Mendelian Law

of Inheritance
and Sex Linkage
Lesson 2
Learning Competency
At the end of the lesson, the learners
can:
a. describe modifications to
Mendel’s classic ratios (gene
interaction);
b. Predict genotypes and
phenotypes of parents and offspring
using the laws of inheritance;
c. Explain sex linkage and
recombination
 Activity: My View and Findings
Directions: Fill out the first column (My View) either by
writing A if you agree to the statement, which
is located at the center of the table, or D if
you disagree. The last column (My Finding)
will be filled out at the end of the lesson.
 Activity: My View and Findings
MY VIEW STATEMENTS MY
FINDINGS
1.Physical appearance of an organism for
a given trait is called genotype
2. The dominant phenotype shows up in
100% of the offspring in all generations.
3. The physical location of a particular
gene on a chromosome is called an
allele.
 Table of contents

01 What is Genetics? 04 Punnet Square

02 Definition of Terms 07 Monohybrid Cross

Mendel’s Law of
03 Heredity 06 Dihybrid Cross
 01
What is
Genetics?
 Genetics
- is the study of the laws and
processes of biological
inheritance.
- The study of genetics is
concerned with the transfer of
traits.
 Gregor Johann Mendel
● Father of Genetics
● An Australian monk born in
1822
● He discovered the theory of
genetics in 1866 by studying
pea plants
● He determined that parents
have specific traits that they
can pass to their offspring
 Gregor Johann Mendel
● Between 1856 and 1863,
Mendel cultivated and
tested some 28,000 pea
plants.

● He found that the plants'

offspring retained traits of
the parents
 Why peas,
Pisum sativum?
▪ Can be grown in a small area
▪ Produce lots of offspring
▪ Produce pure plants when allowed
to self-pollinate
▪ Can be artificially cross-pollinated
▪ Many traits known.
▪ Above all, easy to grow
▪ Mendel stated that physical traits
are inherited as “particles”.

▪ Mendel did not know that the

“particles” were actually
Chromosomes & DNA
 02
Definition of
Terms
 COMMONLY USED TERMS

TRAITS ALLELES
are determined by the genes on
different genes (possibilities) for
the chromosomes. A gene is a
the same trait
segment of DNA that determines
a trait.
ex: blue eyes or brown eyes
ex. Hair color, eye color, skin
complexion, etc.
 COMMONLY USED TERMS

DOMINANT RECESSIVE
only one allele of a gene necessary both alleles of a gene must be
to express the trait identical to express the trait
Symbol used = UPPER CASE Symbol used = lower case
 COMMONLY USED TERMS

GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE
Combination of genes an organism Physical appearance resulting from
has (actual gene makeup) gene make-up .
ex. TT, Tt, tt ex. Curly hair, brown eyes,
widow’s peak.
- a technique use for
predicting genotype.
- it considers the dominant
and recessive genes of the
male and female parents
for one trait
 MONOHYBRID CROSS
APPLYING MENDELIAN CONCEPTS

Homozygous dominant + Homozygous dominant +

Homozygous dominant Heterozygous

A A
A AA AA
a Aa Aa

Homozygous dominant + Heterozygous +

Homozygous recessive Heterozygous
a a A a
A A Aa
A Aa Aa
A
A Aa Aa a Aa aa
 03
Mendel’s Laws
of Heredity
LAW OF DOMINANCE and RECESSIVE
The law of dominance and
recessive states that some
alleles are dominant,
whereas others are
recessive.
EXAMPLE:

BB = Purple
Bb = purple
bb = White

BB and Bb are both dominant while bb shows

recessive
LAW OF SEGREGATION
This law states that when
any individual produces
gametes, the copies of a
gene separate so that
each gamete receives
only one copy.

A gamete will receive one

allele or the other
 LET’S TRY!
STEP 1
Determine the genotype of the parents. Assign letters to represent the genotype.
Note: Any letters will do..

David has the recessive trait (no widow’s peak)

- He must have two recessive alleles
- David’s genotype can be represented as
”ww”

Jane has the dominant trait (widow’s peak)

- Jane could be homozygous dominant or
heterozygous.
- Jane’s genotype can be either “WW” or
“Ww”.
 LET’S TRY!
STEP 2
Draw a Punnett Aquare

STEP 3
Split the parent’s genotypes into gametes on the outside of the Punnett Square. For each box,
write the allele from the top (down) and the side (across).

A. If Jane’s father has W w Jane’s allele

widow’s peak and her
mother do not, or vice David’s allele w Ww ww
versa, use “Ww”
w Ww ww
 LET’S TRY!
STEP 3
Split the parent’s genotypes into gametes on the outside of the Punnett Square. For each box,
write the allele from the top (down) and the side (across).

W W
Jane’s allele
B. If Jane’s parents have
widow’s peak, use w Ww ww
David’s allele
genotype “WW”
w Ww ww
 LET’S TRY!
STEP 4
Solve for the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring from the cross.

A B
Genotype 2 Ww and 2 ww 4 Ww
2 with widow’s peak
Phenotype 4 with widow’s peak
2 No widow’s peak

G ratio 2:2 4:0

(2Ww : 2ww) (4 Ww)

P ratio 2:2 4:0

(2 dominant : 2 recessive) (All are heterozygous)
LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
The law of independent
assortment states that
alleles segregate
independently during
the formation of
gametes. The genes do
not influence one
another on how they are
sorted.
 DIHYBRID CROSS
Inheritance of two pairs of alleles through a number of generations was
studied by Mendel through dihybrid crosses. In one experiment Mendel
crosses a round green with wrinkled yellow. The F1 individuals Are
called dihybrid, were all round yellow
 LET’S TRY!
EXAMPLE 1

In the edible pea, tall (T) is dominant to short (t) , and green pods (G) are dominant to
yellow pods (g). List the types of gametes and offspring that would be produced in the
following crosses:

A. TtGg x TtGg
B. TtGg x Ttgg
STEP 3: Set up a large 4x4 Punnett square,
place one gamete set from the parent on
the top, and the other on the side
A. TtGg x TtGg
TG, Tg, tG, tg (Parent 1) x TG, Tg, tG, tg (Parent 2)

TG Tg tG tg
Parent 1

TG TTGG TTGg TtGG TtGg

Parent 2

Tg TTGg TTgg TtGg Ttgg

tG TtGG TtGg ttGG ttGg

tg TtGg Ttgg ttGg ttgg

STEP 3: Set up a large 4x4 Punnett square,
place one gamete set from the parent on
the top, and the other on the side
B. TtGg x Ttgg
TG, Tg, tG, tg (Parent 1) x Tg, Tg, tg, tg (Parent 2)

TG Tg tG tg
Parent 1

Tg TTGg TTgg TtGg Ttgg

Parent 2

Tg TTGg TTgg TtGg Ttgg

tg TtGg Ttgg ttGg ttgg

tg TtGg Ttgg ttGg ttgg

STEP 4: Write the genotypes of the offspring in each box and determine how many of
each phenotype you have.

A. TtGg x TtGg
GENOTYPE
1 TTGG: 2 TTGg: 1 TTgg: 2 TtGG: 4 TtGg: 2 Ttgg: 1 ttGG: 2 ttGg; 1 ttgg

Genotypic Ratio: 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 4 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1

PHENOTYPE
• 9/16 TALL with GREEN PODS
• 3/16 TALL with YELLOW PODS
• 3/16 SHORT with GREEN PODS
• 1/16 SHORT with YELLOW PODS

Phenotypic Ratio: 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
STEP 4: Write the genotypes of the offspring in each box and determine how many of
each phenotype you have.

B. TtGg x Ttgg
GENOTYPE
2TTGg: 4 TtGg: 2TTgg: 4 Ttgg: 2 ttGg: 2 ttgg

Genotypic Ratio: 2 : 4 : 2 : 4 : 2 : 2

PHENOTYPE
• 6/16 TALL with GREEN PODS
• 6/16 TALL with YELLOW PODS
• 2/16 SHORT with GREEN PODS
• 2/16 SHORT with YELLOW PODS

Phenotypic Ratio: 6 : 6 : 2 : 2 / 3: 3: 1: 1
Non – Mendelian
Patterns of
Inheritance
Lesson 2
Non – Mendelian Patterns of
Inheritance

INCOMPLETE CODOMINANCE
DOMINANCE

MULTIPLE SEX-LINKED
ALLELES TRAITS
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

There are two alleles for a

gene, but neither is dominant
or recessive.

When both alleles are

present (the heterozygous
condition), the
phenotype is a blend of the
two alleles.
EXAMPLE 1: Incomplete Dominance

STEP 4: Solve for the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of

the offspring from the cross.
Genotype: 4Hh

Phenotype: Medium length tails

G ratio: 100%

P ratio: 4

All cats would be heterozygous and show the

intermediate trait-medium length tails
CODOMINANCE
In codominance, both alleles
contribute to the phenotype
of an organism
Cattle can be:
✓ RED
(RR – all red hairs)
✓ WHITE
(WW – all white hairs)
✓ ROAN
(RW – red and white hairs together)
CODOMINANCE

Rhodedendron can be:

✓ RED
(RR – all red flowers)
✓ WHITE
(WW – allele for white flowers)
✓ CODOMINANT
(RW – Cross a homozygous red flower
with a homozygous white flower)
EXAMPLE 2: Codominance

STEP 4: Split the F1 generation genotypes using a punnett

square

STEP 5: Determine the genotypes and phenotypes of the F2

generation
Genotypes = RR : RW : WW Phenotypes = Red : Purple: White
=1:2:1 = 1: 2: 1
= 25% : 50% : 25% = 25% Red
50% Purple
25% White
MULTIPLE ALLELES
Alleles arise trough mutation, and the
same gene in different individual may
have different Mutations, each producing
a new alleles.

Example, Blood type consists of two

dominant and one recessive allele
options.

Allele A and B are dominant over Allele

O (recessive).
MULTIPLE ALLELES

▪ Note that you have only two of these

alleles in your genotype.
▪ One allele came from your mother,
and the other came from your father.
▪ Among the three alleles, the allele i
for blood type O is recessive to the
alleles for blood types A and B.
▪ The different alleles can have these
possible genotypes and phenotypes
as shown below:
 What are the different blood groups?
▪ The presence or absence of certain protein molecules called
antigens and antibodies.

- Antigens are located on the surface of the red blood cells.

- Antibodies are in the blood plasma.

▪ Individuals have different types and combinations of these

molecules.

▪ The blood group you belong to depends on what you have inherited
from your parents.
Blood group A
- A antigens on the surface of
the red blood cells and B
antibodies in the blood plasma.
Blood group B
- B antigens on the surface of
the red blood cells and A
antibodies in the blood plasma.
Blood group AB
- both A and B antigens on the surface
of the red blood cells and no A or B
antibodies at all in the blood plasma.

Blood group 0
have neither A or B antigens on the
surface of the red blood cells but have
both A and B antibodies in the blood
plasma.
EXAMPLE 3: Multiple alleles
STEP 2: Determine the genotypes of each blood type

Type O represent ii because that is the only one and only

genotype for Type O.
Type AB must be I A I B because that is the only one and
only genotype for AB blood

STEP 3: Draw the Punnett Square.

EXAMPLE 3: Multiple alleles
STEP 4: Split the parent’s genotypes into gametes on the
outside of the Punnett Square. For each box, write
the allele from the top (down) and the side
(across).
Father
IA IB
Mother

i IAi IBi

i IAi IBi
 SEX-LINKED TRAITS
In humans, one pair of chromosomes (the 23rd pair) determines
the gender of the individual. These 2 chromosomes are known
as the sex chromosomes.
 SEX-LINKED TRAITS
1. Red-green colorblindness
Inability differentiate between read and green.
2. Male Pattern Baldness
3. Hemophilia
Causes the blood not to clot. If get a cut it may take a along
time to clot or internal bleeding may result from a bruise.
4. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Muscular weakness, progressive deterioration of muscle tissue, and
loss of coordination.
EXAMPLE 4: Sex-linked Traits (Hemophilia)

Inheritance of Hemophilia “Carrier” Mother and Father

Without Hemophilia. What will be the probability of their
offspring to carry the hemophilia gene?

STEP 1: Determine the genotypes of the parents. Using

the given information

The genotype of the parents are as follows:

Mother - Carrier with Hemophilia Gene (XNXn)
Father - Without Hemophilia Gene (XNY)
EXAMPLE 4: Sex-linked Traits (Hemophilia)

STEP 2: Draw the Punnett Square.

STEP 3: Split the parent’s genotypes into gametes on the

outside of the Punnett Square. For each box,
write the allele from the top (down) and the side
(across). Father
XN Y

XN XNXN XNY
Mother

Xn XNXn XnY
 EXAMPLE 4: Sex-linked Traits (Hemophilia)

STEP 4: Identify now the probability of their offspring to carry

hemophilia gene.

There are possible offspring:

Son (XNY) – without hemophilia

Daughter (XNXn) – carrier for hemophilia gene
Son (XnY)- has hemophilia
Daughter (XNXN)- does not carry the hemophilia gene
Epistasis
- one gene masks or interferes
with the expression of another .
- word composed of Greek roots
that mean “standing upon.”
- “one gene affects in anyway
the expression of another
gene”.
 Guided/Independent Practice
Independent Practice: Problem Solving in
Genetics
 Guided/Independent Practice
Directions: Analyze and solve genetics problems.

A homozygous black goat (BB) is crossed with a homozygous

white goat (bb),
a. What is the probability that an offspring will have
black fur?
b. b. Calculate the phenotype-genotype ratio.
Parents:
a. Identify the phenotype of the parents: ______________
b. Identify the genotype of the parents: ______________

Offspring:
a. Identify the phenotype of the offspring: ___________
b. Identify the genotype of the offspring: _____________
c. Genotypic Ration: ________________
d. Phenotypic Ration: ________________
e. Probability of offspring with black fur: ______________
 END OF
MIDTERM
LESSONS