Pattern of Organization

Pattern of organization refers to the way in which a piece of writing or a

speech is structured. It outlines how information is presented to the reader
or listener. There are several common patterns of organization in writing
and speaking:

1- Time/ chronological order: organizing events according to the time in

which they happened.
Keywords: while/ when/ later/ after/ by the time ….
Example:
Television has evolved significantly since its invention. In the early 20th century,
experimental broadcasts began, leading to the first commercially available televisions in
the 1920s. By the 1950s, television became a household staple, with black-and-white
programming dominating the airwaves. The introduction of color television in the 1960s
transformed the viewing experience, followed by the advent of cable and satellite
television in the 1970s and 1980s, offering viewers more channels and programming
options. In the late 20th century, digital television technology emerged, paving the way
for high-definition broadcasts and interactive features. Today, streaming services and
smart TVs continue to redefine how we consume television content, marking a new
chapter in its evolution.

2- Listing: mentioning things one after the other to form a series.

Keywords: first-second-third/ several/ a number of…
Example:
Regular exercise offers numerous benefits for physical and mental health. It improves
cardiovascular health, strengthens muscles, and enhances flexibility. Additionally,
exercise helps manage weight, reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as
diabetes and hypertension, and promotes better sleep. Moreover, it boosts mood,
reduces stress levels, and increases overall energy levels throughout the day.
Incorporating a variety of exercises, including aerobic activities, strength training,
and flexibility exercises, can maximize these benefits and contribute to a healthier
lifestyle.
 3- Spatial order: organizing ideas according to their location.
Keywords: above/ below/ under/ inside/ across…
Example:
Entering the grand cathedral, visitors are immediately struck by the lofty ceilings and
intricate stained glass windows. The central nave stretches out before them, flanked by
rows of stone pillars adorned with delicate carvings. Moving towards the altar, the
atmosphere grows more reverent, with the flickering candles casting soft shadows on
the ancient stone walls. Ascending the spiral staircase to the bell tower offers
panoramic views of the city below, revealing the cathedral's prominence in the urban
landscape.

4- Definition: explaining a complex term.

Keyword: is defined as/ is called a/ is described as….
Example:
Artificial Intelligence, often abbreviated as AI, refers to the simulation of human
intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn like humans. AI
encompasses a broad range of technologies, including machine learning, natural
language processing, computer vision, and robotics. The goal of AI is to enable
machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as problem-
solving, decision-making, language translation, and pattern recognition. AI systems
learn from data, identify patterns, and make decisions with minimal human intervention.

5- Cause-effect: a condition that produces a result.

Keywords: if…, then/ because of/ since/ due to/ thus/ hence….
Example:

Climate change, driven primarily by human activities such as burning fossil fuels and
deforestation, has profound effects on the environment and global ecosystems. The
increased emission of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, traps
heat in the atmosphere, leading to rising global temperatures. As a result, glaciers and
polar ice caps are melting at accelerated rates, contributing to rising sea levels.
Additionally, extreme weather events, including hurricanes, droughts, and heatwaves,
are becoming more frequent and severe. These changes threaten biodiversity, disrupt
ecosystems, and pose risks to human health and livelihoods, highlighting the urgent
need for global action to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
 6- Exemplification: the writer uses examples to support his claim.
Keywords: for instance, / for example/ such as….
Example:
Reading provides numerous benefits that contribute to personal growth and intellectual
development. Firstly, it enhances knowledge and expands vocabulary by exposing
readers to new ideas and perspectives. For instance, reading novels, biographies, or
scientific articles enriches understanding in diverse subjects. Secondly, regular reading
improves cognitive abilities such as critical thinking and analytical skills. It challenges
the mind and stimulates imagination, fostering creativity and problem-solving abilities.
Moreover, reading promotes empathy and emotional intelligence by allowing readers to
immerse themselves in different characters' experiences and emotions.

7- Question-answer: ask a question and the paragraph provides the

answers.
Example:
How do vaccines work? Vaccines stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies
against specific pathogens. Why is this important? It helps prevent diseases by
preparing the body to fight off infections. Vaccines are highly effective in preventing
illness and reducing transmission within communities. How are vaccines developed?
Vaccines undergo rigorous testing for safety and efficacy before being approved for
public use. Overall, vaccines are essential tools in public health, effectively reducing the
incidence of infectious diseases worldwide.

8- Compare-contrast: the paragraph would demonstrate similarities or

differences between 2 parties.
Keywords: even though/ although/ while/ but/ whereas/ both/ same as/ compared
to/ also/like…
Example:
When considering online education versus traditional classroom learning, each
approach presents unique benefits and challenges. Online education offers flexibility
and accessibility, allowing students to learn at their own pace and from anywhere with
an internet connection. However, it can lack the in-person interaction and immediate
feedback that traditional classrooms provide. In contrast, traditional classroom learning
fosters direct engagement with peers and instructors, promoting collaboration and real-
time discussion. Yet, it often requires adherence to fixed schedules and commuting.
Both methods cater to different learning styles and preferences, making the choice
between them dependent on individual needs and circumstances.
 9- Process/sequence (steps): series of actions that are connected, done to
reach a certain result.
Keywords: first/ then/ next/ finally….
Example:
Making a cup of coffee involves a straightforward sequence of steps. First, boil water in
a kettle. While waiting, grind coffee beans to the desired consistency. Once the water
reaches a boil, pour it over the ground coffee in a filter or French press. Let it steep for a
few minutes, then press or strain the coffee into a mug. Add milk, sugar, or flavorings
according to preference, and stir. Finally, enjoy your freshly brewed cup of coffee,
ready in just a few minutes.
Exercises:
1- Some things are changing straight away. For example, insurers can no longer
refuse coverage for children, deny coverage to children with pre-existing
illnesses or set lifetime coverage limits. Dependent adults younger than 26 will
remain covered by their parents' policy if they are not offered health coverage at
work. Small companies (with 25 or fewer employees with an average wage of up
to US$ 50 000) can get tax credits to offset up to 35% of the cost of premiums
this year, rising to 50% in 2014. (Exemplification)
Clue words: For example,

2- At the start of 2000, the price of combination antiretroviral drugs to treat one
patient for one year was typically between US$ 10 000 and US$ 12 000. By the
end of 2000, prices of US$ 500 to US$ 800 were approved for patented and
generic drugs for low- and middle-income countries. By December 2001, certain
combinations became available for US$350 per person per year. (Time/
chronological order)
Clue words: start of 2000/ end of 2000/ by December 2001

3- Regular exercise offers numerous benefits for both physical and mental well-
being. First and foremost, it improves cardiovascular health by strengthening the
heart and increasing circulation. Secondly, it aids in weight management by
burning calories and building lean muscle mass. Thirdly, exercise enhances
mood and reduces stress through the release of endorphins, promoting a sense
of well-being. (Listing)
Clue words: First/ Secondly/ Thirdly

4- In the heart of the bustling city, the market unfolded before me like a vibrant
tapestry of sights and sounds. The stalls, arranged meticulously in rows, formed
a labyrinth of colors: ripe red tomatoes nestled beside glossy green peppers,
while golden ears of corn stood in neat piles nearby. (spatial order)
Clue words: In/ Before/ Beside/ Nearby
 5- The power outage lasted for hours, disrupting businesses and leaving homes
without heating during the winter storm. As a result, local authorities scrambled to
restore services and residents sought alternative sources of warmth and light,
highlighting the critical need for robust infrastructure in extreme weather
conditions. (Cause – Effect)
Clue words: As a result

6- To assemble the bookshelf, start by laying out all the parts and tools needed.
Begin with the base and attach the sides, securing them with screws according to
the instructions. Next, slot the shelves into place, ensuring they align correctly
with the pre-drilled holes. Once the main structure is assembled, affix the back
panel to stabilize the shelves. Finally, tighten all screws and double-check the
stability before placing the shelves in their designated location. (Sequence)
Clue words: First/ Next/ finally

7- What are the benefits of regular exercise? Regular exercise offers numerous
benefits for both physical and mental health. Firstly, it helps to maintain a healthy
weight by burning calories and building muscle. It also improves cardiovascular
health by strengthening the heart and improving circulation. In addition, exercise
enhances mood and reduces stress levels by releasing endorphins, the body's
natural mood elevators. Moreover, exercise promotes better sleep patterns and
boosts energy levels throughout the day. (Question – Answer)

Clue words: question mark (?)

8- High school and college both serve as pivotal stages in a person's education, yet
they differ significantly in several key aspects. High school provides a structured
environment where students typically attend classes throughout the day and are
guided by teachers who oversee their progress. In contrast, college offers more
flexibility in scheduling, allowing students to choose their classes and create their
own academic path. Additionally, high school often emphasizes a broad
curriculum, covering various subjects, whereas college allows students to
specialize in specific fields of study through majors and minors.
(Compare – Contrast)

Clue words: Both/ Yet/ Differ/ In contrast/ Whereas

9- Globalization refers to the interconnectedness of economies, cultures, and
societies on a worldwide scale. It signifies the increasing integration and
interdependence of nations through trade, technology, communication, and
migration. Globalization facilitates the exchange of goods, services, ideas, and
cultural influences across borders, leading to greater economic growth, cultural
diversity, and technological advancements. (Definition)