Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

Chapter 5 (Part B)
Vector Integral Calculus

Dr. Emily Chan

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

Chapter 5 (Part B): Vector Integral Calculus

1 Line integrals
1.1 Line Integral of the First Kind
1.2 Line Integral of the Second Kind
2 Surface Integrals
2.1 Surface Integral of the First Kind
2.2 Surface Integral of the Second Kind
3 Divergence Theorem (Gauss’s Theorem)
4 Stokes’ Theorem

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

2 Surface Integrals
Let 𝑆 be a surface in ℝ3 an 𝑑𝑆 be a surface area element. If 𝑆 is projecte onto the
𝑥𝑦-plane then
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑆 = ,
⃗
|𝑛⃗ ∙ 𝑘|
where 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 is the correspon ing area element projecte on the 𝑥𝑦-plane an 𝑛⃗ is a unit
vector normal to 𝑆.

For your reference:

We ivi e the surface 𝑆 into 𝑁 small area elements 𝛿𝑆
(approximately flat). Let 𝛾 be the angle between the normal
𝑛⃗ to 𝛿𝑆 an 𝑘⃗ that is cos 𝛾 = 𝑛⃗ ∙ 𝑘⃗.
𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦
Now 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦 = 𝛿𝑆|cos 𝛾| = 𝛿𝑆|𝑛⃗ ∙ 𝑘⃗| therefore 𝛿𝑆 = ⃗ .
⃗ ∙𝑘 |
|𝑛

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

Recall from Chapter 4 that if 𝑆 is a surface in ℝ3 an is efine implicitly by the equation

𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0 then for any point 𝑃(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) on 𝑆 the gra ient vector 𝛁𝝓(𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄) is normal
to 𝑺 at 𝑷. If 𝑆 is efine by 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0 then

∇𝜙 𝜙𝑥 𝑖 + 𝜙𝑦 𝑗 + 𝜙𝑧 𝑘⃗
𝑛⃗ = ± =± .
|∇𝜙|
√𝜙𝑥 2 + 𝜙𝑦 2 + 𝜙𝑧 2

Thus

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 √𝜙𝑥 2 + 𝜙𝑦 2 + 𝜙𝑧 2
𝑑𝑆 = = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 .
|𝑛⃗ ∙ 𝑘⃗| |𝜙𝑧 |

Similarly if we project the surface 𝑆 onto the 𝑥𝑧-plane (or 𝑦𝑧-plane) then

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 √𝜙𝑥 2 + 𝜙𝑦 2 + 𝜙𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 √𝜙𝑥 2 + 𝜙𝑦 2 + 𝜙𝑧 2
𝑑𝑆 = = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑆 = = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 .
|𝑛⃗ ∙ 𝑗| |𝜙𝑦 | |𝑛⃗ ∙ 𝑖| |𝜙𝑥 |
( )
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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

Remarks:

If 𝑆 is efine by 𝑧 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) we take 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑧 − 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 .

Then

𝜙𝑥 𝑖 + 𝜙𝑦 𝑗 + 𝜙𝑧 𝑘⃗ −𝑔𝑥 𝑖 − 𝑔𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑘⃗
(i) 𝑛⃗ = ± =± , and
√𝜙𝑥 2 + 𝜙𝑦 2 + 𝜙𝑧 2 √𝑔𝑥 2 + 𝑔𝑦 2 + 1

𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
(ii) 𝑑𝑆 = = √𝑔𝑥 2 + 𝑔𝑦 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 if 𝑆 is projected onto 𝑥𝑦-plane;
|𝑛⃗ ∙ 𝑘⃗|

𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 √𝑔𝑥 2 + 𝑔𝑦 2 + 1
or 𝑑𝑆 = = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 if 𝑆 is projected onto 𝑥𝑧-plane;
|𝑛⃗ ∙ 𝑗| |𝑔𝑦 |

𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 √𝑔𝑥 2 + 𝑔𝑦 2 + 1
or 𝑑𝑆 = = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 if 𝑆 is projected onto 𝑦𝑧-plane.
|𝑛⃗ ∙ 𝑖| |𝑔𝑥 |
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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

2.1 Surface Integral of The First Kind

Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) be a scalar fiel on ℝ3 an 𝑆 be a surface. Let 𝜎𝑥𝑦 be the projection of 𝑆 on
the 𝑥𝑦-plane.
The surface integral of the first kind of 𝑓 over 𝑆 is given by

∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑆
𝑆

√𝜙𝑥2 + 𝜙𝑦2 + 𝜙𝑧2

∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦)) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 if 𝑆 is defined by 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0;
|𝜙𝑧 |
𝜎𝑥𝑦

= 𝑂𝑅

∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)) √𝑔𝑥 2 + 𝑔𝑦 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 if 𝑆 is defined by 𝑧 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦).

{ 𝜎𝑥𝑦

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

Remarks:
1. To evaluate a surface integral of the first kin we project 𝑆 onto one of the coor inate
planes so that the surface integral is converte into a ouble integral.
2. When we project S onto the 𝑥𝑧- or 𝑦𝑧-plane the correspon ing ouble integrals are
efine similarly.

Examples of surface integral of the first kind:

(i) If 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 1 then

∬ 1 𝑑𝑆 = surface area of 𝑆.
𝑆

(ii) If 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = electrostatic charge ensity then

∬ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑆 = total charge on 𝑆.

𝑆

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

Example 8
Compute ∬𝑆 𝑦 𝑑𝑆 where 𝑆 is the part of 𝑧 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 whose projection onto
𝑥𝑦-plane is the region 𝜎𝑥𝑦 : 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2.
Solution
The projection of 𝑆 onto 𝑥𝑦-plane is the region 𝜎𝑥𝑦 : 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2.

Then 𝑑𝑆 = √𝑔𝑥 2 + 𝑔𝑦 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = √12 + (2𝑦)2 + 1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = √2 + 4𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.

∬ 𝑦 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝑦 √2 + 4𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑆 𝜎𝑥𝑦
1 2

= ∫ (∫ 𝑦 √2 + 4𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
0 0

1 2
1 1
= ∫ (∫ (2 + 4𝑦 )2 𝑑(2 + 4𝑦 2 )) 𝑑𝑥
2
8
0 0

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

1
1 2 3 2
= ∫ [ ∙ (2 + 4𝑦 2 )2 ] 𝑑𝑥
8 3 0
0

1
1 3 3
= ∫ (182 − 22 ) 𝑑𝑥
12
0

1 3 3
= (182 − 22 )
12
1 3 3
= ((3√2) − (√2) )
12
13√2
=
3

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

Example 9
Compute ∬𝑆(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑆 over the surface 𝑆: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 𝑧 ≥ 0 where 𝑎 is a
positive constant.
Solution:
Since we are going to project the open surface 𝑆: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 𝑧 ≥ 0 onto the 𝑥𝑦-plane
we will use the formula

√𝜙𝑥2 + 𝜙𝑦2 + 𝜙𝑧2

∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦)) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
|𝜙𝑧 |
𝑆 𝜎𝑥𝑦

Let 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 .
𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0
Then the surface 𝑆 is just the equation { .
𝑧≥0
That is the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 (𝑧 ≥ 0) efines 𝑧 as an implicit function of 𝑥 𝑦.
Then
𝜙𝑥 = 2𝑥 𝜙𝑦 = 2𝑦 𝜙𝑧 = 2𝑧.
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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

√𝜙𝑥2 + 𝜙𝑦2 + 𝜙𝑧2

𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
|𝜙𝑧 |

√(2𝑥 )2 + (2𝑦)2 + (2𝑧)2

= 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
|2𝑧|

√4(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
=
⏟ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∵𝑧>0
2𝑧
√4𝑎2
= 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2𝑧
𝑎
=⏟ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 2 2
∵𝑎>0, √𝑎 − 𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑧>0

The projection of 𝑆: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 𝑧 ≥ 0 onto 𝑥𝑦-plane is 𝜎𝑥𝑦 which is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 𝑎2 .

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

Using the change of variables:

𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 (polar coordinates)
where 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑎 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋. Then
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = |𝐽| 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃.
𝑎
∬(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + √𝑎2 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑆 𝜎𝑥𝑦
√𝑎2 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
𝑎 2𝜋
𝑎
= ∫ [∫ (𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 + √𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 ) 𝑟 𝑑𝜃] 𝑑𝑟
√𝑎2 − 𝑟2
0 0
𝑎 2𝜋
𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 𝑟 2 cos 𝜃
= 𝑎∫[ − + 𝑟𝜃] 𝑑𝑟
2
√𝑎 − 𝑟 2 2
√𝑎 − 𝑟 2
0 0
𝑎

= 𝑎 ∫ 2𝜋𝑟 𝑑𝑟 (∵ sin 2𝜋 = sin 0 = 0 an cos 2𝜋 = cos 0 = 1)

0
= 𝑎[𝜋𝑟 2 ]𝑎0
= 𝜋𝑎3
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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

2.2 Surface Integral of The Second Kind

Let 𝐹 be a vector fiel on ℝ3 . The surface integral of the second kind of 𝐹 over a surface 𝑆
is given by

∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑛⃗ 𝑑𝑆 ,
𝑆 𝑆

where 𝑛⃗ is a unit vector normal to 𝑺.

Remarks:
1. The integral on the R.H.S. ∬𝑆 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑛⃗ 𝑑𝑆 is a surface integral of the first kin .
2. When 𝑆 is a closed surface (which separate ℝ3 into two parts one has finite volume an
the other has infinite volume) we take the normal 𝑛⃗ to 𝑆 to be the outer normal which is
irecte from the part with finite volume to the part with infinite volume.)
3. If a surface 𝑆 is not a close surface then it is calle an open surface.

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

For your reference:

Consi er a vector fiel 𝐹 an a surface 𝑆 in the fiel . Divi e the surface 𝑆 into 𝑁 small area
⃗⃗⃗𝑖 as the vector whose magnitu e is 𝛿𝑆𝑖 an
elements 𝛿𝑆𝑖 (approximately flat). Define 𝛿𝑆
whose irection is normal to the element of surface 𝛿𝑆𝑖 (usually outwar s if 𝑆 is close ). Then
⃗⃗⃗𝑖 = 𝛿𝑆𝑖 ⃗⃗⃗
𝛿𝑆 𝑛𝑖 is a unit vector normal to the region 𝛿𝑆𝑖 . Let ⃗⃗𝐹𝑖 be the vector fiel
𝑛𝑖 where ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗𝑖 = ⃗⃗𝐹𝑖 ∙ 𝛿𝑆𝑖 ⃗⃗⃗
evaluate at some point on 𝛿𝑆𝑖 . Then ⃗⃗𝐹𝑖 ∙ 𝛿𝑆 ⃗⃗𝑖 |𝛿𝑆𝑖 cos 𝜃 represents the flux
𝑛𝑖 = |𝐹
of 𝐹 through the element of surface 𝛿𝑆𝑖 . We efine the total flux of 𝐹 through 𝑆 to be the
surface integral of the second kind:
𝑁
⃗⃗⃗𝑖
∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = lim ∑ ⃗⃗𝐹𝑖 ∙ 𝛿𝑆
𝑁→∞
𝑆 𝑖=1

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

Examples of surface integrals of the second kind

(i) If 𝑣 is the velocity fiel of a flui ∬𝑆 𝑣 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 represents the total volume of flui crossing
𝑆 in a unit time. Replacing 𝑣 by 𝜌𝑣 (𝜌 = ensity) ∬𝑆 𝜌𝑣 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 gives mass flux.

(ii) If 𝐽 is an electric current vector ∬𝑆 𝐽 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 represents the rate at which electric charge
crosses 𝑆.

(iii) If 𝐸⃗ is an electric fiel vector ∬𝑆 𝐸⃗ ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 represents the electric flux through 𝑆.

(iv) If 𝑞 is a heat con uction vector ∬𝑆 𝑞 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 represents the rate at which heat flows
through 𝑆.

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

Example 10
Evaluate ∬𝑆 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 where 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑘⃗ an 𝑆 is the surface of the cube boun e by
𝑥 = 0 𝑥 = 2 𝑦 = 0 𝑦 = 2 𝑧 = 0 𝑧 = 2.
Solution

Observe that the surface 𝑆 of the cube is a closed surface. A close surface 𝑆 is a surface which
ivi es the space into two parts one has finite volume an the other has infinite volume. For a
close surface 𝑆 the normal to 𝑆 is always assume to be the outer normal which is irecte
from the part with finite volume to the part with infinite volume.

We integrate over each face in turn an then sum up the results.

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

For the face 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷: 𝑥 = 2 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2

The outwar normal to the surface 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is 𝑛⃗ = 𝑖.
0≤𝑦≤2
The projection of the surface 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 onto 𝑦𝑧-plane is 𝜎𝑦𝑧 : { .
0≤𝑧≤2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑆 = = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
|𝑛⃗ ⋅ 𝑖|

∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ (𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑘⃗) ⋅ 𝑖 𝑑𝑆
𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷

= ∬ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝜎𝑦𝑧
2 2

= ∫ [∫ 22 𝑑𝑦] 𝑑𝑧
0 0

= 4(2)(2)
= 16

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

For the face 𝐵𝐸𝐹𝐶: 𝑦 = 2 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2

The outwar normal to the surface 𝐵𝐸𝐹𝐶 is 𝑛⃗ = 𝑗.
0≤𝑥≤2
The projection of the surface 𝐵𝐸𝐹𝐶 onto 𝑥𝑧-plane is 𝜎𝑥𝑧 : {
0≤𝑧≤2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑆 = = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
|𝑛⃗ ⋅ 𝑗|

∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ (𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑘⃗) ⋅ 𝑗 𝑑𝑆
𝐵𝐸𝐹𝐶 𝐵𝐸𝐹𝐶

= ∬ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝜎𝑥𝑧
2 2

= ∫ [∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑧] 𝑑𝑥
0 0

= ∫ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [2𝑥 2 ]20 = 8
0

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

For the face 𝐶𝐹𝐺𝐷: 𝑧 = 2 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2

The outwar normal to the surface 𝐶𝐹𝐺𝐷 is 𝑛⃗ = 𝑘⃗.
0≤𝑥≤2
The projection of the surface 𝐶𝐹𝐺𝐷 onto 𝑥𝑦-plane is 𝜎𝑥𝑦 : {
0≤𝑦≤2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑆 = = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⃗
|𝑛⃗ ⋅ 𝑘|

∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ (𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑘⃗) ⋅ 𝑘⃗ 𝑑𝑆
𝐶𝐹𝐺𝐷 𝐶𝐹𝐺𝐷

= ∬ 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜎𝑥𝑦
2 2

= ∫ [∫ 22 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑦
0 0

= 4(2)(2)
= 16

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

For the face 𝑂𝐸𝐹𝐺: 𝑥 = 0 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2

The outwar normal to the surface 𝑂𝐸𝐹𝐺 is 𝑛⃗ = −𝑖.
0≤𝑦≤2
The projection of the surface 𝑂𝐸𝐹𝐺 onto 𝑦𝑧-plane is 𝜎𝑦𝑧 : {
0≤𝑧≤2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑆 = = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
|𝑛⃗ ⋅ 𝑖|

∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ (𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑘⃗) ⋅ (−𝑖) 𝑑𝑆

𝑂𝐸𝐹𝐺 𝑂𝐸𝐹𝐺

= ∬ −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝜎𝑦𝑧

= 0 (∵ 𝑥 = 0 on 𝑂𝐸𝐹𝐺 )

Similarly

∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = 0. (Left as exercise)
𝑂𝐴𝐷𝐺 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐸

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

Hence

∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = 16 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 40.
𝑆

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

Remarks:
If part of 𝑆 is not parallel to one of the coor inate planes we procee as follows:
• If the surface 𝑆 is efine by 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐 (where 𝑐 is a constant) then
𝜙𝑥 𝑖 + 𝜙𝑦 𝑗 + 𝜙𝑧 𝑘⃗
𝑛⃗ = ±
√𝜙𝑥2 + 𝜙𝑦2 + 𝜙𝑧2

are the unit normal vectors to 𝑆 an if we project 𝑆 onto the 𝑥𝑦-plane we have

𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 √𝜙𝑥2 + 𝜙𝑦2 + 𝜙𝑧2

𝑑𝑆 = = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
|𝑛⃗ ∙ 𝑘⃗| |𝜙𝑧 |

Thus

𝐹 ∙ [±(𝜙𝑥 𝑖 + 𝜙𝑦 𝑗 + 𝜙𝑧 𝑘⃗)]
∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑛⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦,
|𝜙𝑧 |
𝑆 𝑆 𝜎𝑥𝑦

where 𝜎𝑥𝑦 is the projection of 𝑆 on the 𝑥𝑦-plane.

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

• If the surface 𝑆 is efine by an explicit function 𝑧 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) then this is equivalent to

𝑧 − 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 an we take 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑧 − 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0.
Then
𝜙𝑥 𝑖 + 𝜙𝑦 𝑗 + 𝜙𝑧 𝑘⃗ −𝑔𝑥 𝑖 − 𝑔𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑘⃗
𝑛⃗ = ± =±
√𝜙𝑥 2 + 𝜙𝑦 2 + 𝜙𝑧 2 √𝑔𝑥 2 + 𝑔𝑦 2 + 1

are the unit normal vectors to 𝑆 an if we project 𝑆 onto the 𝑥𝑦-plane we have
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑆 = = √𝑔𝑥 2 + 𝑔𝑦 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
|𝑛⃗ ∙ 𝑘⃗|
Thus

∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑛⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐹 ∙ [±(−𝑔𝑥 𝑖 − 𝑔𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑘⃗)] 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝑆 𝑆 𝜎𝑥𝑦

where 𝜎𝑥𝑦 is the projection of 𝑆 on the 𝑥𝑦-plane.

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

• When we project the surface 𝑆 onto the 𝑥𝑧- or 𝑦𝑧-plane the correspon ing ouble
integrals are efine similarly.

In general once the normal to the surface has been eci e we have
±∇𝜙
∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑛⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆.
|∇𝜙|
𝑆 𝑆 𝑆

Whether the positive sign or the negative sign is chosen it epen s on the problem raise .

The ways to eci e the require normal are explaine through examples.

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

Example 11

Consi er the surface 𝑆: 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 , 𝑧 > 0 (the upper sphere) where

𝑎 > 0.

𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ⇒ 𝜙𝑥 = 2𝑥 𝜙𝑦 = 2𝑦 𝜙𝑧 = 2𝑧.

∇𝜙 = 𝜙𝑥 𝑖 + 𝜙𝑦 𝑗 + 𝜙𝑧 𝑘⃗ = 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘⃗

|∇𝜙| = √𝜙𝑥2 + 𝜙𝑦2 + 𝜙𝑧2 = √(2𝑥)2 + (2𝑦)2 + (2𝑧)2 = √4(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = √4𝑎2 =

⏟ 2𝑎
𝑎>0

At the point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) on 𝑆 the two unit normal vectors (normals) which are perpen icular to
the surface 𝑆 are given by

±∇𝜙 ±(𝜙𝑥 𝑖 + 𝜙𝑦 𝑗 + 𝜙𝑧 𝑘⃗) ±(2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘⃗) 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

= = = ± ( 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘⃗)
|∇𝜙| 2 2 2
2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
√𝜙𝑥 + 𝜙𝑦 + 𝜙𝑧

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Let
±∇𝜙
= ±[(cos 𝛼)𝑖 + (cos 𝛽)𝑗 + (cos 𝛾)𝑘⃗],
|∇𝜙|
where
∇𝜙
➢ 𝛼 is the angle between |∇𝜙|
an the positive irection of 𝑥-axis

(or the angle between ∇𝜙 an the positive irection of 𝑥-axis)

∇𝜙
➢ 𝛽 is the angle between |∇𝜙|
an the positive irection of 𝑦-axis an

∇𝜙
➢ 𝛾 is the angle between |∇𝜙|
an the positive irection of 𝑧-axis.

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Therefore

➢ the cosine of the angle between the normals an the positive irection of 𝑥-axis is

𝜙𝑥
± cos 𝛼 = ±
√𝜙𝑥2 + 𝜙𝑦2 + 𝜙𝑧2

➢ the cosine of the angle between the normals an the positive irection of 𝑦-axis is

𝜙𝑦
± cos 𝛽 = ±
√𝜙𝑥2 + 𝜙𝑦2 + 𝜙𝑧2

➢ the cosine of the angle between the normals an the positive irection of 𝑧-axis is

𝜙𝑧
± cos 𝛾 = ±
√𝜙𝑥2 + 𝜙𝑦2 + 𝜙𝑧2

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B
2 2 2 2
If the outward normal at the point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) to the upper sphere { 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑎 is
𝑧>0
require we observe that the outwar normal to the upper sphere makes an acute angle 𝜽
with the positive direction of 𝒛-axis so 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 > 𝟎. Therefore the normal we nee is
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘⃗.
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
(Note: The 𝑘⃗ component is positive (since 𝑧 > 0).)

2 2 2 2
If the inward normal at the point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) to the upper sphere {𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑎 is require
𝑧>0
we observe that the inwar normal to the upper sphere makes an obtuse angle 𝜽 with the
positive direction of 𝒛-axis so 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 < 𝟎. Therefore the normal we nee is
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
− ( 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘⃗).
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
(Note: The 𝑘⃗ component is negative (since 𝑧 > 0).)

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

Remark of Example 11:

2 2 2 2
Suppose that the surface 𝑆 is the lower sphere {𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑎 where 𝑎 > 0.
𝑧<0

2 2 2 2
➢ If the outward normal at the point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) to the lower sphere { 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑎 is
𝑧<0
require we observe that the outwar normal to the lower sphere makes an obtuse angle
𝜽 with the positive direction of 𝒛-axis so 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 < 𝟎. Therefore the normal we nee is
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘⃗.
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
(Note: The 𝑘⃗ component is negative (since 𝑧 < 0).)

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B
2 2 2 2
➢ If the inward normal at the point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) to the lower sphere {𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑎 is
𝑧<0
require we observe that the inwar normal to the lower sphere makes an acute angle
𝜽 with the positive direction of 𝒛-axis so 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 > 𝟎. Therefore the normal we nee is
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
− ( 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘⃗).
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
(Note: The 𝑘⃗ component is positive (since 𝑧 < 0).)

We call the normal to a surface 𝑆 which makes an acute angle with the positive irection of
𝑧-axis an upper normal. Also we call the normal to surface 𝑆 which makes an obtuse angle
with the positive irection of 𝑧-axis a lower normal.

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

Example 12
Evaluate ∬𝑆 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 where 𝑆 is the close surface of the region boun e by the cylin er
𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 = 4 an the planes 𝑥 = 0 𝑦 = 0 𝑧 = 0 an 𝑦 = 4 an 𝐹 = 𝑧𝑖 + 𝑧𝑗 − 𝑦𝑘⃗.

Solution
First consi er the integral over the curve surface 𝐵𝐶𝐸𝐷 which is the surface 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 = 4.
The curve surface is projecte onto the 𝑥𝑦 -plane with the projection 𝜎𝑥𝑦 which is the
rectangle 𝐴𝑂𝐸𝐷 boun e by 𝑦 = 0 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 = 0 𝑥 = 2.
Take 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 − 4.
Then 𝜙𝑥 = 2𝑥 𝜙𝑦 = 0 𝜙𝑧 = 2𝑧.
 ∇𝜙 = 𝜙𝑥 𝑖 + 𝜙𝑦 𝑗 + 𝜙𝑧 𝑘⃗ = 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑧𝑘⃗

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From the iagram the outer normal to the curve surface 𝐵𝐶𝐸𝐷 is pointing in the irection
that both the coefficients of 𝑖 an 𝑘⃗ shoul be positive. Since both 𝑥 an 𝑧 are non-negative
+∇𝜙
on 𝑆 the unit outer normal to surface 𝐵𝐶𝐸𝐷 is 𝑛⃗ = |∇𝜙|
(or in the irection ∇𝜙 = 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑧𝑘⃗.)

𝐹 ⋅ (𝜙𝑥 𝑖 + 𝜙𝑦 𝑗 + 𝜙𝑧 𝑘⃗)
∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
|𝜙𝑧 |
𝐵𝐶𝐸𝐷 𝐴𝑂𝐸𝐷
(𝑧𝑖 + 𝑧𝑗 − 𝑦𝑘⃗) ⋅ (2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑧𝑘⃗)
= ∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
|2𝑧|
𝐴𝑂𝐸𝐷
2 4
2𝑥𝑧 − 2𝑦𝑧
= ∫ (∫ 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
2𝑧
0 0

2 4

= ∫ (∫(𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
0 0

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

2 4
𝑦2
= ∫ [𝑥𝑦 − ] 𝑑𝑥
2 0
0

= ∫(4𝑥 − 8) 𝑑𝑥
0

= [2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 ]20
= −8 − 0
= −8

The other surfaces are all planes an give the results

8 8
∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = −8, ∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = 16, ∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = − , ∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 =
3 3
𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑂𝐴𝐷𝐸 𝑂𝐸𝐶 𝐴𝐵𝐷

(Left as exercise)

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Hence

∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 + ∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 + ∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 + ∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 + ∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆
𝑆 𝐵𝐶𝐸𝐷 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑂𝐴𝐷𝐸 𝑂𝐸𝐶 𝐴𝐵𝐷
8 8
= (−8) + (−8) + 16 + (− ) +
3 3
=0

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

Example 13
Calculate ∬𝑆 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 where 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = −2𝑖 − 2𝑗 − 2𝑘⃗ the open surface 𝑆 is the part of the
plane 𝑥 + 𝑧 = 1 which is enclose by the cylin er 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 an the normal to 𝑆 is
pointing to 𝑥𝑦-plane.
Solution
Let the surface S be efine by 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0 where
𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 + 𝑧 − 1.
Then 𝜙𝑥 = 1 𝜙𝑦 = 0 𝜙𝑧 = 1 an ∇𝜙 = 𝜙𝑥 𝑖 + 𝜙𝑦 𝑗 + 𝜙𝑧 𝑘⃗ = 𝑖 + 𝑘⃗.

Since the normal to 𝑆 makes an obtuse angle with the positive irection of 𝑧-axis we choose
∇𝜙
𝑛⃗ = − | (or in the irection −∇𝜙 = −𝑖 − 𝑘⃗).
∇𝜙|

OR Since the surface 𝑆 lies above the 𝑥𝑦-plane while the require normal to 𝑆 is pointing
to the 𝑥𝑦-plane the coefficient of 𝑘⃗ in the normal vector shoul be negative. Thus we
∇𝜙
choose 𝑛⃗ = − | (or in the irection −∇𝜙 = −𝑖 − 𝑘⃗).
∇𝜙|

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

Let 𝜎𝑥𝑦 be the projection of 𝑆 onto the 𝑥𝑦 -plane.

Then 𝜎𝑥𝑦 : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1.
Using polar coordinates: 𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 where 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.
Then 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃.

∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑛⃗ 𝑑𝑆
𝑆 𝑆
𝐹 ⋅ (−∇𝜙)
= ∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
|𝜙𝑧 |
𝜎𝑥𝑦

(−2𝑖 − 2𝑗 − 2𝑘⃗) ⋅ (−𝑖 − 𝑘⃗)

= ∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
|1|
𝜎𝑥𝑦

= ∬ 4 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜎𝑥𝑦
1 2𝜋

= ∫ (∫ 4𝑟 𝑑𝜃) 𝑑𝑟
0 0
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= 2𝜋 ∫ 4𝑟 𝑑𝑟
0

= 2𝜋[2𝑟 2 ]10
= 4𝜋


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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

Example 14
Fin ∬𝑆 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 where 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑖 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑗 + 4𝑦 3 𝑘⃗ an 𝑆 is the part of
𝑧 = 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 9
whose projection onto 𝑥𝑦-plane is the region
𝜎𝑥𝑦 : 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1.
The normal to 𝑆 at (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) we choose is the lower normal that is the normal which makes
an obtuse angle with the positive irection of 𝑧-axis.
Solution
Take 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑧 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 9. Then 𝑆: 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0.

𝜙𝑥 = −2𝑥 𝜙𝑦 = −2𝑦 𝜙𝑧 = 1.
Thus ∇𝜙 = 𝜙𝑥 𝑖 + 𝜙𝑦 𝑗 + 𝜙𝑧 𝑘⃗ = −2𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦𝑗 + 𝑘⃗.
Since the lower normal to 𝑆 is require (i.e. the normal makes an obtuse angle with the positive
irection of 𝑧-axis.) the irection of the require normal is the same as the irection of

−∇𝜙 = −(−2𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦𝑗 + 𝑘⃗).

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𝐹 ⋅ (−∇𝜙)
∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑛⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
|𝜙𝑧 |
𝑆 𝑆 𝜎𝑥𝑦

(𝑥 2 𝑦𝑖 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑗 + 4𝑦 3 𝑘⃗) ⋅ [−(−2𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦𝑗 + 𝑘⃗)]

= ∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
|1|
𝜎𝑥𝑦

= ∬(2𝑥 3 𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦 3 − 4𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝜎𝑥𝑦

2 1

= ∫ [∫(2𝑥 3 𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦 3 − 4𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦] 𝑑𝑥

0 0
2 2
1
3 4 3 24 3
3
= ∫ [𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 ] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
2 0 2
0 0
2
𝑥 4 3𝑥 2
=[ − − 𝑥]
4 4 0

= [(4 − 3 − 2) − 0] = −1
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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

Example 15

Fin ∬𝑆 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 where 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑖 + (𝑧 − 𝑥)𝑗 + (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑘⃗ an the surface 𝑆 is the

close surface which is boun e by 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑧 2 an 𝑧 = ℎ where ℎ > 0 is a constant.
Solution
For a closed surface if the irection of the normal is not specifically mentione then it is
un erstoo that the normal is assume to be outward.
The surface 𝑆 consists of two parts say
𝑆1 : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑧 2 where 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ ℎ (the cone)
an
2 2 2
𝑆2 : { 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ ℎ (the plane)
𝑧=ℎ
Then we have

∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 + ∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆
𝑆 𝑆1 𝑆2

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

For 𝑆1 : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑧 2 where 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ ℎ we take

𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 .
Then 𝜙𝑥 = −2𝑥 𝜙𝑦 = −2𝑦 𝜙𝑧 = 2𝑧 an therefore

∇𝜙 = −2𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘⃗.

Since the outwar normal is require i.e. the normal to 𝑆 makes an obtuse angle with the
positive irection of 𝑧-axis the require normal is in the same irection as

−∇𝜙 = −(−2𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘⃗).

The projection of 𝑆1 onto the 𝑥𝑦-plane is
𝜎𝑥𝑦 : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ ℎ2 .

Using polar coordinates:

𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
where 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ ℎ 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.
Then 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃.

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

𝐹 ⋅ (−∇𝜙)
∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
|𝜙𝑧 |
𝑆1 𝜎𝑥𝑦

[(𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑖 + (𝑧 − 𝑥)𝑗 + (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑘⃗] ⋅ [−(−2𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘⃗)]

= ∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
|2𝑧|
𝜎𝑥𝑦

2𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑧) + 2𝑦(𝑧 − 𝑥 ) − 2𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦)
=
⏟ ∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑧>0
2𝑧
𝜎𝑥𝑦

= ∬ 2(𝑦 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜎𝑥𝑦

2𝜋 ℎ

= 2 ∫ (∫(𝑟 sin 𝜃 − 𝑟 cos 𝜃) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟) 𝑑𝜃

0 0
2𝜋 ℎ
𝑟3
= 2 ∫ [ (sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃)] 𝑑𝜃
3 0
0

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B
2𝜋
3
2ℎ
= ∫ (sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
3
0

2ℎ3
= [− cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃]2𝜋
0
3
2ℎ3
= [(−1 − 0) − (−1 − 0)]
3
=0

2 2 2
For 𝑆2 : { 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ ℎ since the outwar normal is require i.e. the normal to 𝑆 makes an
𝑧=ℎ
angle 𝜃 = 0 with the positive irection of 𝑧-axis the require unit normal is

𝑛⃗ = 𝑘⃗.
The projection of 𝑆2 onto the 𝑥𝑦-plane is
𝜎𝑥𝑦 : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ ℎ2 .

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑆 = = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⃗
|𝑛⃗ ⋅ 𝑘|

Using polar coordinates:

𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
where 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ ℎ 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.
Then 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃.

∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑛⃗ 𝑑𝑆
𝑆2 𝑆2

= ∬[(𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑖 + (𝑧 − 𝑥)𝑗 + (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑘⃗] ⋅ 𝑘⃗ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝜎𝑥𝑦

= ∬(𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜎𝑥𝑦

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Semester A, 2024-25 MA2001 Multi-variable Calculus and Linear Algebra Chapter 5B
2𝜋 ℎ

= ∫ (∫(𝑟 cos 𝜃 − 𝑟 sin 𝜃) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟) 𝑑𝜃

0 0
2𝜋 ℎ
𝑟3
= ∫ [ (cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃)] 𝑑𝜃
3 0
0
2𝜋
3
ℎ
= ∫ (cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
3
0

ℎ3
= [sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃]2𝜋
0
3
ℎ3
= [(0 + 1) − (0 + 1)]
3
=0
Hence

∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 + ∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = 0 + 0 = 0.
𝑆 𝑆1 𝑆2

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