Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES

Nabua, Camarines Sur

ANALYSIS OF
STRUCTURES

ERLY O. CELIZ, RCE

 OUTLINE OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this chapter, the
1. Types of Structures students will be able to:
2. Trusses – Terminology and Assumptions
3. Zero-Force Members  Determine internal forces acting
on trusses
4. Analysis of Trusses
 Use various methods to obtain
 Method of Joints internal forces acting on trusses
 Method of Sections  Analyze forces acting on trusses
5. Analysis of Frames and Machines and on pins of frames

2
Analysis of Structures:
The analysis of a structure is a process by which we determine how
the loads applied to a structure are distributed all over the structure. The
discussion of this topic is limited to structures with pin-connected types.

3 Types of Structures will be considered:

1) Truss - a stationary structure made up of only 2-force members

2) Frame - a stationary structure containing at least one multi-force member
(3 or more forces)
3) Machine - a structure that is designed to move or exert forces (such as a
hand tool) containing at least one multi-force member (3 or more forces)

3
TRUSSES – Terminology and Assumptions
Trusses
 is a structure that is made of straight, slender bars that are joined together to form a
pattern of triangles.
 consist of members and joints and the entire truss is mounted on supports, as illustrated
below.

The following assumptions will be made for trusses:

 A truss is a stationary structure
 Trusses should be rigid (holds its shape and will not collapse)
 Trusses will be generally treated as 2D structures, although the analysis methods to be
introduced can be applied to 3D trusses (space trusses)
 A truss is made up of only 2-force members
 All joints in the truss are pinned (thus the reaction at the pin has no moment)
 All forces (loads) will be applied at the joints of a truss 4
TRUSSES – Terminology and Assumptions
The following assumptions will be made for trusses:
 Each member of the truss experiences only axial forces (along the axis of the
member). This axial force is either one of tension (T) or compression (C). Forces in
truss members will use the designations T or C.

5
TRUSSES

RIGID TRUSSES
It is important that trusses be rigid. A rigid truss
will not collapse under application of a load.

SIMPLE TRUSSES
A simple truss is:
 a rigid truss
 a planar truss which begins with a
triangular element and can be expanded
by adding two members and a joint
 will satisfy the formula m = 2n – 3, where
m=number of members and n=number of
joints

6
ZERO-FORCE MEMBERS
o Certain truss members may be subjected to zero force under certain loading
conditions.
o Recognizing zero-force members can simplify the analysis of the truss.
o Zero-force members are often more slender than main truss members.

Why would zero-force members be used?

o To provide stability to a truss during construction
o To stiffen the truss
o To provide support to a truss if loading conditions change (such as due to
snow or wind force on a roof, loading on the deck of a bridge, etc.) In other
words, the zero-force members may not be zero-force members when the
loading changes.

10
 ZERO-FORCE MEMBERS
Recognizing zero-force members:
If only two members form a truss joint and no If three members form a truss joint for which
external load or support reaction is applied to two of the members are collinear, the third
the joint, the members must be zero-force member is a zero-force member provided no
members. external force or support reaction is applied to
the joint. Summing forces in the x and y
directions with one axis along the collinear
members will quickly verify this result

11
ZERO-FORCE MEMBERS
Recognizing zero-force members:

12
Example:
Recognizing the zero-force members:

13
 Example:

 Member CB is a zero-force member since

 Member BL is a zero-force member since
members AB and BD are collinear
members AL and KL are collinear
 Member FH is a zero-force member since
members GH and HI are collinear
14
ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
Two methods will be introduced for analyzing trusses:
• Method of joints
• Method of sections

Method of Joints
 This is a systematic method for analyzing each joint
in the truss in order to determine the forces in all
members of the truss.
 It is the best method if the forces in all members of
the truss are to be determined.
 Each joint is considered to be in equilibrium, but the
joint is pinned and all member forces go through
the joint, so no moments are experienced at the
joint. Therefore, only 2 equations are applied in
analyzing the joint (for a 2D truss):

𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎
𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎

15
ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
Method of Joints - Procedure
1) Analyze the entire truss as a rigid body to find the external reactions (not always
necessary)
2) Pick the first joint to analyze
A. Since only two equations are available 𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑦 = 0 , look for joints
that only have two unknowns
B. Draw a FBD at the joint to be analyzed.
C. Show each member force in tension.
- If the result is +, then the answer agrees with the way the force was drawn, so
the force is in tension (attach a T to the answer).
- If the result is -, then the answer disagrees with the way the force was drawn,
so the force is in compression (attach a C to the answer).
- Express all final answers as positive with either T or C attached.

Note: you could similarly draw the forces in compression and a + or – answer would again
indicate agreement or disagreement.

3) Continue analyzing additional joints in the truss until all member forces have been
determined. 16
Example:
1.) Determine the force in each member of the truss. Indicate whether the members are in tension or
compression.

17
Solution:
First, solve for the reaction at the support:

From 𝛴𝑀𝐵 = 0 ↻ 𝛴𝑀𝐵 = 𝐴𝑦 25 + 𝐴𝑥 0 + 100 12 − 200 9 = 0

𝑨𝒚 = 𝟐𝟒 𝒌 (𝒖𝒑𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒅)
From 𝛴𝑀𝐴 = 0 ↺ 𝛴𝑀𝐵 = 𝐵𝑦 25 + 100 12 + 200 16 = 0
𝑩𝒚 = 𝟏𝟕𝟔 𝒌 (𝒖𝒑𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒅)
From 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0 ← 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 − 100 = 0
𝑨𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌 (𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕)

Isolate joint A
Solve for members AC and AB

From 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↓ 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 𝐴𝐶𝑦 − 24 = 0

3
0 = 5 𝐴𝐶 − 24
𝑨𝑪 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒌 (𝑪)

From 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0 → 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐴𝐶𝑥 − 100 = 0

4
0 = 𝐴𝐵 − 5 𝐴𝐶 − 100
4
0 = 𝐴𝐵 − 5 40 − 100
𝑨𝑩 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐 𝒌 (𝑻)
Solution (continuation):
Isolate Joint C
Solve for member BC

3
From 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0 ← 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 5 𝐵𝐶 − 𝐴𝐶𝑥 − 100 = 0
3 4
0 = 5 𝐵𝐶 − 5 (40) − 100
𝑩𝑪 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝒌 (𝑪)
4
From 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 5 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐴𝐶𝑦 − 200 = 0
4 3
0 = 𝐵𝐶 + (40) − 200
5 5
𝑩𝑪 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝒌 (𝑪)

Check equilibrium at the last Joint B

3
From 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0 → 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 5 220 − 132 = 0
0 = 132 − 132
𝟎 = 𝟎(𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌)
4
From 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 5 220 − 176 = 0
0 = 176 − 176
𝟎 = 𝟎(𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌)
Example:
2.) Determine the force in each member of the truss. Indicate whether the members are in tension or
compression.

20
 Solution:
First, solve for the reaction at the support:

From 𝛴𝑀𝐷 = 0 ↺ 𝛴𝑀𝐷 = 𝐴𝑥 2.5 − 40 3 − 40(6) = 0

𝑨𝒙 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝑵 (𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕)
From 𝛴𝑀𝐴 = 0 ↺ 𝛴𝑀𝐴 = 𝐷𝑥 2.5 − 40 3 − 40(3) = 0
𝑫𝒙 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝑵 (𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕)
From 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 𝐷𝑦 − 20 − 40 − 40 = 0
𝑫𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 (𝒖𝒑𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒅)

Isolate joint D
Solve for members AD and DE

From 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0 → 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 𝐷𝐸𝑥 − 144

3
0 = 3.25 𝐷𝐸 − 144
𝑫𝑬 = 𝟏𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻)

1.25
From 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 𝐴𝐷 + 100 − (𝐷𝐸)
3.25
1.25
0 = 𝐴𝐷 + 100 − 3.25 (156)
𝐴𝐷 = −40 𝑘𝑁
𝑨𝑫 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻)
 Solution (continuation):
Isolate Joint A
Solve for members AE and AB

From 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↓ 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 𝐴𝐸𝑦 + 20 − 40 = 0

1.25
0 = 3.25 𝐴𝐸 − 20
𝑨𝑬 = 𝟓𝟐 𝒌𝑵 (𝑪)

From 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0 ← 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐸𝑥 − 144 = 0

3
0 = 𝐴𝐵 + 3.25 52 − 144
𝑨𝑩 = 𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝑵 (𝑪)

Isolate Joint E
Solve for members CE and BE

From 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0 → 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 𝐶𝐸𝑥 + 𝐴𝐸𝑥 − 𝐷𝐸𝑥 = 0

3 3 3
0= 𝐶𝐸 + 52 − 156
3.25 3.25 3.25
𝑪𝑬 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻)

From 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↓ 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 𝐵𝐸 + 𝐶𝐸𝑦 − 𝐴𝐸𝑦 − 𝐷𝐸𝑦 = 0

1.25 1.25 1.25
0 = 𝐵𝐸 + 3.25 104 − 3.25 52 − 3.25 156
𝑩𝑬 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻)
 Solution (continuation):
Isolate Joint B
Solve for members BC

From 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0 ← 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 𝐵𝐶 − 𝐴𝐵

0 = 𝐵𝐶 − 96
𝑩𝑪 = 𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝑵 (𝑪)

Check equilibrium at the last Joint C

3
From 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0 → 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 3.25 104 − 96
0 = 96 − 96
𝟎 = 𝟎(𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌)
1.25
From 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 3.25 104 − 40
0 = 40 − 40
𝟎 = 𝟎(𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌)
Example:
3.) A Fink truss is loaded as shown. Determine the force in each member of the truss assuming them to be
pin-connected.

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 Solution:
First, solve for the reaction at the support:
Since the truss and the applied forces is symmetrical, thus the reaction need be found in only one-half of it.
𝐹 = 1000 3 + 2000 2 = 7000 𝑙𝑏
𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐺 7000 The next pin at which no more than
= = = 3500 𝑙𝑏 two unmarked members appear is
2 2 2
The next pin at which no more seen to be joint C, repeat the
After determining the reactions technique used at joint A and B.
from symmetry, consider joint A than two unmarked members Since the truss and the
appear is seen to be joint B, 𝐵𝐶 = 866.03 𝑙𝑏
which has only two unmarked 𝐶𝐷 applied forces is
members (AB and AC) acting repeat the technique used at symmetrical, thus member
upon it. 𝐴𝐵 joint A. AB=GF, AC=EG, BD=DF
𝑦 1000 𝑙𝑏
𝑥 60° 60° and CD=DE.
30° 𝐶𝐸
𝐵𝐷 𝐴𝐶 = 6062.18 𝑙𝑏
30°
𝐴𝐶 Summary:
2000 𝑙𝑏 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑭𝑮 = 𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃 𝑪
𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝑨𝑪 = 𝑬𝑮 = 𝟔𝟎𝟔𝟐. 𝟏𝟖 𝒍𝒃 𝑻
𝐶𝐷 sin 60° = 𝐵𝐶 sin 60° + 2000 𝑩𝑫 = 𝑫𝑭 = 𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃 𝑪
𝑅𝐴 = 3500 𝑙𝑏
𝐴𝐵 = 7000 𝑙𝑏 𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝐷 sin 60° = 866.03 sin 60° + 2000 𝑩𝑪 = 𝑬𝑭 = 𝟖𝟔𝟔. 𝟎𝟑 𝒍𝒃 𝑪
𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝑪𝑫 = 𝟑𝟏𝟕𝟓. 𝟒𝟑 𝒍𝒃 𝑻 𝑪𝑫 = 𝑫𝑬 = 𝟑𝟏𝟕𝟓. 𝟒𝟑 𝒍𝒃 𝑻
3500 = 𝐴𝐵 sin 30° 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐷 + 1000 sin 30°
𝑨𝑩 = 𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃 𝑪 7000 = 𝐵𝐷 + 1000 sin 30° 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝑩𝑫 = 𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃 𝑪 𝐶𝐸 + 𝐶𝐷 cos 60° + 𝐵𝐶 cos 60° = 𝐴𝐶
𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝐶𝐸 + 3175.43 cos 60° + 866.03 cos 60° = 6062.18
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 cos 30° 𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝑪𝑬 = 𝟒𝟎𝟒𝟏. 𝟒𝟓 𝒍𝒃 𝑻
𝐴𝐶 = 7000 cos 30° 𝐵𝐶 = 1000 cos 30°
𝑨𝑪 = 𝟔𝟎𝟔𝟐. 𝟏𝟖 𝒍𝒃 𝑻 𝑩𝑪 = 𝟖𝟔𝟔. 𝟎𝟑 𝒍𝒃 𝑪