TEST BOOK

m M M
NHÀ XU ẤT BÁN TÔNG HỢP Công ty TNHH
THÀNH PHÔ Hổ CHÍ MINH Nhân Trí Việt
How to Master Skill« for the
TOEFL',BT
ACTUAL
TEST
READING A
TEST BOOK w
Copyright O 2008-2015 Darakwon Inc.
Published in Vietnam, 2015
This edition is published in Vietnam under a license Agreement between Darakwon, Inc. and
Nhan TH Viet Co., Ltd. through Imprtma Korea Agency.
t
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, In any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise, without the prior yvrit|fp jw ipission of the copyright owner.
C onte nt s

Actual Test 01
Part 1 Ecology 6
Part 2 Astronomy 10
Biology 14

Actual Test 02
Part 1 Anthropology 20
Part 2 Medical Science 24
World History 28

Actual Test 03
Part 1 American History 34
Part 2 Astronomy 38
Paleontology 42
Part 3 Technology 46
Marine Biology 50

Actual Test 04
Part 1 World History 56
Part.2 . Medical Science 60 .
Environment 64
Part 3 Animal Behavior 68
Technology 72

Actual Test 05
Part 1 Oceanography 78
Part 2 Music 82
Sociology 86
Part 3 Zoology 90
Climatology 94

How to Score Your Answers 98

Answer Key 101

How to M aster Skills for the TOEFL“’ iBT

Actual Test
01
 Reading Section Directions

This section measures your ability to understand academic passages in English.

The Reading section is divided into 2 separately timed parts.

Most questions are worth one point, but the last question in each set is worth more
than one point. The directions indicate how many points you may receive.

Some passages include a word or phrase that is underlined In blue. Click on the word
or phrase to see a definition or an explanation.

Within each part, you can go to the next questions by clicking Next You may skip
questions and go back to them later. If you want to return to previous questions, click
on Back. You can click on Review at any time and the review screen will show you
which questions you have answered and which you have not answered. From this
review screen, you may go directly to any question you have already seen in the
Reading section.

You may now begin the Reading section. In this part you will read 1 passage. You will
have 20 minutes to read the passage and answer the questions.

Click on Continue to go on.

 1. The word ■ | in the passage is closest in The Chimpanzee
meaning to
The groundbreaking work of prim atologists
As intrinsic Louis Leakey and Jane Goodall has shown that
B relevant
the chimpanzee is not just another monkey.
C . found
On the contrary, the ir astonishing research
D inborn
reveals that these primates exhibit numerous
highly developed physical as well as mental
2. According to paragraph 1, chimpanzees are characteristics that were previously thought only
unique because
to be ■ ■ in humans. Goodall herself was one
' A' the primatologist Jane Goodall was able of the first people to recognize or realize the
to dedicate her life to their study chimpanzee’s ability to use tools, which, at the
BNthey display many abilities reminiscent of
time, caused near pandemonium ¡n the scientific
certain traits of human beings
world because experts believed only humans
,'D their genetic makeup is a perfect match to
that of Homo sapiens were able to do this. It is also now known due
CD they have been able to avoid extinction, to recent hi-tech research that the chimpanzee’s
unlike many of their cousin primates DNA makeup mirrors the genetic mapping of
Homo sapiens to within a few chromosomes or
3. Which of the following can be inferred from so of being exactly identical. Regardless of their
paragraph 2 about habitats? similarities, the chimpanzee’s entire existence is
being seriously threatened by its more complex
Ca ) Chimpanzees are very adaptable to
different habitats depending on their peer: man.
needs. C ritic a l and fu n d a m e n ta l to any liv in g
CD The tree canopy in the jungle is the basis organisms on the planet is their habitats, and
of the chimpanzee’s habitat.
chimpanzees are no exception. When it comes
CD They do not change but force animal
species to adapt to them. to the chimpanzee, ■ ■ are key, and without
CD They will disappear once the animals them, they are, for the most part, headed for sure
living in them become extinct. extinction. Chimpanzees are indigenous to Africa,
where the tree canopy provides them with shelter,
4. The author discusses | | in paragraph 2 in food, and protection. For example, chimpanzees
order to are omnivorous, which means that they rely
on meat, plant life, and fruit for subsistence.
CA) emphasize the dire need to reform
timber-clearing tactics threatening the They also take refuge in trees when they feel
chimpanzee threatened by predators or violent storms and
J ) show how violent flooding will increase flooding. Without trees, chimpanzees will become
with the further reduction of trees in the vulnerable to nature’s forces and will lack the
wild necessary food sources to keep ■ ■ viable.
C tell how many trees are being cut down in What is so worrisome is that acre upon acre of
the chimpanzee’s habitat in Africa
the chimpanzee’s habitat is being hacked to the
D point out that because of clear-cutting
ground every single day.
tactics, chimpanzee will become more
isolated The deforestation of the jungle in Africa for
profit and space is the single biggest threat

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 Actual Test 01

5 The word in the passage refers to to the chim panzee’s im m ediate and future
A trees livelihood. Because of skyrocketing populations
b chimpanzees and the f t N M i of housing in many regions of
c forces Africa, developers are cutting back the jungle
D sources to make room fo r new com m unities while
simultaneously uprooting and displacing the
6 The word M in the passage is closest in chimpanzee. It seems that they have no regard
meaning to at all for their primate neighbors, who eventually
become isolated from one another in separate,
a surplus
B insufficiency
tin y patchw orks o f trees.
c development
D boom

| This isolation can have

7 Which of the sentences below best expresses
the essential information in the highlighted a very profound effect on future generations of
sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer chimpanzees if they even make it that far. Some
choices change the meaning in important experts are even predicting that, within twenty
ways or leave out essential information. years, over eighty percent of the chimpanzee’s
(Â ) The isolation of chimpanzees reduces habitat could be lost to development and brutal
diversity in their genetic pool, which can clear-cutting tactics.
be detrimental.
CD As chimpanzees become fragmented The domino effect continues from the threat
from one another, they begin to lose their of deforestation to that of disease. As human
genetic identity, populations begin to tread on the chimpanzee's
ç ; Genetic information.is.passed on t o . habitat, man and primate come into closer contact
isolated groups of chimpanzees from with one another, exposing the chimpanzee to
roaming individuals. all kinds of human diseases ranging from the
D' Jeopardizing genetics will result in
common cold to pneumonia to AIDS. The problem
chimpanzees becoming more isolated and
is that chimpanzees have no natural immunity
fragmented.
against human-born diseases, so what may be
just a sore throat and cough to a human could
8 According to paragraph 4, disease is affecting
prove fatal for the chimpanzee. As populations
chimpanzees because
in Africa explode and ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ chimpanzee
A their immune systems are suffering from
societies, they begin to become infected with
an unhealthy diet
disease, suffer, and die. If something is not done
B their natural immunities against diseases
are being compromised to protect the chimpanzee’s habitat and separate
C their habitats are getting occupied by chimpanzees from human populations, their fate
various groups of people is all but sealed.
D the AIDS virus is fatal to them as much as
One final factor which threatens the existence of
it is for human beings
the chimpanzee is the thriving live animal trade in
Africa as well as demand for them throughout the
world. To many people, chimpanzees are simply

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TOEFL iBT Reading

A|
9 The phrase j I in the passage is cute, furry, exotic animals—the perfect addition
closest in meaning to to a home. Infant chimpanzees are taken from
A invade their mothers and sold on the black market, which
B dominate further decreases their numbers in the wild. □
C tempt The truth is that while chimpanzees should never
D surround be stripped from the jungle, they are, after all, wild
animals and do not make obedient, domesticated
10 According to paragraph 5, the live animal pets. Q The live animal trade only puts money in
trade of the chimpanzee occurs because the pockets of senseless individuals interested
a the temperaments of baby chimpanzees in n o th in g m ore than th e ir own ga in s. 0
m ake them becom e excellent pets Without continual pressure of governmental and
B buying and selling chimpanzees is more environmental groups and the implementation of
lucrative than the trade of other animals stricter guidelines, which regulate and thwart the
C there is a high dem and for chimpanzees destruction of the chimpanzee’s habitat, they may
by certain ignorant and careless people
soon be another animal lost for eternity to human
D there are large populations of baby
greed. Q
chimpanzees taken from their mothers

11. Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate

where the following sentence could be added
to the passage.
Furthermore, once these young chimpanzees
get older and the novelty of owning them
wears off, they are abandoned by their
owners.
Where would the sentence best fit?

w w w .nhantnviet.'o.m
 12. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important
ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express
ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is
worth 2 points.

The livelihood of the chimpanzee is being placed in jeopardy for a number of important reasons.

Answer Choices
a Trees are the main source of food as well as CD) Because they are favored as pets, the
a form of protection for the chimpanzee. population of chimpanzees is being
compromised.

B ) Chimpanzees are cute and furry and are CD Chimpanzees are the only animal other than
considered by many to be exotic animals. humans that are known to use tools.

(CT> The chimpanzee is native to many different CD The development of industry is destroying
areas on the African continent. chimpanzees' habitats at an alarming rate.

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Part 2 Astronomy
TOEFL ¡BT Reading

13. According to paragraph 1, which of the Space Settlements

following is true of space settlements?
The United States government is currently
a They should have already been instigated
taking a serious look at the moon and Mars as
by NASA many years ago.
potential places for future human settlement for
B They must first incorporate the moon as a
practice arena for Mars exploration. a number of reasons. First, they could be a future
C They could prove to be a last resort for source of natural resources desperately needed
gaining life-sustaining supplies. on Earth. Second, the moon could serve as a
D Their danger cannot be justified due to the training ground or a kind of stepping stone for
risk to human life and high cost. later journeys to Mars. Therefore, the moon is
already on NASA’s docket for further exploration
14 The word ■ ■ ■ I in the passage is closest in within the next couple of decades, which, at
meaning to least to some experts, is completely unnecessary
a expanding mainly due to the needless risks involved. With
B competing Mars H H H as the eventual long-term goal,
C waiting serious questions exist as to whether the dangers
D emerging and d ifficu ltie s of a lunar settlement are too
extreme and unnecessary. The moon’s relatively
15. The author discusses | harsh environment and the greater potential of
paragraph 2 in order to natural resources on Mars are major reasons that
make lunar settlements too great a liability and
( A) justify why the moon is a more practical
place than Mars for human settlement why the moon should be bypassed.
B express the notion that Mars poses less One m a jo r reason a luna r se ttle m e n t is
life-threatening hazards than the moon
too hazardous is the con trast between the
CT propose that cosmic radiation would have
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ I of the moon and the red planet.
little effect on the lunar colonists
Numerous scientists believe the moon is too
D indicate that lunar settlements are futile
because the moon has no atmosphere difficult for human settlement as compared to
Mars. The fact that the moon has no atmosphere
poses the greatest threat to human beings.
16. The word | in the passage refers to
Atmosphere is crucial because it protects humans
a atmosphere
and all other life from continuous bombardment
B life
of cosmic radiation caused by sources such as
C bombardment
the sun. This radiation is especially dangerous to
d radiation
humans because | increases the risk of cancer
and can negatively alter and mutate DNA. On
the other hand, while M ars’s atmosphere is
significantly thinner than Earth’s, at least it has
one and would create some sort of protective
barrier for humans.

Another im portant characteristic necessary

for sustainable human settlement is water, of
which the moon is believed to have none. Q If

10 w w w .nhantriviet.fom
 Actual Test 01
TÇj&FL ¡^TfíQaelinQ

1 According to paragraph 2, the atmosphere on lunar settlements are to be successful, water will
Mars would be a key component and must be brought with
A change the genetic makeup of humans the colonists and continually supplied by further
and cause their DNA to change and expeditions from Earth, which means they will
mutate have a limited capacity of it. □ Conversely, Mars
B protect humans completely from harmful contains vast quantities of water ice, dry ice, and
cosmic radiation coming from space
also snow. There is also ample evidence that
C cause humans to be more openly exposed
water once existed at the surface of Mars and
to potentially fatal illnesses
might return in the future if the planet warms.
D give human colonists a safety shield
against dangerous cosmic effects Q!

13. The word H H H in the passage is closest

in meaning to
a verifiable C insatiable
B endurable D unexceptional Future colon ists w ill not only benefit from
potential water sources on Mars; the planet is also
19. Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate rich in other basic elements vital to sustained life.
where the following sentence could be added These resources include nitrogen, oxygen, and
to the passage. hydrogen. Mars also contains many minerals that
If supplies are delayed for one reason or contain iron, silicon, and magnesium, which can
another, the entire project and the livelihood be used in productive ways. For example, silicon
of the colonists could be in serious jeopardy. can be used to make solar cells to store energy
Where would the sentence best fit? and create electricity. Hydrogen can be extracted
from water sources and used as fuel. Moreover, it
can be combined with nitrogen to form B I B
materials necessary to a sustainable colony. Due
to these factors, Mars would be a more successful
20. Which of the sentences below best expresses candidate for exploration and settlement because
the essential information in the highlighted it contains the basic resources necessary for
sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer
humans to survive more independently of aid from
choices change the meaning in important
ways or leave out essential information. Earth than they would on the moon.

a The moon is easier to adapt to because Clearly, any future settlements on Mars or the
of advances in technology and self- moon will be monumental efforts for the space
sufficiency. agencies and astronauts involved. The expenses
B Having settlers staying on Mars is more incurred will be extreme and are a further reason
appealing because of its potential as a
why plans and implementation should focus on
colony.
the project, which has the greater potential of
C Mars may be a better long-term option
than the moon because of the most recent long-term success. While the moon may serve
technology. as a temporary training ground for Mars, it could
n Conversion capabilities will enable settlers end up becoming a major diversion from Mars
to make traveling to the moon a more and place humans in too great a risk with too little
viable goal.

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 21. What can be inferred about water sources on benefit. Because the environment of Mars is more
Mars? similar to that of Earth and it contains important
a They exist in liquid form below the surface resources necessary to sustain life, it should be
and ice at the immediate surface. the one and only option for any kind of long-term
B They are not present at the moment human settlement. Furthermore, the moon has
though they probably once were. been eclipsed by mankind, and it is only natural
C They will be easily converted into liquid that Mars be the next step for space exploration.
forms necessary for life.
Finally, the habitation of Mars would not only
D They are not known to be present in a
be a milestone in space but also an excellent
fluid state above or below the surface.
opportunity for mankind to redeem itself from past
exploits on Earth and preserve and make the best
22. According to paragraph 4, what is true about
use of the natural resources Mars has to offer.
the mineral content of Mars?
a The planet lacks the fundamental
elements of carbon and nitrogen.
B Most are in their rawest forms and cannot
be utilized completely.
C Some will help future colonists create their
own sources of energy.
CD) Their levels do not reach the magnitude of
those found on the moon.

23. The word ■ ■ ■ ■ in the passage is closest in

meaning to
® nourishing
® exhausting
suffocating
D saturating

24. The author of the passage implies that future

space exploration
, A. will look past Mars and include other
planets within its parameters
B needs to move ahead to new frontiers
instead of going back to old ones
C is in its infancy and will require a fresh
vision from scientists for it to succeed
D does not make sense if humans only wish
to search for alien life forms

12 ww w .nhantriviet.'oim
 25 According to paragraph 5, what is another
factor against moon settlements?
D Astronauts must be able to multitask and
will be far away from life-saving aid.
D Since the moon contains no trace of
water, it must be brought from Earth.
D Funding for them will take away from the
resources appropriated to Mars missions.
D The lack of weather and gravity will have a
negative effect on the future colonists.

25. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important
ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express
ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is
worth 2 points.

Settlements on Mars would be challenging like the moon, yet they would be able to sustain life
much better than Earth's satellite.

Answer Choices
(A ) The moon would provide an excellent (cT Potential sources of water on Mars make it
training ground for future expeditions to a better long-term option.
Mars.

( D The environment of Mars would be more (JD Long-term exposure to radiation on an

receptive to humans than that of the moon. atmosphere-less Mars could prove fatal.

CC> Rich in nitrogen and hydrogen, the moon C f) Minerals found on Mars can help colonists
can sustain life more easily than Mars. create independent energy sources.

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Part 2 Biology
TOEFL iBT Heading

27 According to paragraph 1, ants are one of the Ant Interaction

most successful species because
Most experts agree that the common, tiny ant
A they are proven to be irrepressible, having
could perhaps be one of the most successful
survived great environmental changes
and marvelous species ever witnessed due to
B their numbers are vast despite their
its unrivaled resilience. The ant has survived
relatively small size as compared to other
species everything nature has thrown at it, including
C they have similar characteristics and traits massive clim actic shifts that threatened ant
to those of the human race populations yet were eventually overcome. □
D their nests have provided them with Today, as ants have been for millions of years,
excellent protection against climactic they continue to occupy and develop their own
shifts
complex and jM M i societies on virtually every
single land mass on the face of Earth, and, so far,
28. The word H in the passage is closest in humans have still only discovered about half of all
meaning to the various species of ants in what will certainly
A fragmented be a search with no end. ID When taking a closer
B populous look at the social aspects of ants, it is tempting
C efficient to make some connections with certain traits or
D energetic practices in human society. Q A breakdown of
ants’ social tiers is the first step to understanding
29. Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate them more completely. Q
where the following sentence could be added
to the passage. When it comes to the ant colony, certain
kinds of ants are divided into highly specialized
Therefore, new species are literally being
positions. Typically, a colony will consist of the
found and cataloged by scientists all the
time. queen, sterile female workers, and males. I B

Where would the sentence best fit?

| The duties of the other

30. The author discusses I I in paragraph worker female ants include any necessary job at a
2 in order to given moment, such as collecting food, increasing
the network of tunnels in the nest, or protecting
a reveal how they serve various important
functions in an ant society the colony from threats. In contrast, the male ants
B contrast their minor role in the ant colony serve one purpose only: to fertilize the eggs of the
with that of the female ants queen. Clearly, M H M M are at the bottom of the
C question their relevance by showing how barrel when it comes to status.
they are not needed at all
Taking a closer look at the ant nest, which
D indicate their place in the ant colony was
usurped by fem ale worker ants is typically underground, under large rocks,
or in rotten logs, it seems to mirror the human
household in many w ays. F irst, there are
numerous networks of tunnels, like hallways,

ww w.nhdntriviet.com
 Actual Test 01

3' Which of the sentences below best expresses which link all the different chambers together.
the essential information in the highlighted Most of these chambers, like the rooms of the
sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer human household, have special purposes as
choices change the meaning in important
some are used for storing food and others for
ways or leave out essential information.
sleeping while still others are used for interaction
a The survival of the ant colony rests on the
between the ants. Furthermore, the ant colony
shoulders of the fertile queen leader.
contains all of their important possessions, such
B The queen has many responsibilities,
including maintaining the colony. as the queen and their M M M iood reserves,
C The only fertile female of the colony is the which the female soldiers are prepared to defend
queen, though more than one may exist. and protect at any given moment.
D The fact that more queens occupy
Another curious observation is that ants, much
a colony gives it a better chance for
like human beings, are kings, or rather, queens
proliferation.
of their environment. Conversely, as humans
have become experts at destroying the world
32. According to paragraph 3, in what way does
and ecosystems In which they live, ants are the
an ant colony resemble a human household?
major manipulators and controllers of theirs in
A It is usually located in protective areas a more positive manner since they exist as the
underground or beneath large rocks.
major predators as well as scavengers of
b It is made mostly of tunnels that ants use
to move around in their nest. environment. Though they are tiny, their numbers
c It contains rooms that are delegated for are vast, which allows them both to dominate and
certain kinds of use and storage. maintain a healthy balance within their environs.
D} It allows ants to socialize much in the Without ants, certain ecosystems throughout the
same way humans do at home. world would certainly be thrown out of whack as
a vital part would be missing; however, if humans
33. The word H i | in the passage is closest in were absent, it is clear that the world in general
meaning to would be much better off.
A . concealed While the previous observations might require a
(B placed good stretch of the imagination, a couple of major
c . limited contrasts between ant and human societies are
D collected perhaps easier to grasp. In most human cultures,
the male has traditionally been the dominant
34. The author’s description of ants mentions all figure and the one tapped to ensure the survival
of the following EXCEPT: of the family. In ant colonies, they are, for the
a They affect the ecosystem in a positive most part, slaves to the queen and serve one
way, unlike human beings. purpose only and then for merely a portion of the
B The services of male ants are not required year. Also, the ant colony relies on what is called
all the year round.
a physical caste system to delegate the roles of
C They sacrifice themselves for the benefit
both female and male ants while most human
and proliferation of the colony.
societies are constructed around the abilities of
D Their main concern is to avoid being
destroyed by their natural predators. either gender as they are very flexible in their roles
and duties. Still, interestingly, there is no question

w w ’v.nhantriviet.com 15
 TptjFL iBT Reading v

■¿j
35 . The word ■ ■ in the passage refers to that the success of how ants interact with one
a queens another will ensure that their species will continue
B humans to expand and ■ ■ ■ ■ in most regions of the
C ecosystems world, with altruistic behavior at the center of their
D ants existence.

36 . According to paragraph 5, what is a major

difference between ant and human societies?
a Ants follow a queen while most
monarchies in the world have already
been dissolved.
B The roles of males and females in human
societies are more elastic, unlike ants.
C The physical caste system in human
societies is more structured than the ant’s
system.
D Most human societies are unable to
display truly altruistic behavior, but ants
are.

37. The word ■ ■ ■ ■ in the passage is closest

in meaning to
A dominate
CB ^ enlarge
© multiply
CD dwindle

38. The author of the passage implies that

humans
CANwill probably outlive most species of ants
because of their adaptability
, usually exhibit more altruistic behavior in
general compared to ants
C have created mainly male-dominated
societies, unlike ants
D are the only reason why the world is in its
present condition

16 w w w .nhantri/iet.roim
 3} Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important
ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express
ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is
worth 2 points.

The social structure of ants will more than likely ensure their long-term survival as well as keep
ecosystems healthy.

Answer Choices
A : The complexity of the ant’s social system ® Queen ants are able to become pregnant
has changed dramatically over millions of and lay eggs numerous times over the
years. course of a year.

C D The rigid roles of ants in a colony ensure CD Ant nests tend to mirror the living methods
that they work together in a very efficient of humans due to their tunnels and special
manner. chambers.

< D Without ants, the planet’s ecosystems CD Because the duties of ants are flexible, they
would lack an important custodian that are able to perform numerous tasks very
plays many roles. quickly.

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How to M aster Skills for the TOEFL" iBT

Actual Test
02
 Reading Section Directions

This section measures your ability to understand academic passages in English.

The Reading section is divided into 2 separately timed parts.

Most questions are worth one point, but the last question in each set is worth more
than one point. The directions indicate how many points you may receive.

Some passages include a word or phrase that is underlined in blue. Click on the word
or phrase to see a definition or an explanation.

Within each part, you can go to the next questions by clicking Next. You may skip
questions and go back to them later. If you want to return to previous questions, click
on Back. You can click on Review at any time and the review screen will show you
which questions you have answered and which you have not answered. From this
reyiew screen, you may go directly to any question you have already seen in. the
Reading section.

You may now begin the Reading section. In this part you will read 1 passage. You will
have 20 minutes to read the passage and answer the questions.

Click on Continue to go on.

Part 1 Anthropology

1. According to paragraph 1, most humans have The Toraja

funeral ceremonies because they
Funeral rites have always played important
a create a sense of finality for the families roles in human history. They typically symbolize
and friends involved in the event
a kind of closure of an individual’s life on Earth
B give loved ones an opportunity to spend
more time with distant family members and give family and friends the opportunity to pay
c follow a strict code which will successfully their respects and say goodbye. There are many
send the deceased into the afterlife different kinds of funeral ceremonies throughout
CD are necessary to cultures that have the world, depending on culture, religion, and
followed animist beliefs for centuries beliefs. The funeral tradition of the Toraja people
on the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia is like no
2. The author’s description of the Toraja funeral other as it blends the Toraja’s ancient animist
tradition mentions all of the following EXCEPT: beliefs with the western influences of H H H B -
a The ceremonies often take months or To the Toraja, death is a new beginning, as the
even years to prepare for. deceased passes from the restrictions of this
CD The bodies of the deceased are placed in life into the afterlife, where they will oversee and
vaults in the sides of cliffs. conduct the lives of the people they have left
CD Water buffaloes play an important role in behind. But, before this can occur, an H H H
the funeral ceremonies. funeral c e le b ra tio n m ust take place . This
CD They are not influenced by any Western celebration, as well as the treatment of their dead,
traditions of religion.
separates the traditions of the Toraja from most
modern cultures.
3. Why does the author mention ■ ■ ■ ■ in
paragraph 1? The first noticeable difference between Torajan
funerals and modern western ones is the way in
CA) To indicate a shift in belief from ancient
and modern Toraja which they prepare for one. The Toraja will often
CD To contrast both Christian and animist begin preparing for their family members’ funerals
funeral traditions well before they actually die. □ Sometimes, they
CD To reveal how the Toraja have adapted it will even start preparations before the member
to their own culture falls ill. 10 In most western cultures, this would be
CD) To question if it is appropriate for western unheard of since most funeral preparations are
influence to affect the Toraja made immediately after death. Q This is not so
for the Toraja. Q The reason is mainly due to cost
4. The word ■ ■ | in the passage is closest since the family will heavy expenses when
in meaning to they attempt to send their family member into
Ca) beautiful the afterlife in the most celebrative, festive, and
Cb involved prepared manner possible.
;c long
Interestingly, the Toraja do not relate to death in
D stark
its physical form. That is, if a family member dies,
only his physical form has ceased to function.

20 w w w .nhantriviet.
 Actual Test 02
jjBFUQT flsadinß . , . . • ; . • ; j f j f à ¡¿ A
:-V- V; /?;>• #• *"■ •■' - ' *• -‘>r* r * &■*.**« /...«1#:
fr ■ y < «-p- **•:r ' *4* " *'■>'

5 According to paragraph 2, Torajan funerals are person off to the next stage of existence. Because
unique because of this, the deceased are simply wrapped up and
a the Toraja prepare for the funeral only kept in the house, called a tongkonan, until the
months after someone dies time of celebration. During this in-between period,
B preparations begin while the individual it the deceased is treated as if he were still alive.
is for is still alive and well The rest of the family holds conversations with
C the Toraja organize the funeral immediately
him and even feeds him, just like a living being.
after an individual passes away
Death, then, is not an end, but the beginning of
D everyone in the society contributes to the
the passage into the afterlife. Dying also does
financing of the funeral
not take an individual away for the Toraja. They
believe they are in com plete control o f that
6 Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate
aspect, and only through celebration and feast
where the following sentence could be added
to the passage. are they able to break the limbo of their family
member.
Furthermore, it would probably be
considered a bad omen by most people were An e la b o ra te fun era l ce le b ra tio n is also
a person to engage in this kind of behavior. important to impress the gods with the individual’s
Where would the sentence best fit? worldly importance and wealth. Water buffalo
are ■ ■ to Torajan culture, representing both
financial success and status in society. During
the funeral celebration, a number of water buffalo
are sacrificed in accordance with the person’s
7 The word ■ ■ in the passage is closest in level in the Torajan hierarchy. But, water buffaloes
meaning to are not cheap, especially for the Toraja, who are
. ® s p a re .............s u s ta in ............................ mainly subsistence farmers. Therefore, the family
CD extract i^D) withstand must work months, or sometimes years, to save
enough money in order to purchase a satisfactory
8 Which of the sentences below best expresses number of water buffaloes and other animals,
the essential information in the highlighted such as pigs, for the funeral ceremony. Once all
sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer is in order, a date for the celebration will be set
choices change the meaning in important
so that friends and members of the community
ways or leave out essential information.
can visit bearing gifts. Large quantities of food
aThe funeral is the vehicle that allows the and libations are consumed during the festivities
deceased individual to enter the next
of sport, dance, and storytelling, which usually
stage of his life.
B The deceased individual will linger in this
continue for a week.
world until he is prepared to enter the next With the cycle in full force, the climax occurs
one.
at the end of the feast, when the body is placed
C After a proper ceremony is performed, the
in a coffin and carried to its final resting place,
individual becomes immortal and enters
the afterlife. which is not in the ground but high up above it.
D The afterlife is attained only after an
Traditional Toraja cemeteries are located in the
individual has given up his worldly ties side of a cliff, where hollowed-out sections are
with a funeral. made for families and individuals. The body is

w ww.nhantriviet.com 21
 TOEFL iBT Reading

. . ________LL

9. The word f l H in the passage is closest in placed in a horizontal vault and enclosed with
meaning to stone or wood. This, however, does not mean they
a favorable are sealed off from their homeland. A wooden
B expensive effigy of the individual, called a tau tau, is placed
C important at the entrance of the tomb to guard it and protect
D useful living family members. Tau tau are also thought to
bestow prosperity on the Toraja in general as well
10 Which of the following can be inferred from as connect them with deceased family members
paragraph 4 about the funeral celebration? and gods beyond.
a It is a welcomed time for the family that is
involved in it.
B , The families are under great pressure to
raise money for it.
c The Toraja believe their gods are only
pleased by sacrificing buffaloes.
D Many of the Toraja are boycotting funerals
because of the slaughter.

11 The author’s description of Toraja cemeteries

in paragraph 5 mentions all of the following
EXCEPT:
A) Tau tau are the guardians of the tomb.
CD They are located in the sides of hills or
mountains.
CC)The body is entombed at the end of the
feast.
' D) The deceased are always buried in
individual tombs.

12. According to paragraph 5, the Toraja place tau

tau at the entrance of the tomb to
A ; speak to family members when they visit
the deceased
B bring fortune to the entire society of the
Toraja
c keep other deceased family members
company
D remind visitors what the deceased looked
like in their prime

22 www.nhantriviet.com
 13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important
ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express
ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is
worth 2 points.

The lengthy funeral ceremony of the Toraja releases the deceased to the next level of their
existence.

Answer Choices
a The number of cows slaughtered at the d The funeral celebration of the Toraja
celebration depends on the person’s wealth. represents the person’s success in life.

B; The Toraja view death as a new beginning d D Friends and family bring gifts to the funeral
rather than an end for the individual. celebration as a condolence.

Cc Funeral preparations are made days in CE) Toraja funerals are festive times of eating
advance of a family member’s impending and games and can last as long as a week.
death.

wwv/.nhantnviet.com
Part 2 Medical Science
TOEFL iBT Reading

14 The word H I in the passage is closest in Alternative Therapy

meaning to
As health care costs continually rise in most
a application
developed countries, many people are looking
B relief
to alternative forms of health therapy both to
C symptom
prevent and cure them from various illnesses
D basis
and problems. Two of the most popular forms
of alternative therapies in the West today are
15 According to paragraph 1, alternative forms acu puncture and herbal m edicine, both of
of health care are becoming more popular
which have been used for centuries in Asia
because
and are rooted in ancient Chinese medicine. In
a acupuncture is rooted in ancient Chinese essence, they attempt to treat the source of the
medicine
health problem rather than simply get rid of the
B they are able to cure patients much more
quickly
symptoms, which is something that many argue is
C medical costs are on the upswing in many the flawed ■ ■ of western medicinal techniques.
First World societies For this reason, many individuals are taking a
D they are able to get rid of the symptoms more holistic approach to their bodies and health
better than other ways rather than simply looking for a quick cure. For
example, instead o f taking aspirin whenever
16. Which of the following can be inferred from they get ■ ■ ■ ■ , some people will go to an
paragraph 1 about acupuncture? acupuncturist to find out what causes the problem
® It has been in constant use by herbalists and begin treatments for that specific cause,
for hundreds of years in the Orient. which will prevent the headaches from returning
B Its focus is more intrinsic as opposed in the future. In this way, alternative medicines
to the extrinsic methods of western such as acupuncture and herbal therapy have
medicine. wonderful preventative potential many modern
C Its benefits accrue over a longer period of
medicines do not.
time than those of other therapies.
D It attempts to treat both the symptoms Acupuncture is based on ancient Chinese
and the source of the patient’s illness. medicine and the importance of ki, a kind of life
force that pulsates through every human’s body.
17. The author discusses | | in paragraph Ki runs through various pathways in the body and
1 in order to is fundamental in giving humans strength and
A show how they are one of the most energy as well as bolstering the immune system.
com m on ailm ents for humans But, at tim es, these pathways m ight suffer
B question w hether they can be cured with blockage or be disrupted for various reasons, so
traditional medicine ki is unable to flow smoothly through the body.
c note that they reveal a deeper problem When this occurs, the body becomes vulnerable
inside the human body
to illness and pain. This is where acupuncture
D indicate aspirin is still the best remedy for
comes in.
this type of problem

2U w w w .nhantriviet.com
 Actual Test 02
TOEFL iBJ «

h s& u S m m m
16 According to paragraph 2, which of the
following is true of ki?
a It constantly runs through the various One of the m ost com mon and successful
blood vessels of the body.
methods of acupuncture is described as ear
B It is the basis upon which the method of
acupuncture was devised, acupuncture. As its name implies, this technique
c It is an invisible force that blocks the is involved jü M i with the ear and its numerous
pathways of the body. activation points. The ear is considered a highly
D It stimulates certain pathways in the body sensitive area of the human body because it
and relieves pain. contains a strong, healthy flow of blood as well
as numerous nerve points that connect | with the
19. Which of the sentences below best expresses rest of the human body. Acupuncturists place tiny
the essential information in the highlighted needles in the surface of the skin at certain points,
sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer depending on the desired result. In general,
choices change the meaning in important ear acupuncture is considered an excellent
ways or leave out essential information.
therapy, especially for treating individuals with
a Ki paths are opened when they stimulate psychological or physical dependency issues
parts of the body and relieve pressure
such as eating disorders and drug or alcohol
on painful areas with the assistance of
abuse.
professional acupuncturists.
B Acupuncturists are knowledgeable in the A second form of alternative therapy based on
pathways of ki, so they make use of this Chinese traditional medicine is herbal therapy, in
knowledge to find out what areas of the
which special herbs are prescribed by the doctor
body to place needles in.
to be taken in a hot liquid form , usually tea.
c The expertise of acupuncturists allows
them to free up ki pathways in the body Traditionally, herbal teas are imbibed to boost the
and help the patient recover from his immune system and prevent illnesses from being
sickness. able to enter the body. Herbs also have a more
D Illnesses and pain are relieved once the direct influence than acupuncture on the body’s
acupuncturist is able to map the pathways physical systems, such as the circulatory system,
of ki and discover the source of the pressure. as they can aid in normalizing blood pressure.
One excellent example of an herbal remedy is
20. The word ■ ■ in the passage is closest in mushroom tea, which is an excellent antioxidant.
meaning to Other benefits attributed to the use of traditional
a exclusively Chinese herbs are that they build stamina and
B barely are good for digestive purposes. Sometimes,
c safely herbal medicines are used in conjunction with
D intentionally acupuncture to magnify its effects.

When it comes to diseases and preventative

measures, people should realize that there are
many proven alternatives simply to visiting a
local western doctor or hospital to be evaluated
and sent home with some prescriptions. □ In
many cases, this type of medicine will only mask

w ww.nhantriviet.com 25
 TOEFL IST Read,ng

...... —-—— —-ÍL-.—....

21 According to paragraph 3, which of the the essence of the problem while traditional
following is true of the ear? Chinese therapy such as acupuncture and herbal
A It contains a small number of the body’s medicine addresses it from the B H B - ID As the
special activation points. popularity of alternative therapies such as these
B It has a healthy blood supply, which grows, hopefully more and more individuals will
relieves the pain from needles. seek them out and benefit from their holistic
C It is a beneficial acupuncture area because
approaches. 0 Ultimately, alternative therapies
it contains a myriad of nerves.
such as herbs or acupuncture can work wonders
D It is the source of dependency issues
as preventative methods for physiological as well
such as alcoholism and drug use.
as psychological problems before they are able to
manifest symptoms and cause pain and suffering.
22. The word | in the passage refers to
Q
a activation points
B ear
C flow of blood
puliit —: «itpin d t and contrat» Itiythmfcaly
im m -aJ: BinKOrawi
Mil, ..■-- tH._I
D, nerve points

23. The author’s description of herbal therapy

mentions all of the following EXCEPT:
Ca ) Herbs are an excellent way of increasing a
person’s endurance.
(J3> It is used as a preventative form of therapy
for healthy people.
ÇÇ) The reaction time is faster for acupuncture
than for herbal therapy.
CD) It is beneficial to the circulatory system
and blood pressure problems.

24. Which of the following can be inferred

from paragraph 5 about western doctor’s
prescriptions?
C£) They are too expensive for many people
to afford.
B ; They may only address one level of
various illnesses.
C They are fundamental to most alternative
therapies.
D They enable patients to get back on their
feet rapidly.

26 w w w .nhan triviet.'om
 TOEFL iBT Reading
1 ' *: -■ E S

2 The word QRget in the passage is closest in

meaning to
a essence
B symptom
C result
D beginning

2i; Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate

where the following sentence could be added
to the passage.
Additionally, some illnesses require much
more investigation than this.
Where would the sentence best fit?

27 Directions: Complete the table below to summarize the information about alternative therapies. Match
the appropriate statements to the type of therapy they apply to. This question is worth 3 points.

Acupuncture Select 3

Herbal Select 2

Answer Choices
a It interacts with ki energy and allows it to run E It is better for patients who are prone to
freely. abuse substances.

b It masks the symptoms and resolves the f It is an excellent remedy for the circadian
internal issues. system.

C It would be good for someone who is G It is the more immediate form of the two
suffering from obesity. therapies.

D It is an excellent therapy for digestive

ailments.

ww >/.nhantriviet.com 27
Part 2 World History

28. The word M M in the passage is closest in Chernobyl

meaning to
In late April of 1986, during routine testing, the
a harmful
number four reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear
B inadvertent
power plant in present-day Russia exploded
c fatal
in a fury fou r hundred tim es more powerful
D direct
than an atomic bomb. The result was the most
catastrophic nuclear disaster ever, as radioactive
29. According to paragraph 1, which of the levels spiked in the surrounding areas, causing
following is true of the nuclear blast at
H8HHR exposure to numerous people in the
Chernobyl?
immediate vicinity as well as neighboring countries
a It immediately injured and killed numerous
as the fallout from the blast was carried away by
people in the surrounding area.
prevailing winds. Today, the threat from Chernobyl
B It was instantly contained and cleaned up
by brave liquidators. is far from over, as the nuclear chamber continues
C It was the greatest man-made explosion in to smolder and emit harmful radiation into the air
the history of the world. and water. If the area is not safely contained and
D It resulted from an atomic bomb test at a cleaned up soon, another potential blast just as
nearby military installation. deadly, if not more, as the initial one could arise.
There are a number of reasons why Chernobyl
30. The author discusses the ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ continues to be a major threat.
in paragraph 2 in order to
First, im m ediately follow ing the meltdown,
(A ) note how the damage could have been the initial response was one of haste and poor
much more devastating planning. Obviously, there was no definitive
CD argue that the disaster might have been
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ H I <n place in case the reactor
dealt with better
began to go out of control. Emergency workers,
C indicate how such systems have improved
since Chernobyl called liquidators, were quickly recruited and
D support the action taken by work crews bused in to help with cleaning up waste and
after the initial blast debris and putting out the fire. They were not
trained in the least in the handling or proper
31 The word ■ ■ § | in the passage is closest containment of nuclear waste, nor were they
in meaning to ■ ■ ■ ■ I or even told by the government of the
lethal levels of radioactivity they were exposing
a skilled
B recognized
their bodies to. Luckily, most of them were able to
C aware recover. Desperate, the liquidators dumped sand
D focused and lead into the reactor and buried the reactor
fuel and other waste from the blast in random,
shallow ditches around the plant.

After tw o full weeks of working around the

clock, the fire from the explosion was finally
extinguished, and it was now the job of the
liquidators to attempt to close off and contain
the reactor site to prevent the least amount of

28 ww w.nhantriviet.com
 Actual Test 02
TÇ5FL,iB t Reading . . . • • : - 5 i , * ÿ hi t. 5 !
*■■* ■.r i-*'! - r
m:iqr. :V .'.vity^v.'^' ' T * ' ? - ' ■■■•:
-t *-:*;lÀ.-:+^;û.^-i¿¿Lav.:s..fr

3J Which of the following can be inferred from radiation from leaking into the environment.
paragraph 2 about the government? It took them another six months to construct
a It did everything in its power to minimize a m etal c o n ta in m e n t stru c tu re , ca lle d the
the impact of the incident. sarcophagus, over the plant.
B It could have implemented better safety
procedures in the reactor.
C It did not seek out international aid to help
it contain the explosion.
H H f l H f l H M H U H I H H H H I H in
D It tried to hide the truth about the incident
many ways, it is simply a band-aid, which can
from the public.
only provide minimal and short-lived containment
of the radioactivity and which could also collapse,
33. Which of the sentences below best expresses
even today, tw enty years later, at any given
the essential information in the highlighted
sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer moment. If it were to do so, the two hundred plus
choices change the meaning in important tons of nuclear waste, uranium, and plutonium
ways or leave out essential information. could once again be directly exposed to the open
a If the sarcophagus had been welded, air and atmosphere.
there would be no issue with it.
□ Today, as it has been for two decades, the
OB? The weak sarcophagus was a result of
major threat is water due to the poor construction
marginal construction work.
of the sarcophagus, which has numerous holes
C Speed was essential in creating the
wobbly structure called the sarcophagus. and cracks within its structure. □ Because of
J ) ; Issues continue with the design and these, precipitation such as rain and water can
construction of the sarcophagus. enter directly into the pool of nuclear waste,
mix with it, and ooze out into the environment,
34. According to paragraph 4, the greatest risk including the water aquifer. Q .The other effect
involving the Chernobyl disaster today is precipitation has on the nuclear waste is much
more immediate and ■ ■ ■ . 0 Water can aid
A the multitudinous effects precipitation can
have on the vulnerable reactor in and speed up a nuclear reaction, which means
B radioactive waste seeping into the water that, if the recipe is just right, an entirely new
supply and harming people explosion could occur all over again, causing
C the potential for a fresh blast to occur m ajor nuclear fallou t and putting m illions of
from the number four reactor people at risk of dangerous radioactive exposure
D nuclear fallout putting m any more people in the surrounding areas.
in harm ’s way of radioactivity
Due to poor preparation and the implementation
o f c o n ta in m e n t m easures, C h e rn o b yl has
remained, since its initial explosion, a ticking
time bomb with the full potential and fuel for a
fresh explosion at any given moment. In 2006,
new teams entered the reactor zone to attempt
to clean up what they could and dispose of
it properly, and construction began on a new
protective building to replace the old, bulging

w w v.nhantriviet.com 29
 35 . Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate sarcophagus, i is being built at a safe distance
where the following sentence could be added from the reactor area and, once completed, will
to the passage. slide over the old sarcophagus and reactor pit.
As a result, the ecosystem could become The new shell, still, will take at least five years to
contaminated with even more deadly build, which will be another very tense time due to
radiation.
the condition of the sarcophagus. It will become
Where would the sentence best fit? another first in history for Chernobyl; it will be the
largest moveable structure ever created.

meaning to
a threatening
B harmful
'C> disastrous
D ) disparate

37. The word | in the passage refers to

(A ) reactor zone
CD construction
C D building
C D sarcophagus

38. According to paragraph 5, which of the

following is true of the new, protective
building?
Ca> It will be built directly on top of the old
sarcophagus that was first erected.
CD It will be a pioneering effort both by the
engineers and the architects.
CD It will be attached to the remaining shell to
serve as a protective barrier.
d It will be constructed slowly because of
the condition of the sarcophagus.

30 www.nhantriviet.com
 39 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important
ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express
ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is
worth 2 points.

The Chernobyl reactor still poses a threat today to humans and the surrounding ecosystem.

Answer Choices
A Water could mix with nuclear fuel and cause D Liquidators buried the reactor fuel in shallow
another explosion. ditches near the facility.

JO The new protective building will take five (JD The environment could be contaminated by
years to construct. nuclear waste mixed with rain.

(C> The number three reactor exploded in CE> A new sarcophagus is mandatory to reduce
a force of more than four hundred atom the risks of another disaster.
bombs.

vw w .nhantriviet.com
How to M aster Skills for the TOEFL® ¡BT

Actual Test
03
 Reading Section Directions

This section measures your ability to understand academic passages in English.

The Reading section is divided into 3 separately timed parts.

Most questions are worth one point, but the last question In each set is worth more
than one point. The directions indicate how many points you may receive.

Some passages include a word or phrase that is underlined in blue. Click on the word
or phrase to see a definition or an explanation.

Within each part, you can go to the next questions by clicking Next. You may skip
questions and go back to them later. If you want to return to previous questions, click
on Back. You can click on Review at any time and the review screen will show you
which questions you have answered and which you have not answered. From this
reyiew screen, .you may .go directly, to any question .you have already seen in.tba
Reading section.

You may now begin the Reading section. In this part you will read 1 passage. You will
have 20 minutes to read the passage and answer the questions.

Click on C ontinue to go on.

Part 1 American History
TOEFL iBT Reading

1 . The word ■ ■ I in the passage is closest Slavery in the American South

in meaning to
The institution of slavery has been a part of
A extensively
human history for thousands of years. That
B approximately
Europeans imported it to the New World in both
c entirely
South and North America is not surprising; that
D usually
the institution lasted so long in the southern
United States is. While governments abolished
2. The word m in the passage refers to o r abandoned slavery through much of the
a abolitionists world, humans, ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Africans, were kept in
B Southerners bondage in one of the world’s great democracies.
c justifications This institution was eventually a cause of a great
D slaves civil war breaking out in 1861. By this point, the
system had been in place for more than two
3. According to paragraph 2, the South provided hundred years and was the natural state of affairs
some benefits to the United States' economy for Southerners. In the face of increasing criticism
through from ab olitionists, Southerners vehemently
CA> its industrial output of manufactured provided three main justifications for holding
goods slaves: slavery was necessary to improve the
CD agricultural products grown by free land­ American economy; H were, in fact, protecting
owners
Africans from lives of misery; and, finally, slavery
CD its providing protection for millions of
was simply natural.
Africans
! D high income earning crops grown with The first point only has some basis in fact since
slave labor the South did provide great financial windfalls with
its agricultural produce, the cash crops of cotton,
4. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the tobacco, and rice, all of which flourished in the
South hot, muggy climate of the South. Slave owners
Ca ) had absolutely no centers of industrial asserted that these crops were a great benefit
manufacturing in its states to the American economy and the slaves were
( D was equal to the North in terms of the needed to work the land. Northerners countered
industrial output of its factories that free men working for wages would do just as
C D had some centers of industry, but fewer well. As far as the Southerners were concerned,
than there were in the North
the so-called free men of the North were also
p7 had an economy that was totally based on
nothing more than slaves, slaves to the necessity
agricultural exporting
of earning a wage or being homeless and starving
to death. In fact, the northern industrial centers
The word f l H I in the passage is closest
produced far more income for the country than
in meaning to
the mainly agricultural South. The North also had
A common
great agricultural lands, which were not worked
B mutual
by slaves, but by free landowners.
c unequal
D beneficial The second point was one made time and
again by Southerners. Slaves were dependent

34 www.nhantriviet.com
 Actual Test 03
.P. ■: v" y A l S y S â
V -,:>>■ v ■*-. - ê ¿ p p ä ? ■'■■' - «r.*** p t'w -r'fj ^5F

6 According to paragraph 3, slavery was on their masters for food, clothing, and shelter,
economically worse than employing free wage which the master provided in return for their
earners because labor. This reciprocul relationship ensured that all
a the wage earners had to pay for their own would have a means of survival. If slavery was
food and housing abandoned, then all the slaves, some four million
B the wage earners worked harder and
by the 1860s, would be at the mercy of the cruel
longer than the slaves
fates of life. □ Slavery was good for the African
C slaves had no incentive to work hard or to
blacks because the masters cared for them from
help their masters
cradle to grave. Q In fact, when ■ H I soldiers
D masters had to care for their slaves even if
they could not work invaded the South during the Civil War, they
discovered that most Africans were kept in the
meanest conditions possible, living in hovels and
7 Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate
where the following sentence could be added wearing threadbare clothing. Q Economically, the
to the passage. slaves were more of a drain than wage earners
would have been since the master was obliged
In addition, many slaves were abused,
tortured, or murdered, and plantation owners to care for the nonproductive Africans, which
kept large packs of bloodhounds for chasing included the young, aged, and infirm. Q
runaway slaves.
Finally, the slave owners justified slavery by
Where would the sentence best fit? saying it was the natural order of events and that
the Africans’ place in the world was as a slave.
For thousands of years, with few exceptions,
who was or was not a slave had not depended
on race but on the misfortune of the individual. In
The author describes the condition in which
ancient Greece and Rome,, anyone could become
the ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ found the Southern
slaves in paragraph 3 in order to a slave in the right circumstances. This bothered
philosophers for ages, being unable to explain
a indicate that many slave owners were
not terribly concerned with their slaves’ why one man should be a slave and another
welfare a master. In the Africans, Southerners found a
B show that slavery was an evil institution reason: race. By nature, according to the pseudo­
that had to be ended by any possible science of racial classification, Africans were
means ■ H I inferior, unintelligent, and unable to care
c relate the economic backwardness of the for themselves, and they therefore needed the
South, which could not take good care of white race’s help.
its slaves
D explain that the war had destroyed the
Southern economy and their ability to care
for their slaves

| Many Southerners knew it

was nonsense, but their whole world depended
on the institution. It is estimated that fewer than
10,000 Southerners actually owned slaves in the

w w w.ihdniriviet.con» 35
 9. The word ■ ■ ■ <n the passage is closest in pre-Civil War period. They were the richest and
meaning to most politically powerful, and, when the time
c' a considered came to defend their rights against the North,
B ; proven they dragged the rest of the South into a war that
' C) created lasted four long years and killed more Americans
D established than all of its other wars combined. Eventually,
the slaves were free, but, for the Africans, it would
10. Which of the sentences below best expresses take another hundred years for them to be the
the essential information in the highlighted equals of the whites in not only the South but all
sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer of America.
choices change the meaning in important
ways or leave out essential information.
Ca > Free Africans in the North did not fare as
windfall»: «mounts of money that someone receives
well as free whites, thereby proving the
Southerners’ ideas true.
CD Free Africans in the North proved the
Southerners’ ideas false by being both
learned and successful.
Cg) Only in the North could Africans get
an education and be saved from the
Southerners.
CD) The Southerners believed that no African
could become educated or achieve any
status except that of a slave.

11. According to the passage, Southerners

justified having slaves for all of the following
reasons EXCEPT:
Ca ) They did not have anyone else to work the
land.
CD They provided welfare for the enslaved
Africans.
Cg) Slavery was the way that things were
supposed to be.
CD) The United States’ economy benefited
from slavery.

36 www.nhantriviet.CDm
 12 According to paragraph 5, in the American
Civil War, the number of the dead was
a very few compared to other American wars
B the greatest ever experienced in American
history
C equal to all of the other wars of American
history
D greater than all of the wars of history
combined

1S. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important
ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express
ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is
worth 2 points.

The South’s justifications for slavery as a benefit to the American economy, as a protection for
millions of Africans, and as the natural order of things, have many contradictions when examined
closely.

Answer Choices
CÂ ; African slaves were supposedly protected CD) Although they were freed by the Civil War,
by their masters but were in fact often kept the former slaves and their descendants
in miserable conditions and were often had to wage a hundred-yeiar battle to earn
punished. their rights as equals in America.

' B The Civil War was mainly caused by the CD Slavery as an institution had disappeared
powerful slave-owning class, who refused in much of the world by 1861, but, in
to give up their way of life. the American South, it was still deemed
necessary for mainly economic reasons.

' ç Despite having some benefits to the CE) Some former slaves in the North proved
American economy, the institution of slavery their equality with whites by acquiring
was unsound economically when compared education and success in many different
with the labor of free wage earners and fields.
farmers.

ww w .nhantriviet.com
Part 2 Astronomy

14. The word (NMNftf >n the passage is closest in A Change of Orbit
meaning to
Earth has sustained life for millions of years,
a subtle
yet the other planets in our solar system are
B fragile
incapable of doing so. This is primarily the result
C considerate
of the unique position Earth occupies in the solar
D graceful
system, as it is not too close or too far away
from the sun to upset the ■ ■ ■ temperature
15 According to paragraph 2, which of the requirements of life. Our position is in what
following is true about the habitable zone?
astronomers call the habitable zone, the place
a It can vary in size depending on the where life exists. Yet, if Earth’s orbit around the
intensity of the star a planet orbits.
sun were thrown off by just a few degrees, all
b It is the area of the solar system outside
life on Earth may be in danger. Such an event
the orbits of Venus and Mars.
could happen if a passing massive gravitation
C It is where any type of planet can sustain
life for a significant amount of time. field influenced Earth’s orbit. Astronomers have
D It fluctuates in size if there is a experimented extensively with such possibilities
gravitational pull nearby to affect it. and have reached a surprising conclusion: Earth
could sustain life if its orbit were changed in minor
16. According to paragraph 2, all of the following ways, but only with great dislocation of life.
factors influence climate on Earth EXCEPT: Astronomers define the habitable zone as the
a Earth’s nearly symmetrical orbit around region 75 to 140 million miles from a star with the
the sun intensity of our sun. Venus and Mars are outside
b the angle of Earth’s axis as it rotates
this zone, the former too close to the sun and the
C Earth’s position between two other planets latter too far away. Earth’s orbit is a near perfect
D; Earth’s average distance from the sun circle, almost always 93 million miles from the
sun. The average temperature of the Earth is 58°F
17. The word ■ ■ ■ in the passage is closest in with average highs of 107°F and lows of -81°F. The
meaning to axis is tilted so that Earth has various seasons
a assimilate at the northern and southern regions with the
B spend equatorial regions having similar weather year
C utilize round.
D destroy
The great fear is that a passing black hole will
influence Earth’s orbit. Black holes are areas of
18 The word m in the passage refers to
massive gravitational energy that ■ ■ all things
A black holes they pass, including stars. Astronomers have
B stars created computer modeling that allows them to
C astronomers
run different orbits for Earth and examined the
D different orbits
influences f l M would have on temperature and
climate. As a control element, the computer modei
maintains Earth’s orbital period of 365 days. Minor
variations in the orbit would keep Earth inside the
habitable zone all year while a great shift would

38 www.nhantriviet.coim
 Actual Test 03

19 According to paragraph 3, the astronomers have Earth passing closer to the sun than Mercury
kept Earth’s orbital period the same in their on one end and being beyond the orbit of Mars on
experiments in order to the other. Such large changes would dramatically
a judge which months on the planet would change our climate.
be hot and which ones cold
B maintain a familiar element as a reference
point for their assessment
C prove that the orbital period would not
alter with a change in orbits g M H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H R Water,
D demonstrate that a change in orbits would which one-fourth of Earth’s surface is composed
cause a change in seasons of, has a tremendous capacity to retain heat. As
Earth came extremely close to the sun, the water
20. Which of the sentences below best expresses would pick up massive amounts of heat, which
the essential information in the highlighted would be used to maintain livable temperature
sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer as Earth moved out to the colder regions near
choices change the meaning in important
Mars. With an orbit passing near Venus but not
ways or leave out essential information.
beyond Mars, temperatures would average 73#F,
a It was surprising for the astronomers to very livable. However, there would great changes
discover that with orbit shifts in the mid­
for the inhabitants of different parts of the globe.
range, Earth could still sustain life with no
significant changes. People at the Equator would suffer temperatures
B Not surprisingly, the astronomers found above 140°F at times, and great rivers and lakes
out that with mild orbit changes, life was would evaporate. The polar ice caps would melt,
still possible on Earth, but human beings and the coastlines would change, drowning our
would go extinct. coastal cities. Northern Canada and Russia would
c Surprisingly, the astronomers learned that become prime real estate, even during, the period
with mid-range orbit changes, people
when Earth’s orbit was near Mars, as the heat
could not live in the same places though
Earth could still sustain life. absorbed by the oceans would maintain a livable
D If Earth’s orbit changed in the mid­ temperature and ■ ■ ■ the return of the ice
range, people could not live in the same caps to a great degree.
places on Earth, which surprised the
□ At the other extreme, with Earth inside
astronomers.
M e rc u ry 's o r b it and o u ts id e M a rs ’s, th e
temperatures would make life impossible in much
21. According to paragraph 4, all of the following
of the world, especially the equatorial regions. 10
factors concerning water would be the result
of a shift in orbit near Venus EXCEPT: In a scenario where Earth was closest to the sun
in March and April and farthest away in October
a the subsequent melting of the polar ice
and November, the temperatures in Africa, India,
caps
B the loss of a large amount of heat from the
South America, and Australia would reach almost
oceans 200°F, near the boiling point, in March. Q These
C rising coastal water levels throughout the areas would cool down by October, but it is highly
planet unlikely that people would form permanent living
D the loss of many lakes and rivers in centers there, as the great heat would return
various regions come March. The bottom line is that Earth will

ww w .nhantriviet.com 39
 22. It can be inferred from paragraphs 4 and 5 remain livable if our orbit changes mainly because
that after a mild shift in Earth's orbit, most of our great resources of heat-absorbing water.
humans would However, this is only because we would still pass
a live in the planet’s northern regions close to the sun at one point. If Earth had an orbit
B live on w ater near the coastal areas permanently outside the habitable zone, either too
C remain living w herever they are now close or far away from the sun, most life would
D m ove to the interiors of the continents surely perish.

23. The word M | in the passage is closest in

meaning to
dislocation: a displacement, disruption
A warn the bottom line: the most important thing; the
B anticipate
c cause
D prevent

24. According to paragraph 5, people would be

unlikely to maintain permanent habitats in the
equatorial regions in an orbit inside Mercury
because of
® the extremes in temperatures during the
different seasons
S' the great amounts of water that would be
lost in the summertime
CC') the extreme heat in summer that would kill
any creatures there
<D> the constant migrations that people living
there would make

25. Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate

where the following sentence could be added
to the passage.
One of the big questions, which had no
concrete answer, was in which months Earth
would be closest to and farthest from the
sun.
Where would the sentence best fit?

40 www.nhantriviet.coim
 26 . Directions: Complete the table below to summarize the information about Earth’s orbit as discussed
in the passage. Match the appropriate statements to the correct orbits of the Earth when it is inside
Mercury or near Venus. This question is worth 3 points.

Inside Mercury Select 3

Near Venus Select 2

Answer Choices
® Earth’s orbit would sometimes be beyond CD Life anywhere near the equatorial regions
Mars. would be impossible to sustain.

CD All the life on Earth would die. CD The planet’s polar Ice caps would remain
intact.

CD Life would be difficult but not impossible C D People would be forced permanently to
during the hot seasons near the Equator. change location.

•CD Earth’s temperature would rise up to 73T-on

average.

wwv.nh3ntriviet.com
Part 2 Paleontology

27 The word D H M M M in the passage is closest Dinosaur Family Life

in meaning to
Our image of dinosaurs is either of massive,
a distending
benign herbivores like the Brontosaurus or of
B disagreeing
terrifyingly destructive carnivores such as the
C distorting
Tyrannosaurus rex. Since man discovered the
D disturbing
first fossilized dinosaur bones in the nineteenth
century, our understanding o f these ancient
28. According to paragraph 1, until recently, all beasts has grown in fits and starts, with many
of the following have been discovered about
■ H H i opinions among the experts. The
dinosaurs EXCEPT:
discovery of dinosaur eggs in the Gobi Desert in
A They lose their teeth and grow new ones.
the 1920s led paleontologists to the conclusion
B Their young are hatched from eggs,
that dinosaurs had nests or lairs where they laid
c They take care of and protect their young.
these eggs. A question that seemed impossible
D They can be either plant- or meat-eaters.
to answer was how adult dinosaurs treated these
eggs and the infants that were born. However, in
29. According to paragraph 2, finding a complete recent years, new research on the shedding of
dinosaur skeleton is not as good as finding
dinosaur teeth may have shed light on dinosaur
bone and teeth fragments because
family patterns of behavior.
a they hold some clues to dinosaur behavior
J3) they are more interesting to paleontologists The fin d in g of a pe rfectly inta ct, massive
' ~C_ they can tell us how a certain dinosaur dino saur fo s s il may seem e x citin g , but, to
died paleontologists, it is just evidence that one beast
D they can show how long dinosaurs lived died for some reason. There are often no clues
at a place as to how it died and certainly nothing to indicate
any behavior patterns. However, fragments of
30. The dig site that was found in Wyoming bone, instead of a complete skeleton, mixed in
was suitable for the study of dinosaur family with teeth, may indicate that a place very well
behavior because of may have been a feeding ground for certain
(A ) the extreme abundance of intact dinosaur dinosaur groups. The bones are the remains of
skeletons a dinosaur buffet, and the teeth have been shed
B the large concentration of dinosaur bones from the diners. Many species of dinosaur shed
with teeth marks
teeth quite often, and they were replaced just as
C the large concentration of dinosaur bones
easily. Paleontologists in Wyoming in the western
and shed teeth
United States have found large deposits of bones
D the fact that the area was once the shore
of an inland sea and teeth, with the teeth coming both from adults
and young animals and quite possibly spread over
several years.

Experts have concentrated their studies on the

species called the allosaur, a forerunner of the
massive Tyrannosaurus rex. The dig site is near
the edge of what once was a massive inland sea
in the middle of present-day North America. A

42 ww w.nhantriviet.com
 Actual Test 03
TOEFL iBT Readme

3 The word tfieir in the passage refers to great many plant-eating dinosaurs lived near the
a dinosaurs water and were prey for carnivores. Unlike many
B carnivores species, whose children must eat different food
C children from adults because teeth were undeveloped
D adults or not strong enough, allosaur young had the
same teeth as their parents, albeit smaller. Teeth
32. Which of the sentences below best expresses marks from both juvenile and adult allosaurs are
the essential information in the highlighted on the same bones, indicating that the parents
sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer and children shared the same food hunted by the
choices change the meaning in important adults and brought home for the children.
ways or leave out essential information.
The numbers of teeth of various sizes located at
a Young allosaurs lost their teeth as they
the dig sites suggested that the allosaurs picked a
grew closer to adulthood.
certain area, which was their main feeding place.
B The teeth of young allosaurs were not
found at the dig sites.
C One third of all of the young allosaurs lost
their teeth at some point. | These teeth were found in large
D Dig sites do not contain up to one third of concentrations at other locales, possibly the site
the adult teeth found elsewhere. of an inland sea or lake that was reduced in size.
Experts have ■ ■ ■ ■ that there may have
33. The word ■ ■ | in the passage is closest been a cycle of dry and wet seasons. During the
in meaning to wet season, there was plenty of food since the
a invested shores of the massive sea were near the feeding
B guessed locations. Q During the dry season, the waters
. C assumed receded, and the allosaurs had to. follow their
D discovered food source. □ At the new source, the area for
feeding was smaller, with a higher concentration
34. Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate of carnivorous dinosaurs, with additional dangers
where the following sentence could be added from crocodiles. Q Bones found at these dig sites
to the passage. come from fish, turtles, and other aquatic animals,
In fact, crocodiles have changed little since as the allosaur parents had to feed their young
the prehistoric age and are often studied by whatever they could find. Q
paleontologists to learn more about dinosaur
behavior. That they could maintain one spot for so long
indicates that the allosaur adults protected their
Where would the sentence best fit?
young until they reached adult age. There may
also have been several generations of children
in the care of adults at the same time, with all
allosaurs working together for mutual protection
and nourishm ent. There were larger species
of dinosaurs than allosaurs, and they could be
in danger if there was intense competition for
food sources. This was especially true during

wvvw.nhantriviet.com 43
 35. It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that adult dry seasons. In the paleontology community,
allosaurs had to these findings are still not considered concrete
a fight other dinosaurs encroaching on their proof that allosaurs and other dinosaurs fed and
territory all the time protected their young to adulthood. The main
B fight more frequently during the dry disagreement is over whether the teeth were
season than the w et season deposited during feeding or merely washed to
c eat fish and turtles for sustenance even these spots from other areas. Like many other
during the w et season
aspects of dinosaur life, it will take a long time,
D eat plants in small am ounts if they had no
if ever, to get a ■ ■ ■ of opinion on the
other food source
significance of large concentrations of dinosaur
teeth and bones.
36. The main reason paleontologists found the
young allosaurs’ teeth in a different location
than those of adults was because of
A ) the danger these allosaurs faced from
other predators
C D seasonal climatic changes that caused
the allosaurs to migrate
© migratory feeding patterns took them to
other places
CD) a desire by the allosaurs for different food
sources

37. All of the following are reasons why

researchers believe allosaurs may have lived
in family groups EXCEPT:
(A ) Large concentrations of teeth from
different generations of allosaurs have
been found in the same area.
CD Allosaurs often stayed at one place for a
long time to take care of their young until
these became adults.
CD The discovery of dinosaur eggs indicates
that adult allosaurs protected them until
they hatched.
D Adult and juvenile teeth marks remained
on the same bones as a result of allosaurs
sharing their food.

44 ww w .nhantriviet.:o‘m
 in meaning to
a assessment
B conjecture
C agreement
D suspicion

39 . Directions: Complete the table below to summarize the information about prehistoric seasons as
discussed in the passage. Match the appropriate statements to the season near the inland sea with
which they are associated. This question is worth 3 points.

Dry Season Select 3

Wet Season Select 2

Answer Choices
Ca ; Allosaurs had to travel a great distance to (T ) The young allosaurs reached one-third of
find their food sources. their adulthood.

CD There was less danger due to a reduced CD Allosaurs laid their eggs and incubated
concentration of carnivores. them.

(C Allosaurs shed their teeth more often. (G ) There were a greater number of herbivores
available as a food source.

D Allosaurs had to subsist primarily on aquatic

food.

wwA/.nhantriviet.com
Part 3 Technology
FLiBT Reading

40. The word H | in the passage is closest The Hydrogen Economy

in meaning to
Oil was in the depths of the planet for millions
a desirable
of years before man found a use for it in the
B enhanced
internal combustion engine. Unfortunately, this
C established
combination of resource and technology is so
d needed
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ in man’s way of life that it scarcely
seems possible even to imagine a day when
41 The author mentions all of the following points people may no longer be dependent on oil. One
about oil in paragraph 1 EXCEPT:
of the great fears is that Earth’s supply of oil is
aPeople have an overly developed finite and the tank will one day run dry. In addition,
dependence on using it.
oil and the pollutants it causes are choking the life
B People have replaced the use of oil with
from the planet. However, the day when people
that of hydrogen.
no longer depend totally on oil may be in sight
C People may not be able to rely upon using
oil forever. thanks to the recent development of the hydrogen
D Oil is a major cause of the world’s fuel cell and practical applications for it.
environmental problems. The concept of the hydrogen fuel cell is quite
simple. It is similar to a battery except that it
42. The author mentions in paragraph 2 that H con tains oxygen and hydrogen in separate
MBHHHHHBHHBHHHHHI >n chambers. The electrons of the oxygen and
to
hydrogen are stripped away, leaving electricity and
a show that hydrogen fuel cells are able to water as waste products. In fact,
be used in space to produce
JT) prove that the space shuttle has the
electricity and water supplies and has never had
world’s latest technology
a problem. The quest for the hydrogen fuel cell
‘C. demonstrate that hydrogen fuel cells are
reliable and safe began in the nineteenth century when Welshman
D explain how the space shuttle gets its Sir Robert Grove made the first documented one
electricity and water in history. Unfortunately, his subsequent hydrogen
fuel cells never produced enough electricity to
43. According to paragraph 2, it took a long justify the expense of creating them. Not until the
time to develop practical hydrogen fuel cells twentieth century was that problem solved. In
because 1959, the first vehicle, a tractor, was powered by a
athey were not cost-efficient for people to hydrogen fuel. Yet, the very few who knew about
construct it viewed | as a novelty, so there was no great
B there was no readily available source of rush to produce more hydrogen vehicles.
hydrogen
Geoffrey Ballard, a Canadian engineer and
C they produced too many waste products
to dispose of environmentalist, is leading the charge to produce
D no one was interested in either purchasing a hydrogen economy. His company, Ballard
or using them Power Systems, produced the first hydrogen cell-
powered bus in 1993 and is at the cutting edge
of hydrogen cell technology. It took Ballard a long
time to reach this point since he had difficulty

46 ww w.nhantriviet.com
 Actual Test 03

4- The word 8 in the passage refers to convincing his own managers and investors that
a expense he could make the bus. However, nothing
B problem success like success, and, once the bus was
C tractor rolling, Ballard received interest and investment
D hydrogen fuel from several major automobile firms. Daimler-
Benz produced the first hydrogen cell car in 1997.
46. According to paragraph 3, it took Geoffrey There are still many obstacles to overcome.
Ballard a long time to produce the first One criticism of hydrogen-powered vehicles is
hydrogen-powered bus because
that no one will buy them because there is no
a his invention was opposed by various easy source of hydrogen to the supply.
automobile manufacturers
Hydrogen, although it is the m ost abundant
B he lacked the internal support and
element in the universe, is not freely found
external investment for his idea
on Earth, meaning it is part of other elements
C he had no way to make cheap hydrogen
from his available resources such as oxygen, methane, natural gas, and
D he was opposed by the oil companies even petroleum. Water contains a great deal
who did not want to lose profits of hydrogen and seems the best and cleanest
source of hydrogen. However, separating the
46. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that the hydrogen requires the use of, ironically, electricity
big automobile companies have invested in its e lf. Clean, a lte rn a tive means o f m aking
Ballard’s company only because electricity such as with wind, water, and solar
(A ) he has the most experience of anyone methods would justify the costs of separating the
with hydrogen power hydrogen. Ballard and his team have established
(W) they want to prevent his company from another company called Hydrogen General to
making hydrogen, cars help develop the infrastructure o f hydrogen
CT) they know that some day the world’s oil separation and hydrogen supply points for future
supplies will run out fleets of hydrogen-powered cars and buses.
p) he has produced a practical use for the Several hydrogen stations have been established
hydrogen fuel cell
in Europe, and several countries are currently
investing in future fleets of hydrogen-powered
4’ . The word in the passage is closest in buses.
meaning to
A raises
There has been some aid in this progress
B supports
from various governments. □ California passed
C creates a bill in the late 1990s requiring ten percent of
D rears cars sold in that state to have zero-emissions of
pollutants. [D With more than thirty million people,
the largest population in the United States, this
is a substantial number of cars. This law gave
a boost to the manufacturing of hydrogen fuel
celled cars by the big automobile makers. Q
Despite these successes, it is still a long road
ahead for the hydrogen economy. The w orld’s

w w w .nhantriviet.com 47
 *\
48. According to paragraph 4, Hydrogen General infrastructure is run on oil and oil products.
was created in order to Massive expenditures would be required to
a develop the foundation that countries transform our system to a hydrogen-based one,
require for a hydrogen economy and many Third World countries are unable to
B battle the people and compani.es opposed afford such a transformation.
to the hydrogen economy
c convince people of the need to take part
in the hydrogen economy
I One
d find more sources of hydrogen that can
day people may no longer need oil, but that day is
be reproduced cheaply
long off indeed.

49. The word ■ ■ | in the passage is closest

in meaning to
cutting edge: the moat modem and advanced point In
a restock
the dawaiopmant of aomathlnQ
' B' revitalize
CC) revive
D reinforce

50. Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate

where the following sentence could be added
to the passage.
ironically, considering the law, the governor
of California still drives around town in a
gas-guzzling Humvee.
Where would the sentence best fit?

48 wwv/.nhantriviet.com
 51 Which of the sentences below best expresses
the essential information in the highlighted
sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer
choices change the meaning in important
ways or leave out essential information.
a The oil companies are losing a lot of
money by refusing to participate in the
hydrogen economy.
B The big amounts of money that the oil
companies have already lost is making
them resist hydrogen cars.
C With the possibility of losing a lot of
money, the oil companies are not
favorable to the hydrogen economy.
D Since the oil companies have to cope with
their decreasing oil sales, they have no
interest in hydrogen cars.

52. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important
ideas of the passage. Some sentences do not belong because they express ideas that are not
presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is w orth 2 points.

Although a hydrogen economy is becoming more of a possibility, there are many obstacles to
overcome before It will totally replace our petroleum-based Infrastructure.

Answer Choices
a Oil companies, the main opponents of ® It is predicted that some time in the future,
hydrogen power, will not easily give up the our sources of oil will dry up, which will
profits they glean from petroleum. cause people to seek other forms of energy.

B People are reluctant to try the new hydrogen C D Hydrogen is a clean alternative to oil, which
cars because they think the cars are not is one of the main causes of pollution
practical without a supporting infrastructure. throughout the planet.

C Hydrogen must be separated from other f The petroleum infrastructure of the world
sources in order to be used as a fuel source, will be expensive to replace, and many
and it is expensive to do so. countries cannot afford it at present.

w w w th a n tr iv ie t com 49
Part 3 Marine Biology

53 According to paragraph 1, the Atlantic Ocean The Disappearing Menhaden

menhaden are
Most people have never heard of it, and they
A quite well-known to most people in the
certainly have not eaten it in its original form, but
United States
menhaden is the most important fish in the ocean.
B eaten only by other fish and not at all by
However, it is disappearing at an alarming rate.
humans
C not in any immediate danger of The east coast of the United States once teemed
disappearing from the ocean with immense schools, some as many as a mile
D eaten by birds and other fish as a part of across, but the devastation of the menhaden
their diets stocks over the last sixty years has led to severe
dislocations in the oceans’ ecosystems. The
5 4 . The word HflMiCNI in the passage is closest decline of the menhaden has had particularly
in meaning to disastrous effects on fish species that feed on it,
a partial on bird species that use it as a food source, and
B edible on how clean the oceans are.
c disgusting Menhaden are a small fish belonging to the
o stable
haddock family, and they are not very ■ ■ ■ to
humans, having a foul, oily taste and consisting
55 . According to paragraph 2, all of the following of many small bones. Commercial fishing of
are reasons for the decline of the menhaden menhaden since the end of World War II has
stocks EXCEPT:
primarily been for the production of feed for
A There is a lack of laws providing livestock, with ground-up fish used to make
government protection.
meal for chickens, pigs, and cows. Companies
B Improved fishing technology has helped
use spotter planes to find large schools and
catch more fish,
direct fishing boats to the location. Catches have
c People desire directly to consume them
as a food fish. declined almost forty percent since the 1960s and
D Farmers have a strong dependence on show no sign of leveling off or increasing. Unlike
fish-fed livestock. other species that are protected by government
quotas, menhaden are not, most likely because
56 . It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that they are not a species consumed directly by
humans consume menhaden humans. This is unfortunate since the loss of
the menhaden spells an eco-disaster of M l
a as a result of eating livestock raised on
menhaden meal proportions.
B directly from the oceans in their original Of principal importance are the many species
form
of fish and other animals that feed on menhaden.
C only in the eastern coastal areas of the
They are the main diet for bluefish and striped
United States
bass, and both species have shown a serious
D for the healthy benefits from eating its oily
flesh numbers.

| Not only do
they lack the bulk of their ancestors, but they are

50 ww w.nhantriviet.com
 Actual Test 03
TQëfJ. iBT Readin«
^

57. Which of the sentences below best expresses also dying at alarming rates. Fish are not the only
the essential information in the highlighted predaffts of menhaden, as birds also depend on
sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer them as a source of nourishment. Large colonies
choices change the meaning in important
of osprey all along the eastern seaboard have
ways or leave out essential information.
disappeared in recent years, with the numbers of
a There are prizes given for the best
nests and birds reduced by fifty percent in some
striped bass caught by sport fishermen in
areas over the last ten years. There are similar
Chesapeake Bay.
B The striped bass caught by sport statistics for loons in Chesapeake Bay.
fishermen in Chesapeake Bay are not as The greatest threat from the loss of the
large as those caught in the past.
menhaden is that the oceans have lost one of
C The Chesapeake Bay area is prized for
their great natural filterers. Menhaden swim in
the striped bass that can be caught by
fishermen there. massive schools with their mouths open, allowing
D In the past the Chesapeake Bay striped water to flow through their gills, which serve to
bass fishery was more valuable than it is absorb oxygen and grab plankton and other
nowadays. detritus from the water. They act like gigantic
vacuum cleaners for the ocean. The cleaner water
56. The word ■ ■ ■ in the passage is closest allows sunlight to penetrate to greater depths,
in meaning to which stimulates plant life that harbors other fish
a chasers and shellfish and produces oxygen for the water.
B stalkers □ With the decline of the menhaden, this process
c w atchers is in serious jeopardy. 10 Chemical run-off from
D hunters farms, lawns, and houses ends up in the oceans,
increasing the nitrogen and phosphorus levels
59. According to paragraph 4, the main influence in the water. Q Algae grow in .great numbers jn.
on the oceans as a result of declining these conditions, block the sunlight, and deplete
menhaden numbers is oxygen of the water. Q Entire coastal areas are
a an increase in the number of lifeless areas lifeless, with the algae’s killing the fish. Menhaden
b, an overabundance of plankton near the had reduced the levels of these chemicals, but
coast now that there are fewer menhaden, the algae
C; the decline of fish stocks that feed on have taken over.
menhaden
The large companies that process menhaden
D increased human dum ping of chemicals in
the ocean disagree with the findings of environmental
scientists. Since there is no accurate way to
count the amount of menhaden in the oceans,
they claim that the fewer menhaden are a result
of a cyclical event and that the stocks will grow
again in time. Yet, much of the menhaden catch
consists of smaller fish, often less than one year
old. These fish have not had a chance to mature
long enough to become reproductive, and thus
the commercial fishing companies are destroying

w w w .nhantriviet.com 51
 60. Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate future menhaden stocks in order to make a profit
where the following sentence could be added at the moment. The largest companies have
to the passage. had to lay off many employees, and many of
In addition, the algae sink to the ocean floor their vessels sit idle at the wharf. In the long run,
and prevent shellfish and oxygen-producing the menhaden will probably rebound once their
plants from growing.
numbers have reached the point where catching
Where would the sentence best fit? them is no longer profitable. Hopefully, laws
will soon be in place to protect them from their
Click on a square [ ■ ] to add the
sentence to the passage. greatest predator, mankind.

61. The word &6ir in the passage refers to

algae: plants that have no roots, stems, or leaves and
a com m ercial fishing com panies grow in water or in other wet places
B m enhaden stocks
CC) largest companies
CD) many employees

62. According to paragraph 5, large commercial

fishing companies argue that the shrinking
menhaden stocks are the result of
(A ) a normal cycle that will end some time in
the near future
Cb environmental factors that are totally
beyond their control
CC) fishing technology that has developed in
recent years
CD) a lack of oxygen in the ocean as a result
of too much algae

63. The word $>ic in the passage is closest in

meaning to
® disastrous
Cb ) massive
',C) strange
CD) worldwide

52 w w w.nhantriviet.com
 6- In paragraph 5, why does the author mention
the fact that commercial fishing companies
are catching smaller and younger fish?
aTo show that menhaden stocks are not
safe for the future
B To prove that the declining menhaden
stocks are not an illusion
C To counter their disagreements with the
environmental scientists
D To explain why they have had to lay off
employees and leave boats idle

65 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important
ideas of the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express
ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is
worth 2 points.

The decline of menhaden stocks is resulting in an environmental disaster taking place on the east
coast of the United States that can only be averted with stern measures.

Answer Choices
A Improvements in fishing methods have Cg) Many fish and bird species are disappearing
resulted in larger catches in the last few because they depend on menhaden as one
decades that have depleted the stocks. of their main sources of food.

CD The loss of menhaden has caused an d ) Unless the government puts a quota or ban
increase in oxygen-destroying algae and on menhaden fishing, they will decline until
created dead zones in the ocean. it becomes unprofitable to fish them.

ÇÇ-) Despite a great deal of evidence, (*Fj> Man’s desire for the meat of various
commercial fishing companies refuse to livestock has directly led to the overfishing
recognize that menhaden are declining. of menhaden in the oceans.

Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong.

To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click on View Text.

w w v.nhantiiviet.com 53
 Reading Section Directions

This section measures your ability to understand academic passages in English.

The Reading section Is divided into 3 separately timed parts.

Most questions are worth one point, but the last question in each set is worth more
than one point. The directions indicate how many points you may receive.

Some passages include a word or phrase that is underlined in blue. Click on the word
or phrase to see a definition or an explanation.

Within each part, you can go to the next questions by clicking Next. You may skip
questions and go back to them later. If you want to return to previous questions, click
on Back. You can click on Review at any time and the review screen will show you
which questions you have answered and which you have not answered. From this
review screen, you may go directly to any question you have already seen in the
Reading section.

You may now begin the Reading section. In this part you will read 1 passage. You will
have 20 minutes to read the passage and answer the questions.

Click on Continue to go on.

Part 1 World History

1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following The Allied Powers

were a result of World War II for Russia
EXCEPT: Almost as soon as World War II ended, the jg
debate began over who had actually done the
a The country incurred a great number of
most on the Allied side to ensure the defeat of the
the dead during the war.
B The country assumed a greater influence
Axis powers. The Russians only needed to point
in world affairs. to their twenty million plus war dead to justify their
C The country began a simmering conflict rights in Eastern Europe and their new position as
with America. a great power on the world stage. Vet, Americans
D The country began expanding into Eastern could also claim that they had done as much,
Europe. If not more, as the Russians to defeat the Axis
enemy. In hindsight, it is obvious that despite its
2. The word ■ ■ ■ in the passage is closest in greater number of dead, the Russian effort ranks
meaning to second place to the American. In particular, the
a special American effort seems greater in light of three
B important ■ ■ I points: it was fighting at extreme distances
CD diverse from its home territory; It simultaneously fought
CD) com plex three different enemies on a multitude of complex
fronts with air, naval, land forces; and finally, it
3. According to paragraph 2, all of the fronts supplied many other fighting forces, including the
American forces fought on were Russians, with massive amounts of material.
<Ca ) located at far distances from the American The main fronts of World War II were In North
mainland Africa, Italy, Western and Eastern Europe, the
CD only located in the countries of Europe Pacific Ocean, China, and India. The United States
and Asia
military forces fought on or supported every front,
C D in countries belonging to nearby American
allies all of which were at extreme distances from the
D located at various sites near the American continental United States. A great logistical effort
homeland was required to support both its own forces and
those of many other nations. Above all, supply
4. The word ■ ■ ■ in the passage is closest in ships were essential because without the supply
meaning to ships, all would have been in vain. Keeping
the world's sea lanes free was one of the great
:A > cross
CD bypass accomplishments of the United States Navy and
C carry her allies, especially the British and Canadians.
D sail This allowed ships to H H M great distances and
bring American and other Allied fighting forces to
face the Axis powers. The Russians, on the other
5. The word BMM in the passage refers to
hand, were fighting in their own country for much
A American and other Allied fighting forces
of the war and were close to their supply lines.
B Axis powers
H i fought on one continuous front and did not
C Russians
have to travel far to meet the enemy.
D supply lines
The United States fought all three great Axis

'VI

56 ww w.nhantriviet.com
 Actual Test 04

6. The word lt|l)gti|aRl in the passage is closest in powers during the war: Germany, Japan, and
meaning to Italy. While it cannot be denied that the Russian
a enthusiastic army did the lion’s share of the fighting against
B fearful Germany and the lesser Axis powers of Finland,
C unwilling Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria for a longer time,
D brave it was not until the last days of the war that Russia
attacked Japan. As for the Italians, the Russians
7. According to paragraph 3, most of Russia’s only met the f l H H few whom Hitler managed
fighting was done with to coerce for his Russian campaign. Another area
A its navy in the Baltic Sea against shipping to take into consideration is the strategic bombing
B its army against the European Axis powers campaign that the Americans and British waged
C its air force against German industries against German industry, something that the
D its army against the Japanese forces Russians did not take part in at all. Finally, with
the exception of the Baltic Sea, the Russian navy
8. Which of the sentences below best expresses played a very minor role in the war compared to
the essential information in the highlighted America’s navy. Despite significant aid from the
sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer British, Australians, and New Zealanders, the
choices change the meaning in important Americans bore the brunt of the Pacific fighting.
ways or leave out essential information.
The Chinese tied down a massive number of
A After America officially entered the war
Japanese troops on the Asian mainland, but they
in 1941, it provided many nations with
supplies. were supplied almost exclusively by the United
B Only before it officially entered the war in States.
1941 did America begin to supply other
nations.
C) America secretly supplied other nations Indeed, the Russian Red Army
before it officially entered the war in the rode into Eastern Europe on the wheels of over
year 1941.
300,000 American trucks, fed itself on a diet of
D America supplied many nations both
American canned ham, and wore American boots.
before and after it officially entered the
war in 1941. Coupled with all this were billion-dollar loans with
generous terms of interest, which America gave to
its allies. America was the only Allied nation that
9. According to paragraph 4, America’s greatest
support for the Russians was in providing did not need to borrow any money during the war.

A different types of clothing □ Russia’s combat dead were approximately

B a variety of weapons and ammunition eight m illion. A m erica’s number of com bat
C a great number of supply ships dead was nowhere near the equal of Russia’s,
D m eans of land transportation comprising less than five percent of the number
of Russian combat deaths. 0 This is not only a
reflection of the intensity of the fighting in Eastern
Europe, but it is also a reflection of the American
and Russian commanders’ battle tactics, with the
former being more concerned with saving lives. 0

w w w.Ph.intriviet.com
 TOEFL iBT Reading

10. It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that If the dead alone counted for effort, then Russia
Russian battle tactics surely would be considered the greatest Allied
a included civilians in the fighting power of World War II. 0 Yet, one only has to
B took advantage of greater numbers consider if Russia would have even been able to
C were wasteful of human lives achieve its victory over Germany without America
D were similar to American tactics as a supplier and fighting friend.

11. According to paragraph 5, the number of

American combat dead was
a the greatest of all the Allied countries
B much less than the number of dead
Russians
c equal to the number that the Russians lost
D slightly less than the number of dead
Russians

12. Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate

where the following sentence could be added
to the passage.
In addition, Russia suffered a further twelve
million civilian deaths, from a multitude
of causes, including its own prison camp
system.
Where would the sentence best fit?

58 w w w .nhantriviet com
 Directions: Complete the table below to summarize the information about American and Russian
war efforts as discussed in the passage. Match the appropriate statements to the Allied country with
which they are associated. This question is worth 3 points.

Answer Choices
A >Its greatest role was in the transportation of C f) It kept the main Japanese armies occupied
men and supplies around the world. on the Asian mainland.

B Its greatest role was in fighting the most CE> It gave a great deal of money to its partners
powerful Axis power in a long land battle. in the war.

' C'> It contributed very little to the war in the <G> It failed to contribute very much to the final
Pacific. Allied victory.

p> lt fought all three major Axis powers on

many different fronts.

•tf.nh.intriviet.com
Part 2 Medical Science

14. According to paragraph 1, a stutterer’s main Solving Stuttering

speech problem is
Stuttering is the inability to form words or
A their pronunciation of words
sentences at what is considered a normal speed
B the rate at which they speak
of speech. Stutterers drag out every syllable and
C their inability to recall words
sound, for what seems to the listener to be an
D asking simple questions
eternity, just to say simple things such as their
name or to ask a basic question. The degree
15. According to paragraph 1, all of the following of stuttering varies, and some stutterers have
are possible reasons for stuttering EXCEPT:
very good periods when they have no difficulty
A parental rearing methods articulating at a normal pace. □ Around one
B the gender which one was born percent of the American population stutters to
C a terrible incident as a child some degree, with men being four times more
D a problem with brain functions
likely than women to be stutterers. [0 Doctors,
speech therapists, and psychologists in the past
16. Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate puzzled over the causes of stuttering, usually
where the following sentence could be added concluding that it is related to the way a child
to the passage.
is brought up or some traumatic incident in
For example, in the public school system childhood. Q The newest theories on stuttering
of the past, left-handed children were
concentrate on how the brain functions during
sometimes forced to write or draw right-
speech and have concluded that stuttering is
handed, which resulted in stuttering in some.
the result of the brain thinking too much while
Where would the sentence best fit?
speaking. Q

Imagine an athlete performing a complicated

X i M I £**¿"À action such as hitting a home run. |

17. Which of the sentences below best expresses

the essential information in the highlighted ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Imagine
sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer what would happen if he thought through each
choices change the meaning in important
individual step before he did it. Time is against
ways or leave out essential information.
him, and he would fail. The ball would whip by,
a The athlete would not know how to
and he would strike out, standing there with the
perform the action without years of
practice and his instincts. bat on his shoulder. This is what goes on in the
B Instinctually, the athlete is aware that only mind of a stutterer. Each sound is thought of and
practice has allowed him to perform this ■ ■ ■ ■ before it is articulated. Speech is one of
complicated action. the most complicated actions humans perform,
C The athlete’s instinct allows him to with almost every facial muscle, the tongue,
perform great actions even when he is vocal cords, lungs, and brain working in concert
unaware of what he is doing. to make | . The brain is wired to perform these
D Years of practice allow the athlete to
tasks in correct order in just the right amount for
instinctually perform an action without
each part and to do so without the person being
knowing how he did it.
conscious of the actions happening.

60 ww w.nhantriviet.com
 Actual Test 04

18. The word HMUMmI in the passage is closest in The stutterer trips over his words because he is
meaning to examining each part carefully before saying it, like
a examined children learning a long, complicated word they
B calculated are seeing for the first time. Specialists believe
c discussed that stutterers are listening to themselves as they
D planned talk but at a H H H I level of understanding.
When a stutterer tries to increase the tempo of his
19 The word R in the passage refers to speech, the brain cannot keep up with the pattern
a speech
of recognition of what is said, and a loop occurs,
B muscle
causing the person to repeat the same sound or
c tongue word over and over again.
D brain Speech therapists are using a method called
delayed audio feedback to help stutterers. A
20. According to paragraph 2, speech is very stutterer carries a portable device that allows him
complicated because to hear his own words with a time delay, so he
A ' the brain needs to work very fast to get all hears what he said a few milliseconds later. This
the words out operates on the principle of the “crowded room.”
B all th e facial muscles are being used to In a crowded room, a stutterer has very few
m ake sounds problems making himself understood because
C ) multiple body parts are involved in the greater background noise does not allow him
creating human speech
to hear his own voice as clearly. For example, a
CD.' speed is essential in all aspects of making
voiced sounds
f l H H H H seems fine talking to people in the
crowd, but, if he is asked to make a speech, he
will freeze up and. start to stutter as everyone falls
21. The word in the passage is
silent to listen to him. His brain now concentrates
closest in meaning to
on what he is saying instead of the other people,
A unknown
and it has more time to think and thus slow down
B ) hidden
the man’s speech patterns. The delayed audio
© false
feedback device acts as a substitute for the
D ) forbidden
crowd, bringing noise to the ear as the brain is
about to start thinking too much about the next
22. The author uses the H I H H H i scenario in word that should be said.
paragraph 4 in order to
There are different opinions on the effectiveness
A discuss how stutterers function in various
social situations of delayed audio feedback. Some experts are
B exam ine the reactions of a stutterer asked enthusiastic about it while others say it is only
to m ake a speech effective for a few months, after which the brain
C explore how the delayed audio feedback becomes familiar with the device and adjusts for
theory was developed it. Specialists have examined stutterers’ brain
D explain the theory as to why delayed functions with MRI technology and have found
audio feedback works
that they rely less on the left hemisphere of the
brain, the side that controls speech functions.

ww w .nhantriviet.com 61
 23. According to paragraph 4, delayed audio Future studies of the brain may make it possible
feedback helps a stutterer by to create m icrochips that can be implanted,
aallowing him to think clearly before thus curing a stutterer of his ■ ■ ■ for good.
speaking by looping his speech This may smack of science fiction, but, for the
B distracting his brain so he does not think stutterer, it would surely be a welcome advance.
too much about his next words
C making him able to speak clearly in social
situations like parties
D confusing him into thinking that he is
speaking in a crowded room

24. It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that

microchips have
a already been implanted in the brains of
some stutterers
b already been developed for stutterers to
make use of
C ; not been implanted in stutterers but have
been created
Cp) neither been created nor implanted in any
stutterers

25. The word ■ ■ ■ in the passage is closest in

meaning to
® conflict
CD disaster
C) problem
CD hindrance

62 w w w .nhantriviet.com
 2' Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important
ideas of the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express
ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is
worth 2 points.

Past theories on the causes of stuttering being psychological in nature have been replaced by
the theory that stuttering is a malfunction of the brain with its way of processing information.

Answer Choices
a The brain is instinctual and is not designed D A stutterer in a crowded noisy room has an
to think about problems in too much detail. easier time making himself understood than
if he were the only one speaking.

B Images of MRI scanners show that stutterers E The success of delayed audio feedback
use the part of their brain concerned with devices seems to indicate that stuttering
speech less than those who do not stutter. is connected to how the brain processes
sound.

C Mechanical audio devices have been F Instead of instinctually letting the brain make
developed to help alleviate stuttering, but speech, a stutterer seems to be consciously
they are not supported by a majority of thinking of each step.
experts.

wvV'V.nhantr iviet.com
Part 2 Environment

27. The word H U in the passage is closest in Hispaniola Forestry Management

meaning to
An aerial view of the border between Haiti and
a fertile
the Dominican Republic on the Caribbean island
B drained
of Hispaniola shows a remarkable sight: large
C em pty
pristine forests on the Dominican side and an
D unproductive
almost ■ ■ land on the Haitian side, a land
d evoid of trees except for a few small clumps.
28 According to paragraph 1, the difference in This is partially the result of nature, as less
the amount of forest between Haiti and the
frequent rains and poorer soil in Haiti mean fewer,
Dominican Republic is a result of all of the
following EXCEPT: smaller trees with very slow re-growth compared
to the Dominican side. However, it is people more
a the legacy of each country’s history
than nature that have determined the island’s
B the types of trees in the various forests
differences in forest growth. In the centuries since
C the attitude of each country’s government
Europeans first colonized the island, the two
D the forces of nature affecting the island
nations have followed different paths of forest
management, which has resulted in the current
29. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the
discrepancy. This is the result of both the history
Arawak Indians were
of the two nations and the policies of both the
a enslaved by the Spanish after they landed
people and their present-day governments.
on the island
B deliberately killed by the Spanish to make Christopher Columbus first sighted Hispaniola in
room for colonists 1492, and the Spanish soon colonized the island.
C at war with the Spanish until they were The half-million population of Arawak Indians died
finally eliminated of disease by 1520, and the Spaniards had to
CD) friends with the Spanish who died in spite
import African slaves. The Spanish kept mostly to
of this amity
the eastern two-thirds of the island, and a small
French trading post on the western side grew into
30. The author mentions that the French decided a large French colony in the remaining third. The
to ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ I in order
French decided to import massive numbers of
adescribe why such large parts of the slaves to clear vast forests and ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ,
forests were cut down
a cash crop. By the beginning of the nineteenth
B discuss the basis of the economy in that
century, there was a small elite of Europeans
particular colony
in Hispaniola supported by almost one million
C show the differences between the French
and Spanish colonies slaves, the majority on the French side.
D explain why there were so many slaves In 1803, the w estern slaves rebelled and
working in the colony
defeated a French expedition to recapture the
colony. The newly independent slaves renamed
their nation Haiti, divided the land amongst the
people, and forbade foreigners from owning land
or businesses. This legacy has had a profound
impact on Haiti’s development and has resulted
in Haiti being the poorest nation in the Western

64 ww w.nhantriviet.con)
 Actual Test 04

According to paragraph 3, after the slave Hemisphere. With little outside investment, the
rebellion in the French colony, the French nation’s elite depend on the work of the peasants
a gave up the colony and left it without a fight they exploit. Haiti also has the highest population
B agreed to set the slaves free and departed density in the West, w ith ten m illion people
C tried to retake it but failed in their attempt crowded into one third of the island. The legacy
D succeeded in retaking it from the former of slavery led to a policy of free men owning their
slaves own land, with them clearing the land for farming,
cutting down trees in every direction. The nation is
32. The word j g m | in the passage is closest too poor to develop a dependable electrical or gas
in meaning to infrastructure, so the Haitians primarily depend on
A extreme charcoal for cooking fuel and burn trees to make
B potential | . Even the few protected parks in Haiti are raided
C, wide for their prized trees. All of this has resulted in
D imm ediate only one percent of the land remaining forested.

The Dominican Republic, while not a very

33. The word | in the passage refers to wealthy nation by global standards, is head and
.A, nation shoulders above Haiti. The Dominicans have
b electrical or gas infrastructure no history of slave rebellion, and the Spanish
C, charcoal encouraged foreign settlement and investment on
D cooking fuel their side of the island. Dominica has more rainfall
and richer soil than Haiti, which has enabled the
34. Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate Dominicans to grow cash export crops such as
where the following sentence could be added cacao, coffee, tobacco, and avocadoes. Q With
to the passage. the wealth of these crops, the nation was able to
These governments even included that of the import large numbers of gas ranges and propane
dictator Trujillo, who, however, was mostly tanks, w hich were sold to the population at
interested in using the forests for private profit.
discounts to encourage them not to use wood or
Where would the sentence best fit? charcoal for cooking. 10 Politically, the Dominicans
have had a series of governm ents that were
concerned about the environmental protection
of the nation’s forests. Q Joaquin Balaguer,
president for much of the late twentieth century,
35. According to paragraph 4, the Dominican
threw all his energy into preserving the Dominican
Republic’s military
Republic’s forests, including making illegal logging
a cannot be corrupted by people who are a crime against the security of the nation. Q The
interested in participating in illegal logging
military was charged with defending the nation’s
b does much of the work regarding the
forests, with orders to kill illegal loggers who did
enforcement of the forest protection policy
not surrender.
C will always shoot illegal loggers as soon
as they are spotted chopping down trees
D was ordered by Joaquin Balaguer to
■ ■
make protecting forests of the utmost
importance

ww w .nhantriviet.com 65
36. Which of the sentences below best expresses
the essential information in the highlighted | Over thirty-five percent of
sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer the Dominican land is forest, most of which is
choices change the meaning in important
protected. This is in sharp contrast to Haiti, where
ways or leave out essential information.
one can look for miles and not see a tree. The
A) The Dominican Republic continues to
already thin soil of Haiti is eroding and blowing
enforce Balaguer’s environmental policies,
making them the most thorough in the away year after year, making the farmers' small
Western Hemisphere, plots less productive. With its massive population
d Balaguer's environmental policies and ■ ■ future, many Haitians are sneaking
are among the best in the Western across the border, hoping for a better one in the
Hemisphere, which means that they are Dominican Republic.
often enforced.
C The Western Hemisphere has a poor
record of environmental protection and
enforcement, except for the Dominican
Republic.
CD Protecting the environment was the main
legacy that Balaguer left the people of the
Dominican Republic when he resigned.

37. According to paragraph 5, Haitian farms are

less productive because
CA) the population of the country is too big for
farmers to support
the farmers are fleeing the country to work
elsewhere
© the topsoil on the farmland is continually
disappearing
Cpj the farms in the country are too small to
be efficient

38. The word I H I in the passage is closest in

meaning to
® doubtful
¡5 ) lonely
(C j bitter
Cf> hopeless

www.nhantrivie1.com
 39. Directions: Complete the table below to summarize the information concerning Haiti and the
Dominican Republic, Match the appropriate statements with the correct country with which they are
associated. This question is worth 3 points.

Haiti Select 3

Dominican Republic Select 2

Answer Choices
<30 The country's citizens are mostly the \ EJ Its citizens make use of a more advanced
descendents of freed slaves. form of cooking fuel.

1Ï ) It has very good natural conditions for forest CE) People are leaving the country due to an
growth. uncertain future.

.'ey It has remained a European colony up to the (G> It has a very sparse population in certain
present day. parts of the country.

D j History has negatively influenced various

aspects of its economy.

w w w nhantnviet.com
Part 3 Animal Behavior

40. The word ■ ■ in the passage is closest in Infanticide and Abortion

meaning to
Infanticide is the killing of children and has
A disgust
been practiced in the animal kingdom and among
B rebel
humans in various societies through most of our
C admire
history. While this practice may the vast
D desist
majority of people, it has its purposes, within the
animal kingdom at least. The offspring of animals
41. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are killed for three main reasons: they are born
are reasons that animals commit infanticide
with an Injury or physical deformity; there are
EXCEPT:
insufficient resources to rear all of the offspring;
A ' A mother naturally miscarries.
and, among some species, males that take over
CB) An offspring has an imperfection.
a group of females kill all of the children sired
C There is not enough food for all.
by other males. An argument can even be made
D New males have taken over a group.
that abortion is infanticide of a different kind.
A bortion, which exists in some animals as a
42. According to paragraph 2, among some natural phenomenon in the form of miscarriages,
animal species, a weak offspring may be
is a human female’s way of dealing with unwanted
CA5 killed since it will not survive for very long offspring even before It is bom.
Cb' j prevented from feeding so others can
have more Many animal species produce large litters at
© nourished by others living in its social birth, which commonly contain at least one or
group more offspring that have some physical problem
® eaten by its parents soon after it is born or which are smaller than the rest. Among some
dog and cat species, this weakling, or runt of the
43. Which of the sentences below best expresses litter, will be denied the m other’s nourishment
the essential information In the highlighted so that Its siblings will have more. In a way, the
sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer mother instinctively knows that this offspring has
choices change the meaning in important a smaller chance of survival than the others and
ways or leave out essential Information.
thus makes a decision not even to attempt to
CÂ) Female langurs convince the males not to ensure its survival. In a similar way, an offspring
kill the infants.
that is injured may be left outside the protective
CD Male langurs kill the infants because they circle of the family or animal social group. Some
want to impregnate the females.
reptile species have been known to feed on their
Cc Female langurs pretend they can get
pregnant to prevent the males from killing young after they are bom.
the infants. Well-documented studies of langur monkeys
D Male langurs are convinced they can get
show that, at times, the males of the species
the females pregnant, so they kill the
will attack the infants of other males after they
infants.
take over a tribe of langurs, hoping to bring the
females back to estrus, the time when a female
is ovulating and can become pregnant.

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 Actual Test 04

4-1 According to paragraph 3, the male lions

which take over a pride kill the infants of other Similar observations
males in order to have been made of lions in the African savannah.
a allow the fem ales to return to a state Female lions cannot come into estrus and get
where they can get pregnant pregnant while they are lion infants. A
B show the fem ales that they are now the group of new male lions will kill or drive away the
new m asters of the pride
males of a lion pride, and then H U will kill all
C force the fem ales to com e into estrus so
the infants. By doing so, they hope to bring the
they can give birth to m ore babies
females back to estrus faster so that they can
D have the fem ales get pregnant quickly so
the offspring will survive impregnate them, have children, and protect them
long enough to reach adulthood before another,
stronger group of males drives them away.
45 The word ■ ■ | in the passage is closest in
meaning to Infanticide and abortion among humans has
a tending been practiced since prehistoric times. The
B promoting notion of the mother as the all-loving protector
C carrying and nurturer of children has taken a back seat to
D feeling the theory that mothers throughout history have
made calculated choices as to when to have
46 The word ■ ■ in the passage refers to children and how many to have. Q The availability
of resources to raise the child is one of the major
( X female lions
C§; lion infants
factors in determining how many children a family
C new male lions will have. [D An unwanted pregnancy can easily
( IT males of a lion pride be aborted, and there are many cases of children
being abandoned at birth or even kUled. H In
some societies, such as China, with its one-child
47 According to paragraph 4, throughout history,
mothers were once seen as policy, a preference for sons is a driving reason for
abortion and, at times, the murder of newly-born
CA' cold and calculating in deciding the fate of
their children
daughters. [»]
B loving protectors w ho w anted all of their Several studies suggest that a woman without
children a support system to help her raise a child will be
C wom en determ ined to have sons in more likely to abort a child or commit infanticide.
preference to daughters
In modern times, the growing ranks of single
D being unable to have a choice in how
parents, who are simultaneously trying to raise
m any children they had
one or more children and w ork, raise the
likelihood of abortion and infanticide. A support
network of relatives and friends can M B
much of the burden of raising a child. A paid
live-in MMMMBUff. or second mother, can be a
great benefit to a woman who wants a career
and a family. Unfortunately, such options are
not available to all, especially those in a lower

w ww.nhantriviet.com 69
 T il
48 Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate income bracket. Perhaps the real failure is in the
where the following sentence could be added area of sex education, with so many unwanted
to the passage. pregnancies, abortions, and cases of infanticide,
This has resulted in an imbalance in the during a time when easily obtained pregnancy
sexes, with men being forced to search prevention methods are available.
outside their social groups for wives.
Where would the sentence best fit?

49. The word in the passage is closest in

meaning to
CA) hurry
B, prevent
® ease
CD)end

50. According to paragraph 5, an § ■ ■ ■ ■ can

be described as someone
CA) who is the real mother of a child
CD that a family pays to care for a child
Cc) who is a friend or relative of the child’s
family
CD) that volunteers to help care for a child
n
51. It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that
pregnancy prevention methods are
CA} being followed closely by most people
CD not used because they are not available
being ignored despite their availability
CD) unsuccessful in preventing pregnancy

70 www.nhan triviet.co’m
 52 Directions: Complete the table below by matching SEVEN of the nine answer choices with the
practice of Infanticide, abortion, or both practices with which they are associated. This question is
worth 4 points.

Infanticide Select 3

Abortion Select 2

Both Select 2

Answer Choices
Ca~’
It is more common among animals than <T) In ancient times, it was not practiced by
humans. humans.

d > It is more common among humans than CG It could be prevented if women had better
animals. support systems.

r.C The males of a species do this to allow the CED It is a mother’s way to ensure her stronger
females to get pregnant. children have enough to eat.

Cp It is only common among monkeys, lions, CD It is done in societies where sons are held in
and some reptiles. higher regard than daughters.

C D It is a human female's way of dealing with

an unwanted pregnancy.

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Part 3 Technology
TOEFL iBT Reading

*
53. The word ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ in the passage is closest Global Positioning System
in meaning to
G e ttin g fro m place to place has been a
a passed on
challenge for humans since the beginning of man’s
B sent out
existence. Not only do people struggle with the
c took in
actually physical problems of travel, but they also
D moved on
need to know the right direction to go. In one’s
own little part of the world, this may have been
54. According to paragraph 2, early civilizations relatively easy, but, as humans expanded further
used all of the following for navigation
and further, it became necessary to determine
EXCEPT:
how to get from one place to another and back
a maps
again. Paths, roads, and trails made journeys
b compasses
easier, and the creation of maps f l H H H i this
c telescopes
knowledge to others.
D sun angles
However, once humans pushed onto the vast
55. The word | in the passage refers to oceans, there were no roads or accurate maps.
The compass, showing the magnetic north, was
a clock
a great, yet imperfect, aid. Latitude could be
C l receiver
measured by sun angles, but until the perfection of
C D signal
timepieces in the nineteenth century, it was almost
CD) satellite
impossible to measure longitude. Fortunately,
today there is a device which allows people easily
56. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that
to find their position no matter where they are: the
Ca) none of the twenty-four satellites has ever Global Positioning System (GPS).
failed to function
C D a GPS receiver will always be in range of The Global Positioning System consists of a
at least three satellites series of twenty-four satellites in geosynchronous
' D GPS receivers have atomic clocks to keep orbit around Earth at an altitude of 12,500 miles.
track of time These satellites are in fixed positions, so, by
CD all GPS receivers use animation that reading the signal from three of them, a person
makes them user-friendly holding a GPS receiver can know exactly where
he is. The GPS receiver synchronizes its clock
57. According to paragraph 4, which of the with that of the satellites’ atomic clocks. The
following is true of Global Positioning System? receiver then measures how long it takes a signal
A ; Work on it began as soon as the Soviets from one satellite to reach | and calculates the
launched Sputnik. distance from the satellite. At the same time, it is
B It was developed out of necessity during calculating the distance from two other satellites
the Vietnam War.
in a process called trianqulation. Once these
c Its basis was the system used by the U.S.
calculations take place, the receiver knows exactly
Navy called Transit.
where a person is and shows the coordinates. On
D It was created during a joint operation of
the U.S. military. more modern devices used in vehicles, it even
shows an animated car exactly where it is on a
city grid.

■*!

72 www.nhantriviet.cO'm
 Actual Test 04

58 . Which of the sentences below best expresses This miraculous system is the legacy of the
the essential information in the highlighted U nited States m ilitary. t*
sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer
choices change the meaning in important
ways or leave out essential information.
a The first Russian satellite. Sputnik, was
By 1964, four American satellites were being used
used for navigation, which many scientists
realized. to help U.S. naval vessels navigate. Called Transit,
B After the launch of the Russian satellite
the system took up to ninety minutes to give a
Sputnik, all other satellites have been position report, which was too slow for ever-
used for navigation aids. changing battlefield situations. With the ■ ■ of
c The first satellite launch by Russians led the Vietnam War, the Air Force and Army wanted
scientists to understand that satellites a system to help them navigate over the jungles
could be navigation aids. of Southeast Asia. Unfortunately, the Navy, Air
d Understanding the world’s first satellite
Force, and Army competed with each other to
was crucial to being able to use other
build different systems, wasting resources and
satellites for navigation.
time on creating three systems instead of one.

59. According to the passage, the biggest T his all c h a n g e d in A u g u s t 1973. The
obstacle to creating GPS was Department of Defense ordered Air Force Colonel
a inter-service rivalries that existed in the Brad Parkinson to head a team to create a
American military navigation system that all three branches of the
C l not enough money being spent on military and civilians could use. Q If anyone can
research and development be called the father of GPS, Parkinson deserves
C£> technological problems that prohibited the title . 10 P utting aside service rivalries,
building an accurate system Parkinson’s team created a plan that implemented
CD) a lack of support from the government in the aspects of all three services’ navigation
eliminating problems
systems. Q By 1978, the system was ready and
being tested, with the eventual cost of the system
60. The word ■ ■ | in the passage is closest in being four billion dollars. Q The military, afraid
meaning to
that rival countries and civilians would use the
A , adventure declaration system to attack America or for criminal purposes,
B event D) start installed a distortion in the GPS signal that led
to a slight error in civilian GPS receivers. Military
61 According to paragraph 5, the American units had a way to eliminate the error. In 2000, the
military distorted the GPS signal because U.S. President told the military to eliminate the
a they refused to give away the secret of distortion.
GPS to other countries
The applications of GPS are wide-ranging.
B they were concerned that the device
would be used against them Police, fire, and other emergency services around
C they wanted to prevent criminals from the world have made it part of their normal
accessing the system operating equipment. It is even used to keep track
D it was classified technology that foreign of criminals on day leave or parole. By the turn of
nationals should not have

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 62 Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate inexpensive and are now affordable for much of
where the following sentence could be added the public. They are becoming standard in most
to the passage. new car designs and are a favorite of hunters and
After the successful implementation of the fishermen making long treks in the wilderness.
GPS system, Parkinson retired from the Air Some day in the future, people may be able to
Force, eventually becoming a professor at
fit their children with miniature tracking devices
Stanford University.
so that they can use GPS to know where they
Where would the sentence best fit? are at all times. While many anxious parents may
welcome this, others are already beginning to
wonder if the GPS revolution is just another way
for the government to its citizens’
privacy.
63. Why does the author mention the cost of H i
■ ■ ■ m in paragraph 6?
'A ) To explain why they are now becoming
more popular than in the past
CD To show that scientists have found ways
to make them less expensive
CD To highlight that many companies produce
them, thereby driving prices down
CD) To prove that even the poorest person can
afford to purchase one

64. The phrase in the passage is

closest in meaning to
Ca) disobey
CD find
CD violate
CD overcome

V1

74 w w w .nhantriviet.com
jtO E F L iBT Reading
b
▲!
65. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important
ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express
ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is
worth 2 points.

The American military, despite some initial setbacks, has played a decisive role in creating and
implementing the Global Positioning System, which has allowed humans precisely to navigate
from place to place after centuries of uncertainty in navigation.

Answer Choices
Th® first satellite, Sputnik, gave a lot of C D Air Force Colonel Brad Parkinson was the
people, including the military, the idea of team leader integral to the creation of the
using satellites for navigation purposes. GPS.

CD Th® American military allowed civilians C D The three main American military services
the use of the system so that GPS has a were rivals in the creation of the GPS but
multitude of navigation applications for settled their differences to work together.
people around the world.

CD The GPS was initially devised as a method CD Some people are worried that the GPS will
for the American military quickly to navigate be used as a tool to take away individuals’
under battlefield conditions. privacy.

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H o w to M a s te r Skills for th e TOEFL® iBT

Actual Test
05
 Reading Section Directions

This section measures your ability to understand academic passages in English.

The Reading section is divided into 3 separately timed parts.

Most questions are worth one point, but the last question in each set is worth more
than one point. The directions indicate how many points you may receive.

Some passages include a word or phrase that is underlined in blue. Click on the word
or phrase to see a definition or an explanation.

Within each part, you can go to the next questions by clicking Next You may skip
Questions and go back to them later. If you want to return to previous questions, click
on Back You can click on Review at any time and the review screen will show you
which questions you have answered and which you have not answered. From this
review screen, you may go directly to any question you have already seen in the
Reading section.

You may now begin the Reading section. In this part you will read 1 passage. You will
have 20 minutes to read the passage and answer the questions.

Click on Continue to go on.

Part 1 Oceanography

1. The word m in the passage is closest in The Balance in the Oceans

meaning to
The oceans’ predators come in all shapes ¡annnd
CA attacking Cc waiting sizes. For example, one of the less infamioouus
B increasing D approaching
ones is the colorful starfish, which feeds coon
plant life, coral, or other shellfish suchi eaas
2. According to paragraph 1, which of the mussels for sustenance. A more bloodcurdllirnog
following is true of ocean predators? example, especially to human beings and rmoasst
CA) The shark is the deadliest one for all other other species of fish, is the shark, though rmossst
kinds of life in the oceans. scientists agree that only ten percent of the 4E5G0
B One of the most threatening to all fish plus species of sharks have been documented eass
populations is bacteria.
actually attacking a human. Still, there is anothieer
CC) Starfish do little damage to the population
predator invisibly in the bodies of wate*r cot>f
of mussels and shellfish.
D; Most of the killers that hide in the oceans the world, one which poses one of the g re a te s t
are unknown to humans. threats to all species of ocean life—bacteritaa.

3. Which of the following can be inferred from

paragraph 1 about bacteria?
® They can be extremely detrimental to fish
if their numbers increase.
CD They are able to feed off themselves when Bacteria play a dual role in the ecosystenrns;
other food sources are limited. o f th e oceans. On th e one hand, they a re ;
CcT) They stimulate plant life, which in turn beneficial as they stimulate plant life through food
releases oxygen into the water.
decomposition, which releases the necessary
CD) They present themselves in numerous
shapes and forms as well as colors. chemicals for the growth of the plant life. This
is called ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ I and helps keep the
oceans alive. But, on the other hand, bacteria are
4. Which of the sentences below best expresses
a major predator for all fish because they attack
the essential information in the highlighted
sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer fragile, weaker individuals. If they are allowed to
choices change the meaning in important run rampant and not kept in check, they could
ways or leave out essential information. virtually suffocate the oceans. In water, bacteria
CA) Evasion tactics help fish escape from the prove to be an even greater threat than on land
threats posed by an increasing number of because, as they proliferate, they reduce the
bacteria. oxygen levels necessary for organisms in the
' B Various species of fish prey upon one oceans to live. Further, when fish populations
another in order to lower bacteria levels in become depleted due to factors like overfishing
the ocean.
microbes such as algae expand and threaten the
C High bacteria levels in the ocean help
fragile ecosystems of the ocean. Therefore, ocear
most species of fish to survive by
providing them with food. predators play a critical role by ■ ■ ■ bacteria
D Rivals or not, all fish help one another growth and maintaining the oceans’ equilibriurr
survive by preventing bacteria from by reducing vulnerable links in the food chain.
proliferating.
In many ways, the balance within the oceans

78 www.nhantrivie.com
 Actual Test 05

ecosystems mirrors the human body. That is, all

paragraph 2 in order to of their components must work in harmony for
a show how bacteria act similarly in the them to stay healthy, efficient, and alive. If one of
ocean and the human body them is missing or deficient, an entire system can
E explain the different roles of nutrients and be placed in jeopardy. In both the human body
oxygen for species of fish and the ocean, bacteria play a vital role because,
c indicate that bacteria do have a positive at manageable levels, they aid in protecting and
impact in the oceans
cleaning each system of foreign agents that
c note how chemicals from bacteria are able
can be of harm. On the other hand, if bacteria
to stimulate plant growth
levels increase and becom e out of control,
they can take hold of a system, overrun it, and
6. The word ■ ■ ■ in the passage is closest
become ■ ■ ■ ■ [ . Therefore, both oceans and
In meaning to
the human body have a kind of custodian that
Ca encouraging
maintains bacteria levels. In the human body, it is
B preventing
called a phagocyte. Phagocytes eat up sick, old,
Cq , slowing
or dying cells, which are more prone to bacterial
CD sustaining
invasion, and thus keep the body healthy. Like in
the human body, bacteria can prove fatal to the
7. According to paragraph 2, bacteria are living organisms in the ocean.
dangerous to ocean life because
® they have the capability to attack both
Like phagocytes in the human body, ocean
strong and w eaker fish predators work as antibacterial custodians of the
C D they could monopolize the critical seas. In essence, they are the immune system
breathable gas in the ocean and a vital link in the food chain because they
j © they get rid of vulnerable links, like dying remove small, injured, or sickly fish from the
fish, in the food chain ocean environment before bacteria can become
( D ) they blossom out of control when too com fortable and multiply. By ridding the
overfishing becom es dominant
ocean of weaker fish, predators allow the stronger
ones to multiply, making their species stronger
8. The word ■ ■ ■ ■ in the passage is closest and more resilient. Without their services and with
t in meaning to their declining numbers, bacteria will blossom
(A stimulating to levels that will eventually overpower and kill
B hindering even the strongest species of fish because of the
c elevating depletion of their number one source of life, all
D weakening important oxygen.

□ While the greatest battle in the ocean may

seem on the surface to be the survival of the fittest
fish, a closer look reveals something completely
different: fish versus microorganism. QJ Clearly,
most living organisms in the oceans are hunters
by nature, but this way of life does not merely
provide a food source for a dominant species.

w w w .nhantriviet.com 79
 9. The author’s description of phagocytes Q I also maintains a healthy level of bacteriaa
mentions all of the following EXCEPT: in an ocean’s ecosystem, thus ensuring thee
a They rid the human body of potentially continuation of all species of life within. Q Majonr
dangerous organisms. predators are necessary, like the antibacterial cellss
B They act in a similar manner as the of the human body, to keep this delicate balancee
predators of the ocean. in synch. If their numbers continue to decline ancti
C They dispose of bacteria to make
humans ignore their vital role in the ocean, diree
weakened cells revive.
consequences will definitely result.
d They are cleaning agents in humans to
maintain bacteria levels.

10. According to paragraph 4, the elimination of equttplMtyE M m

raiM irf? recovering qutekty
weaker fish by ocean predators
kn synch: in accord
(A) can often have an adverse effect on the
population of the certain prey species
CD inadvertently helps stronger species of
fish to proliferate more easily
CD reduces oxygen levels, thereby causing
bacteria to multiply in their prey
CD allows bacteria to grow and multiply in the
stronger individuals of a species

11. Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate

where the following sentence could be added
to the passage.
As a result, fish are doing themselves a favor
in the long run by dining on one another.
Where would the sentence best fit?

12. The word | in the passage refers to

Ca) nature
CD’ way of life
C food source
CD dominant species

80 w w w .n h a n tivK.com
 13 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important
ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express
ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is
worth 2 points.

Bacteria are one of the greatest threats to the ecosystems of the ocean, and without ocean
predators, they could become a serious hazard to ocean life.

Answer Choices
A Extreme levels of bacteria could deplete D Ocean predators are similar to a human's
oxygen levels in the ocean and harm fish. immune system because they get rid of
weaker fish.

b Around ten percent of all the species of CD Phagocytes serve as important custodians
sharks have ever actually attacked humans. of the human body by controlling the levels
of bacteria.

CC Overfishing is one of the more serious CD Major ocean predators are vital because
causes of an increase in bacteria levels in they maintain harmony in its fragile
the oceans. ecosystems.

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Part 2 Music

4
14. The word in the passage is closest in Early Italian Opera
meaning to
Today, like most other kinds of theater and
A size
music, the musical drama of opera enjoys a
B experience
myriad of different forms and interpretations.
c talent
Operas can exhibit both comical moods as well
D character
as the most tragic ones while the actors may be
of the highest H l H i or simply part-time novices.
15. According to paragraph 1, two forms in But it has not always been this way. Since its
eighteenth-century Italian opera arose
inception in Italy around the year 1600, the opera
because
has experienced a number of shifts and trends.
Ca > it was heavily grounded and influenced by
In the beginning, it was heavily influenced by
classical domestic drama
classical Greek drama and attempted to adhere
By the way people thought was beginning
both to develop and change to its heroic subject matter and theme. Yet, by
(C ) traditional themes of heroism were the eighteenth century, two distinct forms were
enjoyed by the regular audience beginning to branch out from the original operatic
(D^ most opera enthusiasts were demanding base in Italy. Italian audiences were able to
a more flexible, exciting style witness two fundamental styles: the opera seria
and the opera buffa. Their distinct styles reflected
16. The author discusses ■ ■ m U H in the social mentality of the era and its ability to
paragraph 2 in order to morph and grow in a new direction, which later
< ® discuss how it was the pinnacle of influenced further alterations in modern opera.
intellectual thought in Europe The first half of the eighteenth century was
GD indicate what was most responsible for
dominated by the opera seria, which most closely
the traits of the opera seria
resembled the earliest form of the opera. Its
Cc) contrast the structure of the opera seria
with that of the opera buffa characteristics were heavily influenced by ■
CD) note that though it was a major social m m m m , a period in Europe which put
influence, it affected the opera little human reason at the forefront of thought. In turn,
clarity and structure became the foundation of the
17. Which of the following can be inferred from opera seria. In many ways, simplicity and rational
paragraph 2 about the opera seria? thought, which were further major characteristics
of the opera seria, go hand in hand. It eschewed
Ca ) It had little connection with the plots or
themes of classical Greek drama. imagination and improvisation in favor of familiar
d > It was too complicated for the average storylines, most often Greek, which was easier
Italian to comprehend completely. on the audience and did not tax their mental
C It was created by people who were capacities too much. However, some operagoers
influenced by the Enlightenment. felt slighted by the fact that the operas failed to
. © It faiJed to .reveal a story am bitious enough challenge them, and though it remained a popular
to m ake the audience think.
form of entertainment, it displayed a number of
other limitations.

Some members of the audience found further

d iffic u ltie s w ith the opera seria. First, the

82 www.nhantriuetcom
 Actual Test 05

18. The author’s description of the problems with organization of the opera never deviated from
the opera seria mentions all of the following the usual norm. It was always composed of three
EXCEPT: acts, and, within each act were its fundamental
aThe storyline left little surprises for the com ponents: the re citatives and the arias.
audience’s benefit. Recitatives are the singing of the cast, which
B It regularly followed the same form of pushes the action of the opera forward. Arias
recitatives and arias.
usually followed as a climax and revealed the
C The action and imagination of the opera
emotion or internal conflict of the actors. The
confused the audience.
main issue was that such a rigid structure made
D The composers were, for the most part,
bound by social obligation. the opera bland and at times predictable. If there
had been more flexibility, the operas would have
been more vivid and alive, yet the composers
19. Which of the following can be inferred about
the audience’s reaction to the opera seria? were bound by the predominant philosophical
constraints of the early 1700s. The stage, then,
(.A_. The majority of the audience frowned
was ripe for change in the form of the opera buffa,
upon the content of the opera seria.
(jT A large number of audience members which was beginning to manifest itself within the
found the opera seria to be quite opera seria itself through the intermezzo.
enjoyable.
The intermezzo was already an ■ ■ ■ part of
(C The fact that the opera seria focused on
the opera seria in that it was a short performance
themes from everyday life was respected.
break between acts and was less predictable than
JT) The audiences were most attracted by the
recitative singing in the opera seria. the major production. Over time, the style of the
intermezzo caught on and was eventually put on
separately, eventually being dubbed the opera
20. The word H I I in the passage is closest in
meaning to buffa. Q This type of opera was characterized by
a light, even comic, motif. 10 More importantly,
® essential
it was less constrained and displayed elements
b incidental
of free emotion and subject matter that mirrored
(O' popular
everyday life, not, for example, heroes from Greek
p formulaic
tragedies. Q Further, music began to play a
greater role in the opera, was spontaneous, and
21. According to paragraph 4, which of the
often mirrored the emotions of the characters.
following is true of the opera buffa?
Q Because the themes were more true to life,
a Its composers avoided music in favor of a
the audience could relate more closely with the
more flexible structure.
opera buffa. As it developed, the opera buffa also
B Its style and delivery became even more
restrained than the opera seria. began to take on more serious subject matter yet
C It was characterized by a serious, heroic retained its free flowing manner.
motif like the Greek drama. By the late 1700s, th e in flu e n c e o f the
D It was born from the intermezzo, which
Enlightenment was beginning to lose its
was a part of the opera seria.
and the two predominant forms of opera began to
merge into one. The opera seria started to display
more elasticity in its form and structure and even

vw w .nh antnviet.com 83
 22. According to paragraph 4, the audience felt included some dancing in its performances.
more attached to the opera buffa because Likewise, the opera buffa began to engage in
A it included dancing and more music in the more sophisticated themes. By the end of the
performances century, even the most sensitive opera enthusiast
B it looked to instances from daily life for its could hardly distinguish between the two. | H |
subject matter
C it avoided com edy and em braced a more
challenging tone
d it contained a logical structure that was
easy to follow

23. Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate

where the following sentence could be added
to the passage.
For example, a violin might mimic an actor’s
laughter.
Where would the sentence best fit?

24. The word ■ ■ in the passage is closest in

meaning to
C£) momentum (C ) adventure
d ) brilliance (P/> fascination

25. Which of the sentences below best expresses

the essential information in the highlighted
sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer
choices change the meaning in important
ways or leave out essential information.
(A ) The intellectual integrity, lightheartedness,
and humor that the operas were filled with
made them the most satisfying form of
entertainment.
B) The changes in both forms of opera allowed
the audience to enjoy the musical genre to
the utmost by enhancing its quality.
C Operas changed in order to become more
complete because they no longer satisfied
the intellectual and comedic needs of their
audiences.
D Both forms of opera came to resemble
each other with regards to the experience,
content, and humor that they provided.

84 w w w.nhantrivetcom
 26 Directions: Complete the table below to summarize the information about operas as discussed in
the passage. Match the appropriate statements to the type of opera with which they are associated.
This question is worth 3 points.

Opera seria Select 3

Opera buffa Select 2

Answer Choices
A Its main structure was always composed E) It contained climactic arias, which helped
around three acts. move the plot forward.

B, It allowed emotion to be expressed more £> It was constructed around rational thought
freely by the actors. and simplicity.

CO) It developed out of a short intermission type <§> It was popular because of its light subject
of production. matter in the seventeenth century.

CD) It was the predominant form of opera in Italy

during the early 1700s.

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Part 2 Sociology

27. The word ■ ■ ■ in the passage is closest in Lineages

meaning to
A lineage refers to a group of people who can
a fall
show they are all related to one another through
B degeneration
a common ancestor. It can always be proven that
C ancestry
its members share blood ties.
D slope

28. Why does the author mention ■ ■ in

paragraph 1?
a To argue that they should be treated like
lineages Such groups are not
B To show a weakness in the concept of
considered lineages but ■ ■ § . Lineages can be
lineages
calculated in several different ways. Historically,
C To demonstrate why anthropologists do
not recognize clans the most common, especially in the West, has
D To explain a distinction made by been to trace a person’s ancestry back through
anthropologists the father's line. This is known as a patrilineal
system of ■ ■ ■ • Some other cultures, most
29. Which of the sentences below best expresses notably several Native American tribes, trace
the essential information in the highlighted a person’s ancestry back through the mother’s
sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer line, which is known as a matrilineal system of
choices change the meaning in important descent. Occasionally, a culture traces a person’s
ways or leave out essential information. lineage through both matrilineal and patrilineal
Ca ) Some people are descended from lines. This is referred to as a bilineal system of
mythological figures that existed before descent. In these societies, both male and female
the advent of written records or historical
lines are considered equally valid; however, a
documents.
person must decide with which group of relatives
B There are those who believe that myths
are more important in determining descent he or she most wants to be identified. Finally, it
than written or historical records are. is possible for a culture to allow members to use
CÇ) Those who make unsubstantiated claims either matrilineal or patrilineal lines of descent, but
that involve legendary figures cast doubt not both.
on the entire concept of lineages and
systems of descent. The easiest way to learn one’s lineage is
D Some people claim they have common by looking through old records of births and
ancestors who are not verifiable because marriages. Government and hospital records
of their mythical or prehistoric origins. will often serve for recent generations, but they
tend to become less im portant as one goes
further back in time. For relatives more than a
century distant, church and parish records are
the prime sources of information. Of course, it
may not be necessary for a person to carry out
all of the research on his or her lineage. Often,
other members of a person’s extended family

86 www.nhantriviei.con)
 Actual Test 05

30. According to paragraph 2, what is a benefit of will have carried out genealogical research in the
online genealogy sites? past. Once these people have been identified
a They are much cheaper than hiring as relatives, their research can be imported into
someone to do the research offline. the person’s own work. This is especially easy
B They allow a person to see if his or her today thanks to online genealogy sites, many of
genealogy has already been investigated. which allow users to search through a database
C They can instantly search church and of pre-researched lineages to see if H I own has
parish records for documentation of
already been traced by someone else.
relatives.
D They employ specially trained experts Today, individuals, driven by an urge to learn
who can provide people with professional more about their family’s history or by a desire
assistance. to find a connection to someone historically
important, often trace their personal lineages
31. The word ■ ■ in the passage refers to through online genealogy sites. While this sort of
a online genealogy sites amateur genealogy can be entertaining, lineages
( B users used to be far more ■ ■ to a person's social
C lineages status. For example, in Victorian England, lines
CD. someone else of descent were purely patrilineal. That meant
people’s relationships were traced only through
32. The word | in the passage is closest in the males and th a t the eldest males would
meaning to normally be the only ones to inherit property.
CA> crucial Similarly, patrilineal descent is often used in
CB) deadly H H H f l H to determ ine who has the best
C£ applicable claim on the throne. In smaller tribes, lineages
<§) dynamic are often also important in determining whpm a
person can marry. While virtually all cultures have
33. According to paragraph 3, why do people rules ■ ■ ■ ■ incest, the definition of what
today normally try to learn their lineages? constitutes incest fluctuates widely once one
moves beyond members of the nuclear family. For
CA) To become trained amateur genealogists
CB To satisfy their personal curiosity instance, certain cousins might not be considered
f (jC) To avoid accidentally committing incest blood relatives if descent is unilineal, no matter
D To see if they have the right to inherit whether it is calculated from the mother’s or
father’s line.

34. The word ■ ■ ■ | in the passage is closest Lineages can also be used to unearth the
in meaning to common roots of various ethnic groups. □ In
a explaining such cases, anthropologists look at something
B condemning called mitochondrial DNA. 0 This is DNA found in
C permitting the mitochondria, the organelles in our cells that
D forbidding are responsible for converting food molecules
into energy. 0 The DNA in m itochondria is
different from that in the rest of our bodies and
is believed to be derived from single-celled

w w w nfiantnviet.com 87
TOEFL iBT Reading

35. Why does the author mention | organisms which were absorbed by the cells of
paragraph 3? multi-cellular organisms billions of years ago.
a To provide an example of an outdated Q Unlike regular DNA, mitochondrial DNA is
mode of government passed down exclusively from mother to child.
B To demonstrate that lineages are vital to As a result, it changes far more slowly than
modern societies regular DNA, which is ■ ■ ■ by fifty percent each
C To explain how anthropologists can trace
generation. This means that anthropologists can
long-lost lineages
compare mitochondrial DNA to determine whether
D To show another way in which lineages
individuals share a genetic lineage. If they have
can be important
samples of mitochondrial DNA from human fossils
to analyze as well, they can determine when the
36. Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate
lineage began.
where the following sentence could be added
to the passage.
This normally requires tracing people’s lines
back much further than historical records
allow.
Where would the sentence best fit?

37. The word m in the passage is closest in

meaning to
(A ) concentrated
<X> reduced
© mixed
D j disappeared

38. According to paragraph 4, how is

mitochondrial DNA different from regular
DNA?
A It is billions of years older and thousands
of times more complex.
B It only exists in the cells of women and
children.
c It is only passed on through matrilineal
lines.
D It can replicate itself without ever suffering
from mutations.

w w w .n h a n trivie :.co m
 39. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important
ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express
ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is
worth 2 points.

Lineage has been important historically, and, while it is not as important today as it was in the
past, many people still attempt to determine their own lineage.

Answer Choices
A In the past, patrilineal relationships often D If people are unable to determine their
determined who would inherit powerful relationships with others, then there is a high
positions or family wealth. probability that they may commit incest.

B . Mitochondrial DNA is very helpful in allowing E' Most of the people trying to determine their
scientists to determine the shared genetic family history do so simply out of curiosity
lineages of various people. and a wish to know who their ancestors
were.

CC When trying to determine one’s own lineage, CD While many cultures have traced their
the majority of people have to search ancestry through males, there have been
through various church records. some that are matrilineal and therefore
focus on relationships through mothers.

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Part 3 Zoology

40. The word M B in the passage is closest in The Whooping Crane

meaning to
The whooping crane is a grand, migratory
a adult
w aterfow l native only to North America. Its
B undeveloped
features are striking, as a H whooping
C fledgling
crane is all white and stands five feet tall with
D experienced
a wingspan of about eight feet. Its head is
colored red and black, and its eyes are a deep,
41. According to paragraph 1, which of the golden hue. Unfortunately, by the late 1930s, the
following is true of the whooping crane?
whooping crane was on the verge of extinction
a The features of the waterfowl allow it to as fewer than twenty-five remained in the wild.
blend in with its habitat.
Previously, wild flocks spent the warmer parts of
B It became an endangered species in the
the year in their native habitat of northern Canada,
late twentieth century.
and, around August, they made the 2,500-mile
C The wild flocks have many different
habitats in North America. southerly journey to the gulf coast of Texas in the
D"' It is indigenous to two countries, the United States. Today, only one flock remains in
United States and Canada. the wild, and it consists of about one hundred and
fifty to two hundred whooping cranes. Continuing
42. The word ■ ■ ■ in the passage is closest in conservationist efforts are attempting to increase
meaning to its populations, which face, as they traditionally
have, an uphill battle, by introducing new habitats
A reduction
® corruption and educational methods of migration.
C) extinction There are two major factors which contributed
(D> proliferation to the ° f the whooping crane in the early
tw entieth century. First, they were originally
43. The author’s description of the dangers hunted by people fo r foo d as well as their
whooping cranes have faced mentions all of beautiful feathers, which were used to adorn
the following EXCEPT: luxurious clothing and other fashionable items.
' A T h e y were killed for their feathers, which Second, their natural habitat wetlands were
were used for luxury items. beginning to dry up due to agricultural exploitation
(3D Their eggs were stolen from nests for the and development. Thirdly, which perhaps had the
benefit of collectors.
most dramatic effect, was the fact that the eggs
C They lost many of their habitats due to
of the whooping crane were prized by collectors.
farmland expansion.
□ Once the eggs were pillaged from nests,
D They were hunted for sport by people due
to their great size. future generations became placed even more in
jeopardy. Q] Fortunately, the whooping crane,
like other endangered species such as the bald
eagle, ultimately became a protected species by
federal law. 0 The issue has now become how
to increase their numbers back to comfortable
levels. 0

One method conservationists have found some

90 www.nhantriviet.com
 Actual Test 05

44. Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate success with has been raising whooping cranes
where the following sentence could be added in newly established habitats in captivity and
to the passage. later releasing them into the wild. Two such areas
For instance, stiff penalties are handed down have been established in Wisconsin and Florida,
to those who tamper with the nesting area of where eggs are placed in incubators, hatched,
a whooping crane.
and continually monitored and eventually raised
Where would the sentence best fit? by specialists. Of course, the ultimate goal is
to allow the whooping crane to multiply and
Click on a square [ ■ ] to add the
sentence to the passage. proliferate naturally.

45. Which of the sentences below best expresses

the essential information in the highlighted
sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer
choices change the meaning in important
ways or leave out essential information. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ¡ ■ ¡ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ I Also,
( A ) The whooping cranes raised by humans during the frigid seasons, food sources become
face problems when they need to migrate scarce, and migration to more fertile feeding
to the south because they have no grounds becomes mandatory for their survival.
parental guidance. M igration, then, is the second m ajor hurdle
Many whooping cranes freeze to death the whooping crane and conservationists alike
because they have no parents to keep needed to overcome in order to secure the birds'
them warm or to feed them during their
perpetuation.
migration to the south.
c Conservationists have overlooked the fact The main issue is that migration is learned from
that the increase in populations means the young chick’s parents, and, in most cases,
nothing if the whooping cranes cannot the whooping cranes born in captivity have none.
migrate to the south.
Stili, like all migratory birds, they have the natural
D The most critical need is to formulate
instinct called which means ■ ■ will
some new method of migration once
the whooping cranes are released from follow and trust the first object they open their
captivity. eyes to. This theory laid the groundwork for the
r conservationists’ imaginative plan of aircraft-led
46. According to paragraph 3, why is it so migration. Humans act like parents with ultralight
important for birds such as the whooping aircraft and allow the young whooping cranes
crane to migrate? to imprint on them as if they are their natural
a It allows them to interact with other parents. Even before they are born, the chicks
individuals and diversify their flocks. are exposed to airplane sounds when they are
B It provides them with ample food sources, still in the egg. Later, they follow the small planes
which become scarce in the winter. around on the taxiways and finally go on training
C It takes them to a warm habitat, where flights in the air to build strength and experience.
they will mate and produce offspring. Through th is process, the con servatio nists
D It fulfills their intrinsic need annually to
instill in the whooping cranes a natural sense of
move from one habitat to another.
migration. Once the birds are mature enough, the
small planes lead the flock from Wisconsin to their

vww .nhantriviet.com
 TOEFL ¡BT Reading

47. The author discusses ■ ■ ■ ■ in paragraph wintering habitat in Florida.

4 in order to
So far, airplane-led migration has been a huge
A reveal the natural instincts singularly
success. Without it, the whooping cranes would
associated with the whooping crane
succumb to the harsh w inters of Wisconsin
B contrast the whooping crane with other
waterfowl in their migratory desires and die. But, with the aid of humans, they have
C provide the basis for the idea of using migrated the 1,250 miles from north to south
airplanes to lead migrating birds with few Once the birds become more
D note that imprinting has very little to do educated and confident, they are allowed to
with a bird’s ability to migrate follow their im printed instincts and migrate
without human aid. Without alternative methods
48. The word in the passage refers to of human intervention, the whooping cranes
could find themselves lost forever as just another
A parents
B)cases extinction statistic.
CD whooping cranes
D migratory birds
pitaQOdỉ stolen or plundered
49. According to paragraph 4, what premise
makes airplane-led migration work?
Ca ) Whooping cranes mistake the ultralight
planes as leaders and follow them.
CD Young cranes think the sound of the plane
is the call of their mother.
CD Humans can condition the cranes to
believe airplanes are their parents.
C D Imprinting is bypassed and replaced with
humans as surrogate parents.

50. The author of the passage implies that

airplane-led migration
CA) has been in use for many decades yet has
only recently proven to be successful
¡CD is a temporary measure to help the
whooping cranes journey to a warmer
habitat
c can be risky if the cranes are not able to
sever their ties with the airplanes
D is one of the numerous alternative
methods conservationists use to help the
crane

92 wwv/.nhantrivie'.com
 meaning to
a stops
E complaints
C diversions
c difficulties

52 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important
ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express
ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is
worth 2 points.

The endangered whooping crane is beginning to make a comeback thanks to the efforts of
creative conservationists.

Answer Choicee
a The color of the whooping crane’s eyes is (JD The cranes’ beautiful feathers were once
deep gold, and its body is white. used to make fashionable, high-end clothes.

CB Conservationists use the cranes' natural CD Newly established habitats have been
instincts to help them migrate. successful in increasing crane populations.

CCD There are only around two hundred or so .rX).Airplane-lecJ migration will, hopefully aljow
whooping cranes left in the wild. the cranes to be self-reliant one day.

'ww.nhantriv;et.com 93
Part 3 Climatology

53. According to paragraph 1, which of the Hurricane Forces

following is true of hurricanes?
Hurricanes are one of the most destructive
A Storms are classified as hurricanes when
natural forces on the face of the planet. By
gusts reach 75mph.
de fin itio n , they are also known as tro p ica l
B One of the most defining characteristics
cyclones. They manifest themselves in the warm
of a hurricane is its eye.
C The lack of winds aloft contributes to the
waters of the A tlantic Ocean, usually in the
formation of hurricanes. form of a low-pressure weather system. Due to
D They are only able to form in tropical minimal, high atmospheric winds, those near
waters near the Equator. the surface of the water begin to spin and spiral
in a counterclockwise direction, feeding on the
54. Which of the following can be inferred from heat from the ocean. With increased rotation,
paragraph 1 about hurricane formation? more water is absorbed into the system and
a They usually tend to twirl and spin in a is then released in the form of showers and
clockwise direction. thunderstorm s. Once the system becomes
B They are fueled by the warm waters of the stronger and more defined, and sustained wind
Pacific Ocean. speeds ■ ■ ■ speeds of seventy-five miles
C They are spawned by violent per hour, the storm can then be classified as a
thunderstorms and wind shear. true hurricane. They pose the greatest threat to
D.' They are not as likely present themselves human populations when they track eastward
in cool oceanic areas.
to the tepid waters of the Gulf of Mexico, where
the islands of the Caribbean and the flats of the
55. The word ■ ■ ■ in the passage is closest in southeastern United States lie vulnerable to its
meaning to
path of destruction, which is usually determined
(A ) exceed by two major factors: storm surge and movement.
D shadow
(Ç ) propel While high winds are commonly associated
CD) maintain with the perils of hurricanes, the most destructive
factor is the accompanying storm surge as it
strikes land. Q Still, the torrential rains and heavy
56. Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate
where the following sentence could be added winds the hurricane brings contribute to its storm
to the passage. surge, yet this occurs in a more indirect way
than was previously thought. (0 As the hurricane
Also, high tides will increase the size and
potency of storm surge from hurricanes. approaches land, water levels increase and are
pushed onto and through the shoreline, causing
Where would the sentence best fit?
major destruction. Q The size of the surge itself
is determined by the slope of the shore, called
the continental shelf, out into the ocean. Q If the
slope is steep, the storm surge will not be as great
as when it is shallower, which causes a more
powerful surge due to the fact that the ocean’s
depth is not great enough to absorb the energy
and massive amounts of water. In fact, scientists

94 www.nhantrivie:.com
 Actual Test 05

57 According to paragraph 2, what contributes to have pointed out that one cubic yard of | weighs
the destruction of storm surge? about 1,700 lbs. Millions of cubic yards of surge
A The size of the waves is a principal factor can occur from one single storm, which, naturally,
in the resulting damage. causes catastrophic damage.
B The contour of the ocean floor is a major
Another major contributor to the measure of
determiner of its size.
C The torrential rains contained in a
destruction a hurricane causes is its movement.
hurricane directly affect the surge. The speed of a hurricane as it makes landfall
D The weight of the water will destroy and moves across or inland is a major deciding
anything in its immediate path. factor upon the extent of the damage. Fast-
moving hurricanes can often seem a blessing to
58. The word | in the passage refers to the people and communities involved because
their high speeds mean they will move on and
a ocean’s depth
B energy away quickly, so they will not have a chance to
C water dump as much water on the immediate area.
D cubic yard However, lazy storms, and especially storms
that stall on the coastline, become the cyclones
of devastation. Because they move so slowly or
59. The author discusses a hurricane’s movement
In paragraph 3 in order to even not at all and are able to sit spinning and
reenergizing themselves from the ocean, torrential
Ca? downplay the factors of velocity and
rains, winds, and flooding increase, and the storm
directional momentum in a hurricane
’ B, show that a hurricane’s tracking speed surge becomes a ■ ■ H U battering ram of
determines the amount of destruction destruction. However, the power of a hurricane
C suggest hurricanes are capable of moving becomes immediately diminished once over land
in any direction at any time because it is disconnected from its warm water
'J) indicate that slow-moving storms allow energy source, but this does not mean it is dead
people more time to seek safety by any means.

When it comes to hurricanes, dire ct wind

60. The word ■ ■ | in the passage is closest
destruction is a secondary worry compared to
in meaning to
storm surge, the speed of the hurricanes’ track,
f ' A chronic
and the flooding that is associated with them.
B wavering
The shallow continental shelf underlying the
c damaging
Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico off of the
D incessant
southeastern United States coupled with the low-
lying landmass makes the area a prime region for
disaster in the form of storm surge and flooding.
This, along with the ■ ■ nature of hurricanes
and the inability of experts accurately to predict
a hurricane’s landfall, adds to the turmoil that
hurricanes inflict on the populations of the areas
they hit. ■ ■ ■ H H H H H H H H H H H H H

'w w .nhantriviet.com
 61. Which of the following is NOT true of the
major forces of a hurricane?
a Strong winds and rain add to its storm
surge.
B Flooding is usually much more destructive
than winds.
C Fast-moving hurricanes ironically help
lessen damages.
D All coastlines are affected by its storm
surge.

62. According to paragraph 4, which of the

following is true of a hurricane’s winds?
a No other force of a hurricane can inflict
more punishment than wind.
B Their destruction is short-lived, unlike the
effects of major floods.
C The direction of the winds, not speed,
makes them the most dangerous.
D; Low-lying areas are more prone to wind
forces than elevated areas.

63. The word ■ ■ in the passage is closest in

meaning to
CA> deliberate CC) changeable
(JP intense CD) swinging

64. Which of the sentences below best expresses

the essential information in the highlighted
sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer
choices change the meaning in important
ways or leave out essential information.
"X Flooding, which causes havoc in a
very wide range of areas, is the most
destructive factor of a hurricane.
B Winds and rain damage people, homes,
and businesses every time a hurricane
strikes a certain area,
c Cities in the direct path of a hurricane
suffer the brunt of its power through
flooding while the wind does little damage.
D Water levels do the most destruction
hundreds of miles inside the hurricane,
where the hurricane affects the most people.

96 yvwv/.nhantri/iet.com
65 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important
ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express
ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is
worth 2 points.

Two of the most defining points of destruction unleashed by a hurricane are its directional speed
and storm surge.

Answer Choices
A Hurricanes originate in the Atlantic Ocean D Shoreline geography plays a major role in
and spin counterclockwise. the amount of flooding they cause.

B Storm surge is determined by the amount of E Warm waters are the fuel hurricanes need to
rainfall in a hurricane. feed off for energy and power.

C Swiftly-moving hurricanes are relatively less f The southeastern United States is especially
damaging than immobile ones. predisposed to hurricanes.
 mm
H o w to S c o r e Y o u r A n s w e r s
Below is a table that converts your Reading practice answers into an approximate TOEFL® iBT
Reading score. To find your approximate TOEFL® score, take the number of correct answers and
add your points for each test first. Most questions are worth 1 point; however, the last question in
each set is worth 2, 3, or 4 points, and partial credit is given. After you have calculated the total
score for each test, find that number in the Raw Score column of the Scoring Conversion Table.
On the right-hand side of the table is the TOEFL® Score column that shows your score estimate on
the TOEFL® iBT Reading. You should use your score estimate as a general guide only. Your actual
score on the TOEFL® iBT may be higher or lower than your score on this practice version.

Partial Credit Scoring Conversion Table

2-P oint Q uestions (Summary) Raw S cor TO EFL'
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5 Score
Correct Answers Points
42 43 72 74 71 30
3 2
41 42 70-71 72-73 69-70 29
2 1 40 41 68-69 70-71 67-68 28
0-1 0 38-39 39-40 65-67 67-69 64-66 27
37 38 63-64 65-66 62-63 26
3-Point Q uestions (Fill n a Table) 35-36 36-37 60-62 62-64 60-61 25

Correct Answers Points 34 35 58-59 60-61 57-59 24

33 33-34 56-57 57-59 55-56 23
5 3
31-32 32 53-55 55-56 53-54 22
4 2 30 31 51-52 52-54 50-52 21
3 1 28-29 29-30 48-50 50-51 48-49 20
0-2 0 27 29 46-47 47-49 45-47 19
26 26-27 44-45 45-46 43-44 18
4-P oint Q uestions (Fill in a Table) 24-25 25 41-43 42-44 41-42 17
23 23-24 39-40 40-41 38-40 16
Correct Answers Points
21-22 22 36-38 37-39 36-37 15
7 4 20 21 34-35 35-36 34-35 14
6 3 19 19-20 32-33 33-34 31-33 13
5 2 17-18 18 29-31 30-32 29-30 12
16 16-17 27-28 28-29 26-28 11
4 1
14-15 15 24-26 25-27 24-25 10
0-3 0
13 13-14 22-23 23-24 22-23 9
12 12 20-21 20-22 19-21 8
10-11 11 17-19 18-19 17-18 7
9 9-10 15-16 15-17 15-16 6
7-8 8 12-14 13-14 12-14 ~ 5
6 6-7 10-11 10-12 10-11 4
5 5 8-9 8-9 8-9 3
3-4 3-4 5-7 5-7 I 5-7 7 2

2 2 3-4 3-4 3-4 I 1

0-1 0-1 I 0-2 0-2 I 0-2 I 0

98 www.nhantriviet.C0'
 TOEFL9 Score Comparisons for Reading
Following is the Reading score comparison table between the TOEFL® iBT, CBT, and PBT. Using
this table, you can convert your Reading score into one from a different version of the TOEFL®
test.

iBT Reading CBT Reading PBT Reading

30 30 67

29 29 66

28 28 64-65

28 27 63

27 26 61-62

26 25 59-60

24 24 58

23 23 57

21 22 56

20 21 54-55

19 20 53

17 19 52

16 18 51

15 17 50

........................... 14 16 48-49

13 15 47

12 14 46

11 13 44-45

10 12 43

9 11 41.-42

8 10 40

7 9 38-39

6 8 36-37

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 How to Master Skills for the TOEFL® iBT
Actual Test - Reading Test Book 1

Michael A. Putlack - Stephen Poirier - Will Link

Chịu trách nhiệm xuất bản

Giám đốc - Tổng Biên tập

Nguyễn Thị T hanh Hương

Biên tập Đào Thị Thúy Ngần

Trình bày sách Công ty Nhân Trí Việt
Sửa bản in Bảo Trang

NHÀ XUẤT BẢN TỔNG HỢP THÀNH PHỔ H ồ CHÍ MINH

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Sách điện từ: www.sachweb.vn
NHÀ SÁCH TÓNG HỢP 1
62 Nguyên Thị Minh Khai - Q.1 - TP.HCM * 38256804
NHÀ SÁCH TÓNG HỢP 2
86 - 88 Nguyễn Tất Thành - Q.4 - TP.HCM a 39433868

Công ty TNHH Nhân Trí Việt

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Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh
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www.nhantriviet.com

In 500 cuốn khổ 20 X 28cm tại Công ty TNHH MTV ITAXA - 126 Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai
Quận 3 - TP. Hồ Chí Minh. XNĐKXB số: 573-2015/CXBIPH/31-46/THTPHCM ngày 20-3-2015.
QĐXB số: 305/QĐ-THTPHCM-2015 ngày 24-03-2015. ISBN: 978-604-58-3667-5. In xong và nộp
lưu chiểu tháng 5-2015.