SHRI DHARMASTHALA

MANJUNATHESWARA COLLEGE
(AUTONOMOUS)
UJIRE – 574 240
Department of Physics
QUESTION BANK

B.Sc -IV Semester –Paper IV

(2022-2023)
NEP SYLLABUS

CODE NO: PHCT 251

THERMAL PHYSICS AND ELECTRONICS
 UNIT I

Question carrying 2 marks

1. Explain Heat and Temperature.
2. What do you mean by thermodynamic parameters? Explain.
3. What is the condition for the efficiency of the Carnot’s engine to be one?
4. Write the principle of the refrigerator.
5. Explain the co-efficient of performance of the refrigerator.
6. How are entropy and disorder in a system related?
7. Give any two differences between isothermal and adiabatic process.
8. Show that the total change in Entropy in a Carnot cycle is zero.
9. Give the Clausius statement and Kelvin’s statement of second law of
thermodynamics.
10. On what factors does the efficiency of a Carnot’s engine depend?
11. Why the temperature absolute 0K cannot be reached?
12. Why it is impossible to have a heat engine of efficiency is one? Explain
13. Give the expression for the work done by a gas during an isothermal expansion.
14. Give the expression for the work done by a gas during an adiabatic expansion.
15. Define reversible process. Give an example.
16. Define irreversible process. Give an example.

Question carrying 4 marks

1. Derive the expression for the work done in an isothermal process.
2. Derive the expression for the work done in an adiabatic process.
3. Explain the parts of ideal heat engine.
4. Show that entropy remains constant in a reversible process.
5. Show that entropy increases in an irreversible process.
6. Describe Carnot’s cycle and give the expression for the efficiency of an ideal heat
engine working between two temperatures T1 and T2.
7. Explain the application of Carnot’s engine in locomotion.
8. Explain Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements and their Equivalence.
9. With the neat labelled diagram explain working principle of the Refrigeration.
Question carrying 6 marks
1. Derive adiabatic equation PVγ= constant.
2. Derive an expression for the work done during adiabatic process. Show that the slope
of the adiabatic is λ times the slope of the isothermal at same points.
3. Derive the relation between pressure, volume and temperature for an ideal gas
undergoing adiabatic change.
4. Define the term Entropy. Explain Entropy Change in entropy in isothermal, adiabatic,
reversible and irreversible process.
5. Obtain the relation between entropy and thermodynamic probability. Explain order
and disorder of a system.

PROBLEMS
1. Three moles of an ideal gas is compressed to half the initial volume at a temperature
of 300K. Compute the work done in the process.
2. An ideal gas of volume 1lt at pressure 8Pa at 27°C undergoes expansion until its
pressure drops to 1Pa. Calculate the final volume and work done if it is done.
3. Calculate the work done when 1Lt of a monoatomic perfect gas at NTP is compressed
adiabatically till the temperature is increased to 100°C. Gas constant R=8.314
J/mol/K.
4. Calculate the amount of work done when one litre of monoatomic perfect gas,
originally at NTP is compressed adiabatically to half of its volume. Given R=8.314
J/mol/K. what would be the work done if the gas were compressed isothermally?
5. 300J of energy is absorbed from the sink in a refrigerator and 200J of work is done
with external help. Calculate the co-efficient of performance.
6. The sink in a Carnot’s engine is at 27°C and has efficiency 0.4. if the efficiency of the
engine is to be increased to 0.5, find by how many degrees the temperature of the
source should be increased?
7. A Carnot engine working between two temperatures has an efficiency of 40% when
the temperature of source alone is increased by 80°C the efficiency is increased to
50%. Find the temperature of the sink and of the source in the two cases.
8. One mole of perfect gas is expanded isothermally to twice its initial volume. Calculate
the change in entropy.
 9. Calculate the change in entropy when 0.02Kg of ice at 273K melts into water at
313K. Given latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.36x105J/Kg, Specific heat of water
=4200J/Kg/K
10. Calculate the change in entropy when 1g of ice at -15°C is converted into water 0°C.
Given latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.36x105J/Kg, Specific heat of ice =2090J/Kg.

Unit II
Questions carrying 2 marks: -

1. What are thermodynamic potentials? Mention four thermodynamic potentials.

2. Explain the meaning of internal energy of a system.
3. Mention the two reasons due to which the internal energy of a system changes.
4. Define Helmholtz free energy. What is its significance?
5. Define Gibb’s free energy. What is its significance?
6. Explain Maxwell’s second relation (Relation between S and P) in Thermodynamics.
7. Explain Maxwell’s third relation (Relation between T and V) in Thermodynamics.
8. Explain Maxwell’s fourth relation (Relation between V and S) in Thermodynamics.
9. What is meant by first order phase transition? Give an example.
10. Explain depression in freezing point.
11. Explain elevation of boiling point using Clausius-Clapeyron equation.
12. What is temperature of inversion in Joule-Thomson effect? What is its significance?
13. What is throttling process and Joule Thomson coefficient?
14. Mention any four different methods of attaining very low temperature.
15. What is magneto-calorific effect?
16. Explain Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law of velocities.
17. Along with appropriate equation, explain the meaning of average speed of gas
molecules.
18. Along with appropriate equation, explain the meaning of RMS value speed of gas
molecules.
19. What is meant by degrees of freedom? How many degrees of freedom are associated
with monoatomic/diatomic/triatomic molecule?
20. State and explain the law of equipartition of energy.
21. What are the values of CP and CV of monoatomic and diatomic gas molecules?
 22. What are the values of CP and CV of linear and non-linear triatomic gas molecules?
23. Give the values of ratio of specific heats (γ) of monoatomic and diatomic gas molecules.
24. Define radiation. Mention the range wavelength of thermal radiation.
25. Define ‘black body’ and black body radiation.
26. State Kirchhoff’s law of radiation and Write its expression and explain the terms.
27. Define energy density. What is its unit?
28. What is meant by radiation pressure? Give an example.
29. State and explain Stefan-Boltzmann law.
30. What is meant by ultraviolet catastrophe?

Questions carrying 4 marks: -

1. Obtain the expression for the change in internal energy of a system in terms of P, V, T
and S, using the laws of thermodynamics.
2. Explain the concept of enthalpy of a system. What is its significance?
3. Derive Maxwell’s first relation in Thermodynamics.
4. What is Joule-Thomson effect? Explain the principle of porous plug experiment and
give the expression for Joule-Thomson coefficient.
5. What is adiabatic demagnetisation? Explain the principle of attaining low temperature
by adiabatic demagnetisation.
6. State and explain Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law of velocities along with relevant
graph.
7. Arrive at the expression for the average speed of gas molecules.
8. Arrive at the expression for the RMS value of speed of gas molecules.
9. What is meant by Most Probable Speed of gas molecules? Obtain an expression for it.
10. Explain Rayleigh-Jeans’ distribution law. What is its limitation?
11. Arrive at Wien’s law from Planck’s law of radiation.
12. Arrive at Rayleigh-Jeans’ law from Planck’s law of radiation.

Questions carrying 6 marks: -

1. What is Clausius-Clapeyron equation? Derive the equation using Maxwell’s relations.

2. With a neat diagram, explain the procedure of attaining low temperature by adiabatic
demagnetisation.
3. Describe the spectral distribution of energy in black body radiation with graph. What
are the conclusions one can arrive at from the graph?
 4. State Wien’s displacement law. Hence explain Wien’s law of energy distribution. What
is its limitation?
5. Derive Planck’s law of radiation.

Questions carrying 4 marks (Problems): -

1. Calculate the change in normal boiling point of water due to a change of pressure of 1
atmosphere. Latent heat = 2.268 × 106 J/kg. One kg of steam at 373 K occupies 1.677
m3 . (Boiling point increases by 27.56 K)
2. Calculate the pressure required to make ice to freeze at 272 K. Change in specific
volume when 1 kg of water freezes into ice is 91× 10−6 m3. L of ice = 3.36 × 10−5
J/kg. (Pressure required = 1.36 × 107 N/m2.)
3. Calculate the depression in freezing point of ice for an increase in pressure of 1 atm.
Volume occupied by 1 kg of ice = 1.091 × 10−3 m3.
(Melting point decreases by 7.39 10−3 K)
4. Calculate the RMS velocity of helium molecules at NTP if its density is 0.178 kg/m3.
Avogadro number = 6.023 × 1023 per mole and Boltzmann constant = 1.38× 10−23
J/K. Molar volume = 0.0224 m3.
(RMS Velocity =1.304× 103 m/s)
5. The mean kinetic energy of hydrogen molecules at NTP is 5.64 × 10−21 joule and
molar gas constant is 8.32 J/mole/K. Calculate Avogadro number.
(Avogadro number = 6.04 × 1023 )
6. A black body is maintained at 17000 C. Calculate the heat energy radiated by 5 m2 of
the surface in one hour. σ = 5.7 × 10−8 Wm-2K-4.
(Energy radiated = 1.555× 1010 J)
7. A blackened sphere of radius 6 cm at 12000 C is suspended in an enclosure at 5000 C.
Find the rate of loss of energy from the sphere. σ = 5.7 × 10−8 Wm-2K-4.
(Energy radiated = 1.12× 104 J/s)
8. A body at 1500 K emits maximum energy of wavelength 2000 nm. If the sun emits
maximum energy of wavelength 550 nm, what would be the temperature of the sun?
(Temperature of the sun = 5454 K)
 UNIT-III - Semiconductor Device and Electronics
2 mark questions
1. What is forbidden energy gap in a semiconductor? What is its value for
germanium/silicon in room temperature?
2. What is meant by doping and dopants?

3. What are the depletion region and junction potential of a P-N diode?
4. When is a diode said to be forward/ reverse biased?
5. When a P-N junction diode acts as open and closed switch?
6. What is a rectifier? Name any two of its types.
7. What is meant by ripple factor? What is its value for full wave bridge rectifier?
8. Give any two differences between half and full wave rectifier.
9. What is a voltage regulator? Which diode can be used to construct a voltage
regulator?
10. Which are the current components in a transistor? Write the relation between them.
11. Mention two differences between JFET and BJT.

13. Obtain the relation between α and β in a transistor.

14. How does the emitter resistor stabilize the operating point in a transistor?

15. Why voltage gain of an amplifier falls at very low frequency?

16. Define Q point in the working of a transistor and explain its significance.

17. Give symbolic representation for an npn and a pnp transistor.

18. What is a transistor? Why is it so called?

19. What are the functions of bypass/ coupling capacitors?

20. Give the conditions to draw AC/DC equivalent circuit for CE amplifier.

4 Mark questions.
1. Explain the classification of solids on the basis of band theory.
2. With the help of diagram explain the action of intrinsic semiconductor.
3. With the help of diagrams explain the action of N-type semiconductor.
4. With the help of diagrams explain the action of P-type semiconductor.
 5. With the help of required diagram explain the formation of potential barrier in a P-
N junction.
6. Explain the action of P-N junction.
7. Explain the action of Forward/reverse biased diode.
8. With necessary circuit diagram, explain the characteristics of a P-N junction
diode.
9. Explain the working of half wave rectifier with circuit diagram and input - output
waveforms.
10. Explain the working of full wave bridge rectifier.
11. Distinguish between BJT and FET.
12. Explain with the diagram, how voltage divider bias is achieved in a transistor.
13. Describe how DC load line is drawn for a transistor amplifier.
14. How AC and DC equivalent circuits are drawn for CE amplifier?
15. Give frequency response in a CE amplifier. Explain the operation.
16. Explain the operation of transistor as an amplifier.
17. Define α and β for a transistor. Show that β = α/1-α, with the usual
notation.
18. Define α and β for a transistor. Show that α = β /1+ β, with the usual
notation.

6 Mark questions.
1. Explain the action of N-type and P-type semiconductors with the help of required
diagram.
2. With the help of required diagram explain the working of forward and reverse biased
diode.
3. What is a rectifier? Explain the working of full wave bridge rectifier with circuit
diagram and input - output waveforms. Mention the expression for its efficiency and
ripple factor.
4. What is a voltage regulator? Explain the action of Zener voltage regulator.
5. Describe voltage divider bias for a transistor in CE mode. Explain its merits.
6. Using CE amplifier, Explain the method of drawing DC load line and Q point in the
output characteristics. What is its importance?
7. What is DC load line? Explain the method to draw the DC load line on the output
characteristics of a transistor.
 8. Describe voltage divider bias for a transistor in CE mode. Explain how it acts as a
constant current source.
9. Explain the construction and working of a transistor in CE mode.

Problems carrying 4 marks

1. In a Zener voltage regulator, find current through the diode when load resistance is
5kΩ, Vi=100V, Rs=5 kΩ, and Vz=40V.
(Hint: Is= (Vi- Vz)/ Rs=12mA; IL= Vz/RL=8mA; IZ= Is- IL=4mA)
2. For a zener regulator, Vz=10V, Rs=1kΩ, RL=2 kΩ. Input voltage varies from 22 to 40
V. Find maximum and minimum values of zener current.
(Hint: IL= Vz/RL=5mA; IZmax= ISmax- IL=[(Vimax- Vz)/Rs]- IL=25mA; IZmin= ISmin-
IL=7mA)
3. A zener diode rated 30V is connected across a supply of 50V DC having resistance of
2 kΩ. A load RL is connected across the diode. Find the value of current flowing
through the zener diode if (i) RL=30 kΩ and (ii) RL=4 kΩ

(Hint: Is= (50-30)/2 kΩ=10Ma)

(i) IL= Vz/RL=1mA; IZ= Is- IL=9mA

(ii) IL= Vz/RL=7.5mA; IZ= Is- IL=2.5 mA

4. A bridge rectifier has the transformer secondary voltage of Vs=100 Sin ωt volts. It
supplies power to a load of 500 Ω. Calculate i) DC output voltage. ii) Percentage
efficiency.
5. A bridge rectifier has four diodes and a transformer of ratio 230:110 V. The forward
resistance of each diode is 25 Ω and reverse resistance is ∞.If the load resistance is
500 Ω, Find
i. DC value of load current
ii. DC value of load voltage
iii. Power efficiency
6. In a silicon transistor CE mode circuit with self-bias, R1=15K, R2=5K, RE = 3K,
VCC=20V. Draw the dc load line and locate the Q point.
7. For a transistor self-bias circuit with voltage divider bias in CE mode obtain the
operating point using the following data.
R1=40K, R2 =4K, RC=10K, RE= 2K, VCC=22V, VBE=0.7V
 8. Determine the value of the collector and collector to emitter voltage for the voltage
divider bias shown in the circuit. Given : VBE=0.7V, β= 100, VCC= 10V,R1=10K, R2=
4K, RC= 1K, RE= 5OOΩ
9. In a CE amplifier, the operating point is chosen such that IC= 2mA, VCE = 3V. If RC
=2.2K, VCC= 9V and β= 50, determine the values of R1, R2 and RE. Take VBE =0.3V
and current through R1 and R2 to be 10 IB.
10. With a given transistor IB =25µA and IC = 1.25mA. Determine α, β and IE.

Unit IV -Digital electronics

2 marks questions

1. What is an analog IC? Give an example for analog IC

2. What is digital IC? Give an example for digital IC
3. What is an op-amp? Give the symbol of an op-amp IC
4. Mention any four characteristics of an ideal op-amp
5. Draw the circuit diagram of voltage follower and inverting ampliieer
6. Draw the circuit diagram of 3- input adder using op-amp and write an expression for its
output
7. Draw the circuit diagram of subtractor using op-amp and write an expression for its
output
8. What is meant by positive logic? Explain
9. Convert (AF8.96)16 into binary.
10. Convert (11011010.1011)2 into hexadecimal
11. State de Morgan’s theorems
12. Draw the circuit of 2-input OR gate using diodes and write Boolean expression for its
output
13. Draw the circuit of 2-input AND gate using diodes and write expression for its output
14. Draw the circuit of NOT gate using transistor and write its truth table
15. Give the circuit equivalent of de Morgan’s ierst theorem
16. Give the circuit equivalent of de Morgan’s second theorem
17. Write the truth table of XOR/NOR/NAND/OR/AND (any one) gate.
18. Give the difference between OR and XOR gate
19. What are universal gates?
20. Deiene fundamental product
4 marks questions

1. Deiene CMRR
2. Explain: Input offset voltage, input offset current, slew rate and open loop gain
3. What is an inverting ampliieer? Derive an expression for its voltage gain
4. What is non- inverting ampliieer? Derive an expression for its voltage gain
5. With an example, explain how a decimal number is converted to its binary equivalent
6. With an example, explain how a decimal number is converted to its hexadecimal equivalent
7. Explain how is the interconversion between hexadecimal and binary number system carried
out
8. Convert (ABC4.84)16 into binary and decimal equivalent
9. Explain the working of NOT gate using a transistor
10. Explain the conversion of NAND into NOT, OR, XOR Gate
11. Explain the working of OR gate
12. Explain the working of AND gate
13. Write a note on ICs
14. Write a note on virtual ground

6 marks questions

1. What is an op-amp? Explain virtual ground concept and with circuit diagram, explain the
working of inverting ampliieer and obtain an expression for its voltage gain.
2. Explain the working of inverting ampliieer using op-amp. Explain how is it converted into an
adder
3. Explain the working of non-inverting ampliieer using op-amp. Explain how is it converted into
voltage follower
4. State and explain de Morgan’s theorems
5. Explain how OR gate, AND gate, NOT gate, NOR gate, EXOR gates are realized using NAND
gates only
6. Explain how OR gate, AND gate, NOT gate, NAND gate, are realized using NOR gates only
7. With neat circuit diagram, explain the working of 2-input OR gate using diodes. Also write
the circuit diagram of 3-input OR gate and its truth table
8. With neat circuit diagram, explain the working of 2-input AND gate using diodes. Also write
the circuit diagram of 3-input AND gate and its truth table
9. With neat circuit diagram, explain the working of 2-input AND gate using diodes. Also write
the circuit diagram of 3-input AND gate and its truth table
10. Convert (567.48)10 into binary and hexadecimal
 11. Simplify the Boolean expression 𝑌 = 𝐴̅𝐵𝐶 + 𝐴𝐵̅𝐶̅ + 𝐴𝐵𝐶̅ + 𝐴𝐵𝐶 and realize the circuit
12. Any Boolean equation can be given for simpliiecation and realization

Problems:

1. Calculate the output voltage of an inverting ampliieer for an input of 2 V. Given R1= 100 kΩ,
RF= 500 kΩ.
2. Calculate the output voltage of non- inverting ampliieer for an input of 2 V. Given R1= 100 kΩ,
RF= 500 kΩ.
3. Calculate then slew rate of an op-amp if the variation of input signal is 0.5 Vin an interval of
10 microsecond
4. For an inverting ampliieer with R1= 20 kΩ, RF= 200 kΩ, what is the range of the output voltage
if the input varies from 0.1 V to 0.5 V?
5. The differential gain of an op-amp is 105, when a common mode input voltage of 1 mV is
applied, the output equals to 12 mV. Calculate CMRR and express it in dB.
6. In an inverting ampliieer, input voltage is 1.5 V and voltage is 7.5 V. If the input resistance of
the ampliieer is 15 kΩ, calculate the feedback resistance.
7. Calculate the output voltage of an inverting ampliieer using an input resistance of 10 kΩ and
feedback resistance of 82 kΩ when the input voltage is 0.8 V.
8. Problems on truth table to circuit