Technical science and innovation

Volume 2022 Issue 4 Article 4

12-31-2022

ANALYSIS OF METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION AND APPLICATION

OF MODERN ANTI-RADAR MISSILES
A S. Solonar
Radar and receiving and transmitting devices educational institution of the Military Academy of the
Republic of Belarus

P A. Khmarski
Radar and receiving and transmitting devices educational institution of the Military Academy of the
Republic of Belarus

B M. Mukhammedov
Higher Military Aviation School of the Republic of Uzbekistan

G Sh Tuganov
Higher Military Aviation School of the Republic of Uzbekistan

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Recommended Citation
Solonar, A S.; Khmarski, P A.; Mukhammedov, B M.; and Tuganov, G Sh (2022) "ANALYSIS OF METHODS
OF CONSTRUCTION AND APPLICATION OF MODERN ANTI-RADAR MISSILES," Technical science and
innovation: Vol. 2022: Iss. 4, Article 4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51346/tstu-01.22.4-77-0202
Available at: https://btstu.researchcommons.org/journal/vol2022/iss4/4

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 №4/2022 year. Technical science and innovation
ANALYSIS OF METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION AND APPLICATION OF MODERN ANTI-RADAR
MISSILES

A.S. Solonar1, P.A. Khmarski2, B.M. Mukhammedov2, G.Sh. Tuganov2

1
Radar and receiving and transmitting devices educational
institution of the Military Academy of the Republic of Belarus
Independence Avenue, 220 220057, Minsk, Belarus
2
Institute of Applied Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
Nezavisimosti avenue., 68 220072, Minsk, Belarus
2
Higher Military Aviation School of the Republic of Uzbekistan,
Zhaihun st, 54.180117, Karshi, Uzbekistan

Abstract: The analysis of methods of construction and application of modern anti-radar

missiles (ARM) is carried out. The analysis allowed us to identify the most distinctive features
of ARM such as: high flight speed (600-1200 m/s), limited launch range, different flight paths
and it is oriented towards the attacked radar, small effective distribution surface (ESR), due to
a sharp increase in the weight and size characteristics of the homing head of the homing head
outside the frequency range (from 0.5 to 40 GHz), radio electronic means of the ARM are not
created, the large range and high speed of tuning the operating frequency of the receiver of
the homing head make it inefficient to use frequency jumps in electronic means, modern ARM
has an autonomous inertial guidance system, corrected from the NAVSTAR (Navigation
Satellites providing Time And Range) satellite radio navigation system via a GPS (Global
positioning system) receiver which are physical prerequisites for their effective selection. The
findings obtained during the analysis will be used in the development of a device for selecting
an anti-radar missile aimed at a surveillance radar, as well as for taking effective measures to
protect electronic equipment from them.
Keywords: Anti-radar missile, radar, ARM flight paths, effective reflection surface, radar
homing head, inertial navigation system, tactical applications, Accuracy of fire.

INTRODUCTION. Analysis of armed conflicts in Vietnam (1965-1973), Libya (1982), Iraq

(1991, 1998, 2003), Yugoslavia (1999), Nagorno-Karabakh (2020), and other smaller conflicts
[1-8] show that without the use of technical means and organizational measures of protection
from high-precision weapons (HPW), the losses of the Air Force and air defense forces already
in the first massive missile and aviation strike can amount to 25... 30%, and in the first two or
three days of offensive operations - up to 90-95%. So, for example, in Iraq (1991, 1998, 2003),
Yugoslavia (1999), anti-radar missiles in combination with electronic jamming (EJ) were widely
used for fire destruction of air defense weapons (air defense). In this connection, the issue of
protecting various military radars from ARM is relevant. Considering that one of the main
methods of protecting the radar from ARM implies its temporary shutdown, which is not
always possible during the reflection of an enemy air strike. This method of protection against
ARM can be effective only in case of timely detection of a missile launched by radar, and for
its implementation, first of all, there is a natural need for a detailed study of the combat
capabilities and methods of using ARM. Therefore, the primary task is to analyze the method
of constructing and using modern anti-radar missiles of foreign countries, which is what this
article is devoted to.
The main part. Currently, there are anti-radar missiles with an inertial navigation system
(INS), corrected from the NAVSTAR global satellite radio navigation system (SRNS) via a GPS

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 Civil and environmental engineering
receiver, which ensures high accuracy of pointing the ARM at the target, even with its
prolonged (30 ...100s) shutdown. The main tactical and technical characteristics of the above-
mentioned ARMs are given in
Table 1
The main tactical and technical characteristics of the ARM
Characteristic values for ARM
Name HARM Martel (AS- Tacit
Delilah (Star-
Specifications (AMG-88 B, 37) Rainbow ALARM
1)
C) (ARMAT) (AGM-136A)
Developer country USA France USA UK. Israel
Year of adoption 1983 1970 1991 1991 2003
Dimensions of the rocket:
length, m 4,16 4,2 2,54 4,24 2,71
diameter, m 0,25 0,4 0,686 0,22 0,33
wingspan, m 1,12 1,2 1,56 0,72 1,15

Starting weight, kg 364,5 535 575 265 190

Launch range, km 7…80 15…130 4…90 10…45(90) 100…250
Launch height, km 0,15…15 0.15…16 0,1…6 0,1…6 0,1…6
Average speed, flight, m/s 660 700 300 500 300
Engine type SFJE SFJE SFJE SFJE SFJE
Dive angle on the REM, deg 10…60 20…50 20…60 10…90 20…60
Accuracy of fire , m 7…9 7…9 5…6 5…9 5…6
Carrier aircraft ARM F-15,F-16, Jaguar, B-52, Tornado- F-15,F-16,
F/A-18, Nimrod, F-111, A-6 EGR, Sea Вертолеты
Tornado- Harrier, Harrier, UH-60A,
EGR, Mirage- верт. Lynx SH-60B
EA-6B 2000

In the USA, on the basis of the AIM-9C Sidewinder aircraft guided missile (AGM), a cheap
short-range (up to 10 km) SideARM (AGM-122) has been developed, designed to arm army
aviation helicopters and attack unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) [9]. The main ARM of foreign
countries are: HARM (AMG-88A, B, C), Tacit Rainbow (AGM-136A) (USA), Martel (AS-37)
(France), ARMAT (France, UK), ALARM (UK), Delilah (Star-1) (Israel), BARB (South Africa) [10].
Distinctive features of modern ARM are:
-in addition to the passive radar homing head (HH), an active radar HH of the millimeter
wavelength range and a television HH of the ranges of 8...14 microns have been introduced;
-the layout of the ARM according to a wingless aerodynamic scheme, with folding
rudders in the tail of the rocket;
-equipping the rocket with a ramjet engine that provides its flight speed up to 1300 m /
s;
-the possibility of re-targeting the ARM in flight to another radio-electronic means
(REM)- target;
-availability of broadband homing head;
-combined guidance system (radar, thermal imaging, television, inertial).
MATERIAL AND METHODS. ARM has no fundamental differences from other types of
homing missiles and consists of a glider that combines three main compartments: hardware,
propulsion and warhead.
In the hardware compartment there is a homing head (HH), a digital processor and
other electronic components of the missile guidance and control systems that carry out the

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output of the ARM to the radiating REM- target. The ARM hardware compartment is closed in
front by a radio-transparent fairing, which is, as a rule, a paraboloid of rotation with a blunted
nose. This shape of the fairing makes it possible to obtain acceptable characteristics of radar
HH with the lowest aerodynamic drag of the rocket head. Most ARMs are equipped with a
passive radar homing head (PRHH).
The passive radar homing head is the most important element of the ARM. It consists of
an antenna system, receiver, direction finder, gyro-stabilized platform and selectors.
The HH is designed to solve the following tasks [9]:
- bearing of the REM- target regardless of the direction of its main radiation relative to
the carrier aircraft ARM;
- autonomous search for REM- targets by direction, carrier frequency, repetition period
and pulse duration;
- selection of signals selected for the destruction of the REM- target by the carrier
frequency, as well as by the repetition period, duration and amplitude of the pulses;
- repeated search and capture of REM- target signals when they disappear;
- issuing extrapolated angular coordinates (and their derivatives) of the position of the
target REM to the ARM control system with a short-term loss of signals from the radar
(prolongation).
The GPS ARM uses passive monopulse radar direction finders, which provide:
-the bearing of radar signals and the output of signals of its angular position relative to
the longitudinal axis of the rocket to the missile control system;
- output of the angular velocity of rotation of the radar line of sight to the missile control
system;
- the issuance of signals about auto-interception and angular coordinates of the radar in
the equipment of the carrier aircraft ARM.
The principle of operation of a monopulse direction finder is that information about the
direction to the target is obtained by comparing the amplitudes or phases of radar signals
simultaneously present in several channels of the direction finder. Depending on the circuit
implementation, monopulse direction finders are divided into amplitude, phase and
amplitude-phase direction finders. Amplitude-type direction finders were used in the Shrike
(AMG-45) type ARM (Fig. 1) and Standart ARM (AGM-88) (Fig. 2). In modern ARM, amplitude
direction finders in their pure form are not used.
In modern ARM, two types of direction finders are most used [11]:
-monopulse phase-phase type direction finders with phase comparison at an
intermediate frequency;
-monopulse direction finder of amplitude-phase type with total-difference processing at
high frequency.

Fig 1 ARM Shrike (AMG-45) Fig 2 Standard ARM (AGM-88)

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 Civil and environmental engineering
Monopulse direction finders of the amplitude-phase type with total-difference
processing at high frequency have found the greatest use in the HH ARM, Direction finders of
this type are used in HARM (AGM-88B, C), ALARM and Martel (AS-37) type ARM.
The advantages of direction finders of this type are:
- the ability to obtain independent information about the radar target simultaneously by
the amplitude and phase ratios of the received signals, which increases the resolution in
angular coordinates;
- for the bearing of the target in two planes, it is necessary to have only two angular
channels and a total total channel;
- errors related to the imbalance of channel characteristics are random, which allows
them to be determined by the results of mathematical modeling;
- the ability to determine the range to the radar target, which increases the selection
capabilities and guidance accuracy.
The disadvantages of such direction finders are [10]:
- the random error caused by the internal noise of the HH receiver is twice as high as in
phase-type direction finders with total difference processing;
- to compensate for internal errors in the direction finder channels, the use of complex
circuit design solutions is required;
- the accuracy of the radar target direction finding in the phase channel is sharply
reduced when using a frequency-modulated signal with a high frequency deviation;
- the accuracy of bearing in the amplitude channel decreases when processing a
frequency-modulated signal due to the appearance of parasitic amplitude modulation of the
error signal.
However, in order to ensure the operation of the direction finders of the RHH in the
conditions of an intense radar field of air defense in the absence of electronic reconnaissance
systems on ARM carrier aircraft, the principles of functioning should be laid down in the
schemes and design of radar HH, ensuring:
- bearing of the radar target regardless of the direction of its main radiation;
- autonomous search for radar targets by direction and carrier frequency, as well as by
pulse repetition period;
- selection of signals of the selected radar target;
- repeated search and capture of radar target signals when they disappear;
- output of signals of the angular position of the radar target and the angular rotation
speed of the line of sight of the target "from memory" with a short-term loss of signals
(prolongation).
To increase the noise protection, as well as the selection of signals from the selected
radar target, the following selectors are used in the RHH ARM:
- by carrier frequency;
- by pulse repetition period;
- by pulse duration;
- at the moment of receipt of pulses;
- by pulse amplitude;
- by angular coordinates.
The carrier frequency selector can usually have a resolution of (2...4) MHz- for pulsed
radars or (0.2....0.5) MHz - for continuous quasi-continuous radars. Currently, the weight and
size limitations do not allow parallel multi-frequency reception and analysis of signals to be
implemented in the RHH. A compromise solution to meet the requirements for frequency
selectivity and search capabilities in the PRR is achieved by the fact that several carrier
frequency search modes are implemented in the GPS receiver:

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 №4/2022 year. Technical science and innovation
-broadband search mode in the range of 200...300 MHz without stopping (while the
sensitivity of the RHH receiver decreases by 2...4 orders of magnitude);
-swiping, i.e. scanning with a narrow band at a speed of 500 MHz within a certain
frequency range (up to 1000 MHz);
-search with a stop after detecting the radar target signal. Further tracking of the target
by frequency should be provided from any search mode.
The pulse repetition period selector has a resolution of 20....50 microseconds. The
selector sets strobing pulses during which the receiver of the RHH ARM are open. The
repetition period and duration of the selective strobe pulses are set in such a way as to ensure
the selection of target pulses, taking into account the possibility of wobbling them over the
follow-up period.
The pulse duration selector can have a resolution of about 0.1 microseconds. It provides
reception of signals from the radar target only within the open time gate of a given duration.
The duration of the time gate is set in advance, based on the estimated duration of the pulses
of the target being hit.
The selector at the moment of receipt of pulses is used to isolate the signal from the
target in the presence of "interfering" pulses from distracting transmitters or re-reflected
pulses from the earth (water surface). This selector provides an analysis of the number of non-
overlapping pulses that have been selected by the repetition period and pulse duration, and
the choice is accompanied by the homing head of the first, second or third pulse.
At the same time, in order to suppress interfering reflection from the underlying
surface, further angular tracking of the detected radar pulse signal can be carried out along its
leading edge (the so-called cutting-off mode of the leading edge of the pulse). The pulse signal
amplitude selector allows you to select one of the non-overlapping pulse signals for further
processing. The resolution of the amplitude selector is usually 1...2 dB.
Selector by angular coordinates selection of targets by angular coordinates is carried out
by schematic methods (angular selector). In promising ARMS (for example, of the HARM type
(AMG-88D, E), when the signal disappears in the RHH, the missile is guided to the target using
an inertial guidance system corrected from the satellite radio navigation system NAVSTAR in
the initial and middle sections of the flight path, with the transition to homing from an active
millimeter-range radar RHH or infrared RHH in the final section. The listed principles ensure
the noise immunity and autonomy of the operation of the homing head of the ARM.
Analysis of the characteristics of the RHH ARM shows:
-the operating wavelength range of the RHH ARM lies in the range from 0.5 to 40 GHz,
(wavelength cm). Outside of this, the frequency range of the REM ARM is not created,
because, at frequencies less than 0.5 GHz, the weight and size characteristics of the RHH ARM
as a whole sharply increase. At the same time, the accuracy of direction finding decreases
from 0.08 to 1.5ᵒ, and at frequencies above 40 GHz, the range of the ARM is sharply reduced
due to the large attenuation of millimeter radio waves in the atmosphere, especially in bad
weather conditions;
-the large range and high speed of adjustment of the operating frequency of the GPS
receiver make it ineffective to use frequency jumps in the REM, since this does not lead to a
significant increase in the errors of pointing the ARM at the target REM due to the presence in
the ARM either an autonomous inertial guidance system corrected from the satellite radio
navigation system NAVSTAR via the GPS receiver, or a prolongator of the flight path of the
ARM;
-the small (0.2... 4 MHz) bandwidth of the RHH receiver ensures its high frequency
resolution, which allows you to select the desired radar in a complex electronic environment.

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 Civil and environmental engineering
ARM as an object of observation. Anti-radar missiles as objects of observation are significantly
different from aircraft.
Their transverse and longitudinal dimensions are 3-5 times smaller than the size of the
fighter, the geometric shapes are simpler, the dimensions of the main local reflectors are
commensurate with the length of the decimeter and near-meter radar ranges. Table 3. shows
the effective scattering surfaces (ESR) for different radar wavelengths and angles of their
location relative to the longitudinal axis of the ARM.

Table 3
The angle of the ESR value for wavelengths
location ARM,
Type ARM
deg
𝜆=3 sm 𝜆=10 sm 𝜆=40 sm 𝜆=200 sm
±15 0,06 0,07 0,08 1,8

HARM ±45 0,04 0,07 0,08 2,0

±15 0,25 0,3 0,3 1,4

Martel (AS-37)
ARMAT ±45 0,2 0,25 0,3 3,8

±15 0,06 0,07 0,08 1,2

ALARM
±45 0,05 0,06 0,08 1,5

±15 0,11-0,15 0,11-0,15 0,15-0,2 1,0-01,5

Tacit Rainbow
±45 0,04-0,09 0,04-0,09 0,06-0,1 1,0-1,5

When attacking ground (surface) REM targets, the ARM can have the following typical
flight paths (Fig.3) [11-15]:
- flight along a ballistic (curve 1) or semi-ballistic (curve 2) trajectory with a given casting
height (up to 40 km) and a dive angle to the target in the range from 10 to 80ᵒ;
- gentle dive over the entire flight section of the PRR at angles of 10...20ᵒ (curve 3);
- horizontal flight at low altitudes of 100...500 m with a "slide" maneuver at a range of
10...15 km from the target RES and switching to a dive at angles of 20...60ᵒ (curve 4);
- horizontal flight at medium and high altitudes with a transition in the final section of
the trajectory into a dive at angles of 10 ...60ᵒ (curve 5);
- horizontal flight at low and medium altitudes, with a sharp climb (when the REM is
turned off) with a slow descent by parachute, followed by a dive at angles up to 90 degrees
after the RES is turned on (ARM ALARM, curve 6).
Methods of application of ARM. According to the experience of military operations in local wars,
the following tactical methods of using PRR can be distinguished [13-15]:

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Fig 3. Typical flight paths of the ARM

The use of ARM from low and extremely low altitudes under the cover of reflections
from local objects (Fig. 4). According to the experience of local wars, more than 70% of ARMs
were used from low and extremely low altitudes, since this tactic ensures the surprise use of
ARMs.

Fig 4. The use of ARM from low altitudes under the cover of reflections from local objects

When ARM is used during the day in the sector of ±10 º ... 20 º relative to the direction
to the sun, the use of optical means of monitoring the target on the air defense system

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 Civil and environmental engineering
becomes impossible and the air defense system is forced to track the carrier aircraft of the
radar channel (Fig. 5).

Fig 5. Application of PRR at night and from the side of the sun

The use of ARM under the cover of passive interference (Fig. 6).

Fig 6. The ARM carrier aircraft is moving ahead of the passive interference cloud

This tactical technique is similar to the technique of using ARM from low altitudes under
the cover of reflections from local objects, only in it the role of reflections from "locals" is
played by reflections from clouds of dipole interference. Due to this, the range of ARM
application from medium heights is significantly increased.
Methods of combat use of ARM distinguish:
-by the guidance method (Figure 7). - by flight mode (Figure 8).
-semi-active homing (with "illumination" of the object of impact");

With a constant bearing

10 0  60 0 Direct homing

a)

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 №4/2022 year. Technical science and innovation

Semi-active homing (with illumination of the object

of impact)

b)
Fig 7. Methods of combat use of high–precision weapons: a) passive homing (by radiation of
the object of impact);

With the rise of the

trajectory
  60 0

Gentle dive (  100 )

a)

Hover in mode (a)

Target detected

b) c)
Fig 8. Flight modes of high-precision weapons:
a – directly on a given (detected) target;
b – along a given route with a goal search
c – for a given destination on the route (cruis)
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 Civil and environmental engineering
CONCLUSION. The analysis of the characteristics of well-known modern ARMs based on
open sources allowed us to identify their most distinctive features, which are physical
prerequisites for effective selection (selection against the background of other objects):
1. Anti–radar missiles are small-sized targets with a small effective scattering area of
𝜆ARM (for the centimeter and decimeter range, 𝜆ARM is from 0.06 to 0.2 m2).
2. At the moment of separation of the ARM and the carrier, the radial acceleration of
the ARM is much greater than the radial acceleration of the carrier. The radial velocity of the
ARM is also usually greater than the radial velocity of the carrier. The trajectory of the ARM is
most often oriented towards the attacked radar (the heading angle of the missile relative to
the radar is approximately 00).
3. The flight speed of the ARM VARM is in the range from 600 to 1200 m/s, which is
significantly more than most modern aerodynamic aircraft. The ARM is characterized by a
limited start-up range DSTART UP. – no more than 200 km, which is due to the limited supply of
rocket fuel on board.
4. In the final section of the ARM trajectory, large dive angles are characteristic – from
10 to 600. The flight path of the ARM is made in three possible ways (directly on the radar,
0

along the route to the radar and along the route with the search for the radar).

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THE MOST COMMON SOURCES OF EMERGENCIES AND THEIR RESPONSE

M.B. Aripkhodzhaeva, G.M. Gulomova, S.Sh. Nosirova, M.B. Baratov

Tashkent State Technical University
University st.,2 100095, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Abstract: Humanity, entering the XXI st century, can choose and analyze cold wars,
modern attacks, various catastrophes and other problems of past centuries. Based on this, this
article, on civil protection from an emergency situation of a man-made nature, provides
continuous communication and will provide an opportunity to navigate a possible situation.
The article presents various ways to eliminate man-made emergencies.
Keywords: Emergencies, weapons, man-made, danger, catastrophe, safety, fire,
explosion, accident, local, liquidation, utility system, evacuation

INTRODUCTION: At all stages of its development, a person is closely connected with the
outside world. He is more and more aware of the problems that arise when living in a highly
industrial society. Dangerous human intervention in nature has increased dramatically and
now threatens to become a global danger to humanity. Almost every day in various parts of
our planet, emergency situations emergency occurs this is a system of disasters, catastrophes,
regular accidents, acts of terrorism and the most common emergency of a man-made nature
caused by the collapse of buildings, highways, caused by design flaws and various natural
disasters (earthquakes, floods, collapses); Emergencies at public utilities - accidents at power
stations, sewage treatment plants, water supply.
The most common sources of man-made emergencies are fires and explosions that
occur:
- at the objects of production, storage and processing of flammable, combustible and
explosive substances;
- on transport;
- in buildings and structures for residential, social and cultural purposes.
- at industrial facilities;
- in mines, mine workings, subways;
Prevention and liquidation of emergency situations:
Emergency Prevention: this is a set of measures taken in advance and aimed at
minimizing the risk of emergencies as much as possible, as well as preserving people's health,
reducing damage to the environment and material losses in case of their occurrence.

58